
Qass /-/Z l 7 /7y 

Book tt^ . 



WORKMEN'S INSURANCE 

IN 

GERMANY 



BY 



HENRYJ. HARRIS, Ph. D. 



REPRINTED FROM TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF 
UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF LABOR 



WASHINGTON 

l9lt 



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PREFACE. 



The twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the German 
system of workmen's insurance makes it peculiarly appropriate 
that an account of the invaluable experience of this system 
should be made available for American readers at the present 
time. The following pages represent an effort to describe as 
accurately as possible the principal features of the German 
system of social insurance, and as part of an official report 
there was of course no opportunity for the expression of the 
personal opinions of the writer. In the present study, special 
emphasis has been placed on the actuarial experience of the 
German system in regard to accident, sickness, invalidity and 
unemployment; the operations of the insurance system in these 
fields for nearly a quarter of a century have been carefully 
investigated by the experts of the Imperial Insurance Office 
and the results of these studies have been discussed in the 
present volume as fully as space permitted. 



CONTENTS, 



Pnp-e. 

Introduction 977-{;80 

Accident insurance 980-1176 

Introduction 980-982 

Employers' liability and the accident insurance . . 983-988 

History of accident insurance laws 988-992 

Accident insurance for persons engaged in manufacturing, mining, 

and transportation 993-1058 

Industries included 993, 994 

Persons insured 994-996 

(a) Persons in private employ ii94, 995 

{b) Workmen in the civil service 995, 996 

Character of disability compensated 996, 997 

Benefit payments 997-1006 

Medical attendance 999, 1000 

Pecuniary relief to the injured person 1(X)0-1003 

Funeral benefits 1003 

Benefits to the survivors 1003-1005 

Other benefits 1005 

Determination and revision of benefits 1006-1008 

Sources of income 1008-1015 

Financial organization 1015, 1016 

The system of risk tariffs 1016-1024 

General administration 1024-1039 

Mutual accident insurance associations of employers 1024-1038 

Imperial insurance oflice 1038, 1039 

State insurance offices 1039 

Arbitration courts for workmen's insurance 1039 

Prevention of accidents 10.-i9-1052 

Model regulations for the prevention of accidents 1042-1052 

Proposed reforms 1052-1058 

Accident insurance for persons engaged in the building trades 1058-1072 

Industries covered 1058, 10." 9 

Persons insured 1059, 1060 

Character of disability covered 10'. 



CONTENTS 

Accident insurance— Continued. 

Accident insurance for persons engaged in the building trades— Con. Page. 

Benefit payments lOGO 

Determination and revision of benefits ]060 

Sources of income 1061 

Financial organization. 1061, 1062 

Tariff of premium rates 1062-1067 

Other regulations 1067, 1068 

Method of computing capital sums necessary to provide the 

pensions 1068-1071 

General administration 1071, 1072 

Insurance institutes of the building trades accident associations. . 1072-1074 

Accident insurance of seamen 1074-1085 

Industries covered 1074, 1075 

Persons included 1075 

Character of disability 1076 

Benefit payments * 1076-1078 

Determination and revision of benefits 1078, 1079 

Sources of income 1079 

Financial organization 1079-1084 

The Navigation Accident Association 1079, 1080 

The Insurance Institute of the Navigation Accident Asso- 
ciation 1080, 1081 

Nominal rates of wages to be used in computing benefits 1082-1084 

General administration 10S4, 1085 

Accident insurance for agriculture and forestry 1085-1090 

Industries included 1085 

Persons included 1085, 1086 

Character of disability compensated 1086 

Benefit payments 1086, 1087 

Determination and revision of benefits 1087 

Sources of income 1088 

Financial organization .- 1088 

General administration 10S8, 1089 

Accident prevention 1089, 1090 

Statistics of operations 1090-1 124 

Number of persons insured 1091-1094 

Receipts 1094, 1095 

Expenditures 1095-1102 

Reserve 1 102-1 103 

Cost of accident insurance 1103-1119 

(a) Cost to the sick funds 1103 

{!)) Cost to the accident associat lone 1 104-1 1 19 

Settlement of controversies 1 120-1 124 

Statistics of accidents 1124-1176 

Sickness insurance 117()-1354 

Introduction - . . 1176, 1177 

History of sickness insurance laws 1 177-1 183 

Industries covered 1 183 

Persons included 1184 

Disability providcMl l(.r I 1S4, 1185 



CONTENTS 

Sickness insurance — Continued. Vtmv. 

Benefits 1 185-1 189 

Medical attendance 1180, 1187 

Pecuniary benefits 1187, 1188 

Confinement benefits 1188, 1 189 

Funeral benefits 1189 

Determination and revision of benefits 1189-1 191 

Sources of income 1191 

Financial administration 1 191, 1 192 

General administration 1192-1211 

Local sick funds 1 192-1200 

Parish or communal sickness insurance 1200, 1201 

Establishment funds 1201-1203 

Building trades funds 1203 

Guild funds 1204, 1205 

Aid funds 1205-1208 

Miners' funds 1209-1211 

Proposed reforms 1211-121G 

Statistics of operations 1216-1243 

Scope of the insurance 1210-1222 

Receipts 1223-1225 

Assets and liabilities 1225-1228 

Expenditures 122S-1233 

Per capita receipts and expenditures 1233-1237 

Proportion of funds charging specified rates of dues and provid- 
ing specified rates of benefits 1237-1239 

Period for wliich benefits are paid 1239-1243 

Statistics of sickness 1243-1251 

Miners' insurance 1251-1255 

Statistics of operations 1252-1255 

Sickness statistics of the Leipzig Local Sick Fund 1255-1347 

Number of persons included 1250, 1257 

Compulsory and voluntary members 1257 

Age groups 1257-1200 

Cases of sickness 1200-1202 

Number of days of sickness 1202 1204 

Statistics of sickness, by days of sickness 1204-1200 

Average duration of a case of sickness 1200, 1207 

Average duration of a case of sickness when the period of bene- 
fit payments- varies 1207, 1208 

Cases of death 1208-1270 

Accidents 1270 1272 

Influence of age on degree of disability caused by accident 1272, 1273 

Accident rates 1273 1280 

Sickness rates, by industries 1281-1341 

Sickness rates, by occupations and groups of diseases 1341-1347 

Classification of occupations— Leipzig fund 1348-1350 

Classification. of diseases— Leipzig fund 1350-1354 

Invalidity and old-age insurance 1354-1444 

Introduction 1354, 1355 

History of invalidity insurance laws 1355-1302 

Persons insured -. 1302-1304 



CONTENTS 

Invalidity and old-age insurance— Concluded. 

Persons insured— Concluded. * Page. 

Compulsory insurance 1362, 13H3 

Voluntary insurance 1364 

Kind of disability insured 1364-1367 

Benefits 1367-1378 

Tensions 1368-1873 

Keturn of contributions paid by the insured person 1373-1375 

Other benefits 1375, 1376 

Miscellaneous 1377, 1378 

Determination and revision of benefits 1378-1381 

Arbitration courts 1381, 1382 

Sources of income 1382-1385 

Financial administration 1385-1389 

General administration 1389-1399 

Invalidity insurance institutes 1390-1396 

Invalidity, widow, and orphan insurance of members of the 

Navigation Accident Insurance Association 1396-1399 

Proposed reforms 1399-1404 

Proposed insurance of oflScialsand persons holding salaried posi- 
tions in private establishments 1404-1407 

Statistics of operations 1407-1424 

Summary 1408, 1409 

Eeceipts 1409-1411 

Expenditures 1411-1413 

Special treatment of invalids 1414-1416 

Number and amount of pensions granted 1416-1418 

Reserve 1418-1421 

Litigation 1421-1424 

Special statistics of invalidity 1424-1444 

Unemployment insurance 1444-1490 

Introduction 1444-1446 

Insurance against unemployment by the larger political divisions 1446, 1447 
Institutions subsidized by municipalities for insurance against un- 
employment 1417-1466 

The Cologne municipal fund for insurance against unemploy- 
ment in winter 1447-1453 

Leipzig 1453-1456 

Strassburg 1456-1460 

Mulhausen 1460-1462 

Erlanger 1462-1464 

Mainz 1464, 1465 

Other cities 1465, 1466 

Unemployment relief conducted by institutions created by em- 
ployers for their own establishments 1466 

Systems of unemployment relief conducted by trade unions 1466-1472 

Expenditures 1469-1472 

Statistics of unemployment 1472-1490 

Persona unemployed 1473-1476 

Duration of unemployment 1476-1481 

Unemployed members of trade unions 1482-1490 

Bibliography 1491-1493 



CHAPTER V. 



WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



975 



CIIAPTEE V. 

WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Germany was the first country to adopt a system of compulsory 
insurance of workmen on a national scale as a part of the policy of a 
great industrial nation. This policy was not regarded as a break 
with previous traditions, but was considered rather as a logical devel- 
opment of institutions for the care of disabled workmen made neces- 
sary by the change in 'conditions brought about by modern industrial 
methods. The beginnings of workmen's insurance in the area com- 
prised within the present German Empire date in many cases as far 
back as the eighteenth century, and in a few instances even earlier; 
the earliest forms of such insurance are found in the provisions for 
the relief of disabled miners, seamen, and domestic workers. In the 
case of miners and seamen it will bo noticed that these were the indus- 
tries in which the safety of the vv'orkman was peculiarly dependent 
on the general management of the establishment, and in which his 
risk of accident, sickness, etc., was accentuated because of such 
dependence on the care of fellow-workmen in the exercise of their 
duties, or on the skill or care of the one directing the workman's opera- 
tions. Even in the eighteenth century, therefore, those industries 
which possessed some of the characteristics of modern industiral 
methods had developed special institutions for the relief of the work- 
men engaged in them. In the case of domestic servants, the special 
provisions referred to were due to the fact that such service practically 
meant the inclusion of the worker in the family circle of the employer. 

The industrial development — especialh' the growth of the factory 
system — vrhich took place in Germany in the period following the 
Napoleonic wars introduced a change from the personal relations of 
employer and workman wliich had been characteristic of the old 
industrial order. This change brought the workman a greater degree 
of freedom than he had hitherto possessed, but also left him without 
the former claim to the aid of the emploA^er or of a guild in case of 
distress caused by physical disability due to sickness or accident. 
Under the German common lavv" a workman injured in the course of 
his cmplo3'ment through the fault of the employer had to secure 
redress by means of a suit against the latter, subject to all the disad- 

977 



978 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, 

vantages which were recognized in Germany even in the early part 
of the nineteenth century. To meet the new conditions, as well as 
to make provision for disabled workmen without means, many of the 
local governments throughout the country enacted laws requiring 
specified workers within their areas to pay regular contributions to 
the communal treasury from which was paid sickness and accident 
relief. These steps antedated the national compulsory workmen's 
insurance by ten to twenty years, and their successful operation 
formed an important argument for the institution of a similar system 
of provision on a national scale. 

It is interesting to note that one of the earliest acts of the new 
Empire was the adoption of an employers' liability bill in 1871, and 
that this law was practically the last attempt of the Imperial Gov- 
ernment to provide for disabled workmen under the old principle 
of negligence. The law of 1871 was in force for about ten years 
before it was superseded by the new compensation system. It may 
be said, therefore, that the great national system of workmen's 
insurance now in operation in Germany was adopted only after a 
thorough trial of other methods had sho^vn that they were inade- 
quate to solve the problem. The reasons for their adoption and 
the detailed steps by which the three principal branches of \vork- 
men's insurance — accident, sickness, and invalidity — were brought 
to their present stage of development are indicated in the following 
pages. This system of social insurance has now been in operation 
for a quarter of a century, and during this period the only questions 
receiving serious consideration were those relating to its extension 
and improvement. No proposal to restrict the plan or to return to 
the former liability system has ever been seriously offered. 

At the present time the total popidation of the Germ^an Empire 
is about 63,000,000, of whom about 30,000,000 are gamfully 
employed. The number of persons insured against accident is about 
23,000,000, against sickness about 13,000,000, and against invalidity 
about 15,000,000. The distribution of the population gainfully 
employed at the date of the industrial census of June 12, 1907, is 
shown in the table following. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



979 



NUMBER OF PERSONS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED, BY INDUSTRIES, 1907 AND 1895. 
[Source: Statlstisches Jahrbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 19C9.] 



Groups of industries. 



Persons gainfully employed in 1907. (a) 



Independ- 
ent per- 
sons, pro- 
prietors, 
partners, 
directors, 
etc. 



GEAND GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES. 

Agriculture, gardening, stock 
raising, forestry, and fish- 
eries 

Industries, including mining 
and building trades 

Commerce and transportation. 

Domestic and personal serv- 
ice, including casual day 
labor 

Military, civil, etc., service, 
liberal professions 

Persons without occupation 
or occupation not specified.. 

All persons gainfully cm- 
ployed 



2,500,974 

1,977,122 
1,012,192 



GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES. 



Agriculture 

Gardening and stock raising. . . 

Forestry, hunting, etc 

Fisheries 

Mining, smelting, salt works, 
etc 

Stone and earthen ware 

Metal working 

Machinery, instruments, ap- 
paratus'. 

Chemical industries 

Oils, fats, lighting materials, 

Textiles*"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 

Paper 

Leather, etc 

Wood and cut materials 

Foods and drinks 

Clothing 

Cleaning 

Building trades 

Printing, etc 

Art trades 

Factory workers, etc 

Commerce 

Insurance, etc 

Posts, telegraphs, railways, 
etc. (excluding street rail- 
ways) 

Other transportation 

Hotels and restaurants 

Domestic and personal service, 
including casual day labor.. 

Military, civil, etc., service, 
liberal professions 

Persons without occupation or 
occupations not specified . . . 



2,450,336 

32,231 

4,505 

13,902 

4,383 
36, 635 
144,087 

87,405 
12,588 

5.111 

123,410 

17,890 

48,997 

189,671 

269, 161 

667,066 

121,905 

215,045 

18, 647 

12, 934 

2,187 

667,238 

13.673 



18,306 

74,299 

238,676 



Tech- 




nical, 




com- 


Work- 


mer- 


men, ap- 


cial. 


prentices. 


super- 


laborers, 


visory, 


etc. 


etc.. 




officials. 





98,812 



680,007 
505,909 



76,566 

3.617 

18,138 

491 

55,739 
33,281 
48,085 

119,459 
24,073 

13,592 

77,311 

15,869 

12,033 

26, 534 

68,740 

47,486 

4,750 

119, 788 

15, 934 

2,101 

1.232 

268.386 

42,925 



152,075 

36.234 

6,289 



7,283,471 

8,593,125 
1,959.525 



7.054,900 

114,822 

103,. 337 

10,412 

903,156 
644,604 
993,927 

700,184 
122,115 

57,176 

856, 522 

173,004 

158,413 

571,549 

789,615 

707,143 

143, 719 

1,571,154 

163, 322 

22,076 

15, 446 

804, 286 

3,933 



497, 503 
247.871 
405, 932 



Total. 



, 883, 257 



11,256,254 
3,477.626 



471,695 
1,738.530 
3,404,983 



30,232,345 



Persons 
gainfully 
eniploved 
in 1895. (a) 



8,292,092 



8.281.220 
2,338,511 



432,491 
1,425,961 
2,142.808 



22,913,083 



9. .581, 802 
150,670 
125,980 
24,805 

903,278 

714,520 

1,186,099 

907.048 
158,776 

75,879 
1.057,243 
206,763 
219,443 
787,754 
1,127,516 
1,421.695 ' 
270, .374 ' 
1,905,987 i 
197,903 i 
37,111 i 
18,865 I 
1,739,910 I 
60,531 I 



667,884 
358, 404 
650, 897 

471,695 

1, 738, 530 

3,404,983 



8,045,441 
110,604 
111,926 
24,721 

567,753 
501,334 
862,035 

.385,223 
102,923 

42,997 

945, 191 

135,863 

168,358 

047,019 

878, 163 

1,322.071 

191.0.53 

1,353,637 

119,291 

28,348 

29.961 

1,205.1.34 

25,384 



.391,645 
223.685 
492, 663 

432, 491 

1,425,961 

2,142,808 



Per 1 .000 per- 
sons gainfully 
employed there 
wore in the 
following in- 
dustries in (o)— 



i9or. 



320.9 



372.3 
115.1 



15.0 
57.5 
112.6 



1,000.0 



301.9 



.301.4 
102.1 



18.9 
62.2 
93.5 



1,000.0 



316.9 .351.1 
5.0 4.8 

4.2 4.9 

1.1 



31.9 
23.6 
39.2 

30.0 
5.3 

2.5 
35.0 

0.8 

7.3 

26.1 

37.3 

47.0 

8.9 

63.0 

6.6 

1.2 

.6 

57.6 

2.0 



22.1 
1L9 
2L5 

15.6 

57.5 

112.6 



24.8 
21.9 
37.6 

16.8 
4.5 

1.9 

41.3 

5.9 

7.4 

28.2 

38.3 

57.7 

8.3 

59.1 

5.2 

1.2 

1.3 

52.6 

LI 



17.1 
9.8 
21.5 

18.9 

02.2 

93.5 



a Not including servants, etc., living in the household of the employer. 

According to the grand groups used in the preceding classification, 
in 1907 about 33 per cent of the persons gainfully employed were 
engaged in agriculture, about 37 per cent in the general industries 
(including mining ajid the building trades), about 12 per cent in com- 



980 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

merce and transportation, about 11 per cent reported no specific 
occupation, about 6 per cent were engaged in the liberal professions, 
including the military, civil, etc., service, v/hile about 1-|- per cent 
were engaged in domestic and personal service, including miscellane- 
ous wage- work. 

The detailed classification of the industries shows that the popu- 
lation gainfully employed v/as principally engaged in the building 
trades, in commercial occupations, in the clothing industries, in the 
metal-working industries, the industries of food products, textiles, 
mining, machinery, etc., and woodworking. None of the other indus- 
trial groups included over 25 persons per thousand of those gainfully 
employed. 

ACCIDENT INSURANCE. 

mTRODTJCTION. 

The system of workmen's insurance introduced on a national scale 
in the early eighties had many antecedents which had provided suf- 
ficient experience to enable the new system of insurance to be consid- 
ered as a development rather than an entirely new departure. The 
antecedents of the German workmen's insurance consisted of, first, 
the state provision by its poor-law authorities, and, second, state 
provision as a system of compulsory insurance in the South German 
States ; third, the employers of certain classes of labor were required 
to provide for their employees in case of sickness or accident; these 
were the employers of domestic servants, the employers of seamen, 
the employers of commercial employees. In addition, all employers 
were required to provide for workmen disabled by accident under the 
liability principles of the common law. The organization of indus- 
trial employees into guilds was a feature which had reached a special 
development in Germany, such guilds being in some trades com- 
pulsory organizations; these bodies were required by law to provide 
for disabled members for specified periods, while persons employed in 
mining had for several centuries been by local custom or local regu- 
lation compelled to make provision for disabled fellow-workmen. 

The first-mentioned type of relief for disability was that provided 
by the State itself. Germany, like practically all other countries, 
had an extensive s^^stem of poor-law relief, which, in Prussia, for 
instance, was enunciated under the principle of the general code as 
follows: '^The State is required to provide for tlie nutrition and care 
of its citizens who are not able to maintain themselves and who are 
unable to procure it from private persons under special laws for such 
an obligation. vSecondly, for those persons who are lacking only in 
means and opportunity to provide the maintenance of themselves 
and their dependents, the State shall maintain opportunities for 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 981 

work appropriate to their strength and abiUty. Thirdly, those per- 
sons who, on account of indolence, love for wandering, or other dis- 
orderly tendencies, have not the means of providing their own sup- 
port, are to be forced, under proper supervision, to engage in useful 
labor." The poor-law provision therefore is practically the same as 
in other countries, though in Germany the acceptance of poor-law 
relief carried with it in some respects greater loss of civic rights than 
was customary elsewhere. 

Three of the South German States modified tlieir poor-law system 
about the 5"ear 1870 in a manner which was of especial importance 
when the sickness insurance was later introduced on a national 
scale. Bavaria in 1869, Baden in 1870, and Wurttemburg in 1873, 
enacted laws which authorized the communes (or parishes) to collect 
a weekly contribution or assessment from domestic servants, indus- 
trial workers, apprentices, factory workers, and other workers resid- 
ing within their area, in case such persons did not have a household 
of their own or did not live with their parents. The highest amounts 
to be collected were at first 3 kreutzers (1.22 cents), v/hich was later 
raised to 15 pfennigs (3.6 cents) ; the employer was responsible for the 
payment of this sum, which was turned into either the poor-law fund 
or a special hospital fund. The persons from whom these assess- 
ments were collected were in return entitled to receive sick care for a 
period not to exceed 13 weeks, except in Baden, where it was 8 weeks; 
this provision, the law stated, was not a poor relief but a legal return 
for the compulsory assessments, and the person recei^ang such aid 
was not subject to any disabilities connected with the granting of 
poor-law relief. 

The custom of the employer in certain cases providing for his 
employees in case of disability is of such ancient origin that no reli- 
able account of its introduction is known. The obligations in connec- 
tion with domestic service are, for instance, clearly specified in the 
National Code of Prussia of the year 1810, which has an elaborate 
statement of the duties of the employer in case his domestic and 
similar servants became disabled in his service; in general the 
employer was required to provide maintenance and medical care 
during the period of disabilit}', and, if the disability arose out of the 
employment, the employer had in addition to pay wages during the 
period of disability. 

Similar benefits were provided for seamen at the expense of the 
shipowner; relief had to be provided even if the disability occurred 
before the voyage began. 

In the case of employees of commercial establishments the conti- 
nental practice of having the employee reside with the proprietor of 
the establishment made it necessary to introduce some system of 



982 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

benefits in case of sickness or other disability sustained in the course 
of employment. The usual practice is to require the employer to 
provide maintenance, care, and wages for six weeks in case of dis- 
ability so received. 

The relief provided for disabled workmen by means of the laws 
regulating the employers' liability is stated on page 984 and in the 
text of the law reproduced in the appendix to this report. 

The benefits provided by the guild organizations and the miners' 
brotherhoods bear a close relation to the system of sickness insur- 
ance, while the relief of the miners' brotherhoods in case of accident 
and invalidity represented an unusually high development of a 
system of workmen's insurance. These two types of organizations 
were allowed to continue to provide benefits when the national civic 
insurance system was introduced, as is stated on pages 1204 and 1209. 
Besides all these compulsory systems of relief for disability for work- 
men, the German workmen, moved by the same spirit which led 
the English workmen to found their great friendly societies, began 
about the middle of the nineteenth century to establish voluntary 
organizations to provide relief for their members. The mutual organi- 
zations composed of the persons employed in the printing trades were 
especially prominent in this direction, and their example was fol- 
lowed by a number of similar societies, not all of which, however, were 
organized on trade lines. The work done by these societies was so 
beneficial and they were so popular among the workmen that when 
the national compulsor}^ system was introduced the mutual volun- 
tary organizations were permitted to operate side by side with the 
compulsory organizations, as is stated on page 1205. 

In the decade prior to the introduction of the compulsory insur- 
ance system there existed in Germany a multitude of organizations, 
part of them very old and part new, some compulsory, some volun- 
tary, some local, some national, some mutual, and some based on 
other plans ; some of them were connected with special establishments, 
such as special mines, establishments, railways, etc. ; some were con- 
nected with trade unions ; many of them were connected with guilds. 
The benefits provided by the organizations were usually only sickness, 
or only burial money, though frequently both benefits were granted. 
A few of them provided invalidity and old-age as well as widow and 
orphan benefits, while the amount of the benefits granted varied from 
very small sums to very liberal amounts. The methods of securing 
the funds to conduct the insurance were as varied as the organi- 
zations themselves; in some the employer contributed, while in 
others the workmen bore the entire expense. As a whole the pro- 
visions provided by the organizations existing at that time can hardly 
be counted satisfactory, but the existence of these societies proved 
the desire of the workmen to have provision of this sort even if 
secured only at their own expense. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 983 

EMPLOYERS' LIABILITY AND THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE. 

At the date of the founding of the German Empire a workman 
injured in the course of his employment was compensated for his 
losses under the provisions of the common law. According to its 
rules the only person liable for damages was the one who was the 
immediate cause of the accident; furthermore he was liable only if 
guilty of negligence or of having purposely caused the injury. If the 
person causing the accident was the representative of an employer, 
the latter was responsible only if it was proved that he was negligent 
in the selection of such a representative {culya in eligcndo). In the 
Rhine district, however, a different principle prevailed on this point; 
there both the person causing the accident and the employer were 
t^qually responsible. 

In most of the German States employment on railways was not 
subject to the rules of the common law in regard to compensation 
for accidental injuries. The Kingdom of Prussia on November 3, 
1838, enacted a law which provided that a railway company was 
responsible for injuries to persons or property caused by the acci- 
dents in the operation of the road, unless the company could prove 
that the accident was due to the negligence of the injured party or 
to an act of God {vis major) ; as the law made no distinction between 
the employee and the passenger, this measure entirely changed the 
status of the employee in damage cases. Within a few years other 
German States also enacted similar statutes transferring the burden 
of proof of negligence on the employer in case of railroad employ- 
ment, and at the time of the creation of the German Empire this was 
the prevailing rule for the railway industries. 

It is the general testimony of German writers of the time that 
under the system of compensation provided b}^ the common lav/ an 
injured workman or his surviving dependents could but seldom 
secure adequate compensation for his losses and then only through 
a time-consuming lawsuit. In the majority of cases, even if the suit 
was won, the injured workman was no better off, because the fellow 
workman or establishment official against whom judgment was 
usually obtained had no property with which to pay the damages. 
As a result, the injured workmen and their dependents were fre- 
quently forced to accept the degrading relief of public charity. 

One of the earliest laws enacted in 1871 by the newly established 
Empire recognized that the existing system of compensation for 
industrial accidents was inadequate and attempted to remedy the 
existing evils by placing more responsibility upon the employer. 
This was the imperial law of June 7, 1871 (") on the liability of 

a This law, in its present form, is reproduced in the appendix containing the text 
of the insurance laws. The changes made in it since 1871 affect only matters of 
procedure. 

46598°— 10 63 



984 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIO>TER OF LABOR. 

employers {Haft'pflichtgesetz) , which applied to accidents occurring 
in the course of the employment and made the employer liable for the 
negligence of his representatives or vice principals. The provisions 
relating to railroads were the same as those of the Prussian law of 
1838, so that the nev/ features of the law affected only the industrial 
and mining establishments. The leading provisions contained in 
the law of 1871 are: {a) The employer is liable for accidents occurring 
in the operations of a railroad unless he can prove that the accident 
was caused by the injured person's ovv^n fault or through an act of 
God; Q)) in the case of accidents occurring in the operation of a 
mine, of a cjuarry, of a pit, or of a factory, the employer, besides being 
liable for his own negligence, is also liable if the injured person (or 
his survivors) proves that the accident was due to the negligence of 
the establishment ofScial (vice principal). 

The changes made by the law of 1871 in regard to accidents in 
industrial establishments affected, therefore, only the liabilitj^ of the 
employer for the negligence of his vice principals. According to 
statements made on the floor of the Imperial Parliament between 
1871 and 1880, the beneficial results expected from the law were not 
secured. Many accidents are caused neither by the negligence of 
the employer nor by that of his representative; later statistical 
investigations showed that a high proportion of the industrial acci- 
dents are due simply to the inherent risks of modern methods of 
production without any fault on the part of those engaged in the 
industry. The law of 1871 introduced no improvement in the com- 
pensating of the class of accidents due to the risk of the business or 
of those due to the negligence of the fellow- workman. The burden 
of proof of negligence still rested upon the victim of the accident, who 
was frequently unable to support his contentions in court because the 
accident itself so often destroyed whatever evidence there was of the 
employer's negligence. Frequently such negligence could only be 
proved by the testimony of persons who were also either killed or 
injured by the same accident, or if they were not injured, would still 
be in the service of the employer and on that account likely to be 
unwilling witnesses against him. These facts are brought out in the 
ofRcial government report which accompanied the bill of 1882 pro- 
posing an accident-insurance law. This official report calls attention 
to tlie fact that even in the most favorable cases the position of an 
individual workman, who must prosecute his claim for compensation 
by means of a law suit, must as a rule be unfortunate because of his 
lack of money, general knowledge, and social standing. 

In spite of all these difficulties, lawsuits under the law of 1871 
were numerous because the workman, in his ignorance of legal prin- 
ciples, thought he was entitled to damages in all cases of accident 
where he himself had not been at fault. In very many of the acci- 



CHAPTER V. — V/ORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 985 

dents the workman would be honestly of the opmion that there had 
been negligence on the part of the employer, while the latter would be 
similarly convinced that the faidt rested on the workman, and it 
would be practically impossible to ascertain the actual facts in the 
case. Since the workman usually sued as an indigent person, and 
was therefore cxemj^t from court fees, the expense of appeals did not 
det^r him from continuing to prosecute his claim after he had once 
begun his action. Often, on the other hand, the employer would 
have been willing to make provision for the injured man, but feared 
to do so because such action might later be cited against him in a suit 
at law. The workman would usually bring suit for the largest 
amount permissible under tlic law, and the employer, to protect him- 
self, would usually decline to pay voluntarily any compensation. 
After a long and exasperating suit either the employer would be 
compelled to pay damages which he regarded as unreasonable or 
the injured workman would lose his case entirely and lose at the same 
time any amount which might have been paid voluntarily b}^ the 
employer as an evidence of good will or from a sense of obligation to 
a deserving employee. 

The introduction of private employers' liability insurance com- 
panies into the situation further complicated matters and added to 
the existing friction between employers and their workmen. The 
private companies conducting such insurance solely as a business 
matter naturally paid compensation for injuries only when their 
contract with the employer required them and only when com- 
pelled to do so by the courts. The companies never accepted the 
opinion of the employer in regard to admitting or contesting claims 
for compensation, and paid no attention to considerations which, 
had the employer decided the matter himself, might have led him to 
grant the claim of the workman. Since the average injury case is 
by no means a simple matter, the insurance companies were able to 
contest most of the claims, and because of their loiowledge of the 
technical features of the law, would succeed in making the law suit 
both expensive and exasperating for the claimant. Even if the 
employer was inchned to admit the claim of the injured workman, 
he hesitated to do so, as he could not obtain recompense from the 
insurance company. The general practice was, therefore, for the 
employer in every case to require his workman to sue for compensa- 
tion. No matter how well disposed an employer was toward his work- 
men, it was practically necessary for him to make use of the liability 
insurance companies because the latter provided the only means of 
protecting himself against expenses which in some cases might 
endanger the existence of his establishment. Since the law pre- 
scribed no limit to the amount of the compensation which the court 
might grant, a case which was won by an injured workman might 



986 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

require the payment, for instance, of full wages to the injured work- 
man or his survivors, and experience had shown that such awards of 
damages were by no means seldom. The award of full wages meant 
that the injured workman received an amount of compensation 
which was greater than that granted for incapacity in other occupa- 
tions, such, for instance, as in the government service. In view of the 
fact that the workman was subject to periods of unemployment and 
that he would at times suffer a reduction of wages, an award of full 
wages was rarely justified by the actual earnings of the injured man. 
While such very high rates of compensation were granted occa- 
sionally, out of all the accident cases the proportion which were com- 
pensated under the law was comparatively small, and the claimants 
who were unable to secure a verdict in their favor usually became a 
burden to public charity or private benevolence. 

It was generally admitted after several years of experience under the 
law of 1871 that the plan of having accidental injuries compensated 
under the system of employers' liability not only had not solved the 
problem, but created a situation which in the interests of all parties 
concerned needed thorough reform. According to the official report 
it was necessary to develop a system by which workmen could be 
secured against distress resulting from the loss of earning power 
caused by accidental injuries without at the same time placing too 
heavy burdens upon the business interests of the country and causing 
friction between the employers and their workmen. The plan ad- 
vocated most energetically at the time was the extension of the 
principle of employers' liability in force in the case of railroads to all 
other industries. Such a plan, the official report states, would affect 
the employers in a way contrary to the spirit of the railroad liability 
law and would impose serious burdens on the industrial establish- 
ments of the country without being satisfactory to the workmen and 
without improving the relations between the two parties. Suits for 
compensation would probably be diminished in number, but would 
by no means be eliminated. In every case the workman would have 
an interest in proving that the employer or his representative was 
guilty of negligence, vfhile the employer at the same time would have 
an interest in proving negligence on the part of the employee. A 
second plan which was proposed was to retain the existing law regard- 
ing the liability of the employer, but to presume always that a certain 
amount of negligence existed on the emplo^^er's part, subject to cer- 
tain restrictions ; thus the employer should be required to set up rules 
and regulations for his establishment, to see that these were carefully 
enforced and that negligence was to be assumed whenever the em- 
ployer could not prove that he had complied with this requirement. 
An agreement, lioweA^er, could not be reached as to the exact form in 
which this presumption was to be stated. The official report calls 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 987 

attention to the fact that all of these proposals had as their basis the 
principle of providing compensation only in cases where negligence 
existed; but they made no change in the general principles involved 
in bringing suit under the liability rule, such as the rules regarding 
burden of proof, the laws of evidence, etc. Any attempt to regulate 
industrial operations through rules and regulations in the form of 
laws would immediately encounter difficulties due to the great 
variety of conditions existing in the various kinds of establishments, 
aside from the fact that methods of industrial operations change 
so quickly that it is practically impossible to place in legal form 
rules which would apply for any length of time. The principal ob- 
jection to this proposal, however, is that the existing state of affairs 
would not be materially altered. Any legal regulation which makes a 
claim for compensation on the part of the workman dependent on 
his proving that the employer has been negligent, endangers the 
claim because in practically all cases of personal injury doubt exists 
in regard to the existence of the employer's negligence; even the 
most careful specification of the conditions under which negligence 
is to be assumed will not prevent this doubt from being the source 
of legal conflict. It would remain, therefore, a matter of chance 
whether the injured workman got the benefits of the law and there 
would remain the unfortunate influence which the present legal 
principles assert on the relations between employers and their 
workmen. 

The official report claims that any plan for reforming the procedure 
by which mjured workmen would obtain compensation through a 
system of liability of the employer would not alter the fundamental 
difficulties of the problem. In the opinion of the Government the 
only way out of the difficulty rested in a system of public accident 
insurance by which the largest possible number of workmen would 
receive compensation for practically all classes of accidental injuries. 
For this purpose the proposed system of public insurance would in- 
clude all accidents occurring in industrial establishments without 
regard to whether they were due to the negligence of the employer 
or his representative or to the negligence of the injured workman, or 
to the risks inherent in the business without being the fault of any 
one in particular. The report insistently states that only by entirely 
abolishing these distinctions could the workman be given the full 
assurance that he would not lose his entire income with his loss of 
earning power, and that in case the accident results fatally he would 
not leave his dependents to public charity. This would provide for 
the injured workman and prevent him from being excluded from the 
insurance even in those cases of injury which occurred because of an 
oversight or from lack of skill on his part, or from pure chance. 



988 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The report emphasizes the fact that making the insurance com- 
pulsory is unavoidable in order to restrict the cost within the nar- 
rowest limits. The establishment of universal compulsory insurance 
enables the employers to comply with their obligations under the 
law without becoming the victims of private speculation. When- 
ever such a uniform obligation is extended it is necessary to provide 
the employers with the assurance of absolute security which can only 
be done by institutions having the guaranty of the Government; in 
addition it must provide the cheapest kind of insurance possible, 
which can only be done by entirely eliminating the element of profit. 

The report points out that with the enactment of the compulsory 
insurance system the existing rules regulating employers' liability 
would apply only to persons or industries not included in the com- 
pulsory insurance system; if, however, an accident was purposel}^ 
caused by the employer or by a third part}^, the liability laws would 
apply, and the compensation provided for persons covered by the acci- 
dent insurance would be granted to the injured person by the accident- 
insurance associations, which may then take up his case in the courts 
and recompense themselves from the damages granted by the verdict. 
If the award of the court should be greater than the amount provided 
by the accident-insurance association, the injured person would be 
entitled to the excess. 

HISTORY OF ACCIDENT-INSURANCE LAWS. 

Two unsuccessful attempts were made before an accident-insurance 
law was finally carried through the imperial parliament. The first 
bill for a law relating to accident insurance of workmen was brought 
forward by the Governm_ent on March 8, 1881, although the bill had 
already been discussed by a special council of the Prussian Gov- 
ernment. The main features of this first bill were that the exist- 
ing regulations relating to accidents occurring in the operation of 
railroads should remain unchanged, while the emplo3^ers operating 
mines, factories, etc., were required to insure their workmen and 
establishment officials within certain bounds against economic loss 
for accidents occurring in the course of the employment; the insur- 
ance was to be carried by a government insurance corporation, and 
the costs were to be paid by the employer and the workmen, while a 
subsidy was to be granted by the federal government. This insurance 
was to be in the form of collective contracts. The bill permitted, 
however, a mutual insurance on industrial lines by the employers, but 
insurance witli private companies was entirel}^ excluded. In the 
parliament the bill was changed so that the subsid}^ from the federal 
government was eliminated, and the plan for a federal insurance cor- 
poration had substituted for it a system of state insurance officers, 
but the general idea of a system of compulsory insurance was retained. 



CHAPTER V. — WOKKMEX S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 989 

The Government, however, dechned to accept the bill in this form, 
and on June 25, 1881, withdrew the whole matter from the consider- 
ation of the Parliament. 

The Government then took up the question with renewed interest, 
and as the first step necessary to support its position immediately set 
to work to collect statistical data on accidents in the industries which 
it was proposed to include in the insurance. On July 11, 1881, the 
imperial chancellor introduced a resolution in the federal council by 
which the employers were to report in accordance with a <:i:iven sched- 
ule all accidents which had occurred in their establishments in the 
4 months from August to November of 1881. The material was in 
the hands of the Government at the end of the year 1881 , and included 
data relating to 2,000,000 workmen. Before a new bill was intro- 
duced into the parliament the now famous jnessage of the Emperor 
of November 17, 1881, was received, in which the subject was urged 
upon the parliament as being a matter of duty for the State. In this 
message it was intimated that the solution of the question would be 
aided by the formation of quasi public institutions in the form of 
mutual organizations of the employers. A revised bill for a system 
of compulsory accident insurance was brought in on May 8, 1SS2, 
and accompanying this bill was an elaborate memorial discussing the 
existing methods for the relief of distress from industrial accidents 
and the inadequacy of the existing system. Together with this bill 
was also a bill for the compulsory insurance of workmen against 
sickness, and both bills had been carefully discussed by a Prussian 
commission which indorsed both heartily. The new bill provided 
that workmen injured in industrial employments should be cared for 
during ihe first 13 w^eeks by a system of sick funds which were also 
to be made compulsor}^. The compulsor}' accident insurance w^ould, 
therefore, care for only the severe cases, namely, those accidents 
which caused death, or disability for more than 13 weeks, and in the 
latter case the provision of the accident insurance to begin only after 
the thirteenth week. The sickness insurance was to be paid for b}^ 
the workmen with liberal contributions from the employers, while the 
accident insurance was to be paid for by the employers alone except 
for a subsidy from the Government and was to be administered by 
mutual accident-insurance corporations organized on trade lines. 

The two bills for accident and sickness insurance were both referred 
to the same committee of the parliament. The sickness-insurance 
bill was, however, first taken up and consumed so much of the time of 
the committee that the bill for accident insurance was not reached 
until the next session. The sickness-insurance bill was passed on 
June 15, 1883, and came into operation on December 1, 1884, so that 
the first step was accomplished by providing if or accidents during 
the first 13 weeks of disabilitv. 



990 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

In the discussions of the accident insurance law much assistance 
was derived from the data presented by the industrial census taken 
on June 5, 1882, which by this time had become available and which 
afforded a basis for the classification of the industrial population 
by industries and occupations. The central points in the discussion 
related to the subsidy of the Empire and the form of organization of 
the proposed insurance. The Government advocated a federal sub- 
sidy to the insurance on the ground that it afforded a just equivalent 
for the relief from expenditures caused by the poor law system which 
had been seriously burdened by victims of accidents. Furthermore, 
the Government desu'ed to promote the industrial development of the 
countr}^ as far as possible, and last, but not least, the Government 
desired to make an expression of its willingness to promote in every 
way possible the welfare of the laboring classes. All of the parties in 
the parliament, however, opposed the subsidy provision. 

The organization of the accident msurance was, according to the 
fu'st bill, to be done b}^ a government bureau; the sickness-insurance 
bill proposed the formation of mutual associations of the insured 
persons. The weak point in the sickness insurance bill was that no 
distinction was made in reference to the great diversity of accident 
risks in the different industries and classes of establishments. The 
plan provided that each branch of industry subject to insurance should 
have given to it a risk rating and the establishments with the same 
risk rating were to be organized into mutual associations for specific 
districts. In each district there would be a number of such associa- 
tions, each covering one industry, and where the number of estab- 
lishments was not large enough to form one organization for that 
industry, these establishments were be to combined into one associa- 
tion. This complicated plan met with great opposition because of 
the difficulty of administration and because it brought together 
branches of industry having no common economic interest. 

The third bill for a compulsory accident insurance law w^as brought 
in by the Government on March 6, 1884; it contoined no provision 
for a subsidy by the Federal Government; mutual organizations, 
including all the establishments in one branch of industry or group 
of industries, were to administer the insurance according to this plan. 
The committee in charge of the bill reported it back w^ith but few 
amendments on June 11, 1884, and it was passed on July 6, 1884. 
It came into force on October 1, 1885. This law included workers 
engaged in manufacturing, mining, etc., but it did not include 
many branches, more particularly inland transportation. The law of 
May 25, 1885, extended the insurance to these trades and made 
especial arrangements for the insurance of the establishments of 
federal and state governments, including the postal system, the fed- 
eral telegraph system, and the establishments of the army and navy 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 991 

departments. Workmen in government establishments, according 
to this hiw, were to be insured directly by the federal or other govern- 
ment without making use of the employers' mutual accident asso- 
ciations, though these associations could be used in special cases. 

Closely following this law was another, which was passed on March 
15, 1886, providing a system of insurance for government officials 
generally and for persons in the military service injured by accident 
in industrial cmplo3^ment. The purpose of this law was to provide 
accident insurance for those federal ofhcials who, being employed on 
a salary basis and having the right to a pension, were not entitled to 
accident insurance. The same thing applied to persons in the mili- 
tary service. In order to preserve uniformity in the insurance the 
bill was made to apply to all officials of the Empire. By this law 
the persons insured were withdrawn from the employers' accident 
associations and received their accident relief in the same mxanner as 
other pensions. 

On May 5, 1886, another law was passed which extended the 
sickness and accident insurance to persons employed in establish- 
ments engaged in agriculture and forestry. The number of persons 
subject to the provisions of this law was estimated to be about 
7,000,000. It was, therefore, of equal importance with the original 
law. The form of organization varied somewhat from that used for 
industrial organizations, but the general principles were practically 
the same. 

In the year 1887 the accident insurance system was extended to 
two additional industries. The law of Jul}^ 11, 1887, made persons 
employed in the building trades subject to the compulsory insurance; 
the law of July 13, 1887, provided a system of accident insurance for 
persons engaged in navigation. The latter law created practically 
an independent system of insurance for seamen and others engaged 
in navigation, although it followed the same general principles as the 
accident insurance for industrial workmen. The law relating to 
building trades, however, was merely an extension of the industrial 
accident-insurance law and made special provisions for workers 
engaged in engineering operations of all kinds as well as persons 
hired by the owners of property to do building work. 

Having, therefore, introduced the accident insurance step by step 
for one industry after another, it was naturally discovered that in 
the operation of this series of laws many omissions had occurred and 
many conflicts had arisen. A proposal was made in 1894 to extend 
the insurance further, so as to include persons in small establishments, 
such, for instance, as the hand-working and artisan employees, as well 
as special occupations, such as persons emplo3'ed in hospitals, zoolog- 
ical gardens, laboratories, fire-extinguishing serv^ices, etc. A second 
measure introduced in the year 1894, proposed a general consolidation 



992 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

of all the various forms of workmen's insurance (sickness, accident, 
and invalidity) into a series of institutions in order to reduce the 
multitude of existing organizations which had been provided to carry 
out the new laws. The result of the discussion on this second pro- 
posal was that in November, 1896, a bill was introduced which pro- 
vided for a general revision of all existing compulsory accident- 
insurance institutions. The proposal included four different laws: 
First, the industrial accident-insurance law, which revised the exist- 
ing laws of July G, 18S4, and of May 28, 1885; second, the accident 
insurance law for agriculture and forestry, which was a revision of 
the law of May 5, 1886; third, the accident insurance law for the 
building trades, which revised the law of July 11, 1887; and, fourth, 
the accident-insurance law for navigation, which revised the law of 
July 13, 1887. 

This general revision endeavored to make uniform the administra- 
tion of the insurance in the four classes of industries. The close of 
the session required the reintroduction of the revised lavv^s in January, 
1900; they were passed on June 30 of that year in the form of an 
introductory law (usually termed the ^^main law" or '^ mantle law") 
with four subsidiary laws consisting of — first, the industrial accident 
insurance law; second, the accident insurance law for agriculture 
and forestry; third, the accident insurance law for the building 
trades; and fourth, the accident insurance law for navigation, all 
being dated June 30, 1900. 

The revised laws contained an additional provision relating to the 
relief of imprisoned persons in case of accidents. According to this 
plan whenever a prisoner suffers an injury in the course of his employ- 
ment in prison he receives a moderate pension, determined by the 
administrative officials, provided that the employment was one sub- 
ject to the insurance laws if engaged in by free persons. 

The law of March 15, 1886, relating to the insurance of federal 
officials was also revised at the same tirae, and in its new form came 
into operation in 1901. 

At the present time the laws just mentioned provide different 
types of organization and administration for the accident insurance 
in what may be termed the general industries, in the building trades, 
in the navigation industry, and in the agricultural industries. In this 
'chapter an account of the insurance system (1) for the general indus- 
tries is given on pages 993 to 1058, (2) for the accident insurance of 
the building trades on pages 1058 to 1074, (3) for the navigation 
industries on pages 1074 to 1085, and (4) for agriculture and 
forestry on pages 1085 to 1090. The statistics of operations on pages 
1090 to 1124 and the general statistics of accidents on pages 1124 
to 1176 cover all four of these groups of industries. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSXJRAXCE IX GERMANY. 993 



accident insubance for persons engaged in manufacturing, 
mining, and transportation. 

Industries Included. 

The industries included under the accident insurance are prin- 
cipally those engaged in the production and transportation of com- 
modities. Persons engaged in commercial establishments are not 
included in the insurance as far as work in stores and offices is con- 
cerned. Domestic service is likewise not included unless the person 
engaged in such service also performs work included under the 
insurance. 

Accordmg to article 1 of the law the accident insurance includes 
workmen and certain administrative officers emplo^^ed in the indus- 
tries specified on the next page. The federal council is authorized 
to exempt from insurance those establishments which do not involve 
a special risk of accident to the persons engaged in them. As yet 
such exemptions have never been made by the council. 

A factory is defined by the law as an establishment which regularly 
uses steam boilers or motors operated by mechanical power, such 
as wind, water, steam, gas, electricity, or an establishment in which 
animal power is used. The law also includes in the category of 
factory those establishments in which commodities are regularly 
worked up as a business and in which at least 10 workmen are regularly 
employed; establishments in which explosives or explosive articles 
are produced are also included. The imperial insurance office is 
authorized to define the meaning of the term factory in cases of 
doubt. («) 

The law also applies to government establishments, such as estab- 
lishments under the post-office department, the army and navy 
administrations, and the telegraph and railroad departments; all 
building operations which these departments conduct on their own 
account are also included. 

The insurance includes all establishments located in the country 
regardless of the nationality of the owners or of the persons employed 
in them; but the Government is authorized to conclude treaties 
with other countries in which provision in case of accident corres- 
ponding to that of the German law has been made by which foreign 
enterprises located in Germany may be excluded from the German 
insurance system and by which German enterprises in foreign coun- 
tries may be included in the German insurance. 

«The imperial insurance office is also authorized to include other establishments 
within the meaning of the term factory. Under this provision, the following are 
instances of establishments classed as factories: Gas wqrks, brush-making shops, 
plumbing work, printing offices, metal-casting shops file-cutting shops, etc. 



994 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The industries subject to compulsory insurance are the following: 

(1) Mines, salt works, ore-treating establishments, quarries, pits, 
shipyards, dock3'ards, yards for the preparation of building material, 
factories, breweries, and smelting works. 

(2) Establishments which do work in masonry, carpentry, roofing, 
or any other building work which the federal council may include 
within the scope of the insurance; also establishments doing work in 
stonecutting, locksmithing, blacksmi thing, well digging, as w^ell as 
chimney sweeping, window cleaning, and the butchering trade. 

(3) All establishments of the administrations of the postal, the 
telegraph, the railway S3^stems, as v/ell as the establishments of the 
naval and military administrations, and including the building opera- 
tions which these administrations carry on for their own account. 

(4) Establishments engaged in drayage and carting, in transporta- 
tion on inland waterways, in rafting, in ferrying, in boating, and in 
dredging. 

(5) Establishments engaged in express, elevator, warehousing, and 
storage business. 

(6) Establishments engaged in packing, loading, sorting, lighterage, 
weighing, etc. 

(7) Establishments engaged in storage, wood chopping, or the 
transportation of commodities or passengers, if managed by a com- 
mercial firm which is listed in the commercial register. 

Persons Insured, 
persons in private employ. 

The insurance includes first all workmen in the establishment 
covered by the insurance, and second those technical and administra- 
tive officials, such as foremen, superintendents, etc., who receive in 
wages or salary less than 3,000 marks ($714) per annum. In other 
words, the insurance includes practically every one receiving less than 
the above-named sum, who is employed in an insured establishment, 
without regard to sex, age, citizenship, relationship to employer, 
length of employment or physical or mental health. The only point 
to. be considered is whether the establishment is subject to the insur- 
ance. Tlie insurance comes into force automatically with the accept- 
ance of employment, and is not a matter of the employment contract. 
Those employees, however, who are part of the commercial or clerical 
force of the establishment, such as clerks, bookkeepers, salesmen, and 
who are not engaged in the so-called technical part of the operations, 
are not insured. Domestic servants are insured if their duties include 
work in the technical operations. 

The insurance of the persons just specified is compulsory. In 
addition the constitution of the insurance association may provide that 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 995 

the compulsory insurance shall be extended (a) to employers whose 
annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks ($714), or who do not regu- 
larly employ more than 2 wage-workers; (b) to employers regardless 
of the number of their workpeople, who are engaged in the industries 
included in the insurance and who are producing goods for the account 
of another person, even though such employers supply their own raw 
materials and accessories; (c) to establishment officials whose annual 
earnings exceed 3,000 marks ($714). 

Employers whose annual earnings are less than 3,000 marks ($714) 
or who do not regularly employ more than 2 workers, may volun- 
tarily msure themselves in the accident insurance organizations. 
The constitution of the latter may also permit the voluntary insur- 
ance of employers with higher annual earnings. 

Certain other numerically unimportant classes of employees may 
be insured. 

The term wages or salary includes payments in kind, bonuses, or 
other considerations wdiich are customarily given in return for serv- 
ices. The value of such payments is to be computed on the basis of 
the average prices in the locality where the worker is employed. 

WORKMEN IN THE CIVIL SERVICE. 

The insurance of workmen, etc., employed by the various govern- 
ment establishments is either managed b}^ the officials of the Gov- 
ernment, or, in a few^ cases, is managed by the employers' accident 
association covering the industry in w^hich the government establish- 
ment is engaged. The administrations in charge of postal affairs, the 
telegraphs, the army, and the navy, as well as those in charge of state 
or imperial railways and of building operations conducted by the Gov- 
ernment for its own account, carry their own insurance, instead of 
affihating with the accident associations. The same rule applies to 
transportation on inland waterways, unless the imperial chancellor, 
or the state authority on whose account the business is carried on, 
directs that the establishment shall be affiliated with the appropriate 
accident association. 

The administration of the insurance in such cases is placed in the 
hands of officials of the various departments designated by the impe- 
rial chancellor. There are two exceptions to this rule: First, in the 
war department the head of the military grand division designates 
wdiich official shall have charge of the insurance; second, in industrial 
undertakings operated by one of the States of the Empire the state 
authorities designat-e the official. 

The right to compensation, the amount of the compensation, etc., 
are determined in the same manner as in the case of the accident 
associations. The provisions of the insurance law in regard to 
carrying out the insurance which apply to the accident associations 



996 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, 

do not apply to the administrative officials of the government estab- 
lishments. The rules and regulations necessary for administering 
the insurance of these classes of employees are issued by the imperial 
Ministry of the Interior or by the state office to which the establish- 
ment is subordinate. 

Character of Disability Compensated. 

For an injured workman to be entitled to compensation an ^'acci- 
dent" must have occurred; the accident must have taken place in the 
course of tlie employment (bei dem Betrieb) ; it must have befallen 
an insured person, and the injury or death must have a causal con- 
nection with the industrial accident. 

Ad. '' accident" occurs whenever, because of a sudden event, taking- 
place at a defmite time, the physical or mental condition of a work- 
man is injured through an external wound or an organic disablement. 
The following are not accidents: The diseases usually termed occu- 
pational or trade diseases, the gradual weakening of a normal per- 
son's physique, and the gradual aggravation of a special physical 
defect. 

An accident during employment presupposes that the injured per- 
son was at work for the establishment and that the accident was 
connected directly or indirectly with the employment and its risks. 
However, it is not essential that the accident occur while the person 
was actually working, as the insured person is constantly exposed to 
the risks of the establishment during the hours of business. Even 
the dangers of ordinary life become business dangers if the insured 
person was exposed to them because of his employment. Accidents 
caused by act of God {vis major) are only to be considered as indus- 
trial accidents if the injured person was exposed to such risk in a 
higher degree because of his employment. By a special provision in 
the law seamen are insured against accidents resulting from storms 
and other natural disturbances. 

Accidents caused by the fault of a third party, such as a fellow- 
workman, or a stranger, if unintentional, are industrial accidents if 
their origin or degree is materially influenced by the characteristic 
features of the establishment. If intentional, they are considered as 
industrial accidents when the cause is essentially connected with the 
establishment and the act causing the injury is an outcome of the 
trade risk. Accidents on the way to and from work are industrial 
only in so far as they occur v/ithin the bounds of the establishment 
or as they occur on the way from one work place to another. In 
addition, accidents during errands and journeys for the establishment 
are industrial if the course followed by the employee is the usual and 
proper one. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 997 

The injured person and his lieirs have no chum to compensation if 
he has purposely caused the accident, but the fact of Ijcinfj; purposely 
caused must be clearly proved by the employer. A suicide com- 
mitted while in an irresponsible condition is not an accident caused 
purposely. Accidents caused by the fault or neglifrencc of the injured 
person are compensated unless it can be shown that the accident had 
no connection with the employment. 

Injuries resultin^c: from accidents include injuries or deaths in which 
the accident was a contributing cause, such, for instance, as contract- 
ing an infectious or contagious disease in a hospital while receiving 
surgical treatment for injuries from an industrial accident, or being 
injured while on the wa}' to a hospital or to a physician's ofhce to 
receive treatment for injuries from an industrial accident. This rule, 
however, does not go so far as to include cases where the injured per- 
son might have avoided the second injury by the exercise of due care 
or by taking proper precautions. 

Benefit Payments. 

The benefits provided in case of industrial accident are as follows : 
(a) Free medical attendance, medicines, etc.; (b) pecuniary relief to 
the injured vrorkman; (c) funeral benefits; (d) benefits to the survivors 
of persons killed by accident; (e) other benefits. 

1. compensation FOR THE FIRST 13 WEEKS. 

During the first 13 vreeks of disability the injured person is 
given medical treatment and pecuniary relief from the sick fund, 
or, as specified in article 12 of the accident-insurance lavr, if he is 
not included under the sickness insurance, from his employer. From 
the beginning of the fifth week, however, the amoimt of the pecun- 
iary benefit is greater in cases of accident than in cases of sickness, 
as is explained below. A detailed statement of the benefits provided 
by the sickness insurance funds during the first 13 weeks will be 
found on pages 1185 to 1189. 

The German system, therefore, requires that all disability caused 
by accident shall be compensated for the first 13 weeks b}^ the sick- 
ness-insurance organizations, the cost of which is defrayed in the 
ratio of two-thirds by the insured persons and one-third by the 
employei^, except that the individual emi3lo3'er defrays part of the 
expense of cases lasting longer than 4 weeks. A large proportion of 
the accidents compensated cause disability for only a short time, 
and such cases can be handled best by small local organizations in 
which the danger of simulation can be carefully controlled. This 
feature places part of the burden of the accident insurance on the 
workmen, just as the employer is required to defray part of the cost 
of the sickness insurance. In the discussions in the parliament 



998 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 

during the passage of the law, special emphasis was placed on the 
advantage of making the employees regard the accident insurance 
not as a free gift, but as a system of insui^ance in which they bore 
an appreciable part of the expense and in the administration of 
which they plaj'ed an important part. From the practical point 
of view, the transfer of the multitude of minor injuries caused by 
modern industrial methods from the accident associations to the 
sickness-insurance organizations was almost imperative; accident 
insurance requires the use of organizations with large numbers of 
members in order to properly distribute the cost of such an expensive 
type of insurance, but at the same time large organizations are at 
a distinct disadvantage in dealing with cases of disability of short 
duration. In Germany the matter was simplified by the fact that 
the sickness-insurance organizations, voluntary and otherwise, in 
existence at the time of the inauguration of the accident-insurance 
system, were accustomed to make provision for cases of accidental 
injury as well as for cases of sickness. 

The adoption of the period of 3 months, or rather of 13 weeks, as 
the ''waiting time'' (Karenzzeit) was due to considerations of a prac- 
tical nature. The existing systems of accident relief in the early 
eighties had used such a period. The Austrian system of compul- 
sory accident insurance adopted a waiting time of 4 weeks as far as 
the payment of pecuniary benefits is concerned, and at one time 
during the progress of the German bill through the legislature the 
waiting time was reduced to 4 weeks, but was later restored to 13 
weeks. In addition the statistics of the duration of cases of injury 
showed that the average annual cost to the sick funds was but 
slightly higher if the waiting time w^as placed at 13 w^eeks instead 
of at 4 weeks. In the chapter on the operations of the insurance 
against sickness this point is also discussed (seepages 1246 and 1247.) 

In the discussions during the passage of the accident-insurance law 
the wish was freO[uently expressed that persons injured by accident 
should receive a higher pecuniary benefit than the 50 per cent rate 
given in cases of sickness. In a later amendment to the sickness- 
insurance law this increase w^as secured by requiring the employer 
in whose establishment the accident occurred to defray the cost of 
increasing the pecuniary benefit from 50 per cent to 66 § per cent 
of the earnings of the injured person, this increased benefit to be 
paid from the beginning of the fifth week to the end of the thirteenth 
week. The necessary regulations for carrying out this provision are 
issued by the imperial insurance office. Persons whose earnings 
amount to a sum not exceeding 2,000 marks ($476), who are not sub- 
ject to the sickness law, are to be provided with the benefits specified 
in the sick-insurance law, as well as the increase from 50 to 66§ per 
cent of the earnings just mentioned, at the expense of the proprietor 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 999 

of the establishment for the first 13 weeks after the date of the 
accident. The accident association, however, can itself provide 
these benefits, but must be reimbursed by the proprietor of the 
establishment. 

When, before the end of the 13 weeks, an insured person ceases to 
have a claim to the benefits of the sick insurance, but remains 
incapacitated, the accident^insurance organization must provide an 
accident pension, even though this incapacity ma}^ not continue 
until the end of the 13 weeks period. 

An insured person injured by accident receives, therefore, com- 
pensation from three sources, (1) from the sick-insurance fund alone 
for the fii'st 4 weeks of disability, the amount of the pecuniary benefit 
being not less than 50 per cent of his earnings; (2) from the sick fund 
and the employer together, from the beginning of the fifth week to 
the end of the thirteenth week, as described above; (3) from the 
accident association alone, from the beginning of the fourteenth 
week. If, however, the injured person is not included under the 
sickness-insurance law, the employer alone is required to provide 
the regular sick benefits for the first 13 weeks of disability. 

The duration of disability of the accident cases shows the relative 
share of accident relief borne by the sick funds and by the accident 
associations. In the decade 1886 to 1895 the proportion of all 
accidents causing disability of 13 weeks or less was 84 per cent. 
The number of cases, however, is not an indication of the cost of the 
insurance. Of the total expenditure for accident cases Doctor 
Bodiker estimated that the first 13 weeks' cost of accident relief for 
the 84 per cent of the cases requires 16i per cent of the total cost 
for accident insurance. In other words, the insured workmen, who 
pay two-thirds of the expense of the sick funds, provide approxi- 
mately 11 per cent of the cost of the accident insurance, the employer 
providing the other 89 per cent. Von Woedtke and Caspar, two 
authorities on this subject, express the opinion that 8 per cent is 
probably the proportion which the workmen pay of the expenses of 
the accident insurance. This estimate, of course, does not include 
the expenditures incurred by the State in its share of the administra- 
tion of the system. 

2. COMPENSATION BEGINNING WITH THE FOURTEENTH WEEK. 

(a) Medicines, medical attendance, etc., to the injured person. 

Defraying the cost of restoring the earning capacity of the injured 

workman is placed first among the benefits to be provided by the 

accident-insurance system. The accident associations are required 

to furnish (1) free medical and surgical attendance, (2) free medicines, 

46598°— 10 64 



1000 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIO^-ER OF LABOE. 

etc., and (3) free therapeutic appliances, such as spectacles, crutches, 
supports, etc., if such are needed to restore the working capacity of 
the injured person; the association must also keep such appliances 
in repair after they have been supplied. While the accident asso- 
ciation is required to provide these benefits beginning with the four- 
teenth week of disability, it is also authorized to take over from the 
sick funds the treatment of persons whose injuries are of such a 
nature that an elaborate course of treatment would be of value in 
ultimately restoring their earning capacity or reducing the loss of 
earning power; in such cases the association must bear the cost of 
the treatment while the sick fund provides the same pecuniary bene- 
fits as in other cases of accident. On the other hand, the accident 
associations are also authorized to transfer to the sick fund the treat- 
ment of the injured person after the end of the thirteenth week and 
imtil the conclusion of the treatment. In such cases the accident 
association must reimburse the sick fund for its expenditures. The 
purpose of both regulations is to place the treatment of the injured 
person in the same hands throughout the entire period of disabihty. 

If good reasons exist for believing that the earning capacity of a 
pensioner can be increased by subjecting him to a course of treat- 
ment, the accident association is authorized to begin such a course 
at any time. Failure to follow a prescribed course of treatment in 
this or any other connection can be punished by withdrawing the 
pension. 

In order to restore the injured worker's earnuig capacity at the 
earliest possible moment and to the fullest degree, the accident asso- 
ciations have foimded hospitals, convalescent homes, and similar 
institutions. Among the special institutions created by the accident 
associations may be mentioned the ''accident stations" scattered 
over the city of Berlin; these are offices with surgeons constantly in 
attendance, where immediate attention may be received by persons 
injured in accidents. 

(b) Pecuniary henefits to the injured jperson. 

Article 9 of the law states that a pension must be provided beginning 
with the fourteenth week and to continue during disability; in c-ase 
of total disability the pension must be 66 § per cent of the injured 
person's annual earnings — called a ''full pension;" in case of partial 
disability, the pension is a fraction of the full pension correspondmg 
to the loss of earning power — called a "partial pension. " These pen- 
sions are granted for the period of disability and may be revised as 
described below. The amounts of the pensions must be paid monthly 
in advance, but for small pensions the accident association may agree 
with the pensioner to make the payments at longer intervals. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1001 

The compensation given to the injured person is in the form of a 
pension or annuity, paid for life or while the disability lasts. Only 
as an exceptional measure is the payment of lump-sum compensations 
allowed; for instance, if the amount of the pension is so small that 
the cost of handling it would be unduly burdensome, the capitalized 
value of such a pension may be paid, but only in case the injured 
person requests such payment. The law (article 95) also requires 
the oiRcials to explain fully to the injured person that by accepting 
a lump-sum payment he loses a clairn to an increased pension if his 
condition becomes worse. 

The highest pension provided for is 663 per cent of the injured 
person's earnings, except in cases where the total disability is such 
that the constant attendance and care of another person is required, 
w^hen the pension may — while such a condition lasts — be increased to 
100 per cent of the earnings. Aside from such cases, the accident 
associations may not grant pensions of greater amount than two- 
thirds of the earnings. 

The pension is to be based on the amount of wages or salary 
received durmg the last year of employment in the establishment 
except that only one-third of the amount in excess of 1,500 marks 
($357) shall be credited in calculating the earnings. In so far as 
the annual earnings are not made up of definite sums (at least 
weekly), the earnings shall be assumed to be three hundred times 
the average daily rate for casual labor. For insured persons in 
establishments in which the customary number of working days is 
more or less than 300, such a number shall be used in calculating 
the annual earnings. If the injured person had not been employed 
in the establishment a full year previous to the accident, then his 
pension is to be calculated on the basis of the earnings of persons 
of the same class emplo3'8d during the same time in the same or in 
similar establishments. If this is not possible, then the calculation 
is to be made b}^ takmg three hundred times the average daily earn- 
ings of the time that the injured person was emplo3^ed during the 
year preceding the accident. In the case of insured persons who 
receive no w^ages, or receive less than three hundred times the amount 
of the prevailing rate for casual or day labor, as determined by the 
sick insurance funds (as specified in article 8 of the sick insurance 
law), the annual earnings shall be assumed to equal three hundred 
times the prevailing rate for ordinary day labor. 

The report of the government commission of 1882 on the bill when 
introduced called attention to the fact that no plan of giving the 
injured person full wages during the period of disability could be 
considered. Persons in the public service, for instance, in case of 
disability, are retired upon pensions which are only a fraction of 



1002 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

the pay previously received, even though the occupation of the 
pensioner was one subjected to unusual hazards, such as the mili- 
tary or naval service. In a similar manner an injured person in 
private employ should not be given more than an amount sufficient 
to support him in the manner to which he has been accustomed. 
During the enforced idleness of disability many of the expenditures 
necessary while working cease to be requisite, such, for instance, as 
working clothes, tools, supplies, etc. This feature of the law also 
provides a stimulus to the injured person to return to work by 
making his income smaller during the time when the accident com- 
pensation is paid. If full pay were granted during disability, such 
a stimulus would not only be lacking, but the compensation would 
actually be a premium on accidental injury. The framers of the 
law regarded two-thirds of the injured person's customary earnings as 
a reasonable compensation for the loss of his income. Von Woedtke, 
in his commentary on the law, goes even further and expresses the 
opinion that this fractional part of his earnings granted to the work- 
man is the amount of damage which he has suffered and not merely 
a part of the damage. 

As compensation is granted for '^disability,'' the definition of 
that term is of importance. Total disability has been defined as 
being not temporary inability to earn an income, but in view of the 
actual condition existing, the impossibility of the injured person's 
securing a regular income in an occupation suitable to his physical 
and mental powers and his previous training. In deciding this point 
it is of no consequence that the injured person has been unable to 
secure any employment whatever. The only facts to be kept in 
mind are, first, whether, abstractly considered, the injured man is 
able to earn a living, and, second, what is the amount that he is 
able to earn. Thus the loss of one arm or one leg is not usually 
rated as total disability, but the loss of both arms or both legs is 
always so rated. The previous station in life of the injured person 
is also not without influence in estimating the loss of earning 
power caused by an accident. Ordinary day laborers who incur slight 
injuries which do not prevent them from performing the same kind 
of labor as that to which they have been accustomed receive no 
compensation. The list following contains instances of compensation 
paid under the principles above stated. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1003 

EXAMPLES OF AMOUNT OF PENSIONS AWARDED FOR PERMANENT DISABILITY. 
[Source: Einrichtung unci Wirkung der Deutschen Arbeiterversicherung, p. 175.] 



Occupation of injured person. 



Sawyer 

Farm laborer 

Washerwoman 

Butcher 

Cabinetmaker 

General laborer 

Worker in hat factory 

Worker in -machine factory 

Turner 

Ship carpenter (67 years of age). . 

Second-class steersman on vessel 

Factory hand 

Ship carpenter and calker 

Mason's helper 

Farm laborer (02 years of age). . . 

Mason 

Farm foreman 

Glass grinder 

General laborer 

Cabinetmaker 

Carpenter (51 years of age) 

Fireman 

Mason's helper 

Locksmith 



Nature of injury. 



Loss of right hand 

Loss of 2 phalanges of right index finger 

Right hand crushed 

Stillness of right index fniger following cut 

Loss of 1 phalanx of right index and ring fingers 

Loss of 2 phalanges of the third and fourth fingers of 
left hand. 

Loss of left thumb 

Loss of left little finger 

Lo.ss of right arm 

Wealcness in right arm, stillness of elbow, accompa- 
nied by weakness of old age. 

liOss of left forearm 

BUndness in both eyes 

Loss of 1 eye 

Loss of sight of 1 eye 

AN'eakness caused by loss of fiesh from left leg 

Injury to left leg 

Loss of left leg 

Injury resulting in clubfoot 

Loss of 3 outer toes of left foot 

Loss of foot following caries 

Injury of right knee joint 

Hernia 

Aggravation of a right hernia, development of a left 
hernia. 

Neurosis 



Amoimt 

of 

pension 

In per 

cent of 

"full 

pension." 



GOij 
15 
80 
30 
20 
20 

30 

None. 

75 

100 

C6§ 
100 
60 
25 
50 
60 
70 
20 
10 
75 
60? 
10 
30 

33i 



(c) Funeral benefits. 

If the accident directly or indirectly causes the death of the work- 
man, the person defra^^ing the expenses of burial is entitled to the 
funeral benefit. The amount of this benefit is one-fifteenth of the 
annual earnings, but not less than 50 marks ($11.90). The benefit 
however, is rather a death benefit than a burial benefit; in case of an 
accident which makes burial impossible (drowning, burning, etc.), 
the benefit is paid to the survivors; if in other cases the burial expenses 
do not exhaust the benefit, the residue is paid to the survivors. 

The accident association is compelled to pay the funeral benefit 
within one week after its determination; the payment must be made 
through the postal money-order system. 

(d) Benefits to survivors. 

The survivors recognized by the law are (1) the widow^, (2) child- 
ren, (3) other dependents, including ascendants (parents, grand- 
parents) and descendants (grandchildren). The total amount of the 
pensions to survivors may, however, not exceed 60 per cent of the 
annual earnings of the deceased. 

1. Widow's Pension. — The widow's pension consists of 20 per 
cent of the earnings of the deceased husband. In case the deceased 
was a married woman who wholly or partly supported a disabled 



1004 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOXEK OF LABOE. 

husband, the latter is entitled to receive 20 per cent of the earnings of 
the deceased as long as the disability lasts. In the case of the widow, 
the claim to the pension exists regardless of her condition, while the 
widower has a claim only while unable to pursue a gainful occupation. 
The widow's right also exists when she has been living apart from her 
husband and regardless of the length of time of such separation. The 
right to the pension ceases with death or with remarriage. In the 
latter case, she receives 60 per cent of the annual earnings of the 
deceased (i. e., the amount of her pension for three 3'ears) as a 
settlement. 

The widow's pension may be reduced in case the number of children 
entitled to a pension exceeds 2; the widow's pension and that of each 
child must be reduced equally in order to keep the total amount of the 
pensions within the maximum limit of 60 per cent. Whenever one of 
the pensioners ceases to be entitled to a pension, as for instance, 
w^henever a child reaches the age of Id, the other shares, such as that 
of the widow, are to be increased, though no survivor's share may 
exceed 20 per cent. 

The widow has no claim to a pension if the marriage took place 
after the date of the accident; in special cases, however, the accident 
association ma}^ grant a pension, as when the accident occurs just 
before a date fixed for the marriage. 

2. Childrex's Pexsioxs. — Each child left by the deceased insured 
person is entitled to a pension of 20 per cent of the earnings of the 
deceased, to continue until he completes his fifteenth year. As 
explained above, in case the sum of the pensions of the widow and 
children exceed 60 per cent, each pension must be reduced sufficiently 
to brmg the total within this amount. 

In case the deceased insured person was a self-supporting female 
(e. g., a widov^r, a deserted vfife, an unmarried v>'oman with children), 
who dies leaving children under 16 j^ears of age, the latter are also 
entitled to the same pension as the children of a workman. The 
children of an insured woman, who was wholly or partly supporting 
a disabled husband, are also entitled to the same pension, but to con- 
tinue only while the disability of the widower lasts. 

3. Pensions to Other Survivors. — If the deceased leaves rela- 
tives in the ascending line (parents and grandparents) for whom he 
was the sole or main source of support, then such dependents are 
entitled to pensions aggregating not more than 20 per cent of the 
earnings of the deceased while the dependency lasts. 

Similarly, if the deceased leaves orphaned grandchildren for whom 
he was the sole or main source of support, and if such grandchiUlren 
are dependents, then such grandchildren are entitled to pensions 
aggi-egating not more than 20 per cent of the earnings of the deceased. 

Dependent's ascendants have claims to pensions only in case the 
pensions of the widow and children aggregate less than 60 per cent of 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1005 

the earnings; grandchildren have chiims to pensions onl}' in case the 
pensions of the three types of beneficiaries just mentioned do not 
aggregate 60 per cent of the earnings of the deceased. If parents and 
grandparents both su})mit chiims, the former take precedence. 

If the deceased insured person was a foreigner who left children 
and the latter regularly reside in a foreign country', they are not 
entitled to children's pensions. The Government is authorized to 
suspend this provision in the case of an}' foreign country which 
makes reciprocal concessions in favor of German subjects. 

(e) Other hencfits. 

Article 9 of the lavv' provides that so long as the injured person, 
because of the accident, is actually and through no fault of his owti, 
unable to find work, the accident association may temporarily pro- 
vide him with a full pension (two-thirds of his earnings). This is not 
a right to an unemployment benefit. In view of the fact that at the 
conclusion of the medical treatment the injured person, owing to his 
reduced earning capacity, may find it difficult to secure work appro- 
priate to his new condition, the law makes it possible for the accident 
associations, if they so desire, to care for the workman until he has 
adjusted himself to the new state of affairs. 

In place of the benefits in the form of medical treatment, pecuniary 
benefits, etc., the accident associations may provide for injured per- 
sons free medical treatment and maintenance in a medical institu- 
tion: (1) With their consent, to injured persons who are married or 
who have a liousehold of then- o^^ti or who are members of the house- 
hold of their families. The consent is not necessar}" vvhen the nature 
of the injury requires treatment or maintenance which the family is 
not in a position to provide or when the official ph^^sician certifies 
that the case requires continuous observation; (2) to all other per- 
sons without their consent. 

If the injured person is not included in the sickness-insurance sys- 
tem, the employer may be required to pay to the accident association 
for the medical treatment and maintenance of the injured person in 
an institution during the fii-st 13 weeks one and one-half tknes the 
pecuniar}'' benefit granted in cases of accident, as explained on page 
1000. During the time that the injured person is undergoing treat- 
ment in an institution under this provision the accident association 
must pay to his dependents the benefits provided for survivors in 
case of death. 

The executive committee of the accident-insurance organization 
may, on the request of a pensioner, secure his admission into a home 
for invalids or similar institution in lieu of the usual pension. This 
arrangement will continue indefinitely for periods of 3 months, but 
the pensioner may discontinue it by giving 3 months' notice. 



1006 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Determination and Revision of Benefits. 

Every accident which causes death or which causes complete or 
partial disability for more than 3 days must be reported by the pro- 
prietor of the establishment to the police and the proper officials of 
the association within 3 days after learning of the accident. The duly 
accredited representative of the establishment may be authorized to 
make these reports. 

The local police officials must, through an investigation, immedi- 
ately ascertain: (1) The cause and the nature of the accident; (2) the 
number and names of persons killed or injured; (3) the nature of the 
injuries; (4) the abode of the injured persons; (5) the heirs of the 
person killed and the dependents of the person injured by the acci- 
dent, who could present a claim for compensation under the law; 
and (6) the amount of the pensions which the injured person may be 
drawing under the accident-insurance law or the invalidity -insurance 
law. 

The following may participate in the investigation: (a) The state 
inspectors; (b) representatives of the accident association; (c) a rep- 
resentative of the executive committee of the sick-insurance organi- 
zation to which the deceased or the injured person at the time of the 
accident was a member, and (d) a representative of the proprietor of 
the establishment. 

The various interested parties named above, as well as any other, 
shall be given due notice of this investigation. The accident asso- 
ciation may call in experts at its own expense. 

The records of the investigation must be open to the interested 
parties for inspection and copying. 

The decision in regard to the award shall be made by the executive 
committee of the section of the accident association in regard to 
(a) the benefits specified in article 9, section 1, No. 1 of the accident- 
insurance l8vW, (b) the pension to be paid during the time of the inca- 
pacity, (c) the death benefit, (d) the placing of the injured person in 
an institution, and (e) the benefits to be paid to the dependents of the 
injured person while he is in the institution. 

In case the association is not divided mto sections the board of 
directors of the accident association shall decide on these questions. 
The board of directors may, however, direct that a special committee, 
or special commission of experts, shall report on the questions regard- 
less of the existence of sections. The decisions in the case shall be 
reported as soon as possible to the injured person, the dependents, or 
the heirs, who are allowed 2 weeks within which to enter a protest or 
otherwise call attention to their claims if they consider the award 
insufficient. If the decision is not changed, then the parties are 
allowed 1 month for filing an appeal. 



1 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1007 

Notification of injuries caused by an accident must be made within 
2 years or all rights to compensation will lapse. Exception is made 
in 2 cases: First, of persons whose injuries do not cause appreciable 
effects within this period; second, of persons who can show that cir- 
cumstances over which they had no control prevented the filing of 
such a claim. In each of these cases claims must be filed withui 3 
months after the effects of the injury became evident or after the 
special circumstances were removed. 

Appeals by either party from decisions as to compensation are to 
be decided by the arbitration courts established by law for this pur- 
pose, and all such appeals must be filed within 1 month after render- 
ing the decision. The decision must state the time allowed for appeal 
and the court to which an appeal should be made. From the decision 
of the arbitration court an appeal may be taken to the regular courts, 
though certain limitations are placed on such action. The imperial 
insurance office exercises a large measure of control over appeals and 
over litigation affecting the insurance associations and the workmen 
insured. 

After the compensation has been definitely decided upon the asso- 
ciation must notify the recipient through which post-office it will be 
paid and must give all necessary information to the government offi- 
cials of that district. 

In case a change of importance takes place in the condition of the 
recipient of an award of compensation, then a new determination of 
the incapacity of the injured person can be made. Provision is also 
made for a regular reexamination of persons receiving compensation. 
The changes in the condition of the injured person, however, must be 
of importance, and the pension must not be reduced unless its contin- 
uance would be an obvious injustice to the insurance organization. 

The death benefit and the cost of medical treatment must be paid 
within 1 week after determination thereof. The pension must be 
paid monthly in advance, though by mutual agreement longer periods 
of payment may bo arranged for. Such an arrangement is frequently 
made in the case of pensions of small amounts. 

The right to a pension ceases under the following circumstances: 

1. While the pensioner is undergoing a term of imprisonment 
exceeding 30 days or if he becomes an inmate of a workliouse or of a 
reformatory. 

2. While the pensioner lives in a foreign country. For those 
foreign countries which make reciprocal agreements with Germany 
on this point it will be waived. 

3. While the pensioner lives in a foreign country without giving 
notice of his address. 

Under the following conditions a capital sum corresponding to the 
usual compensation may be paid in cases of partial disability for which 



1008 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIOXEK OF LABOE. 

a pension of not over 15 per cent of the full pension is awarded. The 
application for such pa3^ment must be made by the injured person and 
the case must be heard by the lower administrative officials. The in- 
jured person must be informed that in accepting such a capital sum he 
loses the right to an increase of compensation in case his condition 
becomes worse. The decision as to the amount of the capital sum is 
subject to an appeal; but the decision in the case of an appeal can only 
affirm or increase the award. 

If the injured person is not a subject of the German Empire, and 
gives up his residence in the Empire, he can be paid a sum equal to 
three times the amount of the annual pension. By reciprocal treaty 
the federal council can arrange to continue the pension payments in 
foreign countries which make similar provisions for subjects of the 
German Empire. 

Sources of Income. 

As stated elsewhere, the cost of the accident insurance is defrayed 
by means of assessments on emplo37-ers, based on the amount of wages 
and salaries paid by each firm, modified by the risk rates established 
by the associations for the establishments composing it. 

Instead of the actual amount of the wages and salaries earned the 
accident associations may use an arbitrary rate of wages based on the 
average daily earnings of ordinary adult day laborers; for establish- 
ments in which not more than 5 persons are regularly employed a 
lum^p-sum contribution may be required or the association may fix a 
minimum contribution to be paid by all estabhshments, though this 
minimum may not be greater than 4 marks (SO. 952). If the annual 
wages or salary of an insured person exceeds 1,500 marks (S357) only 
one-third of the excess of this amount is to be considered in computing 
the assessments. The constitution of the association, however, may 
provide that the full amount of the wages and salaries earned is to be 
used in computing assessments. In other words, the law permits the 
employers, if they so desire, to assess themselves the higher amounts 
and to save the annoyance of the more detailed accounting necessary 
in making out the statement of wages and salaries if the excess of 1,500 
marks ($357) is counted at only one-third. The introduction to the 
amended law of 1900 points out that the procedure of including the 
actual amounts earned imposes a somewhat heavier burden on estab- 
lishments where there is a large number of highly paid workers as 
against an establishment with a large number of low-paid workers. 
The larger and more efficient establishment under such a plan pays 
proportionately more than the smaller one. 

For the first fiscal year of the operations of an accident association 
the law provides that an advance assessment shall be levied for the 
purpose of defraying the costs of administration during that period. 
If the constitution of the association does not prescribe any other 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1009 

method, then this advance assessment is to be levied on each cstab- 
hshment in proportion to the number of insured persons em.ployed 
by it. It is now the practice of most of the associations to keep on 
hand for the expenses of administration a working cash balance 
which is not allowed to fall below a defmitc sum. 

The constitution may further provide that advances on assess- 
ments may be called for, either semiannually or quarterly; if this 
is done the amounts arc computed from the assessment which the 
firm paid in the preceding year, unless the general meeting decides 
to use a lower sum. For firms which have newly entered the associa- 
tion, the advances are computed from the sum which they would 
have paid, had they been members during the preceding 3"ear. All 
advances must be paid within 2 weelvs from the date of pa3''ment set 
b}^ the constitution or by the general meeting of the association. 
The plan of having the payment of the assessments occur at briefer 
intervals than once a year was instituted for the benefit of the smaller 
establishments, to whom the burden of paying a large sum at one 
time might cause some inconvenience. The framers of the law rec- 
ognized that the quarterly payment plan might prove an annoyance 
to the firms in some industries and permitted the associations to in- 
stitute a semiannual payment if such an arrangement was desired. 

The law authorizes an accident association to impose higher 
assessments on firms whose headquarters are in a foreign country, 
and who are temporarily engaged in business subject to the msurance 
in the Empire; these charges may not be more than twice the regular 
assessments and such foreign firms may be required to give bond 
for the payment of the charges. The reasons for the extra charges 
are obvious ; the relation of an establishment to the accident associa- 
tion is assume^l to be a permanent one, and as the charges in any one 
year are not sufficient to defray the entire cost of the capitalized 
value of the compensation granted in that year, the establishment 
which is only temporarily connected with the association should 
naturally pay a higher rate than an establishment which will be 
assessed an increasingly higher rate in later years. It will be noted 
that a foreign firm permanently engaged in business in the Empire 
is not subject to this ruling. 

To collect the assessments on employers the latter must forward 
within 6 weeks after the close of each fiscal year a statcm.ent showing 
(1) the insured persons emploj'ed in the establishment during the 
fiscal year, and the salaries and wages earned by them; (2) a compu- 
tation showing the amount of wages and salaries to be used in com- 
puting the assessments, though the constitution of the association 
may make provisions which would remove the necessity for this 
computation; (3) the risk class in which the establishment is 
rated. The constitution may provide that the wage and salary 
list shall be made up quarterly or semiannually for the purpose of 



1010 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

computing assessments and it may require that wage books shall be 
preserved for a period of 3 years. The statement of the facts just 
enumerated must be sent in by the employer of his own accord, as he 
is not entitled to receive a notice that the statement is due. 

The board of directors of the association receives at approximately 
the same time a statement from the post-office authorities of the 
amounts which the latter have paid out at the order of the association. 
To these are added the amount of the charge for the reserve fund and 
the probable amount of the costs of administration for the ensumg 
year. The three items together form the total expenditures of 
the association, or rather the total amount to be assessed on the 
members. 

The wage statements received from the employers are first verified, 
then the sums specified in them are added together, . and then multi- 
plied by the total number of the risk ratings of all the establishments. 
This product is the total number of assessment units of the firms in 
the association and from it the amount to be paid by each establish- 
ment is computed. The method of computation is illustrated by the 
following reproduction of a standard form letter used b}^ some of the 
accident associations: (^) 

To the Firm 

Having received from the post-office department information concerning the acci- 
dent pensions paid in advance by that office and the computations having been made, 
the board of directors herewith respectfully transmits to you the following extract 
from the accident association's accounts. 

The expenditures of the association will be: 

1. The amount to be returned to the post-office is 24,000 marks 
($5,712); three times this amount must be placed in the 
reserve fund, or 72,000 marks ($17,136). Of the total of 96,000 
marks ($22,848), the treasury of the accident association must 
supply in accordance with the constitution 90 per cent, Marks. 

making 86, 400 ($20,563.20) 

(the residue to be paid by the sections of this association). 

2. Expenditures for premiums for private accident insurance 

contracts, assumed in accordance with article 100 of the law. . 17, 600 ($4,188.80) 

3. Costs of administration of the accident association 44, 500 ($10,591.00) 

The total amount to be assessed on the association is 

therefore 148, 500 ($35,343.00) 

This amount is to be raised from the members of the association for the period 

to by assessments on the wages and salaries (subject to assessment) amounting 

to 

54,000,000 marks ($12,852,000) 
which multiplied by the contribution coefficient of each establishment equals 

2,970,000,000 units of contributions, 
BO that upon each contribution unit there falls 

2970000 000"" ^-^^^^^ marks ($0.0000119) 
furthermore your section, No , must also raise — 

a Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887, page 54. 



CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1011 

1. Ten per cent of the compensations paid for accidents occur- 
ring in your section, amounting to 2,700 marks ($G42.60), which 
equals 270 marks ($64. 2G), as well as three times this amount 

for the reserve fund, which equals 810 marks (§192.78), or Marks. 

together 1, 080 ($257. 04) 

2. Costs of administration of the section 3, 870 ($921. 06) 



Total 4, 950 ($1, 178. 10) 

This amount must be assessed on the wages and salaries (subject to assessment) paid 
by the section, amounting to 

5,500,000 marks ($1,309,000), 
which, when multiplied by the contribution coefficient of each establishment, 
amounts to 

330,000,000 contribution units; 
there falls upon each contribution unit therefore in the section 

33^^Q QQQ=0.000015 marks ($0.00000357). 

Within your section, No , there must be paid for each contribution unit — 

Marks. 

For the accident association 0.00005 ($0.0000119) 

For the section of the accident association 0. 000015 ($0. 00000357) 

Total 0. 000065 ($0. 00001547) 

The amount of the wages and salaries (subject to assessment) paid by your firm 
during the period in question, was 

25,600 marks ($6,092.80); 
as your coefficient of contributions is 75, your assessment for the total expenses of the 
association are: 

25,600 X 75=1,920,000 contribution units. 
Your assessment is therefore 

1,920,000 X 0.000065 marks ($0.00001547) or 124 marks 80 pf. ($29.70). 

Any firm which objects to its assessment may appeal to the board 
of the directors of the association, and, in a restricted number of cases, 
may appeal from the decision of the board to the imperial insurance 
office. 

An establishment which was first included in the insurance by the 
law of 1900 pays only a part of the assessments charged to the estab- 
lishments which had been insured previous to 1900; for the first five 
years such an establishment pays two-fifths of the regular charge; 
from the sixth to the tenth year, three-fifths; from the eleventh to 
twentieth years, three-fourths; from the twentieth to the thirtieth 
years, nine-tenths, and from the thirtieth to fortieth years, nineteen- 
twentieths. After the fortieth year the establishment pays the regu- 
lar charges, the difference between the regular charge and the theo- 
retical amount due by the firm. 

This modification of the charges to firms required to join an exist- 
ing accident association carrying charges for accidents perhaps 15 
years old was regarded as a measure of justice; e. g., the law of 1900 
included in the insurance a large number of small brewing establisli- 
ments which had previously been exempt and to place upon these 



1012 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

small firms a share of the burdens of the accidents which had occurred 
during more than 15 years in the large establishments was not con- 
sidered ec[uitable by the framers of the law. 

Any newly founded establishment which engages in a business sub- 
ject to the compulsory insurance, or establishmxent which increases 
in size so that it becomes subject to the law, must join the accident 
association and pay the same charges for assessments as firms which 
have been in existence since the inauguration of the insurance sys- 
tem. In other words, in any industry there is at the present time a 
loiown expense for the cost of accidents which occurred in the past, 
and any firm which enters that industry must include this expense 
in its calculations just as it does the taxes on land, taxes for business 
licenses, etc. To exempt the new firms from the burden of the acci- 
dents of the past would, of course, discriminate against the older 
firm^s. 

Assessmxcnts which remain unpaid are collected in the same man- 
ner as unpaid taxes. If the assessments can not be collected in this 
manner, the amount must be borne by the Vvhole association hy first 
withdrawing it from the cash balance or from the reserve and later 
charging it in the regular assessments. 

Having collected the assessments from the insured establishments, 
the board of directors must, not later than 3 months after receipt of 
the notice of the amount due, pay over to the post-offices designated 
by the post-ofiice department the amounts specified by that depart- 
ment. An}^ accident association in arrears of payments to the post- 
ofhce department is to be proceeded against as if in arrears of public 
taxes. Action must be taken by the imperial insurance office at the 
request of the post-office department, and if the assets of the asso- 
ciation are not sufiicient, the individual members of the association 
may be proceeded against in the same manner. 

The tables given on pages 1104 to 1117 show the amounts paid 
by the various industries to defray the cost of the accident insur- 
ance. It is difficult to secure instances of actual expenditures by 
individual manufacturing plants, but a few of such are available. 
Professor Taussig in the November, 1909, number of the Quarterly 
Journal of Economics presents some data supplied by the director of 
the Bergische Stahl-Industrie, a large steel manufacturing corpora- 
tion of Kemscheid, Germany. The table following presents the data 
divided into compulsory contributions and voluntary contributions 
for the insurance. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1013 

EXAMPLE OF COMrULSORY AND VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORKMEN'S 
INSURANCE BY A STEEL MANUFACTURING FIRM, 1SS5 TO 1908. 

[Source: F. W. Taussig— Workmen's Insurance in Germany: Some Illustrative Figures— Quarterly Jour- 
nal of Economics, Novemler, 1909, p. 192.] 





'Average 
earnings 
per 
work- 
man 
(includ- 
ing 6 
per cent 
of young 
persons 
under 
16). 


Corapulsorv contributions, per worlanan, 
by the firm ou insurance account. 


Voluntary contributions, per work- 
man, by the firm. 


Year. 


Sick- 
ness. 


Acci- 
dent. 


Old ago 
and 
inva- 
lidity. 


Total. 


Per cent 

of 
contri- 
butions 

of 
earnings. 


Ordi- 
nary, 
recurring 
annu- 
ally. 


Ex- 
traor- 
dinary. 


Total. 


Per cent 

of 
contri- 
butions 

cf 
earnings. 


1885 1 $257 


$2.07 
2.08 
2.07 
2.06 
2.15 
2.23 
2.20 
2.27 
2.28 
2.30 
2.29 
2.30 
2.26 
2.37 
2.43 
2.40 
2.40 
2.36 
2.37 
2.39 
2.39 
2.58 
3.07 
3.08 






$2.07 
3.19 
4.24 
5.50 
5.10 
5.38 
7.36 
7.44 
7.49 
7.63 
7.54 
7.26 
6.97 
7.09 
7.38 
7.53 
9.24 
9.72 
10.32 
10.26 
11.19 
10.74 
11.35 
12.12 


0.81 
1.22 
1.62 
1.94 
1.75 
1.85 
2.55 
2.78 
2.75 
2.8.5 
2.61 
2.65 
2.26 
2.14 
2.12 
2.21 
2.82 
2.99 
3.05 
2.98 
3.10 
2.86 
2.88 
3.11 


SI. 91 
2.21 
2.16 
2.51 
2.99 
5.65 
5.95 
4.52 
5.71 
5.95 
5.48 
7.43 
8.54 
9.03 
7.92 
8.72 
8.98 
9.76 

C5.72 
9.97 
9.78 
8.62 

10.15 

10.90 


"si." 43' 
1.43 
1.79 
1.90 

""'.si' 

"a 26." is' 
6 13. 33 
. 
5.07 
2.38 
5.19 
2.43 

'"2. hi' 
7.28 
4.56 


SI. 91 

3.64 

3.59 

4.30 

4.89 

5.65 

5.95 

4.52 

5.71 

6.78 

5.48. 

33.61 

21.87 

9.03 

12.99 

11.10 

14.17 

12.19 

5.72 

9.97 

12.35 

15.90 

14.71 

10. 90 


0.75 


1886 1 260 


$1.11 
2.17 
3.44 
2.95 
3.15 
3.12 
3.12 
3.17 
3.29 
3.23 
2.94 
2.66 
2.72 
2.94 
3.11 
4.84 
5.35 
5.90 
5.84 
6.81 
6.06 
6.14 
6. 89 




1.40 


1887 


260 
283 
290 
2S8 
289 
268 
272 
268 
289 
274 
308 
331 
349 
342 
328 
326 
338 
345 
362 
374 
394 
389 




1.38 


1888. 




1.52 


1889 




1.68 


1890. . . 




1.96 


1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


$2.04 
2.05 
2.04 
2.04 
2.02 
2.02 
2.05 
2.00 
2.01 
2.02 
2.00 
2.01 
2.05 
2.03 
1.99 
2.10 
2.14 
2.15 


2.06 
1.69 
2.10 
2.53 
1.90 
12.35 
7.09 
2.73 
3.73 
3.25 
4.31 
3.74 
1.69 
2.89 
3.41 
4.26 
3.73 
2.80 


1908 


389 


do. 23 




d2.l5 1 dR.:iR 


d 2. 16 




. 










1 



« Endowment paid in for vrorkmen's pension, widow, and orphan fund. 
b Endowment paid in for oilicials' pension, widow, and orphan fund. 

c The workmen's pension, etc., fund receives annually 1^ per cent of total wages out of the profits of the 
company. In 1903 there were no profits, consequently no contriljution by the" firm to this fund. 
d Compulsory contribution per workman by the insured persons. 

It is stated that in 1908 the company employed 1,750 pei*sons, con- 
sisting of 1,630 workmen and 120 establishment officials and office 
employees. The first column of the preceding table shows the 
average earnings per workman during the period included in the table, 
while the columns headed '' compulsory contributions" sho^v the 
amounts paid per workman by the firm in compliance with the terms 
of the law. During the period in question the compulsory contribu- 
tions for sickness have shown a constant tendency to increase, and in 
the year 1908 were about 49 per cent higher than the}' were in 1885. 
The compulsory contributions for old age and invalidity insurance 
show a tendency to remain stationary', except in the last f ew^ 3'ears. As 
was to be expected, the expenses for compulsory accident insuranc 
have fluctuated considerably and since 1900, the date of the enact- 
ment of the new^ law, have been much higher tlian during the preceding 
period. Altogether the three branches of insurance called for com- 
pulsory contributions in 1908 of 3.11 per cent of the wages of the 
msurcd persons. The compulsory sickness and invahdity contribu- 



1014 



REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



tions of the workmen are given for the year 1908 only, but for the 
other years can be computed from the compulsory contributions of 
the employer. 

An interesting feature of the table is the extent to which the firm 
voluntarily adds to the insurance features; the welfare department 
of the company which jnakes systematic provision for savings, for 
first aid to the injured, for confinement relief, for milk and house- 
building loans, etc., in 1908 received from the company contributions 
amounting to 2.80 per cent of the wages. 

An unofficial study by Fabrikdirektor Greissl, published in the 
Jahrbuch f iir Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaf t, presents 
some extracts from the accounts of a number of corporations show- 
ing the relation of the costs of insurance to the capital invested and 
the net profits. Unfortunately the data are given for accident, sick- 
ness, invalidity, and old age together without separating the items. 
The f ollov/ing table presents these facts : 

RELATI(?N OF EXPENDITURES FOR WORKMEN'S INSURANCE TO CAPITAL INVESTED 
AND TO PROFITS, FOR SELECTED ESTABLISHMENTS. 

[Source: Greissl — Untersuchung iiber die Belastung derDeutschen Industrie durch die Arbeiter-Versiche- 
rungsgesetzgebung. Jahrbuch fiir Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft, vol. 23, p. 130.] 



Establishment. 


Capital 
invested. 


Net profits. 


Expenditures for accident, sick- 
ness, invalidity, and old age 
insurance. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of capital 
invested. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of net 
profit. 


Per cent 
of capital 
invested. 


Street railway, 1896-97 


$1,504,160 
3, 474, 800 
2, 393, 328 
1,375,640 
684,726 
1,547,000 

16,660,000 

11,424,000 


8185,640 
142,800 
454,818 
142,800 
40, 460 
285,600 
1,032,920 

809,200 
449, 106 

756. 840 
41,650 


12.30 
4.11 

19.00 

10.40 
6.00 

18.40 
6.20 

7.08 


$7, 735. 00 

4, 379. 20 




4.2 
3.6 
4.0 
5.0 
7.0 
10.5 
14.3 

12.9 
4.0 

11.6 
3.9 


0.50 


Branch railway, 1896... .... 


.13 


Brewery No. 1, 1896-97 


.75 


Brewery No. 2, 1896-97 




.50 


Brewery No. 3, 1896-97 




.38 


Coalmine No. 1, 1896 


29, 988. 00 
147,560.00 

.114,240.00 
18, 254. 60 

88,060.00 
1, 618. 40 


1.94 


Coal mine No. 2, 1897 . 


.88 


Mining and smelting plant No. 1, 
1896_97 


1.00 


Smelting plant, 1896-97 




Mining and smelting plant No. 1, 
1896-97 . . 


6,426,000 
342, 720 


11.80 
12.15 


1.37 


Cement works, 1896 


.47 







According to the preceding table the expenditures for all three 
branches of the insurance fluctuate considerably for the different 
establishments. As compared with the capital invested the branch 
railway establishment expended 0.13 per cent, while the coal mine 
designated as No. 1 expended 1.94 per cent of the capital invested, with 
the other establishments ranging between these two. As compared 
with profits the expenditures also show wide variations; the branch 
railway expended 3.6 per cent of its profits, while the establishment 
designated as coal mine No. 2 expended 14.3 per cent of its profits. 

While the above instances are of considerable interest as showing 
actual expenditures made for purposes of insurance, so many factors 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1015 

must be considered in discussing the cost of the insurance to the 
industry that only the total expenditures as compared with the 
wages of the total number of persons employed for that industry 
furnish a reliable index of the cost of the insurance. 

Financial Organization. 

The means for providing the compensation and defraying the 
• expenses of administration are secured from assessments on employ- 
ers. The assessments are annually proportioned to the amount of 
salaries and wages paid by each firm, modified by the risk rates estab- 
lished by the rules of each accident association for the establishments 
composing it. In case the salary or wages of an emy^loyee exceeds 
1,500 marks ($357), only one-third of the excess of that amount is 
considered in computing the assessments; the rules of the associa- 
tion, however, can require that the assessments be based on the full 
amounts paid for wages and salaries. For establishments which 
regularly employ less than 5 persons the association can establish 
a lump sum payment or a uniform minimum payment, but such 
uniform minimum payment may not exceed 4 marks (95.2 cents) per 
annum. 

The associations are specifically prohibited from devoting any of 
the proceeds of the assessments or any of the association's assets 
to any purpose except the formation of a reserve fund, the payment 
of the benefits specified in the law, the prevention of accidents, defray- 
ing the necessary expenses of administration, the payment of pre- 
miums for the rescue of injured persons, and, with the consent of the 
imperial insurance office, for the establishment of institutions for the 
treatment and care of injured persons. 

THE RESERVE FUND. 

Each association is required to establish a reserve fund. The 
money for this purpose is secured as follows: The first annual assess- 
ment made on its members by an association for compensation pay- 
ments (i. e., excluding costs of administration) has added to it a 
supplementary charge of 300 per cent, the second of 200 per cent, the 
third of 150 per cent, the fourth of 100 per cent, the fifth of 80 per 
cent, the sixth of 60 per cent, and then a reduction of 10 per cent 
annually until the eleventh year is reached, when the supplementary 
charge will be 10 per cent. After this point the supplementary charge 
is made as a percentage of the amount in the reserve fund. For 3 
years it is 10 per cent of the reserve fund; for each succeeding 3 years 
it is 1 per cent less, until the rate of 4 per cent is reached. The interest 
arising from the reserve fund is to be deducted in making this addi- 
tion (see article 34, of the law). Thus, if the amount to be added to the 
reserve is $10,000, and the interest from the existing reserve is $2,000, 
46598°— 10 65 



1016 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

then $8,000 is the charge. For an accident association which had 
been in existence 11 years or more in 1900 the additions to the reserve 
would be as follows: 

1901 to 1903 10 per cent of the existing reserve. 

1904 to 1906 9 per cent of the existing reserve. 

1907 to 1909 8 per cent of the existing reserve. 

1910 to 1912 7 per cent of the existing reserve. 

1913 to 1915 6 per cent of the existing reserve. 

1916 to 1918 5 per cent of the existing reserve. 

1919 to 1921 4 per cent of the existing reserve. 

After the supplementary charge of 4 per cent has been reached — 
in the above example, after the year 1921 — the interest produced by 
the reserve fund may be used to offset the increase in the average 
annual expenditure per insured person. For instance, if the average 
annual expenditure in 1922 is 16.50 marks ($3.93) per insured person, 
the interest from the reserve may be used to prevent this rate from 
increasing in the years following. The unused balance of the interest 
is to be added to the reserve fund. 

In case of necessity the association, by previously securing the 
consent of the imperial insurance office, can make use of the interest 
on the reserve and even draw upon the reserve fund itself. The 
imperial insurance office will then direct what measures shall be 
taken to restore the reserve. On the recomraendation of its board 
of directors each association can at any time make an additional 
increase to its reserve fund after securing the sanction of the imperial 
insurance office. 

The System of Risk Tariffs. 

The general meeting, the board of directors, or a special committee 
appointed for this purpose is required to take measures to classify 
the establishments insured according to their grade of risk, and to 
establish a schedule of charges corresponding to the risk classes. 
These schedules must be approved by the imperial insurance office 
before being put into operation. Any establishment which objects 
to its rating is entitled to 'an appeal to the insurance office if made 
within 2 weeks. 

The risk classification and schedule of charges must be revised not 
later than 2 years after its initial compilation, and after that must be 
revised at least every 5 years. In the revision careful account must 
be taken of the accidents which have occurred in the various estab- 
lishments and the results compared with the previous classification 
of risks. The proprietor has the same right of appeal as m the 
original classification. 

Each association may prescribe in its constitution that up to 75 
per cent of the expenditures for compensation shall be paid by the 
local section within whose limits the accident has occurred. Within 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1017 

the limits of each section the assessments, of course, are based on the 
rates for the risk classes as already mentioned and on the pay roll. 

Accordino^ to article 49 of the law each accident association must 
adopt a S3'stem of classification of cstabHshmcnts according to the 
risk connected with each and to regulate the amount of contributions 
paid by the estabhshments in proportion to these risk ratings. 

The imphed principle in tliis rule is that each estabhshment is to be 
taxed according to its risk of accident. Theoretically it is possible 
to apply to each estabhshment a rate which would give the actual 
risk of accident in that establishment and charge only for such acci- 
dents; such a principle would, however, be opposed to the plan of 
mutual insurance and in practice is not possible to obtain, because 
such an accurate determination of the risk of accident in any one 
establishment can not be made. As a matter of fact, the only 
measure of accident risk which is available is the number of accidents 
which have actually occurred in an establishment. In practice acci- 
dents have their origin in causes quite different from those suggested 
by the nature of the establishment; besides, an establishment in 
which no accident whatever had taken place in the preceding year 
can not have its risk rating given as zero, just as an establishment in 
which it happened that a catastrophe costing many lives occurred 
can not be taxed at a rate to cover the cost. The basis of the risk 
rating is the average risk of accidents in establishments of the same 
kind. These risk ratings, together with the amounts of dues to be 
paid by establishments in them, compose the risk tariff. 

Such risk tariffs have been established for all the industrial acci- 
dent associations, but, owing to special conditions prevailing in the 
navigation and agricultural industries, risk tariffs either have not 
been used at all or been used only to a slight extent. According 
to Prof. Konrad Hartmann of the imperial insurance office, to estab- 
lish a numerical expression of the risk of accident in any industry or 
occupation two factors must be considered. First, the number of 
accidents, and, second, the results of the accidents. In a circular 
letter of the imperial insurance office of 1889 the cost of accidents 
under the German system of benefits is estimated as being in the 
following proportions : 

Accidents resulting fatally are to be counted 10 

Accidents resulting in permanent total disability are to be counted 30 

Accidents resulting in permanent partial disability are to be counted 15 

Accidents resulting in temporary disability are to be counted 1 

These numbers mean that on an average an accident resulting in 
permanent total disability will cause the accident associations thirty 
times as much expense as an accident resulting in temj^orary disability. 

In computing an accident tariff the gross number of workmen 
employed in any period of time is not sufficiently accurate to produce 



1018 



REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



trustworthy results, and for this reason an abstract workman, called a 
'^full-time workman," is used. Thus, if there are two establishments 
each employing 1,000 workmen at approximately the same rates of 
wages, one of which, however, is in operation only 150 days during 
the 3^ear, while the other is in operation 300 days during the year, 
it is obvious that the accident risk of one will be twice as much as 
that of the other. The accident insurance associations are therefore 
required in computing their rates to reduce the number of actual 
workmen to '^full-time workmen," such a workman being one who 
is employed 300 days per annum. The imperial insurance office in 
the circular of 1889 gives an example of the computation of accident- 
risk numbers for selected textile industries. 



COMPUTATION OF ACCIDENT RISK NUMBERS FOR SELECTED TEXTILE INDUSTRIES 
FOR THE PERIOD 1885 TO 1893. 

[Source: Prof. K. Hartmann, Das Gefahrentarifwesen, 1900, page 10.] 



Branch of industry. 





Number of persons to 


whom 






compensation 


was paid in 




Full-time 
workmen 
in the 
period 
Oct. 1, 
1885, to 


the period because of 
causing— 


njunes 


Accident 

risk 
number. 




Total 


Partial 


Tem- 


Dec. 31, 

1893. 


Death. 


perma- 
nent 
disa- 

biUty. 


perma- 
nent 
disa- 
bility. 


porary 
disa- 
bility. 




49, 727 


1 




14 


3 


223 


139,554 


10 


2 


58 


8 


1,038 


938, 782 


71 


49 


886 


195 


15, 665 


525,791 


114 


40 


1,030 


276 


18,066 


209,257 


72 


12 


652 


109 


10,909 


346,562 


86 


22 


1,187 


196 


19, 521 


11,018 


13 


1 


75 


16 


1,301 



Accident 

risk 
number 
per 1,000 
full-time 
workers. 



Hand weaving 

Knitting, embroidering, manufacture of 
stockings and gloves (using power). . . 

Weaving of all kinds, but not including 
spinning, dyeing, etc. (using power). 

Woolen weaving, including spinning, 
bleaching, dyeing, etc. (using power). 

Woolen spinning, including yarn mak- 
ing, bundling, etc. (using power) 

Cotton spinning, including yarn mak- 
ing, etc. (using power) 

Artificial wool (mungo, shoddy) 



4.48 

7.44 

16.69 

34.36 

52.42 

56.33 
118.08 



In making up computations of the kind shown in the preceding 
table the accident associations were required by the imperial insurance 
office to use as long a period of time as possible. In the first instance 
given in the preceding table, that of hand weaving, there were for 
instance 1 fatal accident, 14 partial permanent disabilities and 3 
temporary disabilities. Computing these on the proportions already 
stated we have 1 multiplied by 10 for the fatal accident, plus 14 jmul- 
tiplied by 15 for the partial permanent disability, plus 3 multiplied 
by 1 for the temporary disability, or together 223. The figure 223 
divided by the number of full-time workmen, 49,727, gives a risk 
rating for this occupation of 4.48. In the last illustration, that of 
artificial wool making, the computation is as follows: Thirteen fatal 
accidents multiplied by 10, plus 1 total permanent disability multi- 
plied by 30, plus 75 partial permanent disabilities multiplied by 15, 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1019 

plus 16 temporary disabilities multiplied by 1, gives a total of 1,301, 
This divided by the number of full-time workmen, 11,018, gives a 
risk number of 118.08. 

In actual practice practically all of the associations have adopted 
the plan of rounding off these accident numbers on a basis of certain 
arbitrary figures; thus, for instance, if 10 is taken as the risk number 
for hand weaving, then for artificial wool making the rounded off 
risk number would be 118.08 divided by 4.48 multiplied by 10 or 
263.5. In practice this number would be placed on the risk tariff 
as 260. 

The procedure just described may be designated as that of com- 
paring the number of full-time workmen and the number of acci- 
dents with the costs of the accidents. The objections to the plan 
just described arise from the fact that risk numbers determined by 
this method do not give an accurate statement of the result of the 
accidents. For most industries the risk numbers were obtained 
from the accident statistics compiled from the report of the investi- 
gation of 1881 and these figures did not make allowance for the 
different conditions existing in the various industries combined into 
accident associations. Difficulty was also met in finding the number 
of full-time workmen in many branches of industry, in fact there 
were some branches in which at first it was impossible to find this 
number. 

These objections could not be met until the insurance system had 
been in operation for a number of years and had shown by experience 
what the actual number of accidents to be compensated would be. 
In the year 1896 the imperial insurance office recommended a dif- 
ferent plan of computing the accident risk number which is based 
on the wages paid in the industry. The 1896 plan is that of ascer- 
taining the amount of expense caused by accidents in the various 
branches of industry, and at each period a new expense tariff 
is drawn up revising the old tariff on the basis of the expense caused 
by accidents in the preceding period. Thus at any time when the 
risk tariffs are to be revised the records will show the amount paid 
out per annum in preceding years and for the coming years it would 
only be necessary to assess the average amount arising in the past 
years together with the capitalized value of the pensions still current. 
For computing the capitalized value of pensions for the survivors 
of persons killed by accidents the imperial insurance office has pub- 
lished a tariff which is reproduced on pages 1069 to 1071, and which is 
based on material which can be used for all industries although the 
tariff was intended more particularly for the building trades. A 
simpler method, however, has been worked out in order to avoid the 
difficulty of computing the capitafized value of pensions. The 



1020 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



imperial insurance office and a number of the accident associations 
have made computations which show the accident numbers for 
industries where large amounts of wages have been paid and which 
give practically the same result as if the capitalized value of the 
pensions had been used in the computation. The procedure consists 
of comparing the amounts paid for compensation with the wages 
paid, the computation being made for groups of industries in which 
there are large numbers of persons and large sums of wages involved. 
This method is, of course, more crude than that of including the 
capitalized value of the current pensions but is sufficient for the 
purpose at hand. Practically all of the accident associations, 
except that of the chemical industries, now use the crude method. 
At present, therefore, the method in use consists in simply finding 
the average expenditure of previous years and assessing that 
amount for the coming period. The imperial insurance office 
requires the associations, unless special reasons exist to the con- 
trary, to use all of the data collected from the beginning of the 
insurance up to the next to the last year of the tariff period 
about to expire. As long as the computation is based on amounts 
of wages and amounts of compensation which are large enough to 
eliminate special occurrences due to unusual events, this cruder 
method is ample for securing a workable risk tariff. The imperial 
insurance office indicates 5,000,000 marks ($1,190,000) as the amount 
of wages paid in the previous years which must be included in such 
a computation. 

As an illustration of the method of finding this proved risk number 
the following table shows for certain branches of the building industry 
the data for the period 1885 to 1896. 

WAGES AND COMPENSATION PAID, WITH COMPUTED RISK NUMBER FOR SELECTED 
BUILDING TRADES 1885 TO 189G. 

[Souroo: Prof. K. Hartmann, Das Gefahrentarifwesen, 1900.] 



Branch of industry. 



Paper hanging 

stove setting 

Painting 

Houscsiiiithing 

Lock,siiiithing 

Stonecutting 

Masonry 

Buiknng contracting . . 

Carpentering 

Weil digging 

Roofing, etc 

Demolition of buildings 



Wages paid 

from 
1885 to 1896. 



$5,195,604 

11,402,292 

80,228,128 

2:^,844,416 

767, 266 

32, 454, 966 

376,967,396 

73,690,201 

137,363,418 

4,253,465 

21,076,823 

1,153,481 





Accident 




compen- 


Accident 


sation 


compensa- 


paid per 


tion paid Iro.n 


1,000 


1885 to 1896. 


marks of 




wages 




(marks). 


$8. 409 


1.62 


24,885 


2.18 


276, 452 


3.45 


113,577 


4.76 


10, 426 


13.59 


154, 924 


4.77 


2,865,684 


7.60 


720, 638 


9.78 


1,321,920 


9.62 


73, 930 


17.38 


399,1.35 


18.94 


72, 840 


03.15 



Com- 
puted 

accident 
risk 

number. 



L07 

1.43 

2.27 

3.13 

8.94 

3.14 

5.00 

6.44 

6.33 

11.43 

12.46 

41.55 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1021 

The second column of the ])recoclin<2j table shows the amounts of 
wages paid during the period in question, the third column the 
amounts cxj^ended for compensation and accidents under the law, 
the fourth column gives the percentage ratio of the compensation 
to the wages, and the last column shows the risk number for the 
branch of industry. Thus in the preceding table it is shown that for 
masons 7.60 marks per 1,000 marks of wages are paid for compensa- 
tion, while for roofei-s 18.94 marks per 1,000 marks of wages are paid; 
if, now, the rate for masons is to be taken as 5, then the rate for roofers 
is 18.94 divided by 7.60 and multiplied by 5, or 12.46. In actual 
practice round numbers are used instead of numbers such as those 
given in the table. 

In order to ascertain the tendenc}^ of accidents in various industries 
special computations are frequently made for the last year or for 
the last five years as far as the data permit in order to ascertain 
whether the risk in various branches of industry has changed mate- 
rially. The introduction of new methods of work, the use of new 
inventions, or other reasons may change the risk of an industry to 
such a degree that the data for the previous years may no longer be 
trustworthy sources for obtaining data on which to compute risk 
ratings and risk tariffs. 

Instead of using the branch of industry' it is possible to compute a 
risk number on the basis of the occupation; the number of pereons 
em^ployed in a specific occupation are grouped together, their wages 
and the compensation for accidents to persons in this group are com- 
puted and the risk number deduced therefrom. Thus, for instance, 
in machinery factories the iron turnere would have a certain rating, 
the other occupations would be computed in the same way, and the 
ratings for the whole establishment made up on the basis of the num- 
ber of persons in the different occupations employed in it. Expe- 
rience has shown that computations of risk ratings on the persons 
employed in the different operations are too complicated for use, and 
especially because in small establishments each workman is apt to be 
engaged in several occupations. Several accident associations which 
had adopted this method have been compelled to give it up because 
of the difficulties in carrying it into practice. 

After the risk rating has been determined the risk tariff is then 
made up for the various branches of industry or occupations included 
in the accident association. The following table gives an example 
of a risk tariff used by the accident association for the glass industries. 



1022 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



RISK TARIFF OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE GLASS INDUSTRIES. 

[Source: Trof. K. Ilartmann, Das Gefahrentarifwesen, 1900.] 

I. Summary. 



Risk class. 


Risk 
number. 


Risk class. 


Risk 
number. 


A 


5 

10 
15 


D 


20 


B . 


E.. 


30 


C 


F 


50 




1 





II. Distribution of Establishments in the Various Risk Classes. 



Num- 
ber. 



Risk class and branch of industry. 



Risk 
num ber. 



13 



19 



20 



Risk Class A. 

Factories for making glass pearls 

Factories for working up glass but not including grinding, etching, or glass cutting with 

sand blast 

Artificial glass flowers and glass fruits 

Thermometer factories 

G lass-pressing works 

G lass refineries 

Art glass works 

Glass painting, excepting No. 17 below 

Risk Class B. 

All other factories not included in the preceding 

Manufacture of hollow glassware 

Grinding of hollow glassware 

Etching of mirror and plate glass 

Risl Class C. 
Manufacture of green glass 

Risk Class D. 

Manufacture of mirror or polished mirror glass 

Grinding of mirror and of plate glass 

Polishing works 

Painting and decorating with metal of mirror and plate glass 

Sand-blast work on mirror and plate glass 

Rhk Class E. 
Manufacture of plate and of window glass 

Risk Class F. 
Manufacture of cast or unpolished mirror glass 



10 



15 



20 



30 



50 



Most of the risk tariffs have special provisions or explanations 
attached to them applying to special conditions which may occur in 
the industry. In the risk tariff of the accident association for glass 
industries it is specified that the tariff applies to establishments using 
steam or other power, and that if no such power is used in the plant 
the ratings are to be reduced one-half. 

As a rule the risk tariffs are prepared by committees of the boards 
of directors and must be submitted to the general meeting of the 
accident association for adoption. After a tariff has been adopted 
by the general meeting of the association it must be submitted to 
the imperial insurance office for approval, though accident associa- 
tions which are subject only to the jurisdiction of state insurance 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1023 

offices submit proposed tarifl's to tlie last-named bodies. All risk 
tariffs must be revised every five years and new tarifls must come 
into force on the 1st of January of the year to which they apply. 
No tariff may be made retroactive. 

After a tariff has been adopted a classification of the establish- 
ments in the various classes of the tariff follows. This is done by 
sending to each establishment afhliated with the accident association 
a schedule of questions relating to the make-up of the establishment. 
The following questions, for instance, were used by the accident 
association of the food-products industries in such an inquiry: 

Schedule for the Classification of Establishments into Risk Classes. 

1. (a) Name of the establishment or firm. 
(6) Location. 

(c) Director of the establishment. 

2. (a) Is the establishment located at the headquarters of the firm? 
(6) If not, where? 

3. ^\^lat is the principal product, work, etc., of the establishment? 

4. If in addition to the principal work of the establishment just mentioned there are 

accessory or subsidiary works, specify. 

5. (a) Is the work in the establishment "hand work" only? 

(6) What kind of machinery, tools, and apparatus are used which are operated by 

hand only (i. e., not using power of any kind)? 
(c) Are all the protective devices prescribed by the rules for the prevention of 

accidents in full use? 

6. (a) What kind of power is used in driving the machinery (wind, water, gas, steam, 

electricity, animals)? For how many years has this class of power been used? 
(6) WTiatkindof machinery and how many machines of each kind are run by power? 
(c) Are all the protective devices prescribed by the rules for the prevention of 

accidents in full use? 

7. (a) What is the average number of workmen employed: 1. On the power machinery; 

2. In hand work? 

(b) How many of this number are employed in the principal work of the establish- 

ment and how many in the subsidiary work? 

(c) Are the workmen in the two parts of the establishment employed interchange- 

ably so that it is not possible to classify them separately? 

8. Is your subsidiary establishment affiliated with another accident association, and 

if so, specify? 

9. Are the rules for the prevention of accidents of this association displayed in 

conspicuous places throughout the establishment? 

If a member of an accident association fails to make out one of 
these schedules the board of directors of the association is author- 
ized to ascertain the facts at the expense of the defaulting employer. 
Employers who furnish unsatisfactory or incomplete answers are to 
be fined by the board of directors. 

In placing an establishment in any class of the tariff the board of 
directors must also consider the proper deductions or supplementary 
charges to be made to the tariff. After the decision has been made, 
tt\,e employer must be informed of his rating in the tariff and shall have 



1024 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

two weeks in which to make protest against such rating to the imperial 
insurance office in BerUn though he may appeal directly to the board 
of directors instead of the imperial office without thereby losing his 
right of appeal to the latter. The employer may protest against 
his rating only but not against the risk tariff itself. After the ratings 
have been finally determined the assessment on the individual estab- 
lishments is made as described above. 

General Administration. 

The machinery for administering the insurance consists principally 
of the following institutions: The mutual trade associations for acci- 
dent insurance (Berufsgenossenschaften) , the administrative officials 
of the governments (imperial, state, local, etc.), the insurance courts, 
the imperial insurance office, and a number of state insurance offices. 

THE MUTUAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS. 

The most important of these institutions are the mutual accident 
insurance associations composed of employers; these accident asso- 
ciations are corporations with all the legal rights of persons and are 
intrusted with the work of carrying the compulsory accident insur- 
ance into effect, subject to the supervision of the government msur- 
ance offices. The employers in the various industries are organized 
into these accident associations, covering either all of the empire or 
definite parts of it; for most industries the accident associations 
cover the whole empire, only the associations for the following indus- 
tries being divided territorially : Iron and other metals, textiles, wood, 
and the building trades. In all, there are 66 associations for the 
industrial, and 48 for the agricultural establishments covered by the 
law. 

As the name implies, the insurance is conducted on the mutual plan; 
the benefits described elsewhere are paid to the workmen, etc., and 
later assessed on the members of the association according to a pre- 
scribed plan. In case a firm carries on several distinct lines of busi- 
ness, the establishment is classed according to the principal industry. 

Each association regulates its business by a constitution ratified by 
a general meeting of the members. This constitution must prescribe 
the name and location of the association; the organization and scope 
of its activities; the method of calling meetings and of the rules of 
procedure; the voting powers of members and the method of verifica- 
tion of credentials; the procedure to be followed by the officials of 
the association in classifying the establishments for tlie various risk 
classes; the procedure to be followed in case of changes in the establish- 
ment, as well as in the person of the proprietor; the procedure in 
closing up an establishment, especially in regard to securing the 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1025 

payments of the assessments of proprietoi-s who go out of business; 
the per diem allowances to be made to representatives of the work- 
men; the examination and approval of the accounts; the powers of 
the association in regard to issuing rules for the prevention of acci- 
dents and for the inspection of the establishments; the requirements 
for amending the constitution; the procedure to be observed by 
employers on becoming members and on resigning membership, as 
well as that to be followed in computing the annual wage payments 
and fixing the amounts of the insurance for each establishment. 

The constitution may prescribe that the general meeting of tlie 
association shall be composed of representatives, that the association 
shall be divided into distinct local sections, and that trustees shall 
be installed to act as local managers of these sections. 

The constitution of the accident association must be approved by 
the imperial insurance office before it goes into effect, though in case 
of .disapproval, the association may appeal to the Federal Council. 

The administration of the association is intrusted to the board of 
directors, except in so far as the insurance law or the constitution of 
the association reserves special matters for the action of the general 
meeting or for certain officials. The general meeting, however, must 
reserve to itself the election of the members of the board of directors, 
the amendment of the constitution, and if not placed in the hands of 
a special committee, the examination and approval of the annual 
financial statement. 

All members entitled to vote at the general meeting are eligible 
to election to the board of directors, but persons who are disqualified 
to serve as jurors in the courts of the empire are not eligible for election 
to the board. 

Any member elected to the board may refuse to serve only when 
the reasons therefor are satisfactory to the board. A fine of 500 
marks (S119) may be imposed as penalty for such refusal. 

In general, the members of the board of directors and the trustees 
serve without salar}", though the constitution may provide that com- 
pensation for loss of time may be granted; such allowances must 
always be approved by the imperial insurance office. Traveling 
expenses must be reimbursed on a fixed basis. 

Article 23 of the law of 1900 authorizes the accident associations 
to create special subsidiary institutions to provide employers liability 
insurance for their members. Membership in such special organiza- 
tions must be voluntary; the amount of any policy for liability under 
the accident insurance law may not cover more than two-thirds of 
the liability, and all operations of such special organizations must be 
supervised by the imperial insurance office. At the present time 8 
agricukural and 2 industrial (glass and engineering) accident asso- 
ciations have created such liability insurance institutions. 



1026 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The different associations are permitted, with the consent of the 
imperial insurance office, to form organizations for the purpose of 
carrying out special plans. Under similar conditions, the associa- 
tions may transfer parts of their membership from one association to 
another, or a part of one association may separate itself in order to 
form a distinct and independent association. The arrangements for 
the transfer of reserves, claims, and liabilities must have the sanc- 
tion of the imperial insurance office. In case an association is unable 
to fulfill its obligations, the upper house of the imperial parliament 
may, on the recommendation of the imperial insurance office, dissolve 
the association. The establishments composing it shall, after a hear- 
ing, be placed in other associations. All the property and obliga- 
tions of the dissolved association shall be assumed by the Empire 
unless this function has been expressly assumed by the federated 
state in which the association was located. 

"Wlien an establishment starts operations, or when it is included 
under the obligation to insure, a notice must be given to the lower 
administrative officials, informing them of the products made, gen- 
eral characteristics of the establishment, number of persons insured, 
and date of beginning operations. 

The board of directors of the association is required to keep a 
register of each establishment in the association. The undertaker of 
each establishment must inform the board of all changes which take 
place in the establishment which may affect its standing with the 
association. 

The most important feature of this plan of organization is that the 
employers manage their ovfn insurance; private accident-insurance 
companies are excluded from this business, and are not even allowed 
to compete with the employers' accident associations. The report of 
the parliamentary commission of 1884 gives at some length the rea- 
sons for this policy. Having decided that accident compensation 
should be paid in the form of annuities, the question of absolute 
security becomes paramount; at any time, the report states, a great 
accident might force a private company into bankruptcy, thus 
throwing upon charitable agencies both the victims of that accident 
and all persons then upon the company's annuity roll; neither could 
government regulation of the private insurance companies prevent 
them, in certain cases, from deteriorating rapidly. The report also 
calls attention to the tendency of insurance by contract with private 
companies to lay undue stress on legal technicalities and to force the 
parties claiming insurance benefits to have recourse to the courts. 
There is also a tendency for private insurance companies to seek only 
the good risks, so that the poor risks would find it difficult to obtain a 
reasonable rate under such a system. 

The reasons for not allowing the private companies to compete 
with the accident associations arc also stated; the private companies 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1027 

during the first few years woiiltl endeavor to insure the hirgest possi- 
ble amount of business by underbidding the accident associations, 
with the hope of later making up the loss by raising the rates; they 
would of course be able to get the good risks without any trouble. 
Serious complications would also arise in connection with the regula- 
tions for the prevention of accidents, as there would necessarily be a 
great difference in the methods used by the private companies and by 
the government accident associations. 

As the accident associations form such an important part of the 
German system of insurance, the following translation of the consti- 
tution of a representative association is given to show the organiza- 
tion and method of operation of these institutions. 

CONSTITUTION OF THE EMPLOYERS' MUTUAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE EXPRESS 
AND STORAGE INDUSTRIES (LAGEREI-BERUFSGENOSSENSCHAFT). 

Article 1. [Gives the name and headquarters of the association.] 
Art. 2. The area covered by this mutual trades association is that of the entire 
territory of the Empire. It includes the following establishments: (1) Establish- 
ments engaged in storage, as well as establishments engaged in the transportation of 
persons or property on land, if such establishments are affiliated with a commercial 
undertaking the proprietor of which is registered in the commercial register; (2) 
establishments engaged in the business of storage, warehousing, and cellarage; (3) 
establishments engaged in expressage and transportation; (4) establishments engaged 
in the loading of goods; (5) establishments engaged in the packing of goods, assorting, 
weighing, gauging, etc. 

Art. 3. The association is divided into nine sections as follows: * * * 
Art. 4. For each section "district agents" (Vertrauensmdnner) and substitutes for 
the same are to be appointed as local representatives of the association. 

Art. 5. The business of the mutual accident association will be administered in 
accordance with the laws and this constitution by the general meeting of the associa- 
tion, by the board of directors of the association, by the meeting of the sections, by 
the board of directors of the sections, and by the district agents. 
Art. 6. The general meeting consists of all the members of the association. 
Art. 7. The duties of the general meeting consist especially of: (1) The election 
of members of the board of directors of the association and their substitutes; (2) deci- 
sions in regard to changing the composition of the association and the effect thereof 
on its property, according to articles 52 and 53 of the law; (3) decisions in regard to 
amending the constitution; (4) making agreements with other associations for the 
carrying of risks, as specified in article 51 of the law; (5) decisions in regard to drawing 
up the risk tariff a.s well as in regard to retaining or changing the same, subject to 
the right of the association to transfer this decision to the board of directors; (6) deci- 
sions in regard to whether under article 49, paragraph 6, of the law, supplementary 
charges or rebates are to be made to individual employers; (7) decisions in regard 
to additional payments into the reserve fund; (8) decisions on issuing of rules for 
the prevention of accidents, including the supervision of establishments; (9) drawing 
up tlie budget for the administrative expenses of the association as well as the auditing 
and approval of the annual balance sheet and the election of a committee consisting 
of three members for the purpose of auditing in advance; (10) decisions in regard to 
resolutions offered by members of the association; (11) the discussion and decision 
upon all matters c^f business which are laid before the general meeting for this purpose 
either by the board of directors or by the imperial insurance office; (12) granting 



1028 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

premiums for the rescue of injured persons and for the prevention of accidents; (13) 
decisions in regard to general rules for the supervision of sick persons undergoing 
medical treatment and of persons in receipt of pensions; (14) decisions in regard to 
the investment and administration of the reserve fund and in regard to the safe-keeping 
of the securities and moneys composing the same; (15) drawing up the rules of service 
for the officials of the association in accordance with article 48, paragraph 1, of the 
law; (16) decisions as to purchasing, selling, or mortgaging parcels of ground belonging 
to the association, in so far as the board of directors, according to its best judgment, 
does not consider there is risk in the operation. 

Art. 8. The general meeting is called together by the board of directors by giving 
notice not less than four weeks in advance in the Reichsanzeiger, stating the object 
of the meeting. The boards of directors of the sections must then notify the indi- 
vidual members at least two weeks before the date of the meeting. 

Every meeting called in this manner has power to conduct business without regard 
to the number of members in attendance. 

A reguar general meeting must be held annually not later than the month of June. 
The annual accounts presented to this meeting for auditing and approval must be 
audited in advance by a committee consisting of three members of the association. 
This committee must at each regular general meeting be elected in advance for the 
following year, in accordance with article 12. For each member of the committee an 
alternate must also be elected. 

Extraordinary general meetings shall be called by the board of directors when- 
ever necessary for the interests of the association. 

A general meeting must be held within three weeks under the following condi- 
tions: If summoned by the imperial insurance office, or if demanded by the boards 
of directors of four sections, or if demanded in writing, with a statement of the object 
of the meeting, by members who have at least the twentieth part of the wage roll 
used in computing assessments. 

At the same time the board of directors is required to place upon the order of busi- 
ness of the general meeting such subjects as are demanded by the imperial insurance 
office or by the boards of directors of sections, if the matter lies within their juris- 
diction, or by the persons above mentioned who specify their demands at least one 
week before the date of the meeting. Excepted fi'om these subjects are amend- 
ments of the constitution which are treated of in article 52 below. 

Art. 9. The order of business of the general meeting is to be aiTanged by the board 
of directors. 

The chairman of the board of directors opens, leads, and closes the discussions of 
the general meeting; in case he is not able to serve, the chairman shall be represented 
by the vice-chairman or another member of the board of directors. If among the 
subjects to be discussed there are matters of complaint against the actions of the 
board, then the chairman must arrange for the election of another person to conduct 
the meeting, and such person shall not be a member of the board of directors. 

The presiding officer has the right to refuse recognition to members of the associa- 
tion who do not obey the rules drawn up for the peace and order of the meeting; 
by decision of the meeting such persons may be required to leave the room. 

Those employees of the association who are named for this purpose by the presiding 
officer are authorized to attend the meeting. They have no right to vote, but may 
participate in the discussion and be intrusted with the keeping of the minutes. 

Art. 10. Each employer or representative of an establishment shall have a vote 
depending on his wage roll, as shown by the last assessment; those having not more 
than 10,000 marks [$2,380] shall have one vote, from over 10,000 to 100,000 marks 
[$2,380 1o $23,800] there shall be one vote for each 10,000 marks [$2,380], and for those 
with 100,000 marks [$23,800] or over there shall be one additional vote for each 
20,000 marks [$4,760] in excess of 100,000 marks [$23,800]. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1029 

New members whose establishments were not included in the above-mentioned 
assessment shall have one vote. 

Decisions shall be made according to the absolute majority of the votes cast. Votes 
shall be taken by secret ballot. Each member of the general meeting shall be given 
a ballot on which is specified the number of his votes. Votes may be taken in other 
ways (by voice, raising of hand, etc.) if one-tenth of the votes represented do not object. 
In case of tie votes in elections the decision shall be made by the chairman by drawing 
lots; in case of votes on resolutions a tie shall mean that the resolution is lost. 

The certificate of membership described in article 58 of the law shall serve as a 
credential for the members. In case members of the general meeting are represented 
by persons duly authorized, the latter must present written credentials for this pur- 
pose. * * * 

Art. 11. The board of directors shall consist of twenty-seven members. Each 
board of directors of a section must be represented in the board of directors by one 
member. 

Each of the following four groups must be represented in the board by at least one 
member: (a) The commercial storage establishments; (6) the express establishments 
and establishments engaged in the transportation of persons or property on land; (c) 
the establishments engaged in warehousing, storage, and cellarage; (d) the establish- 
ments engaged in weighing, gauging, sorting, packing, etc. 

In the same manner an alternate must be elected out of the same group for each 
member of the board of dii'ectors; he shall represent such member in case the latter is 
unable to serve. 

Art. 12. The election is to be conducted by written ballot and in such manner that 
each person entitled to vote shall write as many names upon a ballot as there are 
members to be elected. The election of the alternates is to be conducted in the same 
manner. 

The election may also be conducted in other ways (by vcice, raising of hands, etc.) 
if one-tenth of the votes represented do not object. 

Those persons are elected who receive the largest number of votes. Votes given to 
persons who are not eligible or which do not clearly specify the person voted for shall 
not be counted. In case of a tie the persons with the highest number of votes shall 
draw lots. 

The election is to be conducted by the chairman of the board of directors. 
•Minutes are to be kept of the election, and shall be signed by the person conducting 
the election, by tvro members of the board of directors, and by the person keeping the 
minutes. 

Art. 13. The members of the board of directors are elected for three-year terms, 
but at the expiration of their terms remain in office until their successors have qualified. 

The term of office begins on the 1st of October and after three years ends on the 30th 
of September. 

In each year the terms of one-third of the board of directors and their alternates 
shall expire. For the first election the order of leaving the board shall be decided by 
lot, then by the length of service, and in case of serWce of equal length, then accord- 
ing to age. Persons whose term of office expires may be reelected. 

A member of the board of directors who loses the qualifications for office thereby 
ceases to be a member.. 

In case a member of the board of directors ceases to be a member before the expira- 
tion of his term of office, his alternate shall then complete his term. If the latter also 
ceases to be a member, then a new member shall be elected at the next general meet- 
ing. Until such an election is held the board of directors retains all its rights in 
spite of its reduced number of members, pro\'ided that the number of such members 
does not fall below ten. In the latter case a general meeting of the association must 
be called for the purpose of electing new members. The alternates and the newly 



1030 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

elected members remain in office only so long as is necessary to complete the unex- 
pired terms of those members who have left the board. 

Art. 14. The whole administration of the association shall be conducted by the 
board of directors except in regard to those matters which by law or by this constitution 
are reserved for the general meeting or for other bodies of the association. 

The board shall specify in which public papers the official notices of the board of 
directors shall be made. The board of directors shall have the authority, after a hear- 
ing of the board of the section to refrain from prosecuting a claim for expenditures 
made against heads of establishments arising out of the provisions of article 136, para- 
graph 1, sentence 3, of the law. 

Art. 15. The board of directors must draw up a balance sheet of the total operations 
of the association within the first four months after the conclusion of each fiscal year, 
and in addition prepare a statement of the assets, including the reserve fund, at the close 
of each fiscal year. 

In preparing the statement of the assets, the purchase price of the securities as well 
as of all other property, including parcels of ground, shall be given. In addition, for 
the securities which are listed on the bourse, there shall be given the price at the time 
of drawing up the statement. 

Art. 16. Each year the board of directors shall elect from its own number a chair- 
man and a first, second, and third vice-chairman. 

The vice-chairman shall act as chairman in case the latter is unable to serve or at 
the request of the latter. 

The representation of the association in legal and in other matters shall be performed 
by the chairman of the board of directors or in case he is unable to serve by one of 
the vice-chairmen. Written transactions affecting the sale or transfer of moneys or 
securities or the sale or purchase or other disposition of property of the association, in 
order to be legal, must have not only the signature of the chairman but also the signa- 
ture of another member of the board of directors. 

From its own number the board shall elect an executive committee consisting of 
nine members; these members must reside at the seat of the association; this com- 
mittee shall have authority to conduct the current business and especially the impo- 
sition and collection of fines. Three members of this committee constitute a quorum. 

Art. 17. At least two meetings of the board of directors must be held each year. 
The chairman is authorized to call other meetings whencA'er he considers it necessary 
in the interests of the association. The chairman is required to call a meeting within 
fourteen days whenever three members of the board of directors request in writing 
that such a meeting be held, and specify the business to be transacted. At all sessions 
which are not held at dates determined by resolution of the board of directors, the 
chairman of the board must notify the members in writing at least eight days in advance 
and specify the business to be transacted. 

Art. 18. The board of directors is qualified to transact business if at least seven 
members are present. Decision shall be made by an absolute majority of votes of 
those present at the session. In case of a tie, the vote of the chairman shall decide. 

The chairman shall decide whether a matter requires immediate action, and in 
accordance with article 41, paragraph 2, of the law, whether a vote may be taken 
through written communications. 

Such a ballot by means of communications shall be made by means of registered 
letter and replies must be sent in by the members of the board in time sufficient so 
that the replies shall arrive at the central office of the association within five days 
after sending the letter, in order to secure a decision of the matter. 

Art. 19. The sessions of the board of directors shall be opened, conducted, and 
closed by the chairman. The decisions which are made are to be entered in the 
minutes with a statement of the date of the session and of those present at the meeting; 
the chairman and two other members of the board of directors shall sign the minutes. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1031 

The sessions of the board may be attended by those employees of the association 
designated for this purpose by the chairman; they shall have no vote, but may 
participate in the discussions and be intrusted with the keeping of the minutes. 

Art. 20. The board of directors shall regulate the conduct of the business of the 
office of the association. 

Art. 21. The board of directors shall keep a seal, the imprint of which shall be used 
on oflBcial documents. 

Art. 22. The meetings of the section shall consist of all members of the association 
or their legal representatives who belong to the section. Any member may be repre- 
sented by another member or by a duly authorized director of his establishment. 

In each section there shall be a regular meeting of the section once each year. The 
place of meeting shall be fixed by the board of directors of the section, and the board 
of directors of the section must give notice to the individual members at least two 
weeks in advance, specifying at the same time the business to be transacted. The 
balance sheet of the expenditures of the section in the preceding year shall be laid 
before the meeting for the purpose of auditing and approval. Previous to the meeting 
this sheet must have been audited by a committee of three members. At each of the 
regular meetings this committee must be elected for the following year in accordance 
with article 12. For each member of the committee an alternate must be elected. 

Special meetings of the section shall be called by the board of directors of the section 
whenever it appears necessary for the interests of the section. 

A meeting of the section must be called within three weeks when members who have 
at least one-twentieth of the number of establishments in the section or who have a 
tenth part of the wage roll used in computing assessments demand such a meeting in 
writing, specifying the business to be transacted. 

In addition the board of directors of the association are required to place on the order 
of business of the meeting of the section such matters as are placed before it by the 
board of directors of the association or by at least thirty members of the section, pro- 
vided that such matters have been specified at least one week in advance of the date 
of the meeting. 

In the meetings of the section the provisions given in article 9 above shall have 
application. 

[The next four paragraphs repeat the provisions of article 10 above.] 

Matters which, in calling the meeting of the section or in accordance with paragraph 
4, above, were not specified as business of the meeting, may be brought up for decision 
only if one-tenth of the votes represented do not object or if the matter concerns a call 
for a special meeting of the section. Decisions made by the meeting are to be entered 
in the book of minutes giving the date of the session. Such minutes must be signed 
by the chairman and by two other members of the board of directors, as well as by the 
person intrusted with the keeping of the minutes. 

Decisions of the meetings of the section must be communicated in writing, within 
eight days, to the board of directors of the association. 

Art. 23. The following matters must be reserved for the action of the meeting of the 
section: (1) The change in the location of the seat of the section (see art. 3); (2) the 
decision as to the number of members of the board of directors of the section (see 
art. 25); (3) the election of the members of the board of directors of the section and 
their alternates; (4) determining the number and electing the district agents and their 
substitutes, as well as defining the area of the districts (see art. 28) ; (5) determining the 
budget for the administrative expenses of the section; (6) the examination and ap- 
proval of the annual accounts of the expenditures of the section prepared by the board 
of directors of the section, after such have been audited by a committee of thrp*» 
members. 

Art. 24. The costs of administration, as well as any losses which may occur in the 
administration of its treasury shall be borne by the section. The board of directors 
46598°— 10 66 



1032 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 

of the section must each year, not later than the second month after the close of the 
fiscal year, settle the amount of the same with the board of directors of the association; 
the latter will arrange for the assessment of the same upon the members of the section, 
and the collection of the same in like manner as all other annual contributions. 

Art. 25. Each board of directors of a section shall consist of at least five members. 
A like number of alternates are to be elected for the members of the board of directors 
of the section, who shall represent those members of the board who are unable to serve. 

Articles 12 and 13 are also to be applied to the board of directors of the section, but 
with the provision that the board shall be qualified to transact business so long as the 
number of its members does not fall below three. 

Art. 26. The duties of the board of directors of the section consist especially of: 
(1) Summoning the members of the section to the general meeting of the section; (2) 
the determination of the compensation in accordance with the authority given to 
boards of directors of sections in article 44; (3) giving opinions as to the arrangement 
of the establishments in classes of the risk tariff; (4) supervising the execution of the 
rules issued for the prevention of accidents; (5) making of contracts with physicians, 
with sick funds, and with hospitals for the treatment and care of injured persons; 
(6) keeping of special lists showing the entrance and leaving of establishments from 
the association; (7) forwarding to the board of directors of the association information 
as to the opening of establishments, changes in and shutting down of the same, as well 
as in regard to changes in the person of the proprietor; (8) drawing up the annual 
balance sheet showing the expenditures of the section; (9) arranging for representa- 
tives to attend the arbitration courts; (10) supplying information not sent in at the 
right time in accordance with article 99, paragraph 4, of the law; (11) the appoint- 
ment of district agents in case vacancies occur during their term of office or in case 
a need for increasing the number of district agents is shown in the course of the fiscal 
year (these appointments are to be laid before the next meeting of the section for 
confirmation); (12) the supervision of injured persons receiving medical treatment 
and of pensioners; (13) giving opinions in regard to drawing up regulations for the 
prevention of accidents, as well as drawing up resolutions requesting the issuance of 
such rules; (14) enforcing the provision that in each establishment there shall be 
hung up a placard corresponding to the provisions of article 56, paragraph 3, of the 
law; (15) deciding whether and in what number officials shall be appointed for the 
section, as well as the appointment and dismissal of officials and other employees of 
the section. 

Art. 27. For the conduct of the business of the board of directors of the section, 
the provisions applying to the board- of directors of the association (arts. 16 to 21) shall 
be applied. The board of directors of the section is qualified to transact business 
when at least three of its members are present. Information as to action taken, as well 
as changes which have occurred in the personnel of the board of directors of the section, 
and changes in the personnel of the district agents, must be communicated to the board 
of directors of the association within eight days. 

Art. 28. The meeting of the section shall determine the number of the district 
agents and their substitutes, specify the limits of their territory and make changes in 
the same, and shall specify the manner of their election. 

The district agents and their substitutes shall be elected for three-year terms. 
Their term of office shall begin on October 1 and after three years shall end on 
September 30. They shall be given credentials by the board of directors of the section. 

Art. 29. The duties of the district agents or their substitutes are as follows: (1) Repre- 
senting the association in the courts of arbitration whenever such matters are assigned 
to them; (2) submitting proposals relating to the determination of a compensation; 
(3) submitting proposals for the arrangement of the establishments in the classes of the 
risk tariff; (4) receiving accident notices; (5) representing the association in the investi- 
gation of all accidents which occur in their territory in case such action is desired by 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1033 

the board of directors of the section; (6) supervision of disabled persons receiving 
medical treatment and of pensioners; (7) making reports on changes in the condition 
of pensioners and on cases of malingery; (8) making application for the issuance of 
regulations for the prevention of accidents; (9) cooperating in making up reports not 
sent in at the proper time in accordance with article 99, paragraph 4, of the law; 
(10) cooperating in cases of voluntary insurance; (11) supervising the execution of 
the provision that in each establishment a placard as specified in article 56, paragraph 
3, of the law be posted; (12) ascertaining the existence in their area of establishments 
subject to the law which have not been reported. 

In addition the district agents must protect the rights and interests of the associa- 
tion in all respects and whenever they believe that the same have been injured, shall 
make a proper report to the board of directors of the section which shall then give 
notice of the same to the board of directors of the association. 

In addition whenever they learn that the rules for the prevention of accidents are 
not observed in an establishment they shall report on the same to the board of directors 
of the section, and the latter will transmit the report to the board of directors of the 
association. They must generally assist the technical supervisors by making reports 
on the basis of their knowledge of local conditions. 

The business conducted by the district agent shall be regulated by the board of 
directors of the association after a hearing of the board of directors of the section. 

Art. 30. Duly authorized managers of establishments may be elected members of 
the board of directors of the association, of the board of directors of the section, and as 
district agents. 

Art. 31. In regard to elections and all changes taking place in their composition, the 
board of directors of the association and the boards of directors of the sections must 
within one week make reports to the imperial insurance office and to the superior 
administrative officials in whose district the seat of the association or of the section 
is located. 

Art. 32. The insurance also covers establishments engaged in agriculture or forestry 
which are accessory establishments to those belonging to the association; the insurance 
shall take place according to the industrial accident-insurance law if in such accessory 
establishments the majority of the workers are the industrial employees -from the 
principal establishment. 

Art. 33. Expenditures for compensation are to be borne in the proportion of 50 
per cent by that section in whose territory the establishment in which the accident 
occurred belongs. 

Art. 34. The so-called "iron" working balance which serves for defraying costs of 
administration and other current expenditures may, when necessary, be increased by 
resolution of the general meeting of the association. 

Art. 35. The members of the association must supply to the board of directors of 
the association the requisite information for the purpose of the original rating or the 
rerating of their establishments in the classes of the risk tariff within a period of time 
to be specified by the board of directors of the association; this information shall cover 
the arrangement and other features of the establishment necessary for the determina- 
tion of the rating. 

The report shall be in writing on a question blank drawn up by the board of direc- 
tors of the association. 

If the answers to the questions made by the member are not sent in at the proper 
time, are not complete, or are not true, then the answers for the establishment in 
question shall be made out by the board of directors of the section in accordance with 
their knowledge of conditions. 

In addition the board of directors of the association may impose a fine of not more 
than 25 marks [$5.95] on members who refuse to make answers or do not make them 
at the proper time or do not furnish complete information. 



1034 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Art. 36. The board of directors of the section must subject the answers made by the 
members of the association to an examination, revise the same, and forward them with 
their opinion to the board of directors of the association. The arrangement of the 
establishments in the various classes of the risk tariff shall be done by the board of 
directors of the association. 

A written decision as to the risk classification shall be communicated to each member 
of the association. 

Art. 37. In order to be able to supply the information in regard to wages prescribed 
in articles 74 and 99, paragraph 2, of the law, each member of the association must 
keep wage books from which can be secured the information requisite for determining 
the wage payments; such information shall be placed upon the schedule prescribed 
by the board of directors of the association showing the amount of the wages paid, the 
day of payment, the working time for which the wages were paid, and in case such 
information can be supplied, shall contain the names of the individual workers. 

The wage books shall also show bonuses, payments in kind, and other payments 
of these persons, together with the value of such payments if they are granted to the 
insured person as a matter of custom and wholly or partly to replace wages or salary. 

If an establishment is rated in a number of risk classes, then the employer must 
keep separate wage books corresponding thereto, and show the wages and salaries 
separately. 

If an employer keeps no wage books or keeps such in an improper manner, the 
board of directors of the association may impose upon him a fine of not more than 300 
marks [$71.40]. In order to avoid the imposition of a fine of the same amount each 
employer is required to preserve his wage books for a period of two years for the pur- 
pose of inspection. 

Art. 38. Within two weeks after the occurrence thereof, members of the associa- 
tion must make written reports to the board of directors of the association regarding 
changes in their establishments which are of importance in connection with their 
membership in the association or for the classification in the risk tariff; in this con- 
nection they may make use of the services of the district agents. 

Membership in the association is determined by the branch of industry (see art. 2). 

Those changes in the establishment which are to be reported in regard to different 
classification in the risk tariff, will in general be found in the contents of the latter. 
The notification of the changes is to be according to the form prescribed in article 35, 
paragraph 2. 

In case of doubt whether the change in the establishment is of sufficient importance 
to be made the subject of a report, then the member shall request advice on this sub- 
ject from the district agent, and in case of need from the board of directors of the 
section; if by this means the doubt is not removed then the change must be reported. 

If through other means knowledge of a change in the establishment affecting the 
membership in the association or the classification in the risk tariff is obtained by 
the board of directors of the association, by the board of directors of the section, or by 
the district agents, then these bodies must require the employer to make the pre- 
scribed report and indicate the penalty prescribed in article 147, paragraph 1, of the 
law; in case of necessity they must themselves procure the information. 

Further steps shall be taken in matters regarding membership in the association 
according to article 61 of the law and regarding classification in the risk tariff according 
to articles 35 and following of this constitution. 

If as a result of the changes in the establishment a reduction in the assessments is 
indicated, then the employer who has failed to report such change within the specified 
time has no claim to such reduction for the period previous to the making of the report 
with the exception of the last three months previous to such date. 

Art. 39. Each change in the person of the owner for whose account the establishment 
is conducted must be reported in writing by the previous and by the new proprietor 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1035 

or their legal representatives within a period of two weeks to the board of directors of 
the association, making use of the services of the board of directors of the section. At 
the same time the certificate of membership of the previous proprietor is to be returned. 

Art. 40. Immediately after a change has taken place in the person of the proprietor 
of an establishment, the previous proprietor must deposit with the board of directors 
of the association for the period from the expiration of the previous calendar year for 
which the last assessment was paid up to the date of the change, twice the pro rata 
share of the last annual contribution made for the establishment. 

In case a change in the person of the proprietor of an establishment takes place 
before the first assessment of contributions, then instead of the deposit specified in 
paragraph 1 above, 2 per cent of the wages for the same period must be deposited. 

If this deposit is not made within the proper time, then the board of directors of the 
association shall immediately collect the same in accordance with the provisions of 
article 103, paragraph 1, of the law. 

The board of directors of the association can remit the payment of the deposit when- 
ever the receipt of the assessment due from the previous proprietor seems properly 
assured, and especially if a written declaration from the new proprietor is supplied 
stating that he assumes responsibility for the contribution of the previous proprietor. 

From the deposit the contributions later computed shall be defrayed. Any excess 
shall be returned and any deficiency shall be collected in the usual manner. 

The board of directors of the association may, in agreement with the proprietor of 
the establishment, accept a lump sum payment in place of the deposit. 

Art. 41. Within four weeks after a change has taken place in the person of the 
proprietor of an establishment the previous proprietor must forward to the board of 
directors of the association a wage statement (art. 99, par. 2, of the law) covering the 
period from the expiration of the last fiscal year to the date of ownership of the new 
proprietor; in case this is not done the board of directors of the association shall them- 
selves draw up this statement. 

Art. 42. In case the establishment shuts down, the proprietor must give written 
notice of the same to the board of directors of the association within two weeks, return- 
ing at the same time the certificate of membership; in this connection he may make 
use of the services of the board of directors of the section. 

In such cases the provisions of articles 40 and 41 are to be applied. However, the 
board of directors of the association is authorized, in place of the deposit specified in 
article 40, paragraphs 1 and 2, to demand the payment of the sum which according to 
its estimate would be equal to the assessment probably due from the establishment 
which has been closed; such estimate shall be made on the basis of the size of the 
establishment and its duration. 

Art. 43. The proprietor of an establishment must make written reports to the local 
police oflicials, to the board of directors of the section, and to the district agent of every 
accident taking place in his establishment through which an insured person is killed 
or receives a bodily injury which would have as its result complete or partial inability 
to perform work for more than three days, or which will result in death. In case of 
large accidents the board of directors of the section must make immediate reports to the 
board of directors of the association. 

As a rule the district agent or his substitute must participate in the investigation of 
an accident as the representative of the association. The board of directors of the 
association and of the section have the right to be represented in these investigations 
by one or more of their members or by other representatives. Representatives shall 
receive written authority as their credentials. 

The person representing the association or the section must without delay make a 
report on the result of the investigation to the board of directors of the association or 
of the section, as the case may be. 



1036 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Art. 44. The determination (or the refusal) of the compensation in accordance with 
article 69 and following of the law shall be made by the board of directors of the 
section, who may intrust a committee of three members with this duty. 

The board of directors of the association is authorized to refrain from demanding the 
return of compensation paid in accordance with articles 76, 78, and 81, paragraph 2, 
of the law, in advance of the legal decision (art. 86 of the law), and furthermore to 
refrain from demanding repayment in accordance with article 93, paragraph 4, of the 
law. 

Art. 45. The authority granted by article 112 of the law to the accident insurance 
associations to issue regulations for the prevention of accidents shall be exercised by 
the general meeting of the association. Any member of the association is authorized 
to request the issuance of such rules and the cancellation or amendment of existing 
rules from the board of directors of the association. The decision in regard to the 
application is to be made in the next general meeting of the association, but only after 
the board of directors of the section have furnished an opinion on the subject. 

After their approval by the imperial insurance office the rules are to be brought 
to the knowledge of the members of the association by the board of directors of the 
association. 

Art. 46. The board of directors of the association and the board of directors of the 
sections are authorized to appoint technical supervisory officials and accounting 
officials for the supervision of the establishments in accordance with the provisions 
of articles 119 to 124 of the law. 

Technical supervisory officials and accounting officials of the various sections shall 
be nominated by the board of directors of the sections and appointed by the board 
of directors of the association. 

Technical supervisory officials and accounting officials of the board of directors 
of the association shall be paid from the treasury of the association; the officials of the 
section shall be paid one-half from the treasury of the section and one-half from the 
treasury of the association. 

The rights and the duties of these officials shall be specified by the board of directors 
of the association after an understanding has been reached with the board of directors 
of the section. 

The technical supervisory officials and the accounting officials shall receive cre- 
dentials made out by the board of directors; their names and districts shall be made 
public. 

Art. 47. The members of the board of directors of the association, of the board of 
directors of the section, and the district agents, while conducting the business of the 
association shall receive the following: Railroad fare for second class, steamship fare for 
the first class, and in addition a subsistence allowance of 20 marks [|4.76] per day; 
no consideration shall be given for the time lost by them. 

Art. 48. Representatives of the insured workmen shall receive from the association in 
80 far as the law grants them a claim the following: (a) As compensation for traveling 
costs, for each kilometer [0.62 mile] traveled 5 pfennigs [1.19 cents] unless the workmen 
can prove that they have had higher expenses for the journey; (6) as compensation for 
time lost, including a subsistence charge, for each day they shall receive double the 
amount of their average daily earnings, but in no case less than 4 marks [95.2 cents]. 

Art. 49. All members of the association have the right to insure themselves against 
the results of industrial accidents, using a basis annual earnings of not more than 
5,000 marks [$1,190]. 

Members who make use of this right must apply for the insurance in writing to the 
board of directors of the association, specifying the amount of the annual earnings which 
shall be used as a basis; in this connection they may make use of the services of the 
district agent or of the board of directors of the section. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1037 

As the basis for the insurance, the board of directors of the association may, if it 
sees fit, use the amount of the annual earnings of the highest paid workmen or oflBicial 
in the establishment instead of the annual earning specified in the application. 

The insurance begins on the day on which the application to the board of dirertors 
of the association is made out and continues until the close of that month in which 
the insured person dies or applies in writing to the board of directors of the association 
for the discontinuance of the insurance. If the latter makes use of the authority 
granted in paragraph 3 above, then in replying to the application of the employer, 
a statement must be included, specifying the annual earnings to be used based on 
the highest wage or salary paid to workmen or officials in the establishment instead 
of the amount of annual earnings specified by the employer himself. 

Those members whose assessment for the association in case of bankruptcy has 
neither been paid voluntarily, nor can be obtained in the way of legal execution, 
can be deprived of the right to further insurance of their own person against the 
consequences of industrial accident, provided that such right of a member to volun- 
tary insurance arises solely from rights granted in this constitution (see sentence 2 in 
art. 5, par. 2, of the law). In such cases the right to insure ceases with the date of 
communicating this decision to the member of the association, but such action does 
not affect the latter's right of appeal. 

In connection with insurance of this kind the board of directors of the association 
must keep a special register and must furnish extracts from the same to the insured 
person and to the board of directors of the section. 

Art. 49a. Members of the association have the right to insure against the conse- 
quences of industrial accident those ofiBcials of their establishments not insured accord- 
ing to the law, and this insurance shall be based on their annual earnings, the amount of 
the same not to exceed 5,000 marks [$1,190]. Employers who wish to make use of 
this right must make application to the board of directors of the association, specify- 
ing the name and the annual earnings of such persons, as well as the kind and length 
of service of their employment. In such communications they may make use of the 
services of the district agent or of the board of directors of the section. 

The insurance begins retroactively on the day on which the accepted application 
is made to the board of directors of the association, and continues in force until the 
close of that month in which the employer requests the board of directors of the asso- 
ciation in writing to discontinue the same or communicates in writing to the board 
of directors of the association such facts as would automatically annul the insurance. 

For insurance of this kind the board of directors of the association must keep a 
register and must furnish an extract of the same to the employer and to the board of 
directors of the section. 

Art. 50. The employer is authorized to insure against the consequences of industrial 
accidents other persons employed in their establishments, but not subject to the pro- 
\'isions of law (e. g., volunteer workers, commercial employees, ofiice officials). In 
such cases the annual earnings used as the basis for the insurance may not exceed 
3,000 marks [$714]. 

Employers who desire to make use of this right must make application for the insur- 
ance to the board of directors of the association, specifying the name and the annual 
earnings of these persons, as well as the kind of their employment. 

In this connection they may make use of the services of the district agents or of 
the board of directors of the section. 

In assessing the contribution only one-fourth of the amount of the reported annual 
earnings is to be used. 

Those members whose assessment to the association in case of bankruptcy has neither 
been paid voluntarily, nor can be obtained in the way of legal execution, can be 
deprived of the right to further insurance of their own person against the consequences 



1038 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

of industrial accident, provided that such right of a member to voluntary insurance 
arises solely from rights granted in this constitution (see sentence 2 in art. 5, par. 2, 
of the law). In such cases the right to insure ceases with the date of communicating 
this decision to the member of the association, but such action does not affect the lat- 
ter's right of filing an appeal. 

In connection with insurance of this kind, the board of directors of the association 
must keep a special register and must furnish extracts from the same to the insured 
person and to the board of directors of the section. 

Art. 51. [Authorizes the association to insure its own employees against accidents.] 
Art. 52. The general meeting of the association alone decides upon amendments 
to the constitution and all amendments must receive a majority of two- thirds of the 
votes represented in the general meeting; amendments must always be accurately 
stated in the order of business of the meeting (see art. 8, par. 1) and may not be treated 
as matters requiring expedited procedure. 

THE IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE. 

The imperial insurance office is an institution located in Berlin, 
which is the administrative and supervisory head of the workmen's 
insurance, and the court of last resort in controversies respecting the 
accident and the invalidity insurance. It is composed of a presi- 
dent, of permanent members, and of temporary members. The 
president and the permanent members are appointed for life by the 
Emperor upon the nomination of the upper house of the imperial par- 
liament. Of the temporary members, 6 are appointed by the upper 
house of the parliament (at least 4 being selected from its own num- 
ber) ; 6 representatives of employers are selected from the boards of 
directors of the accident associations and from the public works 
departments; 6 representatives of insured persons are elected by the 
insured persons from the associate judges of the insurance arbitra- 
tion courts. The members representing the employers and the in- 
sured persons must be chosen for five-year terms and be selected 
two each from the industrial group, the agricultural group, and the 
navigation group. The imperial insurance office is organized in the 
form of a senate, at whose head is a president, and of several divi- 
sions, with directors in charge of each. The president of the senate 
and the directors are appointed by the Emperor from the permanent 
members. 

The work of the office in the field of accident insurance includes the 
following subjects: The explanation of the various provisions of the 
law, the approval of the constitutions of accident associations, of 
schedules of risk ratings, of rules for the prevention of accidents, pre- 
scribing the regulations for elections, and for the formation of acci- 
dent associations, and supervising the accident associations and audit- 
ing of their accounts, etc. 

The second part of the duties of the ofiice may be classed as judicial 
and includes the settlement of controversies relating to risk ratings, 
assessments, premiums, penalties, etc., and especiady of appeals from 
decisions of the insurance arbitration courts. The composition of 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1039 

the senate for the determination of most cases coming before it is as 
follows: The ])rosident of the senate, one member from the upper 
house of parliament, one permanent member, two associate judicial 
members, one representative of the employers, and one representative 
of the insured persons. 

Tlie cost of the imperial insurance ofhce is defrayed by the Empire. 

STATE INSURANCE OFFICES. 

In accordance with the })ro visions of the law on accident insurance, 
several of the German States have availed themselves of the authority 
granted by that law to create state insurance oflices, whose functions 
are practically the same as those of the imperial office, though re- 
stricted to the boundaries of their own States. This restriction, 
therefore, limits the control of the state offices to accident associations 
composed solely of firms which are located in that State; in 1904, 
for instance, they had under their control 5 industrial accident asso- 
ciations, 18 agricultural accident associations, and 111 public works 
departments. 

The States having such offi^ces in 1910 were: Bavaria, Saxony, 
Wiirttemberg, Baden, Hesse, the two Mecklenburg duchies, and 
Reuss, senior line. 



The old age and invalidity law of 1889 created a series of special 
courts for the adjudication of disputes arising under that law. The 
1900 revision of the accident-insurance laws extended the functions 
of these courts to the accident insurance and abolished the special 
arbitration courts for each accident association which had existed 
prior to 1900. These courts are described in the section on invalidity 
insurance. In passing on controversies arising under the accident 
insurance law, the associate judges must be persons (employers and 
workmen) connected with the establishments insured under the pro- 
visions of that law. At the beginning of each fiscal year the court 
must designate a number of physicians to serve as experts, the ap- 
pointments to be made from the physicians resident in the locahty 
where the court is situated, and the advice of the local association 
of physicians must be obtained before the appointments are made. 

At the close of each fiscal year the accident associations and the 
public works departments must repay to the invalidity insurance in- 
stitute their share of the cost of the insurance courts. 

Prevention of Accidents. 

It is obvious that in any system of accident insurance, efforts 
toward preventing accidents are one of the most fruitful fields of 
endeavor. In all countries where compulsory accident insurance has 



1040 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

been introduced, special efforts have been made to so arrange the 
administration of the insurance that the greatest possible stimulus 
would be placed on the employers to adopt all available means for 
the reduction of the number of accidents. In Germany the factory 
inspection had for years made the prevention of accidents one of its 
principal fields of activity; on the adoption of the compulsory in- 
surance system it was decided not to be satisfied with the existing 
factory-inspection methods, but to take even more energetic steps 
in this direction. One of the principal advantages of the organiza- 
tion of the insurance on industrial lines is that it permits of a thorough 
and even drastic system of preventive measures for the purpose of 
reducing the number of accidents. 

According to article 112 of the law the associations are authorized 
to issue regulations concerning the safety of the employees of the 
establishments insured by them, and whenever it is dissatisfied with 
the measures taken the imperial insurance office has power to compel 
an accident association to adopt such regulations. The official in- 
troduction to the first accident-insurance law stated that in framing 
the law it was recognized that it was to the interest not only of each 
association, but of each employer to reduce the number of accidents 
to a minimum, and it sought to protect this interest by granting full 
power to the associations to adopt as stringent measures as they 
deemed proper to prevent accidents. It was even proposed in the 
committee to make the adoption of preventive regulations com- 
pulsory for each association, but it was later decided that granting 
authority to the imperial insurance office to compel the adoption of 
such measures when the central body deemed it necessary would be 
sufficient to accomplish the end desired. These regulations for the 
prevention of accidents, or general rules for the conduct of the in- 
dustry, apply to all establishments belonging to the accident asso- 
ciation. In the case of the building trades the accident associations 
for the building industries are permitted to prescribe rules for 
employers not members of the association, but this is an exception 
from the general rule. While the rules must be general in their 
form, they may be made to apply to specific branches of industry or 
specific classes of establishments, or in certain cases to specific 
districts covered by the association. 

In general the rules apply both to employers and to workmen and 
prescribe the methods of operation, the general structure of the 
buildings, etc., the general type of apparatus, and in the case of 
workmen refer more particularly to conduct during operations. 
Penalties may be imposed for failure to comply with the regulations; 
for instance, workmen may be fined as high as 6 marks ($1.43), 
while employers may be fined sums not to exceed 1,000 marks 
($238), or the establishment may be rated in a higher risk class and 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1041 

thereby be compelled to pay higher insurance assessments, and in 
case the establishment is already in the hif^jhest class then supple- 
mentary charges may be made to the assessments, such charges not 
to exceed 100 per cent of the regular charge. These fines are to be 
imposed by the board of directors of the association, and against 
such fines an appeal may be made to the government officials, except 
that employers who are penalized have the right of appeal to the 
imperial insurance office. Workmen who violate the rules have the 
fines imposed on them by the board of directors of the establishment 
sick fund or by the local police officers, and against such penalties 
appeal may be made to the government officials who have super- 
vision of the various sick funds. 

The rules for the prevention of accidents are usualh-- drawn up by 
the committee of the board of directors, and before being adopted by 
the board they are to be discussed in a special conference to which 
representatives of the workmen have been invited, the number of 
workmen's representatives being exactly equal to the number of 
representatives of the accident association and having the same 
number of votes. The workmen's representatives must have had an 
opportunity to study the proposed series of regulations before the 
meeting. In addition, the imperial insurance office must be notified 
of the proposal to plan such regulations in sufficient time to send a 
representative to the meeting of the board of directors before the 
adoption of such rules. After their adoption in the manner just 
described, the rules must be submitted to the general meeting of the 
accident association for final adoption. If the last-named meeting 
amends the rules as proposed by the board of directors and the repre- 
sentatives of the workmen, then the imperial insurance office decides 
whether the rules so amended shall again be submitted to a con- 
ference of workmen and of representatives of the accident associa- 
tion. If the rules are finally approved by the imperial insurance 
office, the board of directors of the accident association must then 
provide the government officials with copies of the same. In order 
that the factory inspectors may work in harmon}" with the accident 
association, the former are required whenever they adopt a system of 
factory regulations to call into consultation the representatives of 
the accident association as well as representatives of the insured 
workmen. 

The enforcement of such rules, of course, is the duty of the accident 
associations. For this purpose they are authorized to appoint 
technical supervisory officials who have the power to inspect the 
establishments affiliated with their associations, and are required to 
report to the board of directors any failure to comply with the regula- 
tions or any other conditions which are likely to cause accidents. In 
order to protect trade secrets or other important business matters, 



1042 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

the inspectors of the accident association are required to take an 
oath not to reveal any information secured by them in the perform- 
ance of their duties. All expenditures for the purpose of accident 
prevention are, of course, defrayed by the association promulgating 
such rules; in case special expenses are caused by any employer 
because of noncompliance with the rules in force, such expenditure 
may be assessed against that employer in addition to having a fine 
imposed. 

To promote the movement for the prevention of accidents the 
accident associations have in common drawn up a series of model or 
standard rules which should either be adopted as a whole or in 
modified form, and be put into force for all factories and similar 
establishments covered by the insurance. These model or standard 
rules are as follows: 

MODEL REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS, (a) 

I. General Regulations. 

1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 

A. Arrangement of establishment. 

1. The parts of the building used for the business of the establishment must be kept 
in a- condition of perfect repair and safety. 

2. Care must be taken that the paths, aisles, passageways, etc., in all workrooms 
are kept in good condition and are not blocked by heaping up the material there or 
transporting articles in them except in so far as may be temporarily necessary by 
the nature of the work. 

3. Narrow spaces between moving machinery and power-transmission apparatus 
(shafts, belts, etc.), which can be crossed only with risk, are to be blocked off for per- 
sons not employed on such machines. 

4. All floors are to be kept in good condition in so far as the nature of the work per- 
mits. If slippery conditions or unusually smooth places can not be avoided because 
of the nature of the work or of weather conditions, then proper means shall be used as 
soon as possible to remove the unsafe conditions. 

5. The galleries, staging, permanent overhead ways and stair openings are to be 
protected at least on one side with a permanent hand rail and with a strip of board, 
etc., to prevent the foot from slipping off the edge. 

6. Boards and planks used for runways must have sufficient width and must be suffi- 
ciently strong or otherwise supported so that upon walking or wheeling over them 
tipping and sway shall be avoided. 

7. Permanent stairways must be protected with a hand rail or hand rope upon at 
least one side. 

8. Movable or temporary stairways, ladders, stepladders, etc., must be sufficiently 
strong and are to be maintained in good condition. 

9. Ladders are to be so adapted to the nature of the floor and of the upper supporting 
point that they are made as secure as possible against slipping or sliding. 

10. Ladders which lead to galleries, staging, wall work, etc., must extend at least 
0.75 meter (29.53 inches) above the upper edge of the place to be reached unless some 
other arrangement is made to afford sufficient security for those going up or down the 
ladders. 

a Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1896, page 431. 



CHAPTER V. — WOKKIMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1043 

11. In order to make the rescue of persons in case of fire as easy as possible, each 
building must be properly supplied with exit doors, stairs, and windows. 

12. All openings of upper floors leading outside or to a lower floor must be supplied 
on both sides with handles and with a crossbar. 

13. Ditches, canals, sunken tanks, and other depressions involving risk which are 
located in the working rooms or on the working places are, as far as the nature of the 
work permits, to be securely covered or to be supplied with a protecting wall or rail. 
Where it is not possible to prevent approach thereto or to cover it up or close it off by 
rails, etc., then in cases described in the preceding paragraph sufficient light must be 
arranged upon the approach of darkness. If, from the nature of the work or the 
arrangement of the rooms and work places for the operations in the same, sufficient 
light can not be furnished, then the workmen are to be required upon entering such 
rooms and work places to carry lanterns with them at all times. In case of openings 
in the floors self-closing dropping doors are sufficient. 

14. Vessels which contain corrosive, hot, or poisonous substances are, as far as the 
nature of the work permits, to be securely covered or closed or the edges of such ves- 
sels are to be raised high enough above the surrounding floors, etc., so that by the use 
of ordinary caution persons shall be prevented from falling into them. 

15. All work places and passageways are, as far as the nature of the work permits, 
to be sufficiently lighted during their occupancy. 

B. Method of work. 

1. The employer must provide for the proper maintenance of protective apparatus 
and supervise the enforcement of the rules for the prevention of accidents in the 
establishment, or he must intrust these duties to proper persons. 

2. The rules for the prevention of accidents issued by the accident associations for 
employers are to be made known to all workmen by placards hung up in proper places. 

3. All tools, apparatus and machinery in use in the establishment are to be main- 
tained in good condition. 

4. Persons who are known to the proprietor to suffer from intoxication, apoplexy, 
cramps, temporary fainting spells, dizziness, partial deafness, or other physical weak- 
ness or defects to such a degree that on this account they are subject to unusual risk 
in certain kinds of work, may not be intrusted with such work. 

5. Intoxicated persons are not to be permitted in the establishment. 

6. Work which is especially dangerous may be intrusted only to those persons to 
whom the risk is kno^vn. 

7. The storing of inflammable or explosive materials in large quantities in the work- 
rooms is to be prohibited as far as the nature of the work permits. 

8. The heaping up of old polishing materials and of inflammable factory waste in 
the workrooms is to be prohibited. 

9. In rooms in which with ordinary care dangerous gases may develop, collect, or 
extend, as well as gases of an inflammable or explosive nature, or dust bodies can enter, 
no open fire may be used. 

Entering such rooms after dark is to be permitted only with the use of safety lamps 
unless the rooms are lighted by means of isolated lights or lighting apparatus from the 
outside of the room. 

10. In workrooms in which it is to be expected that in spite of ordinary care dan- 
gerous dust, unwholesome gases, or unwholesome vapors in sufficient quantities to 
become dangerous may accumulate, the workmen employed in such rooms are to be 
supplied with mouth sponges, respirators, or other proper protective devices. 

11 . In all kinds of work the nature of which is such as to easily cause injuries to the 
eye, the persons engaged in such work are to be provided with proper protective 
devices, such as eyeglasses, masks, shields, etc. 

12. Putting onortakingoffclothing, as wellas keeping it in the immediate vicinity 
of moving machinery, is to be prohibited. 



1044 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIPNER OF LABOR. 

C. Rules for injured -persons. 

1. In every establishment there must be hung up at least one placard which explains 
in ordinary language the methods of providing first aid to injured persons, and with 
appropriate illustrations, as far as necessary, 

2. In every establishment there must be kept a supply of bandages, etc., protected 
against dust, against handling, etc. 

3. Stringent rules must be issued that as long as an open wound is not protected by 
at least a dressing, the injured person must cease work, 

4. Injured persons who as a result of an accident were unable to resume work for 
more than three days and were treated by a physician may be allowed to resume work 
only when the physician certifies to the working ability of the injured person. 

2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 

1. Before beginning to use tools, apparatus, machinery, etc., as well as the proper 
protective devices, every workman must examine the same to find out whether they 
are in proper condition. If such is not the case he must immediately remedy the 
existing defects or report the same to his superior, 

2. Working tools, apparatus, etc., as well as the protective devices, are to be used 
only for the purposes for which they are intended. The arbitrary removal or the 
intended damaging or the failure to use existing safety devices and prescribed 
protective materials is to be punished. 

Protective devices which, during the work, are removed for special purposes must 
as soon as such purpose is accomplished be immediately put in place again. 

3. All actions or conduct contrary to the purpose of the establishment, especially 
games, horseplay and the like, which may endanger the person himself or others 
are to be strictly prohibited. 

4. Workmen who suffer from apoplexy, cramps, fainting spells, dizziness, partial 
deafness, short-sightedness, hernia, or other physical weaknesses or defects not visible 
to the eye, to such an extent that in certain work they are exposed to an unusual 
degree of risk, are required, whenever they are intrusted with such work, to give notice 
of such defect to their superior officials. 

5. Intoxicated workmen may neither enter nor remain in the establishment, 

6. Every workman is required to call the attention of those persons who are ordered 
to act as helpers, or to be instructed by him, especially apprentices and young persons, 
to the risks or dangers accompanying the employment. He is required to see that such 
persons follow the prescribed rules and regulations. 

7. Every workman is required to give immediate notice of any damage to the 
machinery, etc., or to report any unusual phenomena in the machinery, apparatus, 
etc, 

8. No workman is to be allowed to use machinery for whose use or maintenance or 
service he has not been detailed. 

9. In workrooms and in work places the workmen may use only the passageways, 
entrances, and exits designated for their use. 

It is especially prohibited to enter blocked-off spaces between moving machinery 
and transmission apparatus (such as shafting, belting, etc.). 

10. Passageways may not be blocked by heaping up material or by transporting 
articles except in so far as is made necessary by the nature of the work, 

11. Resting or sleeping in the firerooms, on stoves or boiler walls, on roofs or high 
staging, or in occupied stalls of horses, as well as in the immediate vicinity of moving 
machinery or near paths or tracks is not to be allowed. 

12. Putting on or taking off clothing as well as keeping it in the immediate vicinity 
of moving machinery is prohibited. 

13. Entering of unlighted v, ork places and dark rooms is, as far as the nature of the 
work permits of light, to be allowed only with the use of a light. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1045 

14. Workmen may use ladders given to them for a definite purpose for that purpose 
only. The use of unsafe ladders is prohibited. 

15. The accumulation of inflammable and explosive materials within the work- 
rooms in larger masses than the nature of the work requires is prohibited. 

16. Discarded polishing materials and inflammable factory waste may not be heaped 
up in the workrooms. 

17. AMien safety lamps have been prescribed for persons using certain rooms, then 
only persons authorized to enter such rooms may do so, and such persons are required 
to use the prescribed lamps. 

In such rooms the striking of matches and the use of means for making a light and 
the opening of lamps is to be prohibited. 

18. Workrooms and working places containing pits, canals, sunken tanks, and 
other dangerous excavations which are neither covered nor shut in nor blocked off 
with rails may be entered only with lanterns after dark, unless other illumination is 
used. 

19. In workrooms in which inflammable or explosive materials are placed smoking 
is prohibited. 

20. Workmen employed at tending engines, motors, shafting, etc., are required to 
wear close-fitting clothing. 

21. Persons employed in the vicinity of moving parts of machinery are not to be 
allowed to wear the hair hanging loose or use loose clothing, ribbons, veils, necker- 
chiefs, etc, 

22. Every injury occurring in the establishment is to be reported by the injured 
person as soon as possible to the proper officer. 

23. Every workman must exercise the greatest care that any wound, no matter how 
trifling it may seem, shall be immediately cleansed and carefully protected against 
the entering of dust or other foreign material. 

As long as the injury is not at least protected by an emergency dressing, the injured 
person must cease work. 

II. Rules for Use of Steam Boilers. 

1. RULES for employers. 

1. For every steam-boiler plant there must be hung up in a conspicuous place and 
kept in legible condition a placard containing rules for boiler tenders. Where such 
rules have not been issued by the government officials, then the rules for workmen 
issued by the accident association shall be used instead. 

For movable boilers the rules are to be added to the book of rules for such apparatus, 

2. Excess of the maximum steam pressure permitted, and especially overloading 
by the workmen, is to be prohibited. Safety valves are to be so arranged that the 
escaping steam does not fill the boiler room. 

3. Care must be taken that whenever the water glass is protected with rods, etc., 
such arrangements do not prevent the ready observation of the state of the water. 

4. The monometer of water and the water glass must be accessible from the fireman's 
position . 

5. The escapement apparatus must be so arranged that the steam will not scald any 
person when blowing off, 

6. Entering the boiler room or remaining in the same by unauthorized persons is 
to be prohibited by proper notices. 

7. Care must be taken that in the immediate vicinity of the boiler all material, etc., 
shall be kept far enough away so as not to prevent ready access, and especially access 
to the safety apparatus. 

8. Sufficient lighting must be arranged for the boiler plant, and especially for light- 
ing the water glass and the manometer. 



1046 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

9, Careful cleaning of the boilers is to be provided for by appropriate intermediate 
spaces. The boiler to be cleaned is to be shut off in the proper manner from the 
common steam blowing-off and feed pipes and from the common firing plant. 

10. Steam and hot- water pipes within reach of passageways, etc., are to be properly 
covered, to avoid bums, etc. 

2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 

1. The boiler plant is always to be kept clean and in order, and everything not 
belonging to the plant is to be immediately removed. 

2. The boiler tenders may not allow unauthorized persons to enter the boiler room 
or to remain there. 

3. The boiler tender may not during the hours of work leave his post unless a substi- 
tute is provided, and is generally responsible for the care of the boilers. 

4. The boiler tender must during the hours of operation keep the exits free and 
unlocked. 

5. The boiler tender must take proper care that on approaching darkness the boiler 
room is lighted, and especially the water glass and the monometer. 

6. Before filling the boiler the boiler tender must make sure that everything is in 
proper order, including the accessory apparatus. 

7. Firing may only begin if the boiler is properly supplied with water. 

8. During firing the steam valve must remain open until the steam escapes. 

9. Taking out the packing must be done during the firing. 

10. The steam valves are to be opened and closed slowly. 

11. The boiler tender must not allow the water to sink below the lowest mark on 
the glass; if this does happen, however, then the fires must be shut off and the official 
superior must be notified. 

12. The water gauge must be tested daily by using all of the cocks or valves. If 
there are two water glasses, both must be used continuously. 

13. All feeding apparatus must be used daily and kept in good condition. 

14. The monometer is to be tested from time to time to see whether the indicator 
goes back to zero when the steam is shut off. 

15. The steam pressure shall not exceed the highest pressure allowed for that boiler, 

16. The safety valves are each day to be filled with air by carefully raising them. 
Any increase in the loading of the safety valve is to be prohibited. 

17. Shortly before or during cessation of operations the boiler is to be filled up 
beyond the normal amount of water and the draft is to be diminished. 

18. On changing shifts the tender who is to leave may not go until the next man 
has actually taken his place. 

19. Water is to be run into the boiler and the draft diminished whenever the steam 
pressure exceeds the amount allowed. If this is not sufficient, the fire must be partly 
shut off. 

20. Toward the end of the working-day the tender must use up the steam as much 
as possible, must gradually moderate the fire and allow it to go out, or at any rate 
shut it off from the boiler. 

In addition the smokestack must be partly shut off, and the boiler must be fed up 
to or beyond the normal. 

21. In case of unusual occurrences, such as leaks, dents, overheating, etc., the 
tender must immediately shut off the fire and give notice to his official superior. 

22. Emptying the boiler completely may be done only after the fire has been 
removed and the fire box has cooled off as much as possible. If the emptying must 
be done under steam pressure, then such pressure shall not exceed more than one 
atmosphere. 

23. Running cold water into a hot empty boiler is forbidden. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1047 

24. In cleaning a boiler the one upon which work is being done must be securely 
shut off from all pipe connections and firing apparatus. 

25, In cleaning a boiler and entering it or the fire box the use of petroleum or other 
lighting materials which are easily inflammable at higher temperatures is forbidden. 

III. Regulations for Power Machinery. 

1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 

1. Care must be taken that steam, gas, and other engines or parts of the same shall 
be shut off from the workrooms by firm railing or in other proper manner, unless 
they are located in special rooms or directly connected with the working machinery. 

2. Water wheels and turbines are to be located in special rooms, or, if on account 
of their position they are accessible to unauthorized persons, they must be surrounded 
with proper fencing. 

3. Turning off or turning on the engine must be announced by a signal audible 
to all persons in the workrooms. 

Such an arrangement, however, is not necessary if the engine is used only for the 
operation of a working machine with which it is directly connected and which the 
engine tender also serves and has within his view. 

4. The fly wheels, the main driving belts, or driving ropes are to be properly 
closed in. 

5. All moving parts of an engine which are accessible are to be properly guarded. 

6. Wheels, projecting pins, and screws on revolving parts of power machinery are 
to be properly covered whenever the engine tender is thereby exposed to any risk. 

7. If the oiling and greasing of parts of the engine while in motion is necessary, 
proper arrangements are to be made so that this can be done without risk. Cross 
couplings, eccentrics, piston rods, sliding beams, etc., are to be supplied with auto- 
matic lubricating devices. 

8. Cleaning of rapidly moving parts of an engine may only be done when it is 
standing still. 

9. For all engines, motors, etc., including water wheels, turbines, etc., apparatus 
is to be installed which will permit of securely fastening them when not in operation. 

2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 

1. The engine tender on approaching darkness must turn on the lights of the engine 
room as required. 

2. The engine tender may not allow unauthorized persons to enter the engine 
room or to remain there. 

3. If the engine has been standing still for some time, the tender must, before start- 
ing it, assure himself that everything is in proper order, including the protective 
devices, and especially that sufficient oil and lubricants are on hand. 

Any defects which can not be immediately remedied are to be reported to the offi- 
cial superior. 

4. If oiling or greasing of parts of the engine must be done while it is in motion, 
then such lubrication may be done only by the use of the proper apparatus provided 
for this purpose. 

5. The cleaning of rapidly moving parts of the engine may never be done while the 
engine is in motion. 

6. Taking out pins or screws on moving parts of the engine may not be done while 
the latter is in motion. 

7. In changing shifts the engine tender may not leave until the next man has 
actually taken charge. 

8. Each time the engine is started or stopped the prescribed signal must be given. 
When the signal is received from the workroom for stopping the engine it must imme- 

46598°— 10 67 



1048 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

diately be brought to a stop and may not again be started until the proper signal is 
received. 

9. The engine tender, before starting the flywheel of the engine, must close the 
Bteam valve and open the cylinder cocks. 

IV. Power-Transmission Apparatus, Belting, Shafting, etc. 

1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 

1. All shafting and transmission apparatus up to a height of 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) 
above the floor is to be guarded in the proper manner. Shafting which must be 
stepped over at specific places is to be covered at such places. 

2. Upright shafting in passageways, etc., is to be protected up to 1.5 meters (59.05 
inches) above the floor. 

3. If shafting in motion must be cleaned or polished, the proper tools for this pur- 
pose must be kept. 

4. If in the immediate vicinity of moving shafting, etc., building work or setting-up 
work is to be done, proper protection is to be installed temporarily. 

5. Belts more than 30 millimeters (1.18 inches) in width, as well as ropes and chains, 
in so far as they move with greater rapidity than 10 meters (32.8 feet) per second, may 
not be thrown on or off by hand while in motion. This prohibition also includes belts 
of more than 60 millimeters (2.36 inches) in width moving slower than the speed just 
mentioned. 

6. For throwing the belts from one pulley to another proper belting throwing appa- 
ratus must be installed. 

7. Belts or ropes thrown off in case they are not entirely removed must be fixed on 
permanent holders in such a way that the belts, etc., can not come into contact with 
the moving parts of the shafting. 

8. Belts which move with a greater speed than 10 meters (32.8 feet) per second and 
all belts more than 180 millimeters (7.07 inches) in width must be securely protected 
underneath whenever they are located above working places or passageways. 

9. All belts are to be guarded whenever they run lower than 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) 
above the floor of a passageway. 

The belts which run through floors are to be protected with an inclosure 1.8 meters 
(70.87 inches) in height, unless there is some other guard for the belting in question. 
In the latter case the openings are to be surrounded by an upright foot guard of at 
least 0.25 meter (9.84 inches) in height. 

10. Putting grease or rosin on the belts is permitted only while they are moving 
slowly. 

11. For rope transmission the regulations contained in articles 5 to 10 are to be 
applied, except in the case of moving cranes. 

12. No moving parts of shafting shall have projecting pins, screws, and the like 
unless they are protected by some adequate coverings. Wrapping the projecting parts 
with rags, cotton waste, and similar materials is to be prohibited. 

13. Pulleys, belt pulleys, cog wheels, friction clutches, etc., whose lowest point is 
nearer than 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) above the floors of the passageways are to be 
guarded up to this height in a proper manner. 

14. Shafting is to be so arranged, as far as the conditions in the establishment shall 
permit, in such a manner that each workroom can be shut off independently of the 
other. Where such an arrangement is not provided, then in each workroom a signal 
apparatus shall be installed by means of which a signal can be given for stopping the 
power or for starting or stopping the engine. 

All arrangements for throwing off belting, etc., are to be installed in such a manner 
that it is impossible for the shafting to start again of its own account. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1049 

2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 

1. Uncovered shafting, belts, ropes, etc., which are in motion may not be stepped 
over. 

2. Rooms which are railed off or shut off through which shafting runs may only be 
entered by persons authorized to do so. 

3. Attending to shafting, such as lubricating, cleaning, polishing, repairing, throw- 
ing on or throwing off the belts or ropes may be done only by persons authorized to 
do 80. These operations may only be done while the shafting is not running, unless 
the method of operating makes the stopping of the machinery impossible. 

All shafting in motion may be cleaned or polished only from a fixed standing place 
and only with proper tools. 

4. Belts more than 30 millimeters (1.18 inch3s) in width, as well as ropes and chains 
moving at a higher speed than 10 meters (32.8 feet) per second, may not be thrown on 
or off by hand while in motion. This prohibition applies also to belts of more than 
60 millimeters (2.36 inches) in width moving more slowly. 

5. Belts and ropes which have been thrown off must be entirely removed or hung 
up on permanent holders in such a manner that they can not come into contact with 
moving parts of the shafting. 

The same precautionary measures are to be used in sewing, bonding, and mending 
the belts. 

6. The putting of grease and rosin on the belts may be done only while they are 
moving slowly. 

7. ^^^lenever work is to be done on the shafting lasting longer then the usual time 
of standing still, proper notice thereof must be given as well as notice when such work 
ends, unless there are arrangements for throwing such shafting out of gear. 

V. Rules for Elevators, Hoists, Cranes, etc. 

A. Elevators. 

1. rules for employers. 

The following rules for the prevention of accidents apply only to elevators with 
cars mo\dng on fixed slide ways, used for the lifting of loads with or without passengers 
in factories, storage houses, hotels, dwellings, etc. The rules do not include elevators 
exclusively used for passengers, those used for lifting in blast furnaces and mines, as 
well as small hoists. The last-named class includes those whose platform is not used 
by the workers and not more than 0.70 square meter (7.5 square feet) in area. 

1. Care must be taken that in the case of elevators located inside of buildings the 
space which the elevator basket or elevator car passes is fenced in on all sides at 
least 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) in height from the floor at each loading point in such a 
manner that unauthorized persons can not reach the elevator shaft. In the case of 
elevators running on the outside of the building the lowest position of the elevator 
car on the ground floor as well as in the cellar must be fenced in up to at least 1.8 
meters (70.87 inches) in height. 

2. The approaches to the elevator shaft are to be blocked off in an appropriate 
manner. 

To block off the approaches to the elevator shaft with ropes or chains only is to be 
forbidden. 

3. At each approach to an elevator shaft a placard must be hung up warning persons 
to exercise caution and forbidding entrance to unauthorized persons. In addition, at 
each approach to the elevator there must be a conspicuous notice stating — (a) for 
freight elevators, the maximum load permissible in kilograms, as well as the pro- 
hibition that passengers may not be transported in the elevator; (6) in the case of 
freight elevators used also for transporting passengers, the maximum load permitted, 



1050 REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

as well as the maximum number of persons, including the conductor, permitted on 
the car. 

4. In the case of freight elevators, the elevator car is to be closed in on the sides 
not used for loading or unloading in such manner as to prevent the load from falling off. 

In the case of freight elevators also used for passengers the sides not used for loading 
or unloading are to be closed in with a wall 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) in height. The 
entrances are to be closed at least with a cross bar. The elevator car is to be supplied 
with a roof in such a manner that persons using the car can not be injured by falling 
objects. 

5. In the case of freight elevators not used for transporting passengers, the rope, 
cable, etc., on which the car hangs must be able to support at least five times the 
maximum load; in elevators used for passengers, at least ten times the maximum load. 
In the case of direct acting hydraulic elevators the car must be fixed on the column in 
such a manner that the car can not be released from the column or have its floor tilted 
in any way. 

6. Elevators whose car hangs from ropes, cables, chains, etc., are to be supplied 
with safety clutches or speed brakes; the maximum speed in descending shall not 
exceed more than 1.5 meters (59.05 inches) per second. 

In the case of direct acting hydraulic elevators a safety device must be installed 
between the controlling apparatus and the driving cylinder which will prevent a too 
rapid descent of the car in case of a broken pipe. 

7. If counterbalancing weights are used they are to be hung on cables, chains, etc., 
which will support five times the weight of such bodies. 

The counterbalancing weights are to be fixed in their shaft in such a manner that 
they can not come out of the same and shall be so arranged that in case they should 
fall they can not come in contact with persons or with the car. 

8. Every elevator moved by mechanical power shall be provided with a self-acting 
device for stopping at the highest and the lowest points. 

9. All the elevators which pass through several floors must have at each loading 
point a catch by means of which the starting rope will hold the car at the proper point. 

10. In the case of elevators without intermediate stopping points the upper shafting 
opening must be supplied with automatic doors. 

11. Whenever an elevator can be set in motion from any one of several floors, then 
an arrangement must be made between the different loading points or an indicator 
must be installed which shows the location of the car at any time. In case the con- 
troller is operated only from one point, then a definite understanding must be arranged 
between the place of control and various loading points. 

Every elevator must have a signal apparatus or indicator which will show when the 
car is in motion. 

12. Every elevator must be tested at least once a year as to its capacity and safe 
operation. 

The capacity of the cable, ropes, chains, etc., is to be tested with double the maximum 
load and the effectiveness of the safety devices with the maximum load alone. 

13. Directions must be issued that elevators which are intended exclusively for 
transporting freight may be used by persons during the operations of testing and 
repair only. 

14. The tending of elevators may be intrusted only to those persons who are well 
acquainted with the management of the controlling apparatus. 

2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 

1. The maximum load of the elevators posted at the entrance of the elevator shaft 
may in no case be exceeded. 

2. The loading of the elevator is to be done in such a manner that the weight is dis- 
tributed evenly over the floor of the car and so that the load can not slide or fall from 
the car. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1051 

Elevators intended exclusively for moving freight may be used for persons for pur- 
poses of testing and repairs only. 

3. An elevator may be set in motion only after the entrance is closed and in the case 
of elevators controlled from one place, only when there is a clear understanding from 
the loading or unloading point with the point of control. 

For elevators which pass through several floors, the catch apparatus which fastens 
the control rope or the control rod at the stopping point must be used for stopping and 
must be released before starting. 

B. Hoists, lifts, cranes, etc. 

1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 

1. All hoists, lifts, cranes, etc., must have clearly marked on them their maximum 
capacity. 

2. Cogwheels, friction wheels, etc., in so far as they are not otherwise protected 
must be properly covered. 

3. Lifting apparatus moved by winches or by pulling ropes must be provided with a 
check device if they are not automatically checked. 

If the descent of the load is caused by its own weight only, then a trustworthy brak- 
ing apparatus must be used. 

Devices by which the speed of the apparatus is changed must be so arranged that 
they can not change themselves. 

4. All parts of the lifting apparatus must be tested at least once a year in regard to 
their capacity and efficiency. 

2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 

1 . The maximum load specified for any lifting apparatus may in no case be exceeded. 

2. The ropes or chains used for fastening the load to the lifting apparatus are to be 
of sufiicient strength and are to be carefully fastened on to the load and to the lift. 
Whenever there is a risk of the chain or rope being injured by the load then such 
chains, ropes, etc., are to be protected by straw ropes, pieces of wood packing, etc. 

3. The workmen must so place themselves that they can not be reached by the 
cranks, etc., when the load is descending. 

4. No one is to be allowed to pass under a load swinging freely. 

5. In winding up a load the wedge must rest on the cogwheel. If the load is low- 
ered by means of brakes the latter must be moved uniformly and smoothly in order 
to avoid sudden stops. 

The brake may not be released until the workmen engaged on the cranks have left 
the same and stepped aside. 

VI. Transportation on Land. 

1. RULES for employers. 

1. Every wagon drawn by horses or cattle and used in hilly regions or localities 
must be supplied with an effective brake or other stopping apparatus, to be kept at 
all times in good condition. 

2. As far as their shape or use permits all wagons must have a seat for the driver pro- 
vided with a back and side support. If such seat is not provided or if the load itself 
does not allow of a secure place to sit or stand, the driver may not drive the team from 
the wagon. 

3. Vehicles of all kinde traveling in the dark are to be so lighted that their approach 
is recognizable. 

4. Only those persons familiar with the operation are to be allowed to harness a team 
of horses. 

5. Dangerous draft animals are to be supplied with muzzles. 

6. Draft animals which experience has shown to be dangerous are to have their 
stalls so indicated. 



1052 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, 

2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 

1. Drivers of teams may not leave the same unless they have taken measures to 
prevent the animals from going on. 

2. In driving down hill a brake or other apparatus must be used. 

3. The steps of the wagon are to be kept in such a condition that with proper care 
slipping from the same can be avoided. 

4. The driver of a team must, when driving in the dark, carry sufficient lights so that 
the approach of the team is recognizable. 

5. Drivers of teams may not sleep while the team is in motion. 

6. Vehicles which are not supplied with a secure seat or whose load does not provide 
a secure seat or standing place may not be driven from the wagon. Sitting on the 
shafts or tongue of the wagon during the journey is prohibited. 

During a journey workmen may not sit on the side edge of the wagon with the feet 
hanging outward. 

7. During the journey dangerous animals must wear the muzzle. 

8. Workmen may not jump on or off a wagon while it is in motion. 

Proposed Eeforms. 

On April 2, 1909, the imperial chancellor laid before the federal 
council a comprehensive scheme for the reform of the sickness, acci- 
dent, and invalidity insurance. (<^) The proposed plan expressed the 
views of the Government in regard to what was needed and feasible 
in regard to the reform of the whole system of insurance. A con- 
solidation of the three branches — sickness, accident, and invalidity — 
was not included in the proposed official plan; the views of the Gov- 
ernment were that the necessary reform included the extension of 
the scope of the insurance, the creation of a system of insurance bene- 
fits for widows and orphans, and the introduction of such simplifica- 
tions in the plan as experience has shown would be desirable. The 
plan was presented in the form of an insurance code which contained 
all the legislation relating to sickness, accident, and invalidity insur- 
ance. As a supplementary feature of the invalidity insurance a sys- 
tem of insurance benefits for widows and orphans has been included. 

The first part of the proposed insurance code relates to the organiza- 
tion and general system of administration of the three branches of insur- 
ance. The three types of organization now in use — the sick funds, 
the accident associations, and the invalidity institutes — are retained 
without change. In addition no change of principle has been made in 
regard to the present system of administering the work of these types 
of organization or in regard to the investment of the funds or the 
supervision by the administrative officials. A new feature which 
shows the tendency toward centralization of control of the workmen's 

oThe plan as stated in this section is that originally proposed by the Government; 
during the pas-sage of the bill through the Parliament many changes of importance 
will probably be made in the plan here presented. As soon as practicable after the 
adoption of the new code an account of the changes made will be given in the 
Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor. 



CHAPTEK V. — WOEKMEN'S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1053 

insurance is proposed by the code ; this consists of estabHshing three 
types of government insurance ofHces, the subordinate office to be 
called the local insurance office, which is an entirely new feature, and 
above this organization a superior insurance office which should be 
composed in part of the present arbitration courts for workmen's 
insurance. Above both of these the imperial insurance office (or, 
where such exists, the state insurance office) is to control the whole 
system of insurance These three bodies are intended to provide a 
uniform system of supervision and administration, while an impor- 
tant feature of the work will be to make the methods of determining 
rights under the law as uniform as possible and to expedite the settle- 
ment of controversies. The functions of the local insurance offices, 
as a rule, shall be exercised over the area of the subordinate admin- 
istrative district; they may be made part of the state or communal 
government offices, such as divisions of the village government or of 
divisions of township governments, or they may be established as 
independent authorities and have the properties of public oflices. 
The head of each such office is an independent official called an insur- 
ance officer wdio, as a rule, is expected to have the qualifications of 
a government administrative officer. There shall be at least one 
assistant who shall be qualified to perform the duties of insurance 
officer, and in addition there shall be attached to each office at least 
20 associates consisting one-half of representatives of employers and 
one-half of representatives of insured persons. These associates are 
to be elected in a manner to be prescribed later, and the persons 
acting as associates are to serve without compensation and may be 
compelled to serve against their will. The important features — such 
as the delimitation of the territory subject to its jurisdiction, location 
of headquarters, etc. — of each insurance office are to be discussed 
with the representatives of the invalidity and accident insurance 
agencies. The insurance office is to be conducted as a board or 
corporation with the participation of the associates just mentioned. 
The principal business, however, is to be conducted by the insurance 
officer or his substitute, such duties being more particularly those of 
supervising the sick funds, conducting the investigation of accidents 
and the like. 

In the administration of the business of the office certain duties 
must be performed by committees, the most important of which is 
the executive committee {BescTilussausschuss) consisting of the insur- 
ance officer and four associates. The duties of this committee con- 
sist of the work connected with the execution of the imperial decrees 
regarding decisions in insurance matters. A second committee is 
the arbitration committee for the settlement of controversies be- 
tween sick funds and physicians or apothecaries, and finally one 
or more committees whose work is to consist of the settlement of 



1054 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

matters relating to rights under the law in specific cases. For impe- 
rial and state establishments, the special invalidity, and similar insti- 
tutes, there are to be created special insurance ofiices whose duties 
are somewhat like those of the territorial ofiices just described. The 
expenditures due to salaries of the insurance officer and his assistants 
are to be defrayed by the state or local government, while all other 
costs are to be borne by assessments on the various insurance agen- 
cies for accident associations, and insurance institutions, in propor- 
tion to the use which they make of the offices. 

The superior insurance offices which take the place of the former 
arbitration courts for workingmen's insurance are as a rule to be 
established for the area of each superior administrative authority 
and are to transact all business relating to supervision, decisions of 
disputes, etc. The superior ofiice may be attached to a superior 
administrative authority or may be established as an independent 
organization. The director of this office is to be appointed for life 
and is to have at least two assistants selected from the number of 
public officials of the federal states; working with them are to be a 
number of associates consisting of representatives of the employers 
and of the insured persons who are to be elected by the insurance 
representatives connected with the local offices in accordance with 
election rules to be specffied later. The business of the superior 
insurance office is to be transacted by a committee corresponding to 
the committees of the local offices but having a larger number of 
members. Both the local and the superior offices are to make exten- 
sive use of the services of technical experts in connection with tech- 
nical questions. The expenditures caused by the compensation of 
members of the superior office and one-fourth of the cost of the work- 
ing force are to be borne by the individual states. The costs of pro- 
cedure which are not covered by fees or fines are to be assessed on 
the various insurance agencies, while the other costs are to be assessed 
on the local insurance offices and by the latter to be collected from 
the insurance agencies. 

The imperial insurance office and (where such exist) the state 
insurance offices are the highest authorities in all matters relating 
to the business of the workmen's insurance. The imperial insurance 
office is to be composed of practically the same persons as now conduct 
it, but in order to expedite the business before it some additional 
committees are to be added. 

The part of the code relating to the accident insurance contains 
a number of important changes. In those relating to the scope of 
the insurance as far as the persons included are concerned, the new 
code proposes to include a larger number of persons engaged in the 
building trades. It adds persons w^ho as a business keep liveries and 
similar stables, who rent out, either for business or otherwise, vehicles 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1055 

including automobiles, sailboats, motor boats, and the like. An 
extension is also made in the case of persons engaged in the storage 
of lumber and the felling of timber, as well as establishments which 
transport persons or commodities. 

, The right of voluntary insurance is extended to persons who con- 
duct livery stables or who maintain vehicles moved by mechanical 
or animal power, as well as pilots on inland waters who conduct their 
business on their own account. 

An extension is made so as to include in certain cases the children 
of female insured persons whose death by accident leaves them with- 
out means of support. A new method is provided of determining 
the annual earnings in case the injured person was not employed 
in the establishment for a full year before the accident; the code 
proposes that his earnings shall be determined according to the 
amount which he has actually earned while he was employed in the 
establishment; for the period necessary to complete the year, the 
earnings of persons similarly situated shall be used. In case the 
establishment works only a few days during the year, for the time 
that the establishment is closed the earnings shall be estimated on 
the basis of the average rate for unskilled labor in that locality. 
The kind of benefits provided is changed but little; treatment in a 
medical institution may be required only if the wife consents in the 
case of married employees. This consent, however, is not necessary 
in case the disease is contagious or in case the injured person per- 
sistently disobeys the rules of the physician in charge, or in case 
the condition or conduct of the injured person requires frequent and 
continuous observance. 

The bill proposes that in the future partial pensions up to 20 per 
cent may be granted for a specified period at the time the pension is 
determined so that the pension ceases automatically unless the 
injured person makes a claim for a continuance of the pension at the 
date of expiration. 

In order to prevent the receipt of an accident pension during the 
time that the injured person earns full wages, or wages which he 
would have earned had the accident not happened, the bill provides 
that in such cases and during the time which he continues to receive 
such wages the pension shall cease, since the fact that he is receiving 
such wages proves that the accident has not deprived him of his earn- 
ing capacity. Similarly the bill proposes to take measures to prevent 
the pensioner from drawing the full pension if he declines to accept a 
proper work provided for him at the expense of the accident associ- 
ation. 

The authority of the accident association to provide insured persons 
with capital sums in settlement of small pensions has been increased, 
and this may be done in certain cases with the consent of the injured 
persons. 



1056 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Under the provisions of the bill the accident associations may 
establish employment agencies and take measures to create or dis- 
cover opportunities for employment for injured persons; the federal 
council regulates all measures of this kind taken by the associations. 

The investment of the fimds of the industrial accident associations 
must, according to the bill, be made to at least one-fourth of its 
amount in the bonds of the empire or of the federal states. In addi- 
tion the investment of a part of the assets of the associations in other 
investments than securities is permitted, especially for institutions 
which serve the personal credit of the members of the accident 
associations. 

In response to the wishes of the accident associations special 
measures have been taken in regard to the amounts of assessments for 
additions to the reserve. After the first 11 years of its existence 
an accident association must no longer deposit a specified percentage 
of the assessments in the reserve, but it must make supplementary 
additions to the reserve estimated on the basis of accumulating in 
the following 21 years a capital sum which would be equal to three 
times the amount of the compensation which is to be paid in the 
year for which the last assessment was paid. If during the 21 years 
an accident association has made unnecessarily high additions to its 
reserve, then the imperial office may extend the time in which this 
amount is to be accumulated from 21 to not longer than 31 years. 
The amount of the supplementary assessment which such an associ- 
ation must raise is determined by the imperial insurance office. 
During the 21 years the interest arising from the reserve may be used 
to cover current expenditures. At the end of this period the interest 
on the reserve is to be used to pay those amounts which would be 
necessary in order to prevent a further increase in the amount of the 
assessments. The amount of interest not used for the purpose just 
mentioned is to be added to the reserve, until the latter is equal to 
one-half of the capital necessary to cover the current obligations for 
compensation. In special cases the imperial insurance office is au- 
thorized to specify which part of the interest is to be used for dimin- 
ishing the assessments and which part is to be returned to the reserve; 
the insurance office also specifies how the capitalized value of the 
current obligations for compensation is to be computed. 

The proposed insurance code pays especial attention to regulating 
the relations of the different branches of insurance to each other. 
The great number of controversies, especially those between the poor 
law authorities and the sick funds, on the one hand, and the accident 
insurance organizations, on the other, has made this reform absolutely 
necessary. The code proposes that whenever claims to benefits arise 
at the same time against several insurance organizations and in cases 



I 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1057 

in which the communes, })()or law authorities, rehef societies, etc., 
are entitled to reimbursement for expenditures made, then the arbi- 
tration committee of the insurance ofRce shall decide in regard to 
the principal claim and shall pass judgment on the claims for reim- 
bursement (5f expenditures from the insurance organization. Instead 
of waiting for a claimant to institute proceedings, all authorities, funds, 
etc., are given the right to initiate such as may be necessary to deter- 
mine the right to accident benefits. The bill makes clear the basis on 
which claims for reimbursement against insurance organizations 
shall be made. It permits making claims for reimbursement against 
arrears of pensions, and specifies that in the future when such bodies 
provide sick wage or other sick money they may demand indemnity 
from the sick or accident pension; if they have paid funeral benefits 
they shall be repaid from the funeral benefits of the workmen's 
insurance, but the costs of medical treatment are to be repaid as a 
separate item. The bill carefully specifies the procedure to be fol- 
lowed whenever the accident insurance organizations desire to take 
charge of the medical treatment of the disabled person during the 
first 13 weeks, or when the invalidity institutes or the accident asso- 
ciations desire to turn over to the sick fund the care and treatment of 
persons for whom special treatment is to be provided The bill speci- 
fies that the court which makes decisions on controversies regarding 
claims for reimbursement of compensation against employers who are 
liable to such claims, shall in making its decisions accept the verdict 
of insurance bodies in regard to which insurance organization was the 
proper body either to bring suit or to receive the award. The pro- 
cedure to be followed in determining the pensions is as follows: 

Under the new bill each accident must be reported by the employer 
on the prescribed form. Such reports are to be sent to the local 
insurance office, which will transmit the same to the proper accident 
association. After the investigation of the accident has been made 
in the customary manner the local insurance must decide whether a 
claim for compensation is likely to arise, and in addition to decide 
whether it seems feasible for the accident association to undertake 
special medical treatment of the injured person. If the latter point 
is decided affirmatively, the accident association must be immediately 
notified. After a report has been drawn up in regard to the case the 
head of the local insurance office shall add a statement in which he 
shall give his opinion as to the proper amount of compensation to be 
granted. Upon the demand of the injured person or upon the officials' 
own initiative the latter must hold a verbal investigation in regard to 
the compensation to be granted. After an opinion has been drawn up 
the case is to be decided in the usual manner, except that where the 
decision does not agree with the opinion given by the head of the local 



1058 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

insurance office the variations shall be stated and the reasons therefor 
given. Where the compensation is determined after the conclusion 
of the medical treatment the regular bodies of the accident association 
in charge of this subject shall render the judgment, but shall give the 
head of the insurance office opportunity to state his views based on 
the opinion expressed in his first report. Other features connected 
with compensation, such as the time limit concerning expiration of 
claims, receiving the testimony of the physician in charge of the case, 
the choice of the accident association in regard to the kind of benefits 
to be provided, follow the same procedure as heretofore. Questions 
regarding the increase, decrease, or stopping of pensions or of their 
temporary cessation shall be decided by application to the local insur- 
ance office, where the arbitration committee is required to hold open 
verbal hearings. The same procedure is to be followed in regard to 
claims for the repayment of assessments which the employer claims to 
have been in excess of the proper amount. 

ACCIDENT INSURANCE FOR PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE BUILDING 

TRADES. 

Some of the persons engaged in building work are insured under 
the provisions of the law relating to the insurance of persons engaged 
in general industries (p. 994), while a restricted number of workers 
are insured under the law relating to agriculture and forestry (p. 1085). 

The great majority of workers in the building and construction 
industries are insured under the law relating to the accident insurance 
of workers in the building trades (Bau- TJnjaUversicherungsgesetz) of 
June 30, 1900. The peculiar conditions in the building industries, 
and especially the temporary nature of much of the work, induced the 
framers of the laws on accident insurance to regulate these industries 
by a special law. Although the first law relating to industrial acci- 
dent insurance was passed on July 6, 1884, the insurance was not 
extended to the building industries until the law of July 11, 1887, was 
enacted. This law, like the other accident insurance laws, was revised 
by the act of June 30, 1900. 

The insurance of persons engaged in the building industries resem- 
bles closely the insurance of persons engaged in the general indus- 
tries, the principal differences relating to the financial organization. 

Industries Covered. 

The law divides building work into two classes. The first may 
be designated as engineering construction work, such as the con- 
struction of railroads, tunnels, canals, sewers, roads, river im- 
provements, dikes, etc. (Tiefhau) ; the first class therefore includes 
construction work done underground or on the surface of the 



CHAPTER V. — WOEKMEn's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1059 

ground. The second class of construction work is that of buihi- 
ing work done above ground and includes what is usually understood 
as ordinary building operations, such as the erection of residences, 
office buildings, commercial and manufacturing structures, etc. 
Included in this category is such work as procuring raw materials 
and working up of the same, work on and in the building (masonry, 
carpentry, painting, etc.), earthwork connected with buildings, etc. 
Article 1 of the law exempts from its operation industries included 
under the industrial and the agricultural accident insurance laws. 

Persons Insured. 

The accident insurance law for the building trades includes (1) 
workmen engaged in the execution of building work, who are not 
insured under the accident insurance laws for industries and for agri- 
culture; (2) officials of the estabUshment, as well as foremen and tech- 
nical officials or experts, if their annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 
marks ($714). As a ''workman" in the building trades is often diffi- 
cult to distinguish from an employer or contractor, the imperial insur- 
ance office has defined workmen in the building trades as (1) the jour- 
neymen, the helpers, and other regular handworkers of the building 
trades who are exclusively employed in establishments of professional 
contractors or builders; (2) the persons employed regularly as wage 
workers in establishments of professional builders or contractors, and 
in other establishments (such as agricultural) in so. far as they are 
engaged on building work for the firm; (3) persons engaged through- 
out the entire year or the greater part of the year on building work 
for employers who are not professional builders or contractors, in so 
far as (a) they perform only unimportant work (not requiring the 
training of an artisan), and especially repair work; (b) they work for 
an amount not exceeding or not greatly in excess of the wages of a 
building trades worker, and without any capital of their own. The 
possession of capital will be assumed if such workers use large appa- 
ratus (shop outfits, etc.), or if they supply building materials or regu- 
larly employ workmen themselves. 

Persons engaged in building work to whom the above description 
does not apply are as a rule to be considered independent employers, 
builders, or contractors, though the possibility of exceptions to this 
classification is clearly stated. 

Some of the doubtful cases in which persons have been held to be 
building workers are : Residents of a commune who were required by 
the local regulations to w^ork on the roads or to bring their teams for 
such road work, are building-trades workers of the commune; members 
of a religious brotherhood w^ho performed building w^ork for their 
society are subject to the insurance; neighbors who help in building 



1060 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

a barn without compensation may be subject to the insurance, since 
from the point of view of the insurance laws neither the regular 
occupation of the worker or the fact that he works without pay has 
any influence on his insurance against accidents. However, in cases 
Hke this the neighbor must do the work which would otherwise have 
been performed by a regular worker and he must be of the economic 
status of a workman. 

The constitution of the building trades accident association may 
extend the insurance to (a) employers whose annual earnings do not 
exceed 3,000 marks ($714) or who do not regularly employ more 
than 2 workmen, as well as to (b) establishment officials whose annual 
earnings exceed 3,000 marks ($714). 

In the insurance of establishment officials, they must have the full 
amount of their earnings included in the computation of the benefits. 

Employers whose annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks 
($714) or who do not regularly employ more than 2 workmen, are 
entitled to voluntarily insure themselves against accidents; by pro- 
vision of the constitution, this right of the employer may be extended 
to those with higher annual earnings. 

The law (article 5) defines an employer as follows: (1) In building 
where the operation is carried on as a business (i. e., for profit), the 
employer is the one for whose account the operation is conducted; 
(2) in other building work, the one for whose account the work is 
done. 

Character of Disability Covered. 

The definition of an accident is identical with that of the industrial 
accident insurance law (see p. 996). 

Benefit Payments. 

The benefit payments are identical with those provided for the 
general industries. 

Owing to the special features of the building industries, a special 
type of sick fund, the '' building- trades' sick fund" as described on 
page 1203, has been created to provide benefits during the first 13 
weeks of disability where the operations are of sufficient magnitude 
or duration to warrant such a step. 

Determination and Revision of Benefits. 

The procedure connected with the investigation of accidents 
during building operations, the awarding of compensation, and the 
revision of the benefits are the same as for the general industries. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1061 

Sources of Income. 

The insurance of the building industries is paid for by the employers, 
except that accidents occurring on operations lasting less than 6 
days are paid for by the communes or other local governments in 
whose territory they took place. With this exception the state- 
ment of the sources of income for the general industries (p. 1008) 
applies to the building industries. 

Financial Organization. 

In describing the general administration of the accident insurance 
for the building trades on page 1072, an account is given of the sub- 
sidiary organizations known as * insurance institutes" {Versicherung- 
sanstalten). 

The cost of the insurance in the building trades can not very well 
be assessed on employers on the basis of the cost of the insurance 
in each year, as is done in the case of the industrial accident insur- 
ance. The fact that the amount of work done each year and that 
the persons engaged in the building industries change so frequently 
made it necessary to adopt a financial system based on premiums 
sufficient to cover the entire cost of all accidents arising each year 
instead of the system of assessments for current expenses only. 
Every three years the premium schedule is fixed in advance for each 
accident association by the imperial insurance office after consulta- 
tion with the directorate of that association. The basis for the 
calculation of the premiums is the capitalized value of the payments 
which the insurance institute will probably have to make for acci- 
dents on building operations lasting more than 6 days; to this must 
be added a sufficient amount to build up a reserve and an adequate 
loading for the costs of administration. The interest from the 
existing reserve may be used for current expenses unless such interest 
is needed for the reserve of the insurance institute. The method 
of computing the capital sums necessary to provide the pensions is 
stated on page 1068 below. 

The premium rates must be published by the imperial insurance 
office in official gazettes and must appear at least 2 weeks prior 
to the date when they come into force. At the end of each 3 months, 
the amount to be paid by each employer is calculated from the 
information which he has supplied at the end of each month. A 
statement is then furnished to the officials of the commune in which 
the employer is located, with the request to collect the amount 
and forward it to the proper officers of the accident association. 
For this service the association must pay the commune a fee, which 
is agreed upon by the imperial insurance office and the officials of 
the state government. Since 1888 this fee has been 4 per cent of 



1062 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

the amount collected. The commune is responsible for the amounts 
to be collected, and in case legal proceedings are necessary in their 
collection, it must advance the sum until it can prove that such pro- 
ceedings were without result. 

The statement of the amount of premiums due which is furnished 
to each employer must be given in such form as to enable him to 
verify the accuracy of the computation. The employer is entitled 
to 2 weeks time in which to make this verification and within 2 
weeks more may make the payment under protest in order to secure 
a revision of his assessment. The claim for a correction of the 
assessment must be made within two years, and may also be allowed 
even though no protest was made at the time of payment. Local 
governments and similar bodies which conduct building operations 
on their own account — i. e., themselves being the employer — may 
have their premiums collected in the form of a lump sum based 
on the average wage roll and average number of work days of the 
year. 

The procedure described above applies to building work subject 
to the building insurance law and which requires more than 6 days 
to execute. If an operation requires less than 6 days to complete, 
the cost of the accidents occurring on such work are collected from 
the communes or other local governments. The accident insurance 
institutes keep the accounts for this class of accidents separately, 
and each year collect from the communes the amounts actually 
expended during the preceding year for accidents occurring in their 
territory. The method of defraying the cost of this class of acci- 
dents therefore is that of assessments for current expenses instead 
of by means of premiums. If several communes are responsible for 
the cost of an accident, the assessments are distributed in proportion 
to the population as determined by the last census. There is, how- 
ever, one exception to the above rule; the cost of accidents occurring 
on operations lasting less than 6 days, if the operation is one included 
in the scope of the Engineering Accident Association {Tiefhau- 
BerufsgenossenscTiaft), is not defrayed by the commune, but by the 
employer. 

Tariff of Premium Kates. 

The following illustrations show the principal features of the 
tariffs of premiums used by the building accident associations. 
These tariff's vary considerably in the different districts, but those 
here reproduced are representative. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1063 



TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- 
ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES 
OF THE NORTHWEST. 



[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1908.] 



Num- 
ber. 


Risk class and occupation. 


Per 
cent of 
wages 

to be 
paid as 

pre- 
mium. 


Num- 
ber. 


Risk class and occupation. 


Per 

cent of 

wages 

to be 

paid as 

pre- 
mium. 


1 
2 
3 


Class A. 

Floor polishers, planers, etc 

I'aper hangers, decorators, etc 


1.40 

2.10 
I 2.80 

3.50 
4.20 

5.60 
[ 7.00 


19 
20 

21 

22 
23 

24 

25 

26 

1 27 

i 


Class H. 

Digging of sand, gravel, clay, etc... 
Building of flour mills (wood) 

Class J. 

Setting up, removal, and repair of 
lightning conductors 


} 9.C« 


4 


Class B. 
Stove builders 


9.60 


5 


Class C. 
Glaziers 


Class K. 

Roofers 

Well diggers 

Class L. 

Drayage, cartage, etc 


1 10.20 


6 




7 


Painters, etc 




Class D. 

.\sphalt workers, cement workers, 
and stone setters 


12.20 


8 


Class M. 
Blasting of stone 






Class E. 
Tile workers 


12.90 


, 


Class N. 

Tenders of steam boilers, engines, 
motors, etc.; and of power ma- 
chinery driven by motors 

Class 0. 

Demolition of buildings and clear- 
ing of burned structures 




10 


House smiths 




11 


Locksmiths 




12 
13 

14 


Installers of gas and water pipes. .. 
Scaffolding and staging workers 

Class F. 

Stonecutters, stiiccoworkers. stone 
setters, and stone breakers 


13.50 
20.00 








16 


Class G. 
Masons. 




17 


Carpenters, etc 




18 


Shipbuilders, wood 





TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IX FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- 
ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES 
OF THE KINGDOM OF HANOVER. 



Class A . 

Supervision and controlling of 

building work 

Architects 

Cabinetmakers 

Wheelwrights 

Class B. 

Stove builders 

Paper hangers, decorators, etc.; 
setting up, taking down, and re- 
pair of shutters 

Class C. 

Glaziers 

Stone setters 

Layers of flagstones 

Asphalt workers 

Coppersmiths 

46598°— 10 68 



L50 



2.00 



2.40 



Class D. 

12 Painters 

13 Painters and glaziers... 

14 Gilders 

15 j Painters and plasterers 

16 Earth workers 



24 



Class E. 



Stuccoworkers 

Stonecutters 

Carpenters 

Makers of cement wares. 

Bridge builders 

Terrazzo workers 



3.30 



Class F. 



House smiths 

House smiths and installers of gas, 
water, and heating pipes 



1064 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- 
ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES 
OF THE KINGDOM OF HANOVER— Concluded. 



Num- 
ber. 



50 



Risk class and occupation. 



Class 2''— Concluded. 

Installers of gas, water, and heat- 
ing pipes 

Scaflolding and staging builders . . 

Window cleaners 

Window cleaners and house 
cleaners 



Class O. 



Lime burners 

Handling building materials.. 
Supervision of building work. 
B ullding watchmen 



Class H. 



Masons 

Plasterers 

Concrete workers 

Cement workers 

Agricultural workers 

Cleaning of fronts, facades, etc 

Glass grinders 

Setting up work 

Makers of tanks, etc 

Oven builders 

Braziers 

Wood turners 

Repair of agricultural machinery. 
Tree cutting 



Class J. 

Shipbuilding, wood and iron. 
House smiths 



Class K. 



Handling lumber 

Preparing woodwork for building . . 



Class L. 



Carpenters 

Pile driving and ramming (hand 
work) 



Per 
cent of 

wages 

to be 

paid as 

pre- 
mium. 



4.10 



4.60 



5.00 



5.40 



} - 



90 



6.10 



Num- 
ber. 



58 



60 



61 



62 



63 



65 



Risk class and occupation. 



Class X— Concluded. 

Setting up, repair, and removal of 
lightning conductors 

Tenders of steam boilers, engines, 
and motors and of working ma- 
chinery driven by motors 

Building blacksmiths 

General installation work 



Per 
cent of 
wages 

to be 
paid as 

pre- 
mium. 



Class M. 
Building of flour mills of wood. 
Class N. 



Roofers 

Building and repairing of chimneys, 
smokestacks for factories, etc 



Class 0. 
Cartage, drayage, etc. 

Class P. 
Well diggers 

Class Q. 



Building and renting of scaffolding 
and staging 



Class R. 
Stone-quarrying work 

Class S. 

Woodworking with the use of cir- 
cular saws, band saws, planing 
machines, boring machines, and 
grooving machinery (using 
power) 

Class T. 

Demolition of buildings 



6.10 



6.50 



6.90 



7.80 



8.40 



70 



9.10 



12.50 



20.00 



TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- 
ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES 
OF THE KINGDOM OF SAXONY. 



Class A . 

Supervision of building work 

Class B. 

Paper hangers, decorators, etc 

Floor planers 

Stove builders 

Glaziers 

Cabinetmakers 

Stage builders 

Class C. 

House painters, painters, etc 

Stuccoworkers and sculptors 

Tile workers not using power 

Stone setters 

Asphalt workers, cement workers, 
etc 



0.60 


13 




14 




15 




16 




17 


L20 






18 




19 




20 


• L80 


21 
22 




23 



Class D. 

House smiths, etc 

Installing of gas and water pipes 

Locksmiths 

Electric conductor workers 

Stonecutters 

Class E. 

Masons 

Oven builders 

Cement and concrete workers. . . 

Class F. 

Shipbuilders, wood 

Carpenters 

Gluers , 



2.40 



3.00 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1065 



TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- 
ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES 
OF THE KINGDOM OF SAXONY-Concluded. 



Num- 
ber. 


Risk class and occupation. 


Per 

cent of 

wages 

to be 

paid as 

pre- 
mium. 


Num- 
ber. 

34 
35 


Risk class and occupation. 


Per 

cent of 

wages 

to be 

paid as 

pre- 
mium. 


24 

25 


Class G. 

Flour mill building in wood 

Boiler tenders, etc 


5.40 

6.60 

• 7.20 
8.80 


Class L. 

Workers on power machinery 
driven by steam, water, gas, 
wind, etc., such, for instance, as 
circular saws, band saws, planing 
machines, boring machines, 
hoists, etc., briclc-pressing ma- 
chines, and the like . 




20 






27 


Class H. 

Digging of sand, gravel, clay, etc. . . 
Well diggers 


11.00 


28 






29 




Class M. 
Demolition work 






Class J. 
Roof workers 


15.00 


30 






31 


Factory chimney builders 




32 


Quarry workers 




33 


Class K. 
Blasters (not in quarry work) 





TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- 
ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES 
OF THE RHINE DISTRICT AND WESTPHALIA. 



1 


Class A . 
Floor planers and waxers 


1.20 
I 2.20 

3.10 

4.00 

4.80 


23 


2 


Architects, building supervisors, 
builders and persons engaged In 




3 


Upholsterers, decorators, and paper 
hangers 


24 
25 


4 
5 


Class B. 

Glaziers (not including paint work) 
Paving workers, stone setters, til- 
ers. . 


26 
27 


6 


Class C. 

Painters, including glaziers doing 
paint work, plasterers, varnish- 
ers, etc 


28 


7 


Sculptors and stonecutters 


29 


8 


Joiners (not Including machine 
work). . . 




q 


Brlckmakers 




10 


Scaffolding workers 




11 


Class D. 

Asphalt workers, concrete workers, 
and cement workers 


30 

- 31 

32 


1? 


House smiths, etc 




13 
14 


Installing of gas and water piping. . 
Stucco workers 


33 


15 


Installers of pumps (not including 
well digging) 




16 

17 


Wheelwrights and wagon workers . 
Class E. 


34 
35 


18 

19 
20 


G3rpsum workers, plasterers, and 

polishers 

Shipbuilders, wood 

Stone breakers 




21 
22 


Locksmiths 

Woodcutters (not using power) 


3( 



Class F. 

Levelers, clay floor makers 

Class G. 

Carpenters 

Flour mill builders 

Earth work for buildings, digging 
of sand, gravel, clay, etc 

Boiler tenders, etc., engine tenders 
(steam, water, gas, wind) and 
tenders of working machinery 
driven by motors of the kind just 
named 

Class II. 

Workers on railways, on cable 
roads, or on ships 

Setting up, taking down, removal 
and repair of lightning rods 

Class J. 

Well diggers, etc 

Roofers 

Work with teams 

Class K. 
Stonebreakers and stone blasters. . 

Class L. 
Chimney builders 

Class M. 

Woodworking machinery driven 
by power, workers on circular 
saws, band saws, planing ma- 
chines, etc 

Class N. 
Demolition work 



6.20 



7.40 



9.00 



,60 



10.60 



12.80 



14.00 



1066 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



TARIFF OF PREMIUMS FOR THE INSURANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ENGINEERING 
ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1908.] 



Num- 
ber. 



Class of work. 



Per cent 

of wages 

to be 

paid as 

pre- 
mium. 



13 



14 



Group I. 
Self-conducted work hy local governments, provinces, etc. 

A. IN RURAL DISTRICTS. 

Maintenance and cleaning of streets and roads, laying of pipes, changing water courses, 
building work belonging thereto, maintenance of dikes, drainage, and other hydraulic 
work, with the building work necessary thereto, including the rockwork and blasting 
work 

Maintenance and cleaning of streets and roads, laying of pipes, changing of small water 
courses, including transportation of material necessary therefor, but excluding the dig- 
ging and working of such material 

B. IN CITIES. 

Maintenance and cleaning of streets and roads, laying of sewers, water pipes, and other 
piping, water courses, maintenance of bridges, docks, buildings, and similar structures, 
including the digging, transportation, and working up of material necessary thereto, as 
well as the rock work and blasting work connected therewith 

Cleaning of streets and roads by itself 

Maintenance of streets and roads and similar work by itself, with the transportation of 
material necessary thereto, but not including the digging and working up of the same. 

Same as above, but including the digging and working up of the material requisite, 
including rockwork and blasting work 

Group II. 

Road building, etc. 

Building of roads, streets, walks, etc., with the use of hand tools, carts, boats, or vehicles. 

Same as above, but including rock work and blasting work 

Road, etc., building, with the use of cars and tracks, other transportation appliances, but 
not including power apparatus, but including the building work and shopwork; in- 
cluding also the spreading of material and rolling of the roads with horsepower 

Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work 

Road, etc., building, with use of locomotives or other sources of power, use of steam 
roller by itself 

Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work 

Group III. 
Building of railroads, canals, harbors, river work, and other water work, fortification work. 

Building of railroads, canals, harbor work, other river work, with the use of only small 
hand tools (picks, shovels, etc.), or of wheelbarrows, hand cars, vehicles, small boats, 
etc., including accessory building work, such as culverts, walls, etc. 

Building of railroads, canals, harbor work, other river work, including the use of rails 
or other tools or apparatus than those mentioned in number 13, for the transportation, 
lifting, etc., of material but without power apparatus, including the building work, 
the superstructure and shopwork .- 

Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work 

Building of railroads, canals, harbor work, other river work, with the use of locomotives 
and other power apparatus, including rock and blasting work, together with the 
building work, building of the superstructure and shopwork 

Building of tunnels, of mine galleries, and of shafts 

Railroad superstructures and street railroad structures, building of 

Building of banks for rivers, etc., without the use of power apparatus (wiih the use of 
power apparatus, this group belongs to number 16) 

Single bunding operations for underground work with the use of wood, iron, masonry, 
concrete and reinforced concrete with foundations for the same and including earth 
work. To this class belong bridge work, overhead and underground conduit work, 
culverts, locks, dams, basins, and similar building work 

Group IV. 

General engineering work, leveling work, excavation work, and similar work and 

construction. 

Earth work without or with only exceptional use of hand cars or vehicles. To this class 
belong leveling work, grading," ditch work, construction of ponds, of dikes, and similar 
work, as well as excavations which are not included under 27 below , 

Same as above, but including the use of cars, vehicles, or other hand apparatus, together 
with concrete work , . 

Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1067 



TARIFF OF PREMIUMS FOR THE INSURANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ENC.INEERING 
ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 19)1— Concluded. 



Num- 
ber. 



Class of work. 



Per cent 

of wages 

to be 

paid as 

pre- 
mium. 



27 



44 



Group IV— Concluded. 

General engineering work, leveling work, excavation work, and similar work and 
construction— Concluded. 

Samp as 21, but including the use of cars, etc., on tracks, but not including power ap- 
paratus 

S«ime as above, together with rockwork and blasting work 

Same as 21, but including the use of locomotives or other power apparatus, together with 
rockwork and blasting work 

Excavations for cellars, buildings, other foundations, etc., with the use of shoring, or 
with depths greater than 1.5 meters (59 inches) with the use of apparatus of any kind, 
together with concrete work 

Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work 

Group V. 

Installation of trire conduits, or sewer systems, of gas and water pipes and similar installa- 
tion of piping. 

Underground wiring work 

Gas piping, water piping, and other piping w ork in as far as the depth of the ditches is not 
more than 1.75 meters (69 inches) or the diameter of the pipes is not greater than 200 

millimeters (7.9 inches) (if power apparatus is used, number 31 applies) 

Installation of sewers and other piping installation such as: 

Gas pipes, water pipes, as well as drainage of cellars and cemeteries, in as far as these 
do not come under number 30 

Group VI. 

Accessory establishments. 

Cartage, drayage, etc., establishments 

Above ground building work 

Demolition of underground w ork 

Demolition, tearing down, etc., of buildings 

Well digging, boring, drilling, etc 

Paving, asphalt work, etc 

Quarrying work .* 

Production of broken stone, including the use of machinery , making of paving stones, and 
similar stonework as a special part of the establishment : 

Digging of gravel, sand, clay, and marl 

Establishments providing engines, pumps, etc., not in connection with building estab- 
lishments 

Dredging work'for the maintenance of harbors, canals, and similar water courses with the 
use of power apparatus 

Stringing electrical wires, putting up of poles, setting up machinery, and taking down of 
same 

Group VII. 

Establishment officials. 

Insurance of establishment ofBcials 

Note.— For shaft foremen, locomotive engineers, and other engineers, the premium 
rate should be used for the wages for that establishment or that part of the establishment 
in which they are employed. 



3.10 
6.20 



3.80 



4.00 
5.50 



2.70 
2.60 
3.10 



4.50 
2.50 
9.00 
22.50 
5.50 
1.50 
7.20 

4.00 
3.90 

2.10 

5.00 

11.40 



Other Regulations. 

1. For operations not included in the above tariff the premium 
rate will be fixed by the board of directors in accordance with the 
tariff providing^ for other operations. 

2. If the same workman is engaged on several kinds of work (for 
example on street cleaning and stone breaking), then in the monthly 
report the number of working days and wages earned are to be stated 
separately for each kind of work. If such separate statements are 



1068 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

not made the computation of the premium will be made on the highest 
risk class included in the report. 

Method of Computing Capital Sums Necessary to Provide 

THE Pensions. 

The decree of October 5, 1904, gives the rules to be followed in 
computing the capital necessary to defray the cost of the pensions 
arising each year. The rules are given in two sections, the first for 
the engineering building institute and the second for the institutes of 
the other twelve building trades accident associations. 

A. Rules for the Engineering Accident Association. 

First, the annual amount necessary for capital sums is to be computed as follows: 

(a) Each year the total capital is determined, which from the actuarial point of 
view is necessary to cover the future pension liabilities for all accidents (with certain 
minor exceptions) for which pensions are to be paid at the close of the fiscal year. 

(6) Each year the assets on hand are determined by deducting from the capital 
carried forward from the previous year, including interest as well as any profits from 
increase in value of securities, the amount paid out as compensation, including any 
loss in the value of securities. 

The difference between the two amounts, (a) and* (6), is the amount of capital neces- 
sary for the liabilities incurred during the year. The annual computation does not, 
however, include the following: Pensions which were granted on December 31 of the 
year but had not yet been approved; provisional compensation for pensions not finally 
determined as legal; parts of pensions which were granted for temporary unemploy- 
ment due to partial disability. 

The association is authorized to deduct from the capital on hand the following 
amounts : 

(a) The amounts necessary to cover pensions paid during the year to injured persons 
and survivors. 

(&) Amounts paid as settlements to injured persons and to widows who remarry, 
provided that for these two cases (viz., a and b) a capital sum had been accumulated. 

(c) Amounts paid to homes for invalids, etc., for maintenance of pensioners up to 
the amount of the pension capitalized in the preceding year. (See art. 24 of the 
industrial accident insurance law.) 

In addition to the capital sums necessary and the other expenditures of the accident 
association (such as costs of administration, payments to the reserve fund, etc.) each 
year the following amounts are to be included: 

(a) All costs of medical treatment, treatment in institutes of various kinds, settle- 
ments to foreigners, and funeral benefits. 

(6) The pensions paid during the fiscal year to injured persons or to survivors which 
were not included in the computations of the previous year as well as provisional 
payments for compensation. 

(c) Amounts paid to homes for invalids, etc., in accordance with article 24 of the 
industrial accident insurance law. 

The determination of the capital sums or what may be called the reserve proper 
of the association is as follows: 

I. Pensions to injured persons. — In each year all the pensions which are on 
the pension list at the close of the fiscal year are to be capitalized, and each pension 
is to be computed separately. This holds true even for pensions to one and the same 
person because of different injuries, provided that such pensions have been awarded 
separately. 

The capitalization of the pensions must be made according to Tariff 1 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1069 



TARIFF NUMBER I, FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE CAPITALIZED VALUE OF PEN- 
SIONS TO INJURED PERSONS INSURED IN THE BUILDING TRADES ACCIDENT IN- 
SURANCE INSTITUTES. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1894, pp. 147, 148, and 1904, p. 603.] 





Capitalized value of a pension of 1 mark 




Capitalized value of a pension of 1 mark 




when 


the first day o 


the fourteenth 




when 


the first day of the fourteenth 


Age in 


week after the accident begins- 


- 


Age in 


week after the accident begins 


— 


complete 












complete 












years 
(at be- 




In the 
calen- 
dar 


In the 


In the 


In the 


years 
(at be- 




In the 
calen- 
dar 
year 
preced- 
ing the 
current 
fiscal 
year. 


In the 


In the 


In the 


ginning 




second 


third 


fourth 


ginning 




second 


third 


fourth 


of four- 




calen- 


calen- 


calen- 


of four- 




calen- 


calen- 


calen- 


teenth 


Inthe 


dar 


dar 


dar 


teenth 


In the 


dar 


dar 


dar 


week 


current 


preced- 
mg the 
current 
fiscal 


year 


year 


year 


week 


current 


year 


year 


year 


after 


fiscal 


before 


before 


before 


after 


fiscal 


before 


before 


before 


the acci- 
dent). 


year. 


the cur- 
rent 


the cur- 
rent 


the cur- 
rent 


the acci- 
dent). 


year. 


the cur- 
rent 


the cur- 
rent 


the cur- 
rent 






fiscal 


fiscal 


fiscal 






fiscal 


fiscal 


fiscal 






year. 


year. 


year. 


year. 






year. 


year. 


year. 




Marks. 


Marks. 


Marks. 


Marks. 


Marks. 




Marks. 


Marks. 


Marks. 


Marks. 


Marks. 


15 


5.29 


8.07 


10.36 


10.70 


10.76 


57 


6.01 


7.44 


8.34 


8.46 


8.29 


16 


5.31 


8.08 


10.41 


10.75 


10.82 


58 


5.97 


7.34 


8.17 


8.25 


8.06 


17 


5.32 


8.10 


10.44 


10.79 


10.87 


59 


5.94 


7.23 


7.99 


8.03 


7.82 


18 


6.34 


8.12 


10.47 


10.82 


10.90 


60 


5.91 


7.12 


7.81 


7.80 


7.57 


19 


6.36 


8.14 


10.49 


10.83 


10.91 


61 


5.88 


7.01 


7.62 


7.56 


7.31 


20 


6.38 


8.1G 


10.49 


10.84 


10.92 ' 


62 


6.84 


6.90 


7.43 


7.31 


7.06 


21 


5.40 


8.13 


10.47 


10.82 


10.91 


63 


5.79 


6.78 


7.23 


7.05 


6.79 


22 


6.42 


8.10 


10.45 


10.80 


10.89 


64 


5.73 


6.64 


7.01 


6.79 


6.52 


23 


5.44 


8.07 


10.43 


10.78 


10.87 


65 


5.67 


6.48 


6.77 


6.52 


6.25 


24 


5.46 


8.04 


10.40 


10.75 


10.85 


66 


6.59 


6.30 


6.51 


6.25 


5.98 


25 


5 48 


8.01 


10.36 


10.72 


10.82 


67 


6.48 


6.09 


6.23 


5.98 


5.72 


26 


6.50 


7.98 


10.32 


10.69 


10.79 


68 


5.34 


5.86 


5.93 


5.72 


5.46 


27 


5.52 


7.96 


10.28 


10.67 


10.77 


69 


5.17 


6.61 


5.64 


5.46 


5.20 


28 


6.54 


7.94 


10.23 


10.64 


10.74 


70 


4.99 


6.34 


5.36 


5.20 


4.95 


29 


5.66 


7.92 


10.18 


10.61 


10.71 


71 


4.80 


5.09 


5.09 


4.95 


4.70 


30 


6.58 


7.90 


10.13 


10.58 


10.68 


72 


4.60 


4.85 


4.83 


4.71 


4.46 


31 


6.61 


7.88 


10.09 


10.55 


10.65 


73 


4.39 


4.62 


4.59 


4.47 


4.24 


32 


6.64 


7.86 


10.05 


10.52 


10.62 


74 


419 


4.40 


4.36 


4.24 


4.03 


33 


6.67 


7.84 


10.00 


10.50 


10.59 


75 


3.99 


4.19 


4.14 


4.03 


3.82 


34 


6.70 


7.82 


9.94 


10.47 


10.56 


76 


3.79 


3.98 


3.93 


3.82 


3.62 


35 


5.72 


7.80 


9.88 


10.44 


10.53 


77 


3.61 


3.78 


3.73 


3.62 


3.43 


36 


5.73 


7.78 


9.82 


10.42 


10.50 


78 


3.43 


3.59 


3.54 


3.43 


3.25 


37 


5.73 


7.77 


9.76 


10.40 


10.48 


79 


3.26 


3.40 


3.35 


3.25 


3.08 


38 


6.73 


7.76 


9.70 


10.37 


10.45 


80 


3.09 


3.23 


3.18 


3.09 


2.93 


39 


5.73 


7.75 


9.64 


10.35 


10.42 


81 


2.90 


3.07 


3.02 


2.93 


2.78 


40 


5.74 


7.76 


9.58 


10.33 


10.39 


82 


2.79 


2.91 


2.87 


2.78 


2.65 


41 


5.76 


7.78 


9.53 


10.30 


10.36 


83 


2.65 


2.77 


2.72 


2.65 


2.52 


42 


6.76 


7.81 


9.49 


10.27 


10.32 


84 


2.53 


2.63 


2.59 


2.52 


2.39 


43 


5.77 


7.85 


9.47 


10.23 


10.27 


85 


2.41 


2.50 


2.46 


2.40 


2.28 


44 


5.79 
5.81 
6.84 
6.87 
6.90 
5.93 
6.95 
5.97 
5.99 
6.01 
6.03 
6.04 
6.06 


7.89 
7.93 
7.97 
8.01 
8.05 
8.10 
8.05 
7.98 
7.90 
7.82 
7.73 
7.64 
7.54 


9.48 
9.49 
9.51 
9.53 
9.55 
9.47 
9.37 
9.25 
9.12 
8.98 
8.83 
8.67 
8.51 


10.18 

10.13 

10.07 

10.00 

9.91 

9.81 

9.69 

9.55 

9.39 

9.22 

9.04 

8.85 

8.66 


10.21 
10.15 
10.08 
9.99 
9.88 
9.76 
9.64 
9.50 
9.33 
9.14 
8.93 
8.72 
8.51 


86 










2.17 


45 


87 










2.07 


46 


88 










1.97 


47 


89 










1.87 


48 


90 










l.'^7 


49 


91 










1.66 


60 


92 










1.56 


51 


93 










1.44 


52 


94 










1.33 


53 


95 .. . 










1.21 


54 


96 










1.09 


55 


97 










.79 


66 


98 






.. . 




.29 


















In computing the capitalization the following factors must be considered: (a) The 
age of the injured person in complete years on the date when the fourteenth week after 
the accident began; (6) the length of time for which he has received a pension which 
is determined on the basis of whether the day just mentioned under (a) occurred in 
the fiscal year or in the pre\Hous year or in the second year preceding or in the third 
year preceding or in the fourth year preceding; (c) twelve times the amount of the 
monthly pension which is to be given the injured person beginning with January 1 
of the fiscal year following. 



1070 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



In case the injured person is maintained in a home for invalids or other institution 
(see art. 24 of the industrial accident insurance law), the pension is to be capitalized 
as if such maintenance in an institution had not taken place. 

In case the injured person is less than 15 years of age the rates for persons 15 years of 
age are to be used. The official reports give the following examples to show the 
methods of computing the pensions according to the above rules: 

Example 1. — The accident occurs on the 17th of March, 1893; the pension is to begin 
on the 17th of June, 1893; on the 17th of June, 1893, the age of the pensioner is 43 
complete years; the amount of the pension granted on January 1, 1894, is 500 marks. 
By consulting column 2 of Tariff I for the age 43 it is seen that the value of such a 
pension is 5.77, so that the capital sum necessary to be put in the reserve for this 
pension is 5.77 times 500 marks, or 2,885 marks. 

Example 2. — The accident occurs on June 9, 1890; the date when the pension began 
was September 9, 1890; on September 9, 1890, the age of the injured person was 36 
complete years; on January 1, 1894 (in the third year after the date of beginning the 
pension), a pension of 600 marks was granted. By consulting the column of Tariff I, 
which shows pensions determined the third year after injuries, it is found that the 
value of the pension for a person 36 years of age is 10.42. The amount of capital 
necessary to be deposited in the reserve is, therefore, 10.42 times 600, or 6,252 marks. 

II. Pensions for survivors. — In each year all the pensions which have been 
granted up to the close of that year to survivors of injured persons are to be capitalized. 
As in the case of injured persons each pension granted is to be capitalized separately 
and survivors who are maintained in a home for invalids or other institution are to have 
their pensions capitalized in the same manner as if they had not been so maintained. 

The capitalization is based on Tariff No. 11 as given below. 

TARIFF NUMBER IL FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE CAPITALIZED VALUE OF 
PENSIONS TO SURVIVORS OF PERSONS INSURED IN THE BUILDING TRADES 
ACCIDENT INSURANCE INSTITUTES. 

[Source: Amtliche NachricMen des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1894, pp. 149-151, and 1904, p. 603.] 
A. PENSIONS TO WIDOWS. 



Age in 




Age in 




Age in 




Age in 




Age in 




complete 


Capital- 


complete 


Capital- 
ized value 


complete 


Capital- 


complete 


Capital- 


complete 


Capital- 


years at 


ized value 


years at 


years at 


ized value 


years at 


ized value 


years at 


ized value 


the close 


of a pen- 


the close 


of a pen- 


the close 


of a pen- 


the close 


of a pen- 


the close 


of a pen- 


of the cur- 


sion of 


of the cur- 


sion of 


of the cur- 


sion of 


of the cur- 


sion of 


of the cur- 


sion of 


rent fiscal 


1 mark. 


rent fiscal 


1 mark. 


'rent fiscal 


1 mark. 


rent fiscal 


1 mark. 


rent fiscal 


1 mark. 


year. 




year. 




1 year. 

I 




1 year. 




year. 






Marls. 




Marlis. 


1 


Harks. 




Marks. 




Marks. 


16 


12.40 


34 


16.07 


52 


12.58 


70 


6.38 


88 


2.53 


17 


12.50 


35 


16.10 


53 


12.24 


71 


6.07 


89 


2.41 


18 


12.62 


36 


16.10 


54 


11.89 


72 


5.77 


90 


2.29 


19 


12.76 


37 


16.06 


55 


11.54 


73 


5.48 


91 


2.19 


20 


12.94 


38 


16.00 


56 


11.18 


74 


5.21 


92 


2.08 


21 


13.09 


39 


15.90 


57 


10.81 


75 


4.95 


93 


L98 


22 


13.29 


40 


15.77 


58 


10.45 


76 


4.70 


94 


1.89 


23 


13.51 


41 


15.59 


59 


10.08 


77 


4.47 


95 


1.79 


24 


13.75 


42 


15.40 


60 


9.73 


78 


4.24 


96 


1.68 


25 


14.02 


43 


15.18 


61 


9.37 


79 


4.03 


97 


1.54 


26 


14.32 


44 


14.95 


62 


9.02 


80 


3.83 


98 


1.43 


27 


14.63 


45 


14.70 


63 


8.67 


81 


3.63 i 


99 


1.26 


28 


14.95 


46 


14.43 


64 


8.33 


82 


3.44 






29 


15.26 


47 


14.15 


65 


7.99 


83 


3.27 \ 






30 


15.55 


48 


13.85 


66 


7.66 


84 


3.10 1 






31 


15.78 


49 


13.55 


67 


7.33 


85 


2.94 i 






32 


15.93 


50 


13.23 


68 


7.01 


86 


2.79 I 






33 


16.02 


51 


12.91 


69 


6.69 


87 


2.65 1 

1 













B. PENSIONS TO ORPHANS. 



Under 1 
year... 

2'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. 



7.97 


3 


9.19 


6 


7.50 


9 


5.33 


i 
12 


9.00 


4 


8.70 


7 


0.82 


10 


4.52 


13 


9.56 


5 


8.13 


8 


6.09 


11 


3.68 


14 



CHAPTEK V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1071 



TARIFF NUMBER II, FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE CAPITALIZED VALUE OF 
PENSIONS TO SURVIVORS OF PERSONS INSURED IN THE BUILDING TRADES 
ACCIDENT INSURANCE INSTITUTES— Concluded. 

C. PENSIONS TO PARENTS, ETC. 



Ape in | 
"^^f^'lfi Capital- 



year. 



Ape in 
complete 
I years at 
I the close 
of the cur- 
rent flscal 
I year. 





Marks. 


30 


18.40 


31 


18.20 


32 


18.01 


33 


17.80 


34 


17.60 


35 


17.04 ' 


36 


16.81 


37 


16.57 


38 


16.33 1 


39 


16.09 


40 


15.84 


41 


15.58 i 


42 


15.31 


43 


15.04 


44 


14.76 



Capital- 
ized value 
of a pen 
sion of 
1 mark. 



Marks. 
14.47 
14.17 
13.86 
13.55 
13.24 
12.92 
12.60 
12.27 
11.94 
11.60 
11.26 
10.92 
10.57 
10.23 



Agem I 
complete; Capital- 

j-ears at ized value' 
the close , of a pen 
of the cur-' sion of 
rent fiscal 1 mark, 
year. I 



67 



Marks. 
9.54 
9.19 
8.85 
8.52 
8.19 
7.86 
7.53 
7.22 
6.89 
6.59 
6.28 
5.98 
5.70 
5.42 
5.15 



Age in [I Age in 

complete! Capital- i complete 
years at 'ized value : > ears at 
the close of a pen- the close 
ofthecur-i sion of of the cur- 
rent fiscal *1 mark. ,rent fiscal 
year. i year. 



Marks 
4.8' 
4.6, 
4.4 
4 
3 



98 
3.78 
3.58 
3.40 
3.22 
3.06 
2.91 
2.76 
2.63 
2.51 
2.39 



Capital- 
ized value 
of a pen- 
sion of 
1 mark. 



Marks. 
2.28 
2.17 
2.07 
1.97 
L88 
1.78 
1.67 
1.55 
1.43 
L26 



In making computations the following factors must be considered : 

(a) The age of the survivors in complete years at the conclusion of the fiscal year. 

(6) A sum equal to twelve times the amount of the monthly pension which the pen- 
sioner is to receive on January 1 of the fiscal year following. 

In case the widow is under 16 years of age, or the relative (in the ascending line) is 
less than 30 years of age, the lowest ages given in the table, namely, 16 and 30, respec- 
tively, are to be used; if parents or grandparents, or several grandchildren, receive a 
group pension as survivors then the age of the youngest of each of the groups is to be 
used in computing the pension. 

B. Rules for the accident insurance institutes of the twelve building trades accident 

associations. 

The rules already given apply to the institutes of the twelve building trades associa- 
tions in so far as the insurance of accidents for which premiums are paid is concerned. 

The assets on hand as determined above must be increased by the addition of certain 
amounts due but not paid and receivable not later than the end of the first quarter of 
the following year. 

At the close of the year the assets as determined above are to be diminished by the 
following: (1) The total amount to be paid to the Post-Office Department for pensions 
paid by the latter on account of the institute; (2) the lump sum for costs of adminis- 
tration to be paid to the accident association for the fiscal year; (3) the amount to be 
paid to the special reserve for the fiscal year as specified in the constitution of the insti- 
tute, for certain expenditures made during the first quarter of the succeeding year 
and not already accounted for, with certain receipts of the fiscal year or previous fiscal 
years which have not yet been fully accounted for. 

General Administration. 

The insurance is administered as follows: (a) For construction work 
such as tlie railroad building, road construction, canal buildinir, and 
other work of an engineering character, carried on as a business, a 
special organization, the engineering accident association (TiefbaiP- 



1072 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Berufsgenossenschaft) has been created, which administers the insur- 
ance for the whole Empire; (6) for building work conducted by the 
Empire or by one of the States as the employer, the insurance is admin- 
istered by the officials of these bodies; (c) for building work conducted 
by one of the local governments of a State the insurance is provided 
by it if the state authorities have decided that the local government 
in question is financially able to bear the burden; id) for building 
work other than that just specified, the insurance is administered by 
accident associations {Baugewerks-Berufsgenossenschaften), of which 
there are twelve, the country being divided into twelve districts with 
one association for each district. 

The imperial and the state governments may, if they so desire, 
insure the workmen engaged in any particular operation, by becom- 
ing members of the accident association in whose jurisdiction the 
work is being carried on; the larger local governments, municipal 
corporations, etc., are also given the same authority. There are 
therefore thirteen accident associations engaged in administering the 
insurance for the building trades, while in many instances (see the 
statistical tables on pages 1093 and 1094) the government authorities 
carry their own insurance. 

The general features of the accident associations of the building 
trades are the same as those of the associations which administer the 
insurance for the principal industries, except that each accident asso- 
ciation has affiliated with it a subsidiary body known as an insurance 
institute (VersicJierungsanstalt) . The functions of the institutes are 
explained below. 

The government officials of the Empire, States, and local govern- 
ments assist in the administration of the law in the same manner as 
in the case of the general industries, while the post-office has the same 
duties of paying pensions, etc. 

INSURANCE INSTITUTES OF THE BUILDING TRADES ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- 
TIONS. 

Each building trades accident association is required to create an 
insurance institute to administer the insurance of certain classes of 
persons. These institutes are not independent organizations; they 
are subsidiary corporations of the accident association, and are ad- 
ministered by the officers, committees, boards, etc., of the accident 
association, though they are authorized to appoint special officers to 
conduct the institutes. The insurance benefits, pensions, method of 
operation, etc., of the insurance conducted by the institutes are 
identical with that conducted by the regular accident associations. 

The general assembly of the accident association draws up the con- 
stitution and by-laws of the subsidiary insurance institute. The 
constitution must specify: (1) The requirements in regard to entering 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1073 

and withdrawing the names of employers whose annual earnings are 
less than 3,000 marks ($714) and who usually employ not more than two 
workmen, who have voluntarily insured themselves; (2) the powers 
of the executive committee and the general assembly in the adminis- 
tration of the institute; (3) the rules concerning the accumulation of 
the reserve fund; (4) the rules concerning the keeping, auditing, and 
approval of accounts; (5) the rules as to the publication of the 
accounts; (6) the method of amending the constitution, etc., of the 
institute. 

The insurance institute may establish branches or local offices in 
order to carry on its work. The by-laws of the institute must clearly 
define the scope of each of these branches and full information on the 
subject must be published in the official organ, the Reichsanzeiger. 

The institute conducts the insurance of those persons, including 
employers voluntarily insured, who are engaged on work which is 
conducted by the proprietor of the structure without the intervention 
of a professional contractor or building operator. According to article 
23 of the building trades law the insurance institutes also conduct the 
insurance of persons engaged in building operations which, taken sepa- 
rately, require more than six days each. The cost for this is paid by 
the employer who pays a premium based on a fixed scale. For 
building operations (but not including engineering, etc., building 
work) lasting less than six days the insurance institute provides the 
insurance at the cost of the communes or other local governments 
(such as provinces) ; this is paid for by a system of assessments on the 
local governments. Instead of paying for the insurance by premiums, 
this class of work, therefore, is paid for by assessments covering the 
actual amounts paid out for pensions, etc., in the previous year, as is 
done in the case of industrial accidents. 

Each employer on operations requiring more than six days to com- 
plete is required to forward to the state officials designated for this 
purpose, within three days after the close of each month, a schedule 
supplied by the Imperial Insurance Office showing the number of 
days worked and the earnings of the persons insured. 

The insurance institutes also provide the accident insurance of 
operations conducted by governments such as the Empire, the State, 
provinces, communes, etc., in case these bodies do not themselves 
conduct the insurance. 

The schedule of premiums charged to employers for insuring their 
men at work on jobs lasting longer than six days must be so arranged 
as to show the amounts to be paid for each half mark of wages. If the 
employers' association creates risk classes according to the various 
kinds of building work with varying premium rates, the above- 
mentioned schedule must show the premiums for each class of work. 

The financial administration of the institute must be kept entirely 



1074 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

separate from that of the accident association; the income and outgo 
must be separately accounted for, the cost of administration must be 
kept distinct, and the assets and reserves must Kkewise be kept entirely 
separate from those of the accident association. The assets of the 
institute may be used for the purposes of the accident association 
only when the Imperial Insurance Office consents thereto, and this 
consent may be granted only after it is shown that the funds on hand 
for the purposes of the institute are in excess of the liabilities. The 
accident association must from its own reserve supply the working 
capital necessary to conduct the operations of the institute. In 
settling accounts with the post-office for pensions, etc., paid by that 
department the accident association determines the amount which 
has been paid on the account of the institute; for accidents occurring 
on operations lasting more than six days the share is to be taken from 
the premiums paid into the institute, while for accidents on work 
lasting less than six days the amount is assessed on the communes 
and collected from the latter. 

ACCIDENT INSURANCE OF SEAMEN. 

The first law for the insurance of employees on German seagoing 
vessels was that of July 13, 1887, which came into force on January 
1, 1888. Because of the special features of the industry, an inde- 
pendent organization of the navigation accident insurance was insti- 
tuted, but the benefits provided and methods of operation follow 
closely those of the accident insurance for general industries. The 
law of 1887, like the other accident insurance laws, was revised by 
the law of June 30, 1900. («) 

Industries Covered. 

The law does not apply to persons employed in an establishment 
which forms a definite part of an industrial or other establishment 
covered by one of the other accident insurance laws. In general it 
may be said that there are three classes of establishments engaged in 
navigation or in operations subsidiary to navigation which are cov- 
ered by the law. The first class includes establishments engaged in 
transportation on the high seas using German vessels; the second 
includes establishments engaged in work affiliated with such navi- 
gation, such as, for instance, shipwrecking firms, docking firms, 
firms engaged in private pilot service, and the like. A German ves- 
sel in the meaning of the law is defined to be a vessel used exclusively 
or principally for sea navigation and which sails under the German 
flag. By sea navigation is meant not only navigation beyond the 
national boundaries as defined by article 25 of the flag law, but also 
navigation on bays, gulfs, and shoals of the sea, but not including 

oFor a discussion of proposed reforms in the law, see pages 1052 to 1053. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1075 

navigation on other waters connected with the sea, even if traversed 
by seagoing vessels. 

The third class of estabhshment covered by the law includes (a) trans- 
portation on a small scale by means of seagoing vessels and (b) fishing 
on the high seas and on the coast. These establishments include 
transportation by means of vessels which are not greater than 50 
cubic meters capacity and which do not have the crew of larger ves- 
sels or are not driven by steam or other mechanical power. It 
includes vessels engaged in deep-sea fishing and which are not already 
insured under previous regulations of the federal council; it also 
includes the insurance of persons employed on vessels engaged in 
fishing in what is designated as the coast waters. The federal 
council issues regulations defining the area of these waters. 

Persons Included. 

The navigation law covers (a) all persons on German vessels 
employed as officers, engineers, seamen, stewards, or who belong in 
any wa}^ to the crew of the vessel, excepting only captains who receive 
no wages; (b) all persons on German vessels ptying in inland harbors 
who are not part of the crew, so far as they are not insured under 
any other law; (c) all persons employed by German firms on floating 
docks and similar apparatus, as well as persons emplo3'ed by German 
firms in the pilot service, by firms engaged in the rescue and salvage 
of persons and property in case of shipwreck, or by such firms for the 
patrol, lighting, or maintenance of waterways used for navigation; 
{d) crews of vessels of less than 50 cubic meters capacity as above 
described; crews of vessels engaged in both deep-sea fishing and 
fishing on coast waters. 

Dock workers who are not insured as employees of some establish- 
ment, or pilots who carry on business independently, may voluntarily 
insure themselves against the results of accidents. 

Employees earning more than 3,000 marks ($714) are included 
within the scope of the act, but in computing the benefits paid, the 
amount of earnings in excess of 3,000 marks is not considered. In 
the computation of the benefits two restrictions, therefore, are used: 
The earnings in excess of 1,500 marks (S357) are computed at only 
one-third and those in excess of 3,000 marks ($714) are disregarded. 
The association may, however, adopt a higher limit than 3,000 marks 
($714) by inserting a provision to that effect in its constitution. In 
the same way the insurance may be extended to persons employed 
by the establishment but not included in the insurance; also to 
persons not employed by the establishment, but at work within its 
plant, and to persons employed by the association itself. 



1076 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Character of Disability. 

Navigation subjects persons employed in the industry to special 
risks from natural forces, such as storms, lightning, etc., and the acci- 
dent insurance law therefore specifically provides that persons 
injured by these forces are included in the insurance. In other 
respects the character of disability compensated is the same as that 
provided by the industrial accident insurance law. The time of 
employment begins with the moment of leaving land and ends with 
the moment of reaching land. All of this period is covered by the 
insurance. An accident which occurs while an insured person is 
away from the ship contrary to orders, or which occurs while the 
insured person is on land attending to personal business, is not 
included in the law. 

Benefit Payments. 

BENEFITS FOR THE FIRST 13 WEEKS. 

The care of the injured person during the first 13 weeks is arranged 
as follows: If the employee has a claim against the shipowner or 
against a sick-insurance fund, the regular sick insurance benefits 
must be provided by them. If no such claim exists, then an employee 
whose annual earnings are less than 2,000 marks ($476), when injured 
during his employment, must be provided for by his employer during 
the first 13 weeks. The amount of this provision in the case of sea- 
men is the same as that specified in the commercial and the navigation 
laws;(^) for other persons insured against accident the provision must 
be the same as that granted under the sick insurance law, including 
the increased benefit from the fifth to the thirteenth week. 

The preceding applies to persons other than those employed on 
deep-sea or coast fishing vessels or on vessels of less than 50 cubic 
meters capacity; for persons employed on these vessels the commune 

a The provisions of the Navigation Code and of the Commercial Code above referred 
to are as follows: 

"In case the seaman after his service has begun or after being mustered in becomes 
eick or sustains an injury, the shipowner must bear the cost of maintenance and of 
medical treatment. Under reservation of the regulations contained in the paragraph 
below the obligation of the shipowner is as follows: (1) If the seaman does not begin 
the voyage because of the sickness or injury, benefits must be paid until the end of 
the twenty-sixth week after the date of the sickness or injury; (2) if he had begun 
the voyage, then until the end of the twenty-sixth week after the date of leaving the 
vessel. 

In case of an injury caused by an accident during employment the period of time 
specified above is limited to 13 weeks, but in the case specified under number 2 above 
only if the seaman leaves the vessel in a German harbor, or if he is transported from a 
non-German harbor to a hospital in a German harbor. The obligation of the ship- 
owner to care for the injured person ceases as soon as the accident association assumes 
the care of the injured person." 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1077 

or parish within whose territory the proprietor of such vessel has his 
headquarters must provide the benefits specified by the sickness 
insurance law for the communal sickness insurance system. The 
commune or parish is exempt from this obligation if the injured 
person stays in a foreign country or if he receives an equal or higher 
benefit from a sickness insurance fund or through some other legal 
claim. Whenever a disabled person is not provided with benefits 
from the persons obligated to do so, the commune shall provide the 
benefits at once and later obtain from the person liable the amounts 
expended. This plan follows closely the procedure in the case of 
accident insurance for agriculture and forestrj^ and for the building 
trades; it was adopted because the small capital at the disposal of 
fishermen and of persons transporting goods in boats makes it prac- 
tically impossible for the proprietors of such vessels to provide the 
benefits of the accident or sickness insurance for the first 13 weeks. 
If an injured person remains in a foreign country, which frequently 
happens in cases of accident at sea, the commune can not very well 
provide the sick benefits; and if the injured person is domiciled in 
another commune, then the commune in which he happens to be is 
required to care for him at the request of the commune liable for the 
expense. As recompense for the cost of such treatment and care 
the commune liable must pay to the other commune at least one-half 
of the minimum pecuniary benefit specified in the sickness insurance 
law. In addition to the care of the injured person by the commune, 
the insurance institute of the navigation accident association may 
itseK provide the benefits for the first 13 weeks. The institute may 
also request the commune in charge of the injured person during the 
first 13 weeks of disability to continue the medical and surgical treat- 
ment until its conclusion, and later defray the cost of such treatment. 
If an employee recovers from the disabiHty before the end of the 
13 weeks and thus loses his claim to benefits from the sick insurance 
fund, etc., but on account of the accident has suffered a loss of earning 
power, the accident association must provide the regular accident 
benefits specified in the navigation accident insurance law beginning 
with the date when the injured person's claim on the sick fund, etc., 
ceased. If in such cases the disabiHty continues beyond the period 
of 13 weeks, the accident association must of course continue the 
regular benefits. 

BENEFITS BEGINNING WITH THE FOURTEENTH WEEK. 

Beginning with the fourteenth week the benefits provided by the 
navigation accident association are the same as the benefits provided 
by the industrial accident associations. These consist of free medical 
treatment, medicines, etc. ; a pension up to 66§ per cent of the aimuai 
earnings and in special cases a pension of 100 per cent. The same 



1078 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 

provision regarding unemplo3^ment on account of injury is also made, 
viz, that the partial disability pension may be raised to two-thirds of 
the annual earnings as long as the unemployment lasts through no 
fault of the injured man. 

FUNERAL BENEFIT. 

If according to the commercial code or the navigation code, the 
sliipowner is responsible for the burial expenses of the employee, or 
if the burial takes place at sea, the accident association is not respon- 
sible for the burial benefits prescribed by the law. This burial benefit 
consists either of two-thirds of the average monthly wages, computed 
as described below, or of one-fifteenth of the annual earnings com- 
puted at 300 times the average daily earnings, but not to be less than 
50 marks ($11.90). 

BENEFITS TO SURVIVORS. 

These benefits are identical with those provided in the case of 
persons insured under the industrial accident insurance law. 

Determination and Revision of Benefits. 

The annual earnings of employees are computed from a schedule of 
monthly wage rates published from time to time by the chancellor 
of the Empire. This schedule of nominal wages is used only as a basis 
for computing insurance benefits. The annual earnings of seamen, 
officers, etc., are taken as 11 times the monthly rate given in the 
chancellor's schedule, to which is added ,40 per cent of the annual 
value of the subsistence; employees who are accustomed to receive 
other sums (fees, gifts, etc.) as part of their income are entitled to 
have the average amount of such income added to the annual earnings 
as above computed. For persons not engaged in the occupations 
listed in the chancellor's schedule, or otherwise specified the annual 
earnings are taken as equal to 300 times the average daily earnings 
unless there is a definite weekly rate. For fishermen and persons 
employed on vessels of less than 50 cubic meters capacity, the annual 
earnings are taken as equal to 300 times the rate for ordinary day 
labor of the place where the establishment to which the vessel belongs 
has its headquarters. 

Of that part of the annual earnings in excess of 1,500 marks 
($357), only one- third is considered in computing the pension. If the 
injured person was partially incapacitated before the injur}^, an 
appropriate allowance must be made in computing the loss of earning 
power resulting from the accident. 



CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1079 

The method of keeping track of accidents is as follows: Whenever 
an accident occurs which causes complete or partial disability for 
more than three days, or results in death, an entry to this efTect must 
be made in the ship's journal, and a brief description of the accident 
must be recorded. At the next place of stopping where there is a 
branch office of the German marine office (or a consulate, if there is 
no marine office) a certified copy of the record of the accident must be 
deposited, or if he so desires the master of the vessel may leave the 
ship's journal or other record of the accident with the branch marine 
office (which must return it within twenty-four hours) for the purpose 
of having extracts made. The branch marine offices must forward all 
information concerning accidents to the marine office at the home port 
of the vessel. If the accident is such that death, or disability for 
more than thirteen weeks is likely to result, then an investigation of 
the accident must be undertaken by the marine office or consulate 
above referred to, and the latter must make use of the services of two 
ofiicers of the ship, or of other trustworthy persons, and report the 
same information as is required by the industrial accident insurance 
law in similar accident cases. If six months after news of the accident 
has been received no information concerning an investigation is 
received by it, then the marine office of the vessel's home port will 
itself conduct such an investigation. 

The procedure concerning the determination of the rights to a 
pension, the amount of the pension or pensions, the appeal from the 
decision of officials, etc., is in general the same as for industrial 
accident cases. 

Sources of Income. 

The income of the agencies which defray the cost of the navigation 
accident insurance is derived from the employers. The cost of a part 
of the insurance is, however, borne by the local government in whose 
jurisdiction the injured person has his legal residence. The part of 
the insurance which the local government must provide is stated 
under the section on financial organization on the following page. 

Financial Organization. 

the navigation accident association. 

The financial organization of the navigation accident association 
closely resembles that of the industrial accident associations. The 
expenses of the insurance are defrayed b}^ assessments on the ship- 
owners in proportion to the number of employees, modified by the 
risk classes and risk rating of the vessels. The number of persons 
estimated as necessary to man a vessel is fixed at the time the insur- 
46598°— 10 69 



1080 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

ance of that vessel begins; the risk classification and risk ratings must 
be approved by the imperial insurance ofiice and must be revised every 
five years. A shipowner has the usual right of appeal to the imperial 
insurance ofiice for a new rating in case he is dissatisfied with that 
imposed on him by the accident association. The association is 
authorized to impose special ratings (a) on voyages to certain parts 
of the world; (b) on voyages undertaken during certain seasons of the 
year; (c) for the transportation of certain classes of cargoes. On the 
basis of experience gained from the number of accidents occurring 
on the vessels of a firm, the association can impose for the succeed- 
ing fiscal period, or a part of it, either additional assessments or make 
remittances of assessments already paid. The firm has the usual 
right of appeal to the imperial insurance office against any additional 
assessments. Reductions are permitted in case the vessel is out of 
commission for more than 2 weeks, or in case the vessel is lost, cap- 
tured, destroyed, etc. 

As already noted, the size of the crew to be employed on a vessel 
is fixed at an arbitrary number at the time it is put into commission; 
in determining the assessments on the shipowners, a nominal scale 
of wages is used, from which an arbitrary pay roll of the vessel is 
computed. The nominal scale of wages is published by the imperial 
chancellor at 5-year intervals and the rates now in force are given in 
the following section. 

THE INSURANCE INSTITUTE OF THE NAVIGATION ACCIDENT ASSO- 
CIATION. 

The accounts of the navigation accident association and of its sub- 
sidiary body, the institute, are kept entirely separate and the method 
of raising funds is altogether different in the two cases. The cost of 
administration of the institute must be defrayed entirely by the 
accident association and the money necessary for working capital 
must be supplied by the last-named organization from its reserve 
fund. The means for payment of the benefits which the institute 
must provide for the small establishments which it insures are col- 
lected by a system of premiums which are established every five 
years in advance by the imperial insurance office. These premiums 
are so adjusted that they provide the capital necessary to pay the 
pensions which arise each year and to defray the cost of other benefits 
specified in the law. The premiums are paid by the communes or 
federations of communes located on the coast in accordance with the 
regulations issued by the state governments affected; these pre- 
miums are assessed on the communes in proportion to the number of 
persons located within their areas engaged in the occupations insured. 
The communes must themselves bear at least one-half of the expense 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1081 

of these premium payments, but are allowed to assess the other half 
upon the employers engaged in the branches of industry insured. 
The law expressly permits the communes or federation of communes 
to bear the entire cost of insurance if they so desire. 

In explanation of this financial system the government report, 
presented when the bill was introduced into Parliament, states that 
continually increasing dues or assessments which would be necessary 
if the system of assessing only the year's expenditure is used, are 
impossible for an industry in which the establishments are very 
small because operations begin and cease very irregularly and because 
the heads of the establishments are continually changing. 

The plan of assessing at least half of the premiums on the communes 
in which the persons insured reside is also a concession to the low 
earnings and special conditions prevailing in this industry. The 
report states that the profits of the business are so small that assess- 
ing the premiums on the employers would create a serious situation, 
due to the fact that the risk rate of the industry is very high. The 
assessment is also justified on the ground that, first, the accident 
insurance relieves these communes from the burden of poor law 
relief and, second, because the same steps had to be taken in con- 
nection with the building trades. As already stated, the burden of 
the insurance is assessed upon the communes or combinations of 
communes in proportion to the number of persons engaged in the 
industries insured as disclosed either by the last occupation census 
or by other means of enumeration. Some inequality in the amounts 
assessed on the various communes has arisen because the methods 
of conducting the industry in the North Sea are different from the 
methods used in the fishing in the German Ocean; for this reason the 
federal council was given authority to distribute the burden in other 
manner if it saw proper. According to the decree of the imperial 
insurance office issued on November 30, 1907, the annual premium 
for each person who was engaged in the industries insured in the 
institute is 10.70 marks ($2.55). The communes must pay at least 
half of this sum from their own treasuries, must also pay the pre- 
miums which can not be collected, and may assess the other half in 
such manner as they deem proper; they may, for instance, tax only 
the employers with the larger establishments and exempt the smaller 
ones. The official report above noted seems to expect that in most 
of the fishing villages the burden will be paid from the communal 
treasury. Usually there is very little difference in the operations of 
the various fishing boats, and a system of special assessments would 
not have a very different effect from a system of general taxation, 
while the administration of the latter would also be simpler. 



1082 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NOMINAL RATES OF WAGES TO BE USED IN COMPUTING BENEFITS OP 

INSURED PERSONS. 

According to the decree of the imperial chancellor of December 31, 
1908, (^) the nominal rates of wages to be used in computing the bene- 
fits of persons insured under the navigation accident insurance law 
are as follows: (^) 



Class of persons. 


Average monthly wage. 


Class of persons. 


Average monthly wage. 


I-. Merchant Fleet. 




I. Merchant Fleet — 
Continued. 




A. Captaim. 




B. 0#icers— Concluded. 




Steamers on long or At- 








lantic voyages 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 


other sailing vessels: 
Of 3,000 cubic me- 




Steamers on long coast- 




wise voyages 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 


ters or more ca- 




Passenger steamers on 


pacity- 




short coastwise voy- 




First officers 


145 marks ($34. 51) 


ages 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 


Second officers. 


95 marks ($22. 61) 
85 marks ($20. 23) 


Freight steamers on 




Third officers.... 


short coastwise voy- 




Of less than 3,000 




ages 


230 marks ($54. 74) 


cubic meters ca- 




Steamers on voyages in 


pacity- 




bays, etc 


160 marks ($38.08) 


First officers 


105 marks ($24. 99) 
90 marks ($21. 42) 


Sailing vessels with aux- 




Second officers.. 


iliary power 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 






other sailing vessels on: 




C. Engineers (with rank 




Long or Atlantic 




of officers). 




voyages 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 






Long coastwise voy- 




Passenger steamers on: 




ages 


145 marks ($34. 51) 


Long or Atlantic 
voyages- 
First engineer. . . 
Second engineer. 




Short coastwise voy- 






ages 


115 marks ($27. 37) 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 
225 marks ($53. 55) 


Bay trips, etc 


90 marks ($21. 42) 


B. Officers. 




Third engineer 
on steamers 




Passenger steamers on: 




with more 




Long or Atlantic 




than 3 engi- 




voyages- 
First officers 




neers 


165 marks ($39. 27) 


240 marks ($57. 12) 


Third engineer 


Second officers.. 


165 marks ($39. 27) 


on steamers 




Third officers.... 


125 marks ($29. 75) 


with 3 engi- 




Fourth officers 


110 marks ($26. 18) 


neers 


130 marks (S30. 94) 
115 marks ($27. 37) 


Officers of the 




Fourth engineer. 


hold 


120 marks ($28. 56) 


Long coastwise voy- 
ages- 




Long coastwise voy- 






ages- 




First engineer. . . 


235 marks ($55. 93) 


First officers 


185 marks ($44. 03) 


Second engineer. 


140 marks ($33. 32) 


Second officers.. 


135 marks ($32. 13) 


Third engineer. . 


130 marks ($30. 94) 


Third officers.... 


115 marks ($27. 37) 


Short coastwise voy- 




Short coastwise voy- 




ages- 




ages- 




First engineer. . . 


150 marks ($35. 70) 


First officers ... . 


130 marks ($30. 94) 


Second engineer. 


140 marks ($33. 32) 


Second officers.. 


100 marks ($23. 80) 


Third engineer.. 


120 marks ($28. 56) 


Freight steamers as well 




Freight steamers as well 




as sailing vessels with 




as sailing vessels with 




auxiliary power: 




auxiliary power on: 




Of over 4,000 cubic 




Long or Atlantic 




meters capacity- 
First officers 




voyages — 
First engineer. . . 




185 marks ($44.03) 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 
195 marks (846. 41) 


Second officers . . 


135 marks ($32. 13) 


Second engineer. 


Third officers.... 


115 marks (.$27. 37) 


Third engineer.. 


140 marks (.S33. 32) 
115 marks ($27. 37) 


Fourth officers.. 


100 marks ($23. 80) 


Fourth engineer. 


Of less than 4,000 




Long coastwise voy- 




cubic meters ca- 




ages- 




pacity — 




First engineer. . . 


195 marks ($46. 41) 


First officers.... 


125 marks ($29. 75) 


Second ensjinecr. 


120 marks ($28. 56) 


Second officers.. 


95 marks ($22. 61) 


Third and fourth 




Third officers.... 


90 marks ($21. 42) 


engineers 


105 marks ($24. 99) 



a Amtlicbo Nachrichten des Reichs- Versicherungsamts, 1909, p. 229. 
b The definitions of the terms used are given on page 1084. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1083 



Class of persons. 


Average monthly wage. 


Class of persons. 


Average monthly wage. 


I. Merchant Fleet— 
Continued. 

C. Engineers (with rank 
of peers)— Concluded. 

Freight steamers as well 
as sailing vessels with 
auxiliary power on — 
Concludea. 
Short coastwise voy- 
ages- 
First engineer 
and single en- 
gineers 

Second engineer. 

Steamers on bay 

trips, etc... 


140 marks ($33. 32) 
110 marks ($26. 18) 

125 marks ($29. 75) 

90 marks (821. 42) 
SO marks ($19. 04) 

90 marks ($21. 42) 
80 marks (819. 04) 
80 marks (819.04) 
70 marks ($10. 66) 

68 marks ($16. 18) 

35 marks ($8.33) 
15 marks ($3.57) 
70 marks ($16. 66) 

80 marks ($19. 04) 
35 marks ($8.33) 

95 marks ($22. 61) 
100 marks ($23. 80) 
70 marks (816. 06) 
90 marks ($21. 42) 
90 marks ($21.42) 

90 marks ($21. 42) 
90 marks ($21. 42) 
80 marks (819. 04) 
95 marks ($22.61) 
75 marks ($17. 85) 
60 marks ($14. 28) 
20 marks ($4. 76) 
80 marks ($19. 04) 

215 marks ($51. 17) j 
120 marks ($28. 56) i 
75 marks ($17. 85) 
50 marks ($11. 90) ' 
70 marks ($16. 66) 
35 marks ($8.33) 

95 marks ($22. 61) 
40 marks ($9.52) 
35 marks ($8.33) 

80 marks ($19. 04) ' 

85 marks ($20. 23) \ 

45 marks ($10.71) 
m marks ($14. 28) , 


I. Merchant Fleet— 
Concluded. 

G. Waiters and wait- 
resses. 
Passenger steamers: 

Head stewards 

Assistant head stew- 
ards 


150 marks ($35. 70) 

80 marks ($19. 04) 
95 marks ($22. 61) 
65 marks ($15. 47) 
110 marks ($2(i. 18) 
95 marks ($22. (il) 


Second stewards 

Storeroom stewards. 
Bandmasters 


Under stewards 

Steerage head stew- 
ards 


65 marks ($15. 47) 

70 marks (816. 66) 
65 marks (815. 47) 
70 marks ($16. (i6) 


Steerage stewards . . . 
Laundry stewards . . 
Pantrymen 




60 marks ($14. 28) 
50 marks (811.90) 
55 marks (813. 09) 
20 marks ($ 4. 76) 

50 marks ($11. 90) 


D. Deck hands below the 
rank of officers. 

First (and single) boat- 


Pantrv helpers 

Laundrynien 

Laundresses 

Stewardesses, wait- 
resses 


Second boatswains 

First (and single) ship 


Freight steamers: 

First stewards or 
single stewards on 
steamers, not In- 
cluding long coast- 
wise trips 

Stewards on steam- 
ers on long and 
short coastwise 
trips, including 


Second carpenters 

Quartermasters 






50 marks ($11. 90) 


Able-bodied seamen 


Other seamen {Leicht- 
matrose) 






35 marks ($8.33) 
30 marks ($7.14) 
45 marks ($10. 71) 


Blacksmiths 


Second stewards 

Pantrvmen 


Donkev hands on sailing 




Stewardesses and 
waitresses 


Boat hands. . . . 


40 marks (.$9.52) 
35 marks (.88.33) 


E. Engineers below the 


Sailing vessels: 


rank of officers. 
Boiler smiths . . 


H. Miscellaneous em- 
ployees. 
Physicians 




145 marks (834. 51) 

55 marks (813. 09) 

200 marks ($47. 60) 
100 marks (823. 80) 


Assistant engineers 

Ice-macliine hands 


Nurses, assistant physi- 
cians, etc 


Stoker (f9reman) 


Guides and information 




Interpreters 


Storekeepers 


Barbers 


70 marks (816. 66) 


Oilers 


Pursers 


165 marks (839. 27) 


Hydraulic hands 

Stokers 


Pursers' assistants 

Bartenders 


85 marks ($20. 23) 
155 marks ($.%. 89) 
65 marks (815. 47) 
30 marks (8 7. 14) 
80 marks (819. 04) 
55 marks (813. 09) 
45 marks (810. 71) 
50 marks (811. 90) 
100 marks (823. 80) 

65 marks ($15 47) 




Printers 


Engineers' helpers 

Donkey hands 


Booksellers, etc 


Pastry makers 




Bakers ... 


F. Kitchen employees. 


Butchers 




Porters 


Cooks on passenger 
steamers: 
Head cooks (on 


Telegraphers, signalmen. 
Silver and copper polish- 
ers . . 


steamers with large 
kitchens) 


Cabinetmakers 


80 marks (819. 04) 
90 marks (821. 42J 
70 marks (-816 66) 




Assistant cooks 


Coopers 


Steam cooks.. 


B aggagem en 


80 marks ($19. 04) 


Apprentice cooks.... 

Third-class cooks 

Scullions 


IL Deep-Sea Fishing 

Fleet, (a) 
Captains on deep-sea 

fishing steamers 

Captains on herring boats 
First engineers 


Cooks on freight steam- 
ers, not including short 
coastwise trips: 
F'rst cooks 


Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 

Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 

Uk> marks (839. 27) 

115 marks (.827. 37) 


Second cooks 

Scullions 


Second engineers 

Engineers on steam log- 
Officers on deep-sea fish- 
ing steamers 


Cooks on freight steam- 
ers on short coastwise 
trips and bay trips 

Cooks on sailing vessels, 
excluding short coast- 
wise trips . . . 


120 marks (828. 56) 
125 marks (829. 75) 
110 marks (.S2(i. 18) 


Second officers on deep- 
sea fishing steamers. . . 

Headmen on herring log- 
gers 


Cooks on sailmg vessels 
on short coastwise 


110 marks ($26. 18) 


Net makers 


100 marks ($23. 80) 


trips 


Seamen 


90 marks ($21. 42) 
90 marks ($21. 42) 


Women cooks 









a The classes of employees not mentioned in this list have the same rates as in the merchant fleet. 



1084 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The wage classes for persons on cable steamers and on school ships 
have been omitted. 

These rates came into force on January 1, 1909, and apply to the 
whole German coast. To the amounts which are stated above must 
be added 40 per cent of the average value of maintenance given to 
able-bodied seamen on ocean voyages. 

Voyages in the meaning of this decree include trips on bays, har- 
bors, fiords, and similar waters, not including the high sea. Short 
coastwise voyages include voyages along the coast of the continent 
and the islands of the North Sea from Cape Griz Nez to the Agger 
Canal, including voyages from the continent to Hehgoland, etc. 
Long coastwise voyages include the voyages between all the ports of 
Europe, of the Mediterranean, and of the Black Sea, as well as voy- 
ages of the same kind in foreign countries. The Atlantic voyage 
includes voyages within the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian and 
Pacific oceans. A long voyage is one which extends beyond any of 
those specified above. 

A passenger steamer is one which in addition to its crew regularly 
has more than 10 persons on board; this may not include, however, 
seamen or other persons who are carried because in distress. 

General Administration. 

The general organization of the accident insurance for seamen and 
other persons employed in navigation, fishing, etc., follows the plan 
used for other industries. The proprietors of vessels are required to 
become members of an accident association called the navigation 
accident association (See-Berufsgenossenschaft). This organization 
is administered by a general meeting and b}^ a board of directors 
whose rights and duties are the same as in the case of the industrial 
accident associations. As the industry of navigation has in it a large 
number of persons transporting goods by means of small vessels, and 
as the insurance includes persons engaged in deep-sea and coast 
fishing, the accident insurance law of 1900 makes special provision 
for persons in these small estabHshments by the creation of an insur- 
ance institute which is a subsidiary corporation of the navigation 
accident association. The general characteristics of this institute 
are the same as the institutes used in the building trades for the 
insurance of building workers. It is not an independent bod}' and 
must be represented by the accident association in transactions with 
outside parties. As already stated, the object of the institute is to 
administer the insurance of persons employed on vessels of less than 
50 cubic meters capacity or upon vessels engaged in deep-sea or coast 
fishing. The institute may not insure any other persons than these. 

The accident association must draw up a constitution and by-laws 
for the institute, and the board of directors and the general meeting 



CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1085 

of the accident association must administer the business of the 
institute. The constitution must specify the duties of the officials 
of the institute, the method of keeping accounts and the method of 
amending tliis special constitution. The accounts of the two organ- 
izations must be kept entirely distinct. 

ACCIDENT INSURANCE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY. 

The first national compulsor}^ law applying to the accident insur- 
ance of workers in agriculture and forestry and their subsidiary 
industries was that of May 5, 1886. This law was amended by the 
act of June 30, 1900, on the accident insurance of persons engaged in 
agriculture and forestry {Unfallversicherungsgesetz filr Land-und 
Forstwirtschaft) . The insurance is organized and administered in 
practically the same manner as the insurance for industries. (^) 

Industries Included. 

The establishments included are those engaged in agriculture and 
forestry proper. In addition, the insurance covers undertakings 
(conducted by the owner of the farm or forest) which are exclusively 
or mainly engaged (a) in the manufacture or workmg up of agricul- 
tural products of the farm or forest; (b) in preparing supplies for 
the farm or forest ; (c) in procuring from the ground and working up 
products such as clay, stone, peat, etc. ; (d) truck gardening, nurseries, 
seed farms, etc. The current repair work to buildings, the w^ork of 
making or repairing roads, canals, dams, etc., are also included, 
provided that such work is done directly for the proprietor himself, 
on the farm and without the intervention of a professional contractor. 
If the proprietor of the farm or forest is required by local regulations 
to work himself (or to supph" a worker) on the local roads, buildings, 
waterways, etc., such work must be counted part of the work of his 
farm, etc., and is subject to the insurance. 

The law mentions as exempt from its provisions the following 
establishments: mines, salt works, smelting and ore-treatmg plants, 
shipyards, yards for preparing building work, and establishments 
which are to be classed as factories under the provision of the indus- 
trial accident insurance law. 

In case of doubt, the imperial insurance office decides as to the 
classification of establishments. 

Persons Included. 

As in the case of the accident insurance for industries, the law 
includes workmen and establishment officials, the latter in so far as 
their annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks ($714). The farmers 

oFor a discussion of proposed reforms in the law, see pages 1052 to 1058. 



1086 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

or heads of the various establishments are not included in the insur- 
ance according to the federal law, but the law authorizes the various 
States to enact laws for including the heads of agricultural and other 
establishments. In certain of the States laws have been enacted 
including in the insurance all farmers regardless of their annual 
income (Bavaria, Saxony, Wiirttemberg, Baden, Hessen, and Mein- 
ingen), while other States have included farmers whose incomes does 
not exceed a specified sum. The States are also authorized to enact 
laws excluding from the insurance members of the farmer's family 
who are employed on the farm. 

The accident associations are authorized to define the terms 
administrative or establishment official in order to make clear what 
persons are included in the insurance. The accident associations are 
also authorized to include in the compulsory insurance farmers whose 
annual earnings are less than 3,000 marks ($714), or who regularly 
employ not more than two workmen. The associations may extend 
the insurance to establishment officials whose annual earnings exceed 
3,000 marks ($714). Farmers with earnings of less than 3,000 marks 
($714) may voluntarily insure themselves against accident, while the 
accident associations may also grant this right to farmers with larger 
earnings. 

Character of Disability Compensated. 

The definition of an accident is the same as in the case of the 
industrial accident insurance. 

Benefit Payments, 
benefits for the first 13 weeks. 

During the first thirteen weeks of disability of a workman (but not 
of an employer or establishment official), the regular sick benefits, 
consisting of medical attendance, medicine, etc., and pecuniary 
benefit, consisting of one-half the wages paid for ordinary unskilled 
labor in that locality, must be provided by the commune in which 
the injured person was employed, unless such person has a claim for 
these benefits against a sickness insurance fund. An employer or an 
establishment official not a member of a sickness insurance fund has 
no claim for benefits during the first thirteen weeks. 

If the injured person is able to resume work before the end of the 
thirteen weeks, but has sustained a loss of earning power, the accident 
association must provide the regular accident benefits from the date 
when the permanent loss of earning power can be definitely deter- 
miaed. 



^^^^ CHAPTER ^.'-^W5^MEN 's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1087 
^H BENEFITS BEGINNING WITH THE FOURTEENTH WEEK. 

The benefits provided from the beginning of the fourteenth week 
of disabihty are the same as those provided under the industrial 
accident insurance law. As it is customary in many sections of the 
country to pay farm laborers not in money but in kind, the law 
permits the paj^ment of part (but not exceeding two-thirds) of the 
accident pension in this manner if the local government so desires 
and the pensioner gives his consent. 

Determination and Revision of Benefits. 

As in the case of persons employed in industrial establishments, 
whenever a person employed in an establishment included in the 
agricultural insurance is injured by accident to such an extent that 
he will probably have a claim to benefits, or has been killed, the local 
police must institute an investigation and ascertain (1) the nature 
and cause of the accident; (2) the persons killed or injured; (3) the 
nature of the injuries; (4) the location of the injured persons; (5) 
the survivors of deceased persons and dependents of injured persons, 
who would have a claim to compensation; (6) the amount of the 
pension which the injured person may have been receiving under 
the accident or invalidity insurance laws. If the accident associa- 
tion so requests, the local police authorities must institute an inves- 
tigation even if it does not seem probable that a claim for compensa- 
tion will arise. The procedure followed in these investigations and 
the method of determining the pensions are the same as for industrial 
accidents. The decision in any case must be in writing and be 
accompanied by the reasons for it; if the decision relates to a claim 
for a partial disability pension, the loss of earning power decided 
upon must be stated in the decision. The claimant has the usual right 
of appeal to the insurance arbitration courts in case he is dissatisfied 
with the award and from the decision of the arbitration court the 
claimant or the directorate of the accident association may appeal 
to the imperial insurance office. 

Two years after the first decision, if a change has occurred in the 
condition of the injured person, another investigation of the condi- 
tion of the injured person and determination of the amount of the 
pension to which the injured person is then entitled may be made. 
During the first five years of disability the redetermination of the 
status of the pensioner may be made upon the decision 'of the acci- 
dent association, after that time only upon the decision of the arbi- 
tration court, to which the application must be made by the pubUc 
authorities, by the accident association, or by the pensioner. 



1088 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Source of Income. 

The income of the accident associations is derived from assess- 
ments on the employers as described in the next paragraph. The 
Government gives the services of the post-office and of certain super- 
visory officials without charge, but it may be said that the employers 
defray the cost of accidents causing disability for more than 13 
weeks. The method of collecting the income is described below. 

Financial Organization. 

The financial organization of the agricultural insurance is prac- 
tically the same as that for the general industries. The annual costs 
of the insurance are met by assessments on employers each year, 
but the accumulation of a reserve for the purpose of reducing these 
annual assessments has not been introduced. A reserve, however, 
of an amount not to exceed twice the average annual expenditures 
(based on the last 5 years' expenditures) must be accumulated by 
increasing the annual assessments by 2 per cent until this amount 
has been reached. 

The assessments on the establishments are based on the risk ratings, 
the wages and salaries paid, or the average annual number of days' 
work needed to operate the establishment. If the board of directors 
of any association decides that the use of the risk ratings and the 
number of days necessary to operate the farm are not applicable 
as methods of assessing the insurance charges, they may with the 
consent of two-thirds of the members at the general meeting, use the 
land tax as the basis for making the insurance assessments and have 
the assessments collected as a supplementary charge to this tax. The 
land tax is used as the basis in Bavaria, Saxony, Wiirttemberg, 
Hessen, and Reuss (senior line), while in Baden, Schaumburg-Lippe 
and Hamburg the state laws prescribe the labor force necessary to 
work the farm as the basis for assessments. In Prussia the various 
establishments are assessed on the basis of the risk ratings, together 
with the estimated number of working days needed to operate the 
farm or other establishment. 

General Administration. 

The general administration of the agricultural insurance follows the 
same plan as that of the industrial insurance. The employers are 
required to become members of mutual accident associations com- 
posed of persons conducting the establishments subject to the law, 
and these accident associations have practically the same rights and 
duties as those used to administer the industrial accident law. 

On account of the great extent of the agricultural and other estab- 
lishments subject to the insurance, in most cases the boundaries of 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1089 

the accident associations have been made to coincide with the hmits 
of the poUticai subdivisions. In Prussia, for example, there is one 
accident association for the agricultural industries for each province 
of the kingdom, while as a measure of economy the authorities of the 
provinces also perform or supervise part of the administrative work 
of the accident associations for their jurisdictions. 

The law permits the various States to enact laws regulating the 
administration of the affairs of the accident associations located 
within their limits; Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wiirttemberg, Baden, 
and other States have passed such laws, most of which relate to the 
creation of accident associations, the limits of such associations, the 
relation of the various state, provincial, etc., officials to the associa- 
tions, the methods of selecting delegates to meetings of the asso- 
ciations, etc. 

Accident Prevention. 

Of the 48 agricultural accident associations, 30 are subject to the 
supervision of the imperial insurance office, while 18 are controlled by 
the various state insurance offices. Practically all of the accident 
associations controlled by the imperial insurance office have drawn 
up regulations for the prevention of accidents in agricultural and 
forestr}^, either for the whole industry or for specified occupations 
in these industries. Of the 18 associations not subject to the imperial 
office, only 5 have not yet drawn up such preventive regulations. 

Formerly the regulations for the prevention of accidents referred 
principally to the most dangerous part of agricultural work, namely, 
operations with agricultural machinery. In addition, many regula- 
tions have been adopted affecting accessory establishments connected 
with farms; these are principally distilleries, creameries, starch-mak- 
ing works, limekilns, quarries, flour mills, oil mills, breweries, and 
malting works. More recently regulations have been issued in regard 
to the use of tools, explosives, vehicles, and work connected with build- 
ing, while rules for forestry operations and for work connected with 
forests have also been drawn up. 

An official report states that the publication of rules for the pre- 
vention of accidents without mp,king provision for inspectors to 
enforce these rules is practically useless. At the present time (Jan- 
uar}' 1, 1910) the number of technically skilled inspectors employed 
by the accident associations for agriculture is comparatively small; 
thus the 66 industrial accident associations had in their service on 
that date 321 technical inspectors, while the 48 agricultural associa- 
tions had only 38 inspectors. The latter were employed by 21 of the 
associations, leaving 27 without any technical inspectors. The 
official report calls attention to the need for proper enforcement 
of the preventive regulations as made clear by the occurrence in 



1090 



REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



1908 of 61,609 accidents during employment, of which an important 
part were due to the absence of protective apphances and because 
of faulty methods of conducting work. It should be stated that in 
many of the associations the officials, such, for instance, as the mem- 
bers of the board of directors, representatives of the employers as well 
as of the employees, and governing officials are used to supervise work 
liable to result in accidents; that such supervision will be adequate is 
doubtful, because accident prevention requires continuous instruction 
and advice to the employer as well as constant supervision of the 
machinery and employees. 

STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS. 

The statistics of operations of the accident insurance system are 
published annually in the January number of the monthly bulletin 
of the imperial insurance office {Amtliche Nachricliten des Reichs- 
Versicherungsamts) . This publication began with the year 1885, and 
the January issue presents the data for the year preceding the one just 
closed. In addition to this annual report the imperial insurance office 
published at the time of the International Social Insurance Con- 
gress of 1908 a compilation of the principal data of the system for 
the years 1885 to 1906 (Statistilc der Arheiterversicherung des Deutchen 
Reichs filr die Jahre 1885-1 906, imAuftrage des ReicJis-VersicJierungs- 
amts heofrheitet von Dr. G. A. Klein, Berlin, 1908), and in the following 
pages frequent use has been made of this summary. A brief state- 
ment of the operations of various branches of the compulsory in- 
surance is published each year in the monthly bulletin of the imperial 
Labor Office (Reichs-Arheitshlatt) . 

The detailed investigations of accidents of the years 1887, 1891, 
1897, and 1901 contain data relating to accidents compensated for 
the first time in those years, and such data as have been reproduced 
in this report are given on page 1125 and following pages. 

As the statistical information relating to the operations of the 
accident insurance system is both extensive and complicated, the 
following summary of the data given later is presented to show the 
principal features of the insurance system: 

SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM, 1886 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1888 to 1910.] 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, (a) 



Year. 


Average num- 
ber of persons 
insured. 


Total receipts. 


Total expendi- 
tures. 


Amount of 

reserve fund at 

close of year. 


Number of 
persons 
receiving 
compensa- 
tion lor the 
first time. 


1880 

1890 


3. 473, 435 
4,920,672 
5,409,218 
6,928.894 
8,195,732 
8,917,772 


$2,946,906 
10,239,489 
15,713,334 
22,526,758 
39,980,168 
47,048,617 


$2,452,(551 
8,098,299 
12,012,486 
16,738,403 
30,262,314 
35,823,462 


$1,300,218 
13,169,422 
28,674,080 
31,782,088 
48,545,370 
61,641.385 


9,723 
27,021 


1895 

1900 . 


34.788 
52,904 


1905 


69.694 


1908 . . 


75,830 







a Not Including the subsidiary Insurance institutes. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1091 



SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS OF TRE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM, 1886 TO 

1908— Concluded. 

AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



Year. 


Average num- 
ber of persons 
insured. 


Total receipts. 


Total expendi- 
tures. 


Amount of 

reserve fund at 

close of year. 


Number of 

persons 
receiving 
compensa- 
tion for tiie 
first time. 


1888 


5,576,765 
8,088,698 
12,289.415 
11,189,071 
11,189,071 
17,179,000 


$110,247 
862,334 
3,565.880 
6,237,266 
9,188,670 
10,486,994 


$109,908 
807.483 
3,217,535 
5,585,032 
8,747,984 
9,490,945 


$3, 197 
135,546 
1,074,636 
1,576,113 
2,709,371 
3,537,513 


808 


1890 


12,573 


1895 . 


37,383 


1900 


50.311 


1905 ... 


60,335 


1908 


61,609 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 



1886 


251,878 
604,380 
690,835 
774,926 
857,709 
977,351 




S50.511 
457,768 
1,080,934 
1,774,166 
2,642,151 
3,059,978 




817 


1890 






2,444 


1895 






3,356 


1900 






• 4,439 


1905 







5,092 


1908 






5,526 











o Estimated. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED. 



The number of persons included in the accident insurance system 
compared with the population of the empire is shown in the following 
table: 



NUMBER OF PERSONS (INCLUDING DUPLICATIONS) INSURED AGAINST ACCIDENT, 
COMPARED WITH THE POPULATION OF THE EMPIRE, BY SEX AND BY SPECIFIED 
YEARS. 

[Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversictierung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885 to 1906.] 





Population of the Empire. 


Total num- 
ber of per- 
sons in- 
sured (esti- 
mated). 


Number 
of per- 
sons in- 
sured per 
1,000 pop- 
ulation. 


Number of persons insured 
per 1,000— 


Year. 


Male. 


Female. Total. 


Male 
wage- 
earners. 


Female 
wage- 
earners. 


Wage- 
earners. 


1885 


22,864.000 
23,592,000 
25,523.000 
30,149,000 


23,843,000 
24,576,000 
26,478,000 
31,028,000 


46,707,000 
48,168,000 
52,001,000 
61,177,000 
663,125,000 


3,251,000 
10,353,000 
16,889,000 
19,227,000 
627,000,000 


70 

215 

325 

314 

C429 


3.30 
(«) 
1,322 
1,273 

(«) 


173 
(«) 
1,238 
1,193 
(a) 


287 


1888 


(a) 
1 297 


1895 


1906 


1 250 


1908 


(«) 









a Not reported. 



6 Estimate of Reichs-Arbeitsblatt. 



c See explanation on page 1092. 



The total number of persons insured against accidents by the 
imperial accident insurance system is difficult to estimate, because the 
number of persons employed in agricultural establishments subject 
to the insurance is not known. On the basis of the industrial census, 
the imperial insurance office estimated the number of insured persons 
in agricultural establishments at a fixed number for the period 1896 
to 1907, inclusive; for the year 1908 this number has been revised 
in accordance with the returns of the industrial census of 1907, and in 



1092 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



consequence the data for 1908 in the preceding table show a large 
increase over the year 1906 in the number of persons insured. 
There is also a certain amount of duplication in the table, since per- 
sons employed in agricultural establishments in the summer are 
frequently counted a second time if they secure employment in an 
industrial establishment in the winter. 

For the year 1908 the total (estimated) number of insured persons 
was approximately 27,000,000, or over 40 per cent of the total popu- 
lation. The estimated number of insured persons per 1,000 of the 
wage-earning population is in excess of 1,000; in part this is probably 
due to the duplication of the same persons in agriculture and industry 
and in part to the inclusion of a number of employers. 

The scope of the accident insurance system is shown in the follow- 
ing table, giving the number of insurance organizations, including the 
subsidiary insurance institutes, the number of persons insured, their 
earnings, and the reserve fund of the organizations for the years 1885 
to 1908: 

INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS, ESTABLISHMENTS, PERSONS INSURED, EARNINGS OF 
INSURED PERSONS, AND RESERVE FUND IN THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM 
OF GERMANY, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. 





Num- 






Persons insured. 










ber of 

or- 


Establish- 










Earnings of 
insured 


Amount of 


Year. 










reserve fund 


gani- 


ments. 


Em- 
ployers. 


Technical 






at the close 




za- 
tions. 




officials and 
workmen. 


other. 


Total. 


persons. 


of the year. 


1885(a) 


57 


194,601 


968 


2,983,574 


1,706 


2,986,248 


$113,261,812 




1886... 


62 


269, 174 


2,686 


3,467,619 


3,130 


3,473,435 


530,344,650 


' * "ii,'366'2i8 


1887... 


62 


319,453 


4,118 


3,853,553 


3,889 


3,861,560 


568,665,190 


3,741,560 


1888... 




350,697 


2,909 


4,313,020 


4.734 


4,320,663 


629,770,054 


6,748,530 


1889... 




372,236 


18,656 


4,718,822 


t,,u70 


4,742,548 


701,418,940 


9,996,766 


1890... 




390,622 


33,678 


4,888,790 


4,204 


4,926,672 


757,749,923 


13,223,606 


1891... 




405,241 


51,881 


5,036,963 


4,568 


5,093,412 


788,123,748 


16, 604, 481 


1892. . . 




415,335 


55,878 


5,017,490 


4,764 


5,078,132 


783,682,219 


19,939,746 


1893. . . 




420, 874 


63, 131 


5,100,661 


5,181 


5,168,973 


801,247,784 


23,291,575 


1894... 




426, 335 


59,464 


5,178,786 


5,715 


5,243,965 


816,748,023 


26,194,731 


1895... 




435, 137 


61,764 


5,341,007 


6,447 


5,409,218 


851,420,048 


28,803,449 


1896... 




442.772 


61,937 


5,666,427 


6,316 


5,734,680 


933,673,140 


30,812,259 


1897. . . 


78 


455, 417 


60,030 


5,976,046 


6,542 


6,042,618 


1,012,361,703 


31,076,033 


1898. . . 


78 


456,366 


60, 148 


6,247,883 


8,803 


6,316,834 


1,105,145,604 


31,274,939 


1899. . . 


78 


465,551 


58,898 


6,590,767 


8,906 


6,658,571 


1,192,113,822 


31,619,876 


1900. . . 


78 


478, 752 


59,808 


6,859,198 


9,888 


6,928,894 


1,284,997,667 


32,024,553 


1901... 


78 


483,578 


64, 749 


6,808,943 


10,384 


6,884,076 


1,316,947,395 


34, 443. 413 


1902... 


80 


578,834 


120, 915 


6,968,097 


11,525 


7,100,537 


1,359,091,626 


37,512,505 


1903... 


80 


608,955 


139,283 


7,313,932 


13,269 


7, 466, 484 


1,455,409,073 


40,856,331 


1904. . . 


80 


619,449 


139,954 


7,694,409 


14,757 


7,849,120 


1,556,118,355 


44.723,242 


1905... 


80 


637,611 


143, 162 


8,036,909 


15,661 


8,195,732 


1,656.244,199 


48,847,101 


1906... 


80 


659,93,5 


148,300 


8,459,443 


17,757 


8,625,500 


1,837,363,585 


53.233,011 


1907... 


80 


673,118 


150, 768 


8,848,592 


19,007 


9,018,367 


2,002,236,236 


57,575,092 


1908... 


80 


696,824 


151,928 


8,740,451 


25,393 


8,917,772 


2,014,358,666 


61,972,430 



AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 



1888... 


42 


3,046,007 


(6) 


1889... 


48 


4,753,808 


(6) 


1890. . . 


48 


4,843.621 


(6) 


1891 . . . 


48 


4,776.520 


(6) 


1892... 


48 


4,859,618 


(b) 



C) 

(ft) 

a For the last three months of the year. 



ib) 
C) 

C) 



c 5. 576, 765 



.-12,289,415 



bNot reported. 



C) 
(b) 

c Estimated. 



$3, 197 

40, 860 

135,546 

316,939 

516,053 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1093 



INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS, ESTABLISHMENTS. PERSONS INSURED, EARNINGS OF 
INSURED PERSONS. AND RESERVE FUND IN THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM 
OF GERMANY, 18S5 TO 1908-Conclucled. 

AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1898 TO 1908— Concluded. 



Year. 



1893.. 
1894.. 
1895.. 
1896.. 
1897.. 
1898.. 
1899.. 
1900.. 
1901.. 
1902. . 
1903.. 
1904... 
1905. . 
1906.. 
1907. . 
1908.. 



Num- 
ber of 

or- 
gan i- 

za- 
tions. 



Persons insured. 



Establish- 
ments, i Em- 
ployers. 



769,243 
793,250 
813,572 
645,057 
642, 130 
654. 176 
688,820 
711,077 
707,998 
638.457 
642. 427 
658.89;? 
658,826 
695, 789 
710,401 
434,100 



(«) 
(«) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(«) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 



Technical 




officials and 


Other. 


workmen. 




(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


ffi 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 
(a) 


(a) 


(a) 
(a) 


(a) 
(a) 


(a) 


(a) 



Total. 



6 11.189.071 



Earnings of 
insured 
persons. 



6 17,179.000 



(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 



Amount of 
reserve fund 
at the close 
of the year. 



$720,656 
965,327 
1,074,636 
1,196,869 
1,325,650 
1,408,321 
1,485,558 
1,576,113 
1,696,684 
1,953,830 
2, 245, 338 

2, 470, 363 
2, 709, 371 
2,969.726 
3, 234, 536 

3, 537, 513 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1885 TO 1908. 



1885(c) 
1886 


83 


(a) 
(a) 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 


47 


1887 


48 


1888 


178 


1889 


285 


(a) 
(a) 


(a) 


1890 .. 


316 




1891 . 


352 


(a) 


(a) 


1892... 


348 


(a) 


(a) 


1893... 


372 


(a) 


(a) 


1894... 


385 


(a) 


(a) 


1895... 


393 


(a) 


(a) 


1896 


401 


(a) 
(a) 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 


1897 .- 


404 


1898 


409 


(a) 
(a) 


1899... 


416 


1900... 


425 


(a) 


(a) 


1901... 


478 


(a) 


(a) 


1902 .. 


481 


(a) 


(a) 


1903... 


487 


(a) 


(a) 


1904... 


503 


(a) 


(a) 


1905 . . 


516 


(a) 


(a) 


1906 .. 


527 


(a) 
(a) 


(a) 


1907... 


535 


(a) 


1908... 


540 


(a) 


(a) 



809,858 
837,827 
857, 667 
912, 544 
964,562 
977, 322 



265,088 
251,878 
259,977 
446, 250 
543,320 
604,380 
632. 459 
646. 733 
660.462 
658. 367 
690,835 
681 , 439 
715, 758 
740, 108 
756, 482 
774.926 
793,565 
793.150 
809,867 
837,834 
857, 709 
912,642 
964, 589 
977,351 



(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 



(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 



a Not reported. 



6 Estimated. 



c For the last three months of the year. 



The first part of the tahle, relating to the accident insurance of 
industries, the building trades, and navigation, shows that in 1908 
there were 80 associations or organizations conducting the insurance, 
including the mutual accident insurance associations of employers 
and the subsidiar}^ institutes. The number of associations has been 
increased only by the addition of three organizations since the year 
1888, while the number of insured establishments and of insured 
persons has about doubled in that period. Changes in the laws, as 
stated on page 995, will explain the increases in the number of 
insured persons, as, e. g., the increase in the number of insured 
employers in 1902, due to the extension of the insurance. The 
amount of the reserve has also increased at a rapid rate. 

The second part of the table, giving the data for the agricultural 
establishments, shows that during the period 1889 to 1908 no increase 
has occurred in the number of organizations conducting the insur- 



1094 



KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



ance. Agriculture, being a seasonal industry, employs at certain 
times large numbers of workers, while during the winter season the 
number of employees is comparatively small; to obtain the average 
number of persons employed during the year is therefore a matter 
of some difficulty. The numbers given in the table for the years 
1888, 1891, 1896, and 1908 are estimates based on the returns of the 
various censuses. In accordance with the plan of financial organiza- 
tion of the agricultural accident insurance, the amount of the 
reserve is comparatively small. 

The government authorities conducting accident insurance include 
the government railways, government building and construction 
works, government plants of the military and naval establishments, 
government farms, the forestry service, etc. The number of the 
various authorities in charge of operations, establishments, etc., to 
which the accident insurance laws applied was 540 in 1908, and the 
number of insured persons employed in that year was 977,351 ; dur- 
ing the period of the table the number of persons included has had 
about the same rate of increase as the number of persons engaged 
in industries. 

RECEIPTS. 

The receipts of the accident insurance system are given separately 
in the official reports for the industrial accident associations and for 
the agricultural accident associations; for the public authorities 
there is no system of assessments, the cost of the accident insurance 
being paid out of their annual appropriations by each department 
or office. The following table gives the receipts of the industrial 
and agricultural insurance organizations for the period 1885 to 1908: 

RECEIPTS OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.1 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. (o) 











With- 












Cash on 






drawals 










Year. 


hand at 

beginning 

of year. 


Assessments. 


Premiums. 


from re- 
serve fund 


Fines. 


Interest. 


Other 
income. 


Total 
receipts. 








(including 


















interest). 










1885 (b) 










$19 


$513 


$2,359 


$2, 891 


1886 




$2,'9ii,'654 






4,491 


5,632 


25, 729 


2, 946, 906 


1887 




'"$596 ,'852' 
739,963 


4,664,347 
6,160,200 




$165 


10,036 


11,624 


16, 399 


5,299,423 
7,155,359 


1888 




"'$172,' 469" 


2,535 


33.993 


17,366 


28,833 


1889 




1,100,453 


7,471,596 


220,418 


411 


34,977 


24,956 


29,327 


8,882,138 


1890 




1,724,046 


8,148,413 


241,021 




34,637 


48, 962 


42, 410 


10,239,489 


1891 




2,141,190 


9,443,371 


232, 838 




39,005 


71,642 


52, 695 


11,980,741 


1892 




2, 760, 982 


9,882,074 


246,050 


5,' 422" 


41,566 


86,668 


83,684 


13, im, 446 


1893 




3,012,011 


10,593,709 


207, 743 


49, 201 


41,436 


91,552 


41,273 


14,036,925 


1894 




3,078,504 


11,062,825 


308,502 


75,980 


41,255 


116,600 


91,383 


14,775,049 


1895 




3, 336, 629 


11,713,196 


313,670 


110,067 


33,866 


105, 785 


100, 121 


15,713,334 


1896 




3,719,299 


12,144,724 


350, 757 


74,614 


30, 890 


114,345 


85,632 


16,520,261 


1897 




4, 087, 799 


11,589,692 


418,804 


1,068,512 


34,961 


136,933 


105,615 


17,442,316 


1898 




4,678,0.55 


12,495,938 


488, 741 


936,474 


41,011 


156, 320 


102, 480 


18,899.019 


1899 




5,190,530 


13, 778, 504 


488,470 


783,510 


43,059 


173,963 


99,975 


20,558,017 


1900 




5,566,317 


15,466,582 


475, 326 


691,906 


39,182 


197, 248 


90,197 


22,526,758 


1901 




6,100,258 


19, 793, 204 


469,510 


1,254,102 


42,084 


210,072 


113,395 


27,982,625 


1902 




6,6.32,971 


22,175,756 


530,575 


1,220,750 


43,942 


224,477 


136, 285 


30,970,756 


1903 




7,007,633 


24,293,172 


617,458 


1,332,374 


56,940 


250,322 


1,109,576 


34,667,481 


1904 




8,422,607 


26,265,900 


632,049 


1,336,471 


56,582 


272,015 


325,031 


37,311,315 


1905 




8,984,275 


28,082,410 


551,240 


1,466,845 


77, 106 


310,554 


507, 738 


39,980,168 


1906 




9,. 587, 3.56 


29,722,834 


586,002 


1,617,877 


81,870 


363, 123 


575,765 


• 42,534,827 


1907 




10,2.33,270 


30,875.263 


626,806 


1,757,809 


89,532 


404,925 


571,767 


44,559,372 


1908 




10,449,457 


32,837,604 


641,204 


1,908,978 


84, 204 


438, 635 


688, 535 


47,048,617 



o Including the subsidiary Institutes for the building trades and navigation. 
b For the last three months of the year. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1095 



RECEIPTS OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 
AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 



Year. 



Cash on 

hand at 

beginning 

of year. 



Assessments, rreniiunis. 



With- 
drawals 
from re- 
serve fund 
(including 
interest). 



Fines. 



Interest. 



Other 
income. 



Total 
receipts. 



1888... 

1889... 

1890... 

1891... 

1892. . . 

1893... 

1894... 

1895... 

1896. . . 

1897... 

1898... 

1899.... 

1900. . . . 

1901.... 

1902.... 

1903.... 

1904.... 

1905.... 1 

1906....! 

1907. . . . 

1908...-! 



$42,321 
116,874 
163, 335 
255, 730 
356. 557 
418.204 
474.175 
530,972 
519,891 
4S8, 692 
563.029 
667.915 
728, 133 
685,023 
597,901 
19,902 
270.427 
403,845 
762,808 
823.915 



$108,623 
385,895 i 
735,837 
1,292,361 
1,652,346 
2,082,254 
2, 730, 076 
057, 689 
439,619 ! 
179,316 I 
669,350 ! 
192,033 
514, 773 
642, 079 
865.172 



7,019,398 
8,427,942 
8,820,466 
9.268.070 
9,195,208 
9,503,973 



$567 
680 



$5,065 
12 
25 
25 



4,946 

7,868 
10.166 
10,378 
10,253 

7,053 
23, 361 

5,127 
15,881 
15,851 
15,350 
12.970 
12,970 
12,970 



442 
996 
1,774 
2.036 
2,131 
2.207 
2,812 
2,828 
2,701 
3,227 
3,827 
3,794 
4,292 
4,245 
4,996 
6,295 
7,847 
9,835 
16, 038 
20,889 



$16 

348 

1,125 

2,130 

3,779 

6,248 

6.989 

14,386 

14,742 

14,889 

17, 640 

22,394 

26,342 

27.570 

21.770 

21,201 

22.960 

31,253 

31,911 

39,279 

41,331 



$1,570 

5,395 

2,437 

3,722 

4,852 

5,304 

7.484 

11,872 

9,947 

14.665 

14,589 

14,771 

17,389 

24,570 

35,082 

46, 186 

44,170 

43.327 

51,020 

59,815 

83,910 



$110,247 
434.401 
862, 334 
1,463,334 
1,918,768 
2,452,519 
3,164.960 
3,565,880 
4,005,976 
4,741,628 
5,203.876 
6, 80<), .307 
0,237.266 
6, 450, 005 
7,016,419 
7,706,1.30 
8,537,.S00 
9,lS8,ti70 
9,777,651 
10,086,118 
10,486,994 



The last column of the table gives the total of all the receipts, 
including the item of cash on hand at the beginning of the year. The 
principal item for both the industrial and the agricultural accident 
associations is, of course, that of receipts from the assessments on 
employers. The increase in the item of assessments is partly due 
to the increase in the number of persons insured and partl}^ due to 
the system of making annual assessments to cover the annual ex- 
penditures; the annual expenditures naturally increase with the 
accumulation of pensioners on the pension roll, and as shown else- 
where, the point has probabh' not yet been reached w^hen the num- 
ber of persons ceasing to receive pensions because of death, etc., 
equals the number added to the roll. The steady increase in the 
item of withdraw^als from the reserve fund (including interest on the 
reserve) is due to the growth of the reserve, w^hich in 1908 amounted 
to $61,972,430 for the .industrial associations and $3,537,513 for the 



agricultural associations. 



EXPENDITURES. 



The expenditures for compensation, for administration, and the 
total expenditures for all purposes during the period 1885 to 1908 
are shown in the following: tables: 



46598°— 10- 



70 



1096 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



EXPENDITURES FOR ACCIDENT 
[Source: Amtliehe Nachrlchten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. 





Expenditures for comi)ensation. 


Year. 


Medical treat- 
ment. 


Pensions to in- 
jured persons. 


Treatment and 
board in hospi- 
tals, etc. 


Pensions 

to de- 
pendents 
of per- 
sons in 
hos- 
pitals. 


Settlements 
to injured 
persons. 


Funeral ex- 
penses. 




Persons 
treated. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amoimt. 


Persons 
treated. 


Amount. 


Niun- 
ber. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Am't. 


1885(3) 


1 

2,539 
6,025 
9,315 
12,418 
15,619 
19, 581 
22, 842 
26,036 
26, 776 
24, 079 
26,112 
28, 017 
30,214 
32, 471 
34, 140 
37, 674 
39, 674 
42,672 
45, 355 
49, 115 
51,362 
53, 724 
56,085 


$1 
24, 015 
68,919 
99,551 
126,863 
152, 553 
1&5, 920 
211,184 
212,910 
215, 684 
202, 794 
221, 861 
237, 747 
241,309 
262, 735 
293, 849 
333, 900 
364, 607 
389, 290 
415, 209 
453, 115 
468, 076 
505, 250 
537, 049 


4 
6,633 
17,509 
29,673 
42, 510 
61,186 
79,991 
94,839 
112,641 
133,533 
152, 340 
174, 379 
197, 084 
220, 478 
245, 624 
269,912 
296,945 
321,619 
348, 338 
377, 880 
405, 109 
430, 651 
453, 135 
470, 154 


$35 

224, 101 

796, 232 

1,339,991 

1, 949, 463 

2, 615, 524 

3, 274, 200 
3,841,088 

4, 423, 138 

5, 068, 061 

5, 703, 878 

6, 439, 683 

7, 225, 335 

8, 095, 618 

9, 028, 356 
10,061,000 
11,410,044 
12, 544, 432 
13, 745, 834 
15,013,348 
16, 180, 729 
17, 183, 134 
18, 263, 449 
19,102,727 












200 
2,329 
2,968 
2,909 
3,412 
3,663 
3,790 
3, 437 
3,704 
3,688 
3,818 
4,313 
4,556 
4,977 
5,137 
5,430 
5,544 
5,005 
5,346 
5,639 
5,825 
5,990 
6,721 
6,652 


$2,196 
27,055 
35, 262 
35, 659 
42, 559 
47, 803 
50, 752 
47,078 
49, 814 
49, 225 
51,863 
58,484 
62, 595 
71,482 
74,462 
83, 542 
91,998 
83, 153 
87,377 
95,045 
99,614 
105,099 
122, 733 
125,247 


1886... 
1887... 
1888... 
1889... 
1890... 
1891... 
1892... 
1893... 
1894... 
1895... 
1896... 
1897... 
1898... 
1899... 
1900... 
1901... 
1902... 
1903... 
1904... 
1905... 
1908... 
1907... 
1908... 


1,299 
2,639 
3,786 
4,972 
6,218 
7, 239 
8,840 
9,918 
11,193 
12,336 
13,395 
13,988 
15, 131 
15,680 
16,221 
17, 754 
18, 420 

18, 538 
19,072 

19, 223 
19, 869 
20, 362 
20,851 


$24, 227 
60,994 
94,354 
126,103 
184, 513 
232,339 
312,391 
368, 086 
413, 343 
439,080 
500, 354 
513, 765 
548,925 
568, 558 
599, 081 
667, 029 
727,359 
742, 845 
789, 223 
810, 351 
819,967 
849, 728 
917,969 


$11,833 
29,234 
38, 813 
49, 204 
61,208 
76, 188 
97,864 
111,837 
124,776 
129, 963 
140,569 
148,968 
150,601 
163,113 
175,793 
207,662 
236,365 
249, 958 
257,979 
266, 398 
272,836 
280,022 
296,005 


8 
49 
40 
93 

184 

160 

227 

311 

207 

228 

235 

284 

326 

346 

627 

3,809 

3,498 

2,577 

2,472 

2,790 

3,153 

3,419 

3,884 


$1,357 

13, 238 

6,727 

14, 583 

29, 547 

• 27,033 

27,901 

37, 425 

33, 410 

37, 470 

36, 457 

42, 603 

50,940 

55, 896 

87, 296 

391, 313 

324,454 

244, 613 

233,964 

259,005 

287, 776 

318, 704 

372,814 



AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 



1888 


47 


$375 


376 


$3, 536 


21 


$331 


$130 






336 


$2,459 


1889... 


995 


7,783 


5,277 


100, 862 


505 


9,676 


1,876 


3 


$91 


1,341 


9,943 


1890... 


2, 637 


21, 666 


15, 136 


306,633 


1,206 


28,683 


3,542 


1 


76 


1,861 


13,647 


1891... 


4,325 


36, 845 


27,942 


596,352 


1,819 


42,917 


5,034 


7 


890 


2,111 


15, 872 


1892... 


6,263 


49,293 


45, 861 


902, 829 


2,180 


56,704 


5,554 


6 


377 


2,153 


16,008 


1893... 


8,085 


59, 141 


64, 203 


1,219,785 


2,967 


74, 375 


7,682 


9 


1,265 


2,302 


17, 166 


1894... 


10,295 


74,899 


85, 234 


1,582,195 


3,676 


96,955 


10,079 


13 


1,633 


2,397 


17,982 


1895... 


12, 591 


80,577 


109,363 


1,945,810 


4,135 


110, 426 


10, 785 


12 


1,046 


2,422 


18,007 


1896... 


15,312 


96, 002 


136,370 


2,377,052 


5,031 


136, 755 


12, 781 


13 


1,100 


2,605 


19,511 


1897... 


18, 266 


114, 254 


161, 707 


2, 738, 961 


5,348 


143,657 


12,893 


19 


2,518 


2,728 


20,437 


1898... 


20, 440 


124, 359 


186,396 


3,078,486 


5,640 


148, 185 


13,768 


15 


982 


2,757 


20,681 


1899... 


23, 356 


139, 325 


210, 330 


3, 425, 220 


6,147 


161,156 


14, 527 


20 


2, 096 


2,856 


21,391 


1900... 


22, 568 


143,423 


228, 882 


3,729,271 


6,430 


166,214 


15,094 


60 


3,184 


2,834 


23,361 


1901... 


24, 055 


157, 455 


253, 067 


4,157,964 


6,782 


185, 843 


16,232 


829 


25, 822 


3,031 


35,567 


1902. . . 


27, 178 


173,679 


278,907 


4,600,057 


7,682 


205, 033 


19, 490 


642 


31,500 


2,947 


35,327 


1903... 


30, 038 


191,392 


306,994 


5,121,498 


8,090 


222, 200 


20,484 


494 


22, 070 


3,325 


40, 034 


1904... 


32, 537 


206, 188 


333, 946 


5,537,989 


8,556 


226, 623 


22,677 


629 


30, 194 


3,273 


39,070 


1905... 


34, 789 


216, 178 


358, 841 


5,872,903 


8, 451 


231,141 


21,850 


733 


34, 763 


3,304 


39, 577 


1906... 


33,194 


222, 424 


372, 155 


6,010,369 


7,990 


218,902 


19, 770 


855 


37, 782 


3,159 


37, 648 


1907... 


35, 703 


218,913 


384, 954 


6,109,605 


8,137 


225, 732 


20,339 


1.233 


53,091 


3,193 


38,088 


1908... 


33, 755 


228, 040 


389,319 


6,167,167 


8,244 


223, 292 


18,935 


1,453 


61,069 


3,295 


39, 147 



a For the last three months of the year. 



CHAPTEK V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1097 



COiirENSATION, 1SS5 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Xachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsanits, 1S87 to 1910.] 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1 885 TO 1908. 



Expenditures for compensation. 




Pensions to widows 


Settlements to 
widows incase 
of remarriage. 


Pensions to children 


Pensions to 






(or widowers;. 


and graudcliildren. 


other relatives. 


Total expen- 
ditures for 


Year. 


















compensa- 
tion. 




Num- 
ber. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amomit. 


Num- ■ 
ber. 


Amount. 




135 
1,622 


S803 
36,622 






225 
3,504 


SI, 016 
53,202 


13 
143 


870 
2,984 


$4,121 
407,385 


b 1.8.8.5 


ii' 


"'$i,"989' 


1S8() 


3,508 


99,373 


1.33 


15,492 


7,518 


151,227 


316 


8,921 


1,278.892 


1887 


5, 1S8 


160, 192 


235 


27,846 


11,224 


249, 623 


457 


13.601 


2.066.357 


1888 


6,951 


228,956 


317 


36,351 


14,586 


357,931 


()20 


IS, 80S 


2,950,821 


1889 


9, 0.S0 


304, 255 


422 


49,040 


18,827 


473,513 


807 


25, 742 


3.943,698 


1890 


11. OSS 


381,154 


442 


52,237 


23, 124 


595,148 


997 


32, 446 


4,907,417 


1891 


12, 3S2 


459.217 


538 


66,589 


2(), 381 


709,549 


l,0ti5 


37,719 


5,810,580 


1892 


14, 304 


533,063 


548 


71,930 


30,002 


817,687 


1,217 


41,828 


6,667,718 


18J3 


16,111 


608,8(53 


587 


75,573 


33, 560 


919,942 


1,384 


47.733 


7,55(3,610 


1894 


18,24') 


681,777 


617 


77,250 


36,685 


1,012,109 


1,515 


52,299 


8, 388, 483 


1895 


20. 333 


766.954 


628 


80, 282 


40, 253 


1,119,842 


1,662 


56,603 


9,421,089 


1896 


22.537 


854.528 


687 


90.521 


43, 526 


1,222,259 


i,7(;8 


61,222 


10,459,543 


1897 


24,751 


954. 772 


72' 


93, 364 


47.450 


1,332,660 


1,925 


67,288 


11,606.959 


1898 


27, 186 


1,063.020 


7S0 


104,756 


50,903 


1,459,987 


2, 048 


72,984 


12, 853, 867 


1899 


29,684 


1,177,481 


827 


111,272 


54,416 


1,577,540 


2, 250 


81,314 


14,248,228 


1900 


32,230 


1,300,505 


902 


127.372 


57,270 


1,738,846 


2, 406 


88,963 


16,3.57,632 


1901 


34,257 


1,381,069 


890 


131,160 


59,497 


1,869,245 


2,509 


95, 543 


17,757,387 


1902 


36. 571 


1,54(>.929 


921 


140, 473 


61,541 


2,034,530 


2,634 


103.050 


19,284,899 


1903 


3S,8*}0 


1,639,829 


946 


149,301 


63,613 


2, 155, 535 


2.771 


111,522 


20,861,955 


1904 


41,298 


1,759,097 


960 


152.621 


65,802 


2,303,564 


2.878 


115,824 


22,400,318 


1905 


43.718 


1,888.564 


9S8 


158,734 


68,119 


2, 460, 244 


2,971 


123, 732 


23,768,162 


1906 


46,437 


2.a37.437 


1.064 


177,598 


70,898 


2,651,524 


3.155 


131,887 


25, 338, 332 


1907 


48,966 


2,183,299 


1,087 


186,388 


73,268 


2,820,546 


3,192 


13S,823 


2t),6S1.475 


1938 



AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 



212 


SI. 643 


1 


$43 


318 


$1,657 


5 


S27 


$10,201 


ia8.8 


979 


13.805 


10 


551 


1,672 


16, 353 


34 


486 


161,426 


1889 


2,030 


31,915 


50 


2,626 


3,228 


37,042 


80 


1,243 


447,073 


1890 


3.203 


52,777 


85 


4,46« 


5,300 


61,125 


105 


1,665 


817,943 


1891 


4,327 


74, 677 


117 


6,011 


7, .371 


84, 147 


119 


2,254 


1,197,854 


1892 


5.575 


97,098 


1.30 


7,339 


9, 320 


109, 003 


152 


2,709 


1,595,563 


1893 


6,787 


120, 551 


173 


9,399 


11,093 


131,833 


173 


3,174 


2,048,700 


1894 


7,986 


145, 705 


181 


10, 305 


12, 861 


155, 858 


200 


3,597 


2,482,116 


1895 


9,279 


168,481 


172 


9,249 


14,599 


178,217 


228 


4,154 


3,003,302 


1896 


10,680 


197,420 


208 


11,338 


16,4.57 


201,716 


246 


4,571 


3,447,765 


1897 


12,033 


223,621 


207 


12,074 


17,927 


222, .363 


254 


4,828 


3,849,347 


1898 


13,269 


251, 434 


263 


14,838 


19,391 


241,478 


267 


5,155 


4,276,620 


1899 


14,688 


277.052 


238 


13,031 


20, 972 


263, 3.34 


290 


5,187 


4,639,151 


1900 


16,017 


297, 05f) 


279 


16,4,56 


22..3tX) 


284,030 


310 


5,658 


5.182,077 


1901 


17,5.34 


336,573 


295 


17,661 


23, .561 


314,497 


339 


6,295 


5, 740, 112 


1902 


18,757 


363, 361 


282 


17,649 


24,154 


335,618 


357 


6.679 


6,340,985 


1903 


20,094 


398,241 


291 


18,879 


25, 150 


361,347 


363 


6,893 


6,848,101 


1904 


21,355 


427, 35t) 


326 


21,503 


25,857 


386,969 


350 


6.720 


7.258,960 


1905 


22,aso 


454, 103 


315 


20,932 


26,435 


400,913 


355 


7,166 


7.430.009 


1906 


23,469 


484,487 


289 


19,129 


26,767 


417,012 


366 


7,623 


7,594.019 


1907 


24,683 


509,071 


295 


20,582 


27,216 


433,217 


370 


7^393 


7,719,720 


1908 



b For the hist three months of the year. 



1098 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



EXPENDITURES FOR ACCIDENT COMPENSATION, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1885 TO 1908. 



Expenditures for compensation. 



Year. 


Medical treat- 
ment. 


Pensions to in- 
jured persons. 


Treatment and 
board in hospi- 
tals, etc. 


Pensions 

to de- 
pendents 
of per- 
sons in 


Settlements 

to injured 

persons. 


Funeral ex- 
penses. 












1 












Persons 
treated. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amount. 


Persons 
treated. 


Amount. 


hos- 
pitals. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Am't. 


1885 (o) 


2 


$3 
















41 


$415 


1886... 


263 


3,856 


499 


$24, 446 


73 


$1,833 


$1,139 


1 


$201 


289 


2,904 


1887... 


509 
741 


8,601 
11, 489 


1,217 
2,163 


80, 638 
150, 334 


147 
181 


3,479 
4,840 


1,715 
1,897 






309 
342 


3,182 


1888... 






3,643 


1889... 


1,112 


15, 631 


3,544 


218, 659 


269 


. 5,832 


2,101 


1 


93 


442 


4,523 


1890... 


1,541 


20, 717 


5,204 


300, 018 


333 


8,426 


3,071 






490 


5,152 


1891... 


1,672 


21, 416 


6,864 


390, 547 


388 


10, 812 


3,599 


2 


962 


567 


6,186 


1892. . . 


1,855 


23, 961 


8,665 


479, 297 


466 


13, 244 


4,947 


4 


807 


524 


5,846 


1893... 


2,069 


26, 327 


10, 525 


575, 180 


543 


15, 702 


6,145 


12 


2,062 


515 


5,834 


1894... 


2,246 


26, 843 


12,513 


661, 756 


637 


18, 126 


5,880 


3 


711 


563 


6,619 


1895... 


2,638 


30, 159 


14, 435 


753, 194 


707 


■ 20,979 


5,771 


7 


2,856 


542 


6,102 


1896... 


2,687 


30, 160 


16, 521 


849, 557 


764 


21, 509 


5,213 


3 


796 


608 


6,853 


1897... 


3,013 


33, 717 


18, 704 


952, 779 


828 


21, 862 


6,226 


12 


2,423 


610 


6,961 


1898... 


3,337 


39, 313 


21,297 


1,062,550 


1,002 


26, 899 


6,995 


8 


1,268 


699 


8,173 


1899... 


3,652 


42,004 


23,639 


1, 158, 533 


1,001 


29, 749 


7,752 


4 


884 


683 


8,188 


1900... 


3,944 


46, 163 


25, 797 


1,257,824 


1,057 


32,048 


8,303 


11 


1,000 


772 


10,064 


1901... 


4,360 


56, 652 


27, 866 


1, 383, 689 


1,174 


35, 022 


11, 053 


99 


11, 196 


711 


10, 784 


1902... 


5,021 


61, 492 


30, 131 


1, 509, 001 


1,267 


36,746 


12, 392 


94 


13, 705 


663 


10, 397 


1903... 


5,416 


70, 264 


32, 384 


1, 646, 380 


1,309 


39, 505 


12, 343 


147 


29, 336 


715 


10, 752 


1904... 


5,828 


71, 769 


34, 631 


1, 769, 935 


1,427 


44, 865 


12, 569 


119 


22, 025 


745 


11, 416 


1905... 


6,130 


74, 522 


36, 479 


1, 879, 551 


1,385 


44, 599 


12,612 


96 


15, 478 


800 


12, 435 


1906... 


6,167 


77, 896 


38,265 


1,978,269 


1,341 


42, 125 


12, 489 


84 


13, 711 


819 


12,988 


1907... 


6,577 


87, 123 


39, 704 


2, 077, 996 


1,295 


41,958 


11, 899 


96 


14,851 


837 


13, 641 


1908... 


6,978 


93. 175 


41, 261 


2, 163, 460 


1,388 


44,318 


11, 896 


76 


12,527 


871 


14, 841 





Expenditures for compensation. 




Pensions to widows 


Settlements to 
widows in case 
of remarriage. 


Pensions to children 


Pensions to 




Year. 


(or widowers). 


and grandchildren. 


other relatives. 


Total expen- 
ditures for 
























Num- 
ber. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amovmt. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amount. 


Num- 
ber. 


Amount. 


tion. 


1885 (a) 


18 


$87 






36 


$129 


1 


$7 


641 


1886.:. 


247 


5,781 


1 


$94 


474 


7,869 


15 


350 


48,473 


1887... 


496 


14, 299 


13 


1,271 


971 


18,840 


31 


1.120 


133, 145 


1888... 


763 


22,434 


17 


1,758 


1,438 


30, 013 


43 


1,218 


227,626 


1889... 


1,083 


32, 178 


49 


4,546 


2,097 


44,997 


60 


1,698 


330,258 


1890... 


1,396 


41,300 


63 


6,224 


2,697 


56,637 


101 


2,730 


444,275 


1891 . . . 


1,701 


52,663 


43 


4,071 


3,252 


70,008 


128 


3,854 


564,118 


1892... 


2,020 


63, 572 


95 


9,625 


3,714 


82,559 


154 


4,670 


688, 528 


1893... 


2,319 


76, 199 


70 


7,846 


4,275 


98, 887 


192 


5,514 


819,696 


1894... 


2,712 


88, 231 


86 


8,428 


4,779 


111,012 


210 


6,137 


933, 743 


1895... 


3,043 


101,521 


95 


10, 302 


5,193 


121,496 


233 


6,957 


1,059,337 


1896... 


3,370 


112, 179 


88 


9,834 


5,703 


134, 637 


251 


7,617 


1,178,355 


1897... 


3,776 


127, 734 


81 


8,693 


6,225 


149,817 


272 


8,185 


1,318,397 


1898... 


4,141 


141,704 


109 


12,497 


6,586 


158, 155 


322 


10,017 


1,467,571 


1899... 


4, 468 


154,548 


130 


14,090 


7,022 


168,641 


356 


11,114 


1,595,503 


1900. . . 


4,885 


173, 826 


111 


13, 288 


7,366 


180, 509 


388 


12,283 


1,735,308 


1901... 


5,215 


184,919 


124 


14, 746 


7,610 


194, 135 


419 


14,391 


1,916,587 


1902... 


5,548 


198, 380 


95 


11,419 


7,823 


205, 274 


450 


15,207 


2,074,013 


1903... 


5,984 


216,318 


131 


15, 502 


8,204 


222, 013 


495 


16,370 


2,278,783 


1904... 


6,353 


231,311 


116 


14,975 


8,382 


234, 100 


525 


17,714 


2,430,679 


1905... 


6,742 


249, 192 


134 


16,704 


8,746 


252, 153 


519 


17,704 


2,574,950 


1906... 


7,123 


265, 050 


128 


16, 247 


8,832 


263,462 


589 


19,566 


2,701,803 


1907... 


7,506 


284,369 


136 


17,257 


9,034 


275,140 


617 


20,828 


2,845,068 


1908... 


7,849 


303, 486 


155 


20, 006 


9,273 


294,076 


630 


21,983 


2,979,768 



a For the last three months of the year. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1099 



EXPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION AND EXPENDITURES FOR ALL PURPOSES, 

1885 TO 1908. 

(Source: Anitliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. 





E.xpeudilure on account of administration. 


Addition to 






Investigation 
of accidents , 
and determi- 
nation of 








E.xpenditures 


Year. 


Courts for de- 
ciding claims. 


Administering 
preventive 
measures. 


General ad- 
ministration. 


reserve fund. 


for all purposes. 




compensation. 












1885(a) 
1886... 


$.547 


$1,132 


$769 


$231,083 




$237, 652 


20,008 


28,733 


16,644 


693, 634 


$1,285,647 


2, 452, 651 


1887... 


37, 662 


48,977 


86,058 


74,3, 236 


2,364,634 


4,559,459 


1888... 


63,873 


56,554 


78,259 


846,012 


2,941,328 


6, 0.52,. 383 


1889... 


87,410 


72, 172 


71,951 


922, 462 


3,0.53,277 


7,1.58,093 


1890... 


120, 988 


74,821 


81,-584 


970, 789 


2,906,419 


8,098,299 


1891 . . . 


142,208 


90,729 


102, 482 


1,038,16.5 


2,938,759 


9,219,760 


1892... 


156, 775 


93,143 


104, 421 


1,088,047 


2,841,468 


10,094,434 


1893... 


175,179 


107,127 


127,577 


1,146,772 


2,740,073 


10,9()4,446 


1894... 


202,868 


110,221 


148,521 


1,2.35,607 


2,241,133 


11,494,960 


1895... 


243,575 


122, 488 


177,049 


1,282,540 


1,798,351 


12,012,486 


1896... 


271,349 


128,555 


225,216 


1,322,-332 


1,094,-577 


12,46:3,118 


1897... 


290,682 


139,082 


246, 769 


1,38.3,311 


320,541 


12,8;J9,928 


1898... 


320, o;« 


146,5.52 


260,256 


1,4.36,937 


66,610 


13,837,353 


1899... 


355,008 


162,669 


251,171 


1,. 520, 155 


.53,960 


15,196,830 


1900... 


397,621 


172,214 


28.5,459 


1,614,728 


20, 1.53 


16, 738, 403 


1901 . . . 


431,149 


171,. 529 


315,422 


1,744,0.36 


2,581,528 


21,601,290 


1902... 


486,098 


253,567 


328, 679 


1,911,824 


3,225,568 


23,963,123 


1903... 


542,236 


261,945 


238, 910 


& 2,005,-342 


3,542,826 


25,876,1-58 


1904... 


588.250 


268,879 


260, 648 


c 2, 084, 815 


3,885,245 


27,949,792 


1905... 


. 657,205 


278, 923 


304,094 


2,496,081 


4,125,693 


30,262,314 


1906... 


702,867 


310,0.33 


340,212 


2,670,103 


4,371,628 


32,163,005 


1907... 


764,538 


331,614 


3.55,400 


2,809,48.5 


4,367,034 


33,966,403 


1908... 


815,671 


370, 972 


405, 786 


2,696,839 


4,386,212 


35, 823, 462 



AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 



1888... 


$1,965 


$951 


$31 


$93,563 


$3,197 


$109, 908 


1889... 


17,271 


6,933 


1,1.39 


183,-598 


37, 643 


408,010 


1890... 


38,206 


13,787 


917 


209,228 


98,212 


807,483 


1891... 


63,347 


21,301 


1,259 


251,851 


179, 187 


1,334,888 


1892... 


86,499 


27,090 


1,693 


273,500 


190,601 


1,777,837 


1893... 


107,309 


36,209 


3,145 


313,563 


190,806 


2,246,595 


1894... 


129,894 


43,082 


4,-588 


376,583 


224, 786 


2,827,633 


1895... 


154,747 


57,414 


6,883 


428,263 


88,112 


3, 217, .535 


1896... 


179,440 


71,427 


13,381 


462,832 


94,846 


3,825,228 


1897... 


196,719 


76,511 


16,011 


490,024 


100,323 


4, .327, 353 


1898... 


210,940 


77,733 


17,-508 


.521,118 


48,563 


4,725,215 


1899... 


2.32, 2(i8 


78,312 


22,097 


549, 953 


41,000 


5,200,250 


1900... 


246,596 


83, 1.33 


23,824 


.545,-506 


46,822 


5,585,032 


1901 . . . 


271,739 


102,6.34 


25,419 


590, 499 


90, 363 


6,262,731 


1902... 


288,629 


134, 768 


32,699 


674, 130 


148,181 


7,018,519 


1903... 


326,197 


143, 1.56 


5,-538 


d 683, 225 


149,841 


7,648.942 


1904... 


361,101 


145,319 


8.-357 


« 710, 942 


150,204 


8,224,024 


1905... 


383,848 


150, 361 


■ 21,040 


762, 426 


171,349 


8,747,984 


1906... 


38.5,897 


164,221 


33,905 


790,744 


178,0.38 


8,982,814 


1907... 


400, .5.58 


168, 413 


34, 059 


a52,707 


175,341 


9,225,097 


1908... 


416,228 


'0 180,764 


36,488 


889, 093 


192,887 


9,490,945 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1885 TO 1908. 



1885(a) 



1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 



$6 

112 

106 

495 

842 

1,867 

2,173 

3,088 



$670 
1,424 
2,. 304 
2,711 
4,226 
4,540 
5,895 
0, .3.32 



$5 
1,209 
1,718 
4,040 
5,179 
4,343 
4,408 



$40 

497 

1.33 

678 

1,767 

1,907 

1.296 

1,6.34 



a For the last throe months of the year. 

t Also $242,985 for other administrative e.xpenditures. 

c Also $2.57,000 for other administrative expenditures. 

d Also $6,623 for othor expenditures. 

«.\lso $6,934 for other expenditums. 

/ Not including payments for "waiting-time." 



/S1..363 
50,511 
136,897 
233,228 
341,133 
457.768 
577,825 
703,990 



1100 



KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. 



EXPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION AND EXPENDITURES FOR ALL PURPOSES, 

1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 

PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 





Expenditure on account of administration. 


Addition to 
reserve fund. 




Year. 


Investigation 
of accidents 
and determi- 
nation of 
compensation. 


Courts for de- 
ciding claims. 


Administering 
preventive 
measures. 


General ad- 
ministration. 


Expenditures 
for all purposes. 


1893... 


$4,384 

6,646 

7,608 

8,327 

9,297 

9,807 

10,516 

11,321 

12,876 

13,677 

17,700 

18,657 

20,641 

20,890 

24,051 

24,414 


87,529 

8,462 

9,669 

8,927 

9,624 

8,720 

10,063 

9,068 

8,405 

9,669 

11,085 

10,826 

10,149 

10,743 

9,734 

11,873 


$4,820 

4,329 

1,317 

6,382 

9,539 

11,000 

12,590 

14,064 

17,416 

16,310 

997 

1,155 

1,791 

439 

544 

729 


$1,545 

1,918 

3,003 

3,245 

3,675 

3,926 

4,200 

4, 405 

5,336 

4,295 

31,419 

33,028 

34,620 

37,592 

41,105 

43,194 




$837,974 
955,098 
1,080,934 
1,205,236 
1,350,532 


1894... 




1895... 




1896.. 




1897... 




1898 




1,501,024 

1,632,872 


1899... 




1900 




1 774 166 


1901... 




1,960,620 


1902 




2,117,964 


1903... 




2,339,984 
2,494,345 
2,642,151 
2,771,467 
2,920,502 


1904... 




1905 




1906... 




1907 




1908... 




3, 059, 978 







For the industrial accident associations the expenditures for com- 
pensation show a rapid rate of increase for the twenty-four years 
inchided in the table. Of the total amount, $26,680,000, expended 
in 1908 by the industrial accident associations for all forms of com- 
pensation, $19,100,000, or 72 per cent, was expended for pensions to 
the injured persons; in the agricultural accident associations this 
proportion is 80 per cent. An important feature of the table is the 
rapid increase in the amount expended for hospital treatment of 
injured persons. 

The figures in the last table give the cost of general administra- 
tion, the cost of other administration, the amount added to the 
reserve fund, and the grand total of all expenditures for all purposes. 
The total expenditure of the industrial accident associations in 
1908 was $35,823,462, of the agricultural associations $9,490,945, and 
of the public authorities $3,059,978, or a grand total of $48,374,385. 

The cost of adm.inistration as given in the preceding table does 
not include the cost of the imperial insurance office, the cost of the 
state insurance offices, the cost of the services of the Post-Office 
Department, and the cost of the services of government officials who 
supervise the working of the system, assist in determining compensa- 
tion, etc. The last column of the preceding table sliows that in 1908 
for the industrial accident associations the total expenditures were 
$35,823,462; without the addition to the reserve fund this amount 
would be $31,437,250; the total amount expended for compensa- 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1101 

tion was $26,681,475, so tliat $4,755,775, or 15.1 j)cr cent of the total 
expenditures (less the addition to the reserve) in 1908 was for <j;eneral 
and other administration. 

The cost of administration of tlie insurance systena is carefully 
observed by the imperial insurance office, and each year the annual 
report presents a comparative statement of the various accident 
associations showing the costs of ''general administration" of each 
association in the form of relative statements based on expenditure 
per insured person, per $1,000 of wages, per insured establishment, 
and per accident reported. The following table shows the cost of 
general administration (Jaufende Vcrwaltungskosten) of the indus- 
trial and of the agricultural accident associations for the period 1887 
to 1908. 

EXPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL 
ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1SS7 TO 1908, BY YEARS. (a) 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1(>I0.] 







Industrial associations. 




Agricultural associations. 








Expenditure per— 






Expenditure per— 


[>-ear. 


Total. 








Total. 








Person 
insured. 


•SI ,000 of 
wages. 


Estab- 
lishment 
insured. 


Accident 
reported. 


Estab- 
lishment 
insured. 


Accident 
reported. 


1887. . . 


$G89, 525 


SO. 18 


$1.21 


S2.10 


$0.50 






188.S... 


705. 727 


.18 


1.22 


2.18 


6.32 






18S9... 


844, 700 


.18 


1.20 


2.27 


G.Oo 


si4i;966' 


""so." 63' 


$7.20 


1890... 


880,047 


.18 


I.IG 


2.25 


5.90 


204,553 


.04 


0.35 


1891 . . . 


946,863 


.19 


1.20 


2.34 


5.80 


251,333 


.05 


5.94 


1892... 


1,00(1,576 


.20 


1.28 


2.42 


6.10 


273,499 


.06 


5.45 


1893... 


1,059,318 


.20 


L32 


2.52 


5.82 


313,563 


.07 


5.31 


1894... 


1,133,493 


.22 


1.39 


2.00 


5.94 


376,583 


.08 


5.48 


1895... 


1,174,743 


.22 


1.38 


2.70 


5.73 


428,263 


.09 


5.31 


1896... 


1,206,725 


.21 


L29 


2.73 


5.17 


462,831 


.10 


5.08 


1897... 


1,275,382 


.21 


1.26 


2.80 


5.05 


490,024 


.10 


4.98 


1898... 


l,329,3t,0 


.21 


L20 


2.91 


4.91 


521,118 


.11 


5.05 


1890... 


1,40*5,719 


.21 


1.18 


3.02 


4.71 


549,9.53 


.12 


5.10 


1900... 


1,498,142 


.22 


1.17 


3.13 


4.83 


545,506 


.12 


5.10 


1901... 


1,626,052 


.24 


1.23 


3.30 


5.09 


590,499 


.13 


5.08 


1902... 


1,769,750 


.25 


L30 


3.0*5 


5.42 


674,130 


.15 


5.50 


19a3... 


1,871,581 


.25 


1.30 


3.07 


5.26 


683,224 


.15 


5.13 


1904... 


1,946,177 


.25 


1.26 


3.14 


4.96 


710,942 


.15 


4.86 


190.5... 


2,009,794 


.25 


1.25 


3.25 


4.99 


756,532 


.16 


5.22 


190'i... 


2,219,851 


.26 


1.21 


3.30 


4.93 


783,574 


.17 


5.43 


1907... 


2,337,809 


.20 


1.17 


3.47 


5.02 


845,309 


.18 


5.95 


1908... 


2,509,032 


.28 


1.25 


3. CO 


5.44 


889,693 


.16 


0.21 



oThedatain this taT)lc arc those presented in the general introduction to the annual report on the 
operations of the accident insurance system; the figures do not agree with those in the preceding table 
lx!cause in the case of the industrial associations certain lump sum payments of the insurance institutes 
to the accident associations have been deducted, and in the case of llic agricultural associations certain 
items of miscellaneous expenditure have not been included. 

During the twenty-one years included in the preceding table the 
industrial accident associations show a tendency to have an increased 
average cost of administration per person insured and per establish- 
ment insured. The average cost of administration per SI, 000 of 



1102 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



wages has fluctuated between $1.39 and $1.16, with an apparent 
tendency during the last ^ve years to be about midway between 
these amounts. The cost per accident reported has remained about 
the same during the last ten years given in the table. 

For the agricultural accident associations, the average cost of 
administration per accident reported has tended to increase during 
the last four years. The average cost per establishment insured 
shows a tendency to increase during the entire period. The cost 
per insured person is not given in the preceding table, but on the basis 
of the estimated number of insured persons at 17,179,000 the aver- 
age would be $0,052 per person. 

RESERVE. 

The purpose of the reserve funds of the accident insurance organi- 
zations has already been explained on page 1015. The amount of the 
reserve of the accident insurance organizations is given in the follow- 
ing table for the period 1886 to 1908: 



AMOUNT OF THE RESERVE FUNDS OF INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS AT THE END 
OF EACH YEAR, 1886 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] 



Year. 


Reserve fund of acci- 
dent associations. 


Insurance insti- 
tutes of accident 
associations for 
building and navi- 


Year. 


Reserve fund of acci- 
dent associations. 


Insurance insti- 
tutes of accident 
associations for 
building and navi- 


Industrial. 


Agricul- 
tural. 


gation. 


Industrial. 


Agricul- 
tural. 


gation. 




Assets. 


Reserve. 


Assets. 


Reserve. 


1886... 


$1,300,218 

3,741,560 

6,737,446 

9,968,836 

13,169,422 

16,518,721 

19, 815, 456 

23,191,034 

26,081,830 

28,674,080 

30,662,711 

30,905,217 








1898.. 
1899.- 
1900.. 
1901 . . 
1902.. 
1903.. 
1904.. 
1905.. 
1906.. 
1907.. 
1908.. 


$31, 076, 500 
31,395,758 
31,782,088 
34, 182, 066 
37,241,074 
40, 576, 238 
44,432,647 
48, 545, 370 
52, 922, 320 
57,254,196 
61,641,385 


$1,408,320 

1,485,558 
1,576,113 
1,696,684 
1,953,830 
2,245,338 
2, 470, 363 
2,709,371 
2,969,726 
3, 234, 536 
3, 537, 513 


$1,162,5-13 
1,330,851 
1,477,634 
1,586,190 
1,746,795 
2, 084, 247 
2,243,981 
2, 434, Oil 
2,629,441 
2,885,748 
2, 573, 646 


$198,439 
224, 118 
242,465 
261,347 
271,431 
280,092 
290, 595 
301,730 
310,691 
320, .896 
641,203 


1887 








1888... 
1889... 
1890... 
1891 . . . 
1892... 
1893... 
1894... 
1895... 
1896... 
1897... 


$3,197 

40,860 

135, 546 

316,938 

516, 053 

720, 655 

965, 327 

1,074,636 

1,196,869 

1,325,650 


$122, 442 
252,110 
358, 791 
429, 132 
495, 840 
559, 029 
672, 301 
753, 836 
839, 108 
984, 321 


$11,084 
27,929 
54, 185 
85, 760 
124, 290 
100,541 
112,901 
129,369 
149,548 
170,815 



The agricultural accident associations operate with a much smaller 
reserve than the industrial associations. The clearest idea of the 
extent of the reserve is obtained by making a few comparisons. In 
1908 the amount of the reserve of the industrial accident associations 
was $61,641,385; in 1908 the total expenditures of these associations 
were $35,823,462, the total expenditures for compensation were 
$26,681,475, while the total receipts were $47,048,617. In other 
words, in 1908 the total expenditures were 58 per cent, the expendi- 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1103 

tures for relief were 43 per cent, and the total receipts were 76 per 
cent of the reserve of the industrial accident associations in that year. 

Under the provisions of the old law, the reserve reached an almost 
stationary condition during the years 1896 to 1900; the table on 
J)age 1099 shows that the item of ^'addition to reserve" decreased 
to a minimum amount in these years. The law of 1900 inaugurated 
a new plan of additions, as described on page 1016, and since then 
the increase has been uninterrupted. 

The reserve of the institutes of the accident insurance associations 
is of less importance than the column headed '' assets;" this column 
includes the capital collected by means of premiums to cover the obli- 
gations arising each year, while the column marked ' 'reserve" may 
in this case be said to represent a surplus. 

COST OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE. 

(a) Cost to the Sick Funds. 

It is practically impossible to present a definite statement of what 
the insurance for industrial accidents under the German system 
costs the employer. As already stated, the sickness insurance funds 
provide accident benefits for the first 13 weeks of disability (see page 
999); no reports are made b}' the sick funds to show their expendi- 
tures for mdustrial accidents, as distinguished from their expenditures 
for benefits for sickness, for maternity, and for nonindustrial accidents. 

The best known estimate of the proportion of the cost of all indus- 
trial accidents falling upon the sick funds is that of Dr. Bodiker, the 
first president of the imperial insurance office. His estimate was that 
84 per cent of the industrial accidents cause disability of 13 weeks or 
less; this 84 per cent of the accidents, in Dr. Bodiker's opinion, caused 
16 J per cent of the total expenditure for industrial accidents (includ- 
mg expenditures of the sick funds and the accident associations). 

The experience of the Leipzig Local Sick Fund furnishes some in- 
formation as to the proportion of cases of disabilit}" and of days of dis- 
ability due to industrial accidents and to all other causes. From the 
tables on pages 1270 and 1271 it is seen that the cases of industrial 
accident form 8 per cent of all cases treated, and the days of disability 
due to industrial accident form 7.7 per cent of all the days of disabihty 
for which benefits were paid. This experience of course relates only 
to the city of Leipzig, but the period of time covered is about 17 years 
and the industries and occupations included show a wide variety. 

On page 1013 was given an illustration of the amounts paid by a 
steel manufacturing corporation on account of the various features 
of the compulsory insurance s^'stem. 



1104 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



(b) Cost to the accident associations. 

The most definite statement of the cost of the German system of 
accident insurance is obtained by comparing the total expenditures 
of the various accident associations with the number of persons^ 
insured and the wages of the insured persons. This plan is used in 
the following tables. Under total amount of expenditures for in- 
surance are included the following items: Expenditures for com- 
pensation of all kinds; for settlement of controversies; for accident 
prevention; for administration; for medical, etc., institutions; losses 
on investments; and deposits in the reserve fund. On this basis the 
total cost of the accident insurance system is shown in the following 
tables for the accident insurance associations of each industry in the 
form of computations of the cost per insured person and per $1,000 of 
wages for each year of the period 1885 to 1908: 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
§1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachilchten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 18S7 to 1910.] 





Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 


Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 


Exi^enditures for insurance. 


Industry and year. 


Total 
amount. 


Average amount 
per- 




Person 
insured. 


81,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
insured. 


Mining (Association No. 1): 

1885(a) 


348, 219 
343,707 
346, 146 
357, 582 
375, 410 
398, 380 
421, 137 
424, 440 
421, 124 
426, 555 
430, 820 
446, 342 
468, 9.5:3 
495, 086 
521, 352 
565, 060 
607, .367 
601,132 
619, 798 
642, 526 
647, 458 
689, 248 
732, 584 
798, 378 

95', 545 
82, 585 
187,929 
202, 498 
231,2.50 
251,400 
253, 250 
252, 800 
227, 500 
226,300 
228, 000 


S15,612,647 

59, 689, 357 

61,077,267 

66, 191, 221 

73, 807, 168 

85, 434, 513 

92,589,346 

90, 339, 736 

88, 073, 445 

89, 894, 074 

91,695,609 

99,159,499 

108, 896, 427 

118,290,202 

128, 975, 066 

148, 889, 252 

168, 203, 293 

158, 403, 618 

169, 830, 953 

178,241,621 

183,229,695 

212,110,849 

245,371,008 

265, 879, 323 

2,618,000 
12, 807, 227 
14,626,866 
15,879,369 
17,655,352 
19,647,621 
20, 149, 122 
19, 879, 424 
19,199,045 
19,112,195 
19,486,566 


Sll,619 
531,973 
925, 317 
1,122,227 
1,208,822 
1,393,367 
1,549,144 
1, 736, 751 

1, 895, 963 
2,001,422 
2,072,993 
2,117,744 
2, 110, 204 
2,327,099 
2, 529, 106 

2, 784, 217 

3, 782, 572 
4,118,503 
4,826,097 
5,176,896 
5,596,385 
5,989,107 
6,375,-598 
6,927,885 

7,471 
112,920 
188, 271 
271,225 
339,941 
342, 697 
369,030 
411,939 
369,3t)6 
551,121 
422, 391 


SO. 03 
1.55 
2.67 
3.14 
3.22 
3.50 
3.68 
4.09 
4.50 
4.69 
4.81 
4.75 
4.50 
4.70 
4.85 
4.93 
6.23 
6.85 
7.79 
8.06 
8.64 
8.69 
8.70 
8.68 

.08 
1.37 
1.00 
1.34 
1.47 
1.36 
1.46 
1.63 
1.62 
2.43 
1 85 


$0.74 


1886. . . . 


8.91 


1887 


15.15 


1888. ... 


16. 95 


1889 


16.38 


1890.. . 


16.31 


1891 


16.73 


1892.. 


19.22 


1893 


21.53 


1894. . 


22. 26 


1895 


22.61 


1896. . . 


21. 36 


1897 


19.38 


1898. . . 


19. 67 


1899 


19.59 


1900 


18. 70 


1901 


22.49 


1902 


26.00 


1903 


28.42 


1904 


29.04 


1905 


30 54 


1906 


28.24 


1907 


25.98 


1908 


26.06 


Quarrying (Association No. 2): 
1885(o) 


2.85 


1886 

1887 


8.82 
12.87 


1888 


17. 08 


1889 


19. 25 


1890 


17.44 


1891 


18.31 


1892 


20.72 


1893 


19 24 


1894 


28.84 


1895 


21.68 



a For the last three months of the year. 



CHAPTER V 



-WORKMEN S I^sSURAXCE IX GERMANY 



1105 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1S83 TO 190S, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industrv and year. 



Quarrving(AssociationNo.2)— Conc'd. 

189() 

1897 

189S 



1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

190^5 

1907 

1908 

Fine mechanical products (Associa- 
tion No. 3): 

188.5(a) 

issa 

1887 



1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1S92. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
18.57. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
190ft. 
1907. 
1908. 



Number of 

persons in- 

suretl. 



Iron and steel (Associations N'os. 4 to 
11): 
1885(o) 



1887. 
1888. 
1880. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 



1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
190<i. 
1907. 
1908. 



252, 200 
330, 882 
3t)9. 257 
41(),095 
419,144 
384, 080 
378, 813 
391,172 
400,617 
427, 122 
459, 929 
47H, ()91 
4.39, 719 



39,646 

36, 750 

40, 513 

45, 818 

51,929 

61,182 

64, 172 

64, .527 

66, 558 

72, 073 

82, 478 

94,880 

105, 483 

119,639 

132,621 

143, 797 

141,106 

137, 326 

150, 176 

167,988 

185, 140 

206, 539 

222, 958 

224, 497 



408.800 

412.007 

4.52, 505 

493, 157 

544,919 

582,823 

592, 783 

597,750 

t03. 407 

626.909 

655.068 

727,400 

8f)8.005 

849,847 

935. 03G 

991.287 

946,994 

930,589 

957.923 

1,011.102 

1.079,487 

1,173.199 

1,249.681 

1.210,183 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



§22,039,093 
24,110,308 
27,608,883 
31,006,503 
32, 8.50, 794 
31,080,642 
30,982,117 
32, 220, 794 
34,320,692 
36,099,737 
40,171,369 
43,931,068 
42, 518, 401 



1,699,749 
7,008,687 
7, 767, 084 
8,878,412 
10, 360, 305 
12,772,065 
13,542,914 
13, 447, 077 
14,072,563 
15, 238, 683 
18,095,980 
21,150,876 
23, 795, 161 
27,901,628 
31,607,345 
35, 059, 033 
35,421,719 
35, 325, 655 
38, 779, 023 
44,438,917 
50,323,029 
58, 290, 296 
69,558,811 
70,311,883 



19,427,471 
84, 366, 339 
89, 128, 701 
97,089,808 
110,764,891 
120, 586, 775 
123,985,507 
122,803,027 
124,751.803 
130, 306, 151 
136, 696, .551 
156, 480, 632 
174,951,186 
194.779,504 
216,795,118 
232,932,173 
228,751,502 
226,096.331 
238, r.89, 136 
239,992,027 
284.673,124 
323,0.32.014 
355.693.438 
343,828.911 



E.xpenditures for insurance. 



Average amount 
I per- 

Total i 
amount. \ 1 Si, 000 of 

Person wages of 
insured, persons 
insured. 



$465, 274 

492, ,579 

407, 221 

545, 957 

602, 682 

750,318 

8.-4, 990 

906,391 

1,023,916 

1,104,671 

1,134,586 

1,243,147 

1, 218, 235 



3,675 

22,078 

30, 553 

46, 467 

39,880 

49,405 

57,875 

67,077 

75,065 

89,538 

95,699 I 

106, 478 i 

116,072 i 

130,954 I 

159, 190 

187,348 

242, 036 

269,826 

301,950 

328, 760 

377, 557 

413, 147 

453, 731 

494, 624 



26,829 
304, 259 
708.972 
919, 998 
1.015,333 
1,191.720 
1,336,248 
1,475,802 
1,551,497 
1,614,700 
1.708.125 
1,748.526 
1.824.482 
2.068.970 
2,350.280 
2.677.549 
3, 582. 921 
3.991.673 
4,288.868 
4,588,600 
4.966.997 
5,392,818 
5,723,986 
6.068.142 



SI. 84 
1.49 
1.35 
1 31 
1.44 
1.95 
2.26 
2.32 
2.52 I 
2.59 I 
2.47 
2.61 i 
2.77 I 



.60 
.75 
1.01 
.77 
.81 
.90 
1.04 
1.13 
1.24 
1.16 
1.12 
1.10 
1.09 
1.20 
1.30 
1.72 
1.97 
2.01 
1.96 
2.04 
2.00 
2.03 
2.20 



6U 



.07 
.74 
1.57 
1.87 
1.86 
2.04 
2.25 
2.47 
2.57 
2.58 
2.61 
2.40 
2.26 
2.43 
2.51 
2.70 
3.78 
4.29 
4.48 
4.54 
4.60 
4.60 
4.58 
5.00 



S21.ll 
20. 43 
18.01 
17.61 
18. .35 
24.14 
27.60 
28. 13 
29 8;j 
.30. 60 
28.24 
28. 30 
28.65 



2.16 
3.15 
3.93 
5.23 
•3.8-5 
3.87 
4.27 
4.99 
5.3:3 
5.88 
5.29 
5.0:3 
4.87 
4.69 
5.04 
5.34 
6.83 
7.64 
7.79 
7.40 
7.50 
7.09 
6.52 
7.03 



1.3S 

3.61 

7.95 

9.48 

9.17 

9.88 

10.78 

12.02 

12.44 

12. 39 

12.50 

11.17 

10.44 

10. 62 

10.84 

11.49 

15. 6() 
17.65 
17.97 
17.71 
17.45 

16. 69 
16.09 
17.65 



a For the last three months of the year. 



1106 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
S1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Metal working (Associations Nos. 12 
and 13): 

1885(a) 

188G 

1887 



1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
189G. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
190G. 
1907. 



Musical instruments (Association No. 
14): 

1885(a) 

188G 

1887 



1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1890. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
190G. 
1907. 
1908. 



Glass (Association No. 15): 

1885(a) 

188G 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



63,791 
72, 163 
77,993 
82, 234 
94,037 
107,920 
101,966 
100, 664 
105, 526 
108,866 
116,361 
127,608 
135,418 
144, 646 
149, 823 
156,391 
161,883 
164,370 
173,473 
187,052 
196, 792 
204, 139 
216,738 
203, 039 



13,831 
14, 389 
18, 267 
20, 192 
22, 166 
22, 680 
23, 557 
22,267 
22, 792 
23,585 
26, 024 
32,072 
32,990 
33,015 
36, 457 
36, 591 
37,368 
37,678 
40, 448 
43, 540 
46, 804 
52, 396 
54,943 
50, 333 



38, 140 
41,685 
43,902 
48, 042 
50, 573 
54,113 
56, 357 
65,618 
65, 0C)C) 
66, 207 
71,349 
82,008 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



$2, 923, 102 
15, 033, 985 
13,671,400 
14, 854, 294 
16,733,301 
18,992,165 
18,859,309 
18,497,368 
19,533,818 
20,407,639 
21,958,641 
24, 855, 045 
26, 576, 361 
28, 514, 326 
30, 682, 999 
33,184,289 
33,689,809 
33,698,016 
36,331,490 
39,917,509 
43,465,987 
47,121,988 
50,327,863 
49.797,627 



760, 843 
3,040,897 
3,087,167 
3,367,985 
3,656,564 
3,754,401 
3,893.511 
3,783,850 
3,889,278 
3,980,047 
4,307,106 
4,959,684 
5,391,680 
5,584,949 
5, 9.34, 104 
6,081,973 
6,481,913 
6,596,072 
6, 968, 414 
7,304,049 
7,864,333 
8, 458, 148 
9.214,688 
9,053,999 



1,723,765 
6,019,412 
6,731,431 
7,293,70(^) 
7,920,251 
8,567,050 
9,168,541 
9,074,514 
9, 146, 362 
9,424,201 
9,501,386 
10, 315, 624 



Expenditures for insm'ance. 



Total 
amount. 



$3, 637 

24,077 

47,163 

64, 384 

70, 555 

77,685 

83,774 

88,078 

91,781 

97,177 

103, 175 

110,791 

110,043 

128,341 

146, 157 

170, 695 

229,608 

266, 926 

285,025 

318, 955 

360, 052 

390,935 

423,810 

444, 492 



1,265 
4,909 
10,905 
13,044 
13,853 
15,928 
18,216 
20, 603 
22,295 
21,332 
23,779 
25,274 
25,811 
29,904 
34,285 
36, 683 
47, 421 
52,293 
56, 105 
58, 502 
03,826 
70, 405 
73,377 
75, 588 



1,733 
13,378 
27,238 
31,188 
38, 922 
44, 553 
50,431 
55,419 
55,031 
57,834 
61,222 
63, 390 



Average amount 
per — 



Person 
insm-ed. 



$0.06 
.33 
.60 
.78 
.75 
.72 
.82 



1.09 
1.42 
1.62 
1.64 
1.70 
1.83 
1.92 
1.96 
2.19 



.09 

.34 

.60 

.64 

.63 

.70 

.77 

.93 

.98 

.90 

.91 

.79 

.78 

.91 

.94 

1.00 

1.27 

1.39 

1.39 

1.34 

1.36 

1.34 

1..34 

1.50 



.05 
.32 
.62 
.65 

.77 
.82 
.89 
.84 
.84 
.87 
.86 
.77 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
insiired. 



a For the last three niontlis of the year. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1107 

NUNBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



(Jlass (Association No. 15)— Concluded. 
18i)7 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
190(J. 
1907. 
1908. 



Pottery (Association No. 16): 

1885(a) , 

188(5 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 



189C. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
190(i. 
1907. 
190S. 



Brick and tile making (Association No. 
17): 

1885(a) 

1886 



1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 



1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



65, 185 
65, 231 
69,474 
74, 184 
76,314 
75,260 
73,794 
76,910 
78,215 
82, 188 
85, 63{) 
84,798 



46,840 
47,976 
48,214 
52,698 
55,722 
58,203 
60, 455 
59, 902 
61,585 
61,702 
63,114 
68,510 
71,105 
71,883 
74, 136 
75,760 
76, 132 
75,441 
78, 427 
84,225 
88,591 
90,147 
91,447 
89,005 



102.391 
174,995 
190, 487 
217,872 
232. 742 
272,669 
254, 102 
252,959 
266,536 
253, 889 
276, 603 
277,641 
263,970 
280, 733 
283,303 
289.044 
271,949 
264,352 
271,192 
284,240 
289.729 
288.888 
293. 126 
277.955 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total amount | 
of wages of 

all persons i ^ , , 
insuicd. Total 

amount. 



$10, 782, 258 
11,229,321 
11,926,270 
12,798,959 
13,657,983 
14, 423, 997 
14, 720, 364 
15,378,947 
16,257,118 
17,499,993 
18, 690, 369 
19,073,441 



1,720,317 
7,070,860 
7,625,699 
8,18cw418 
8,794,434 
9,278,442 
9,656,059 
9,662,975 
9,910,054 
9,907,819 
10,364,947 
11,465,027 
12,10<1,579 
12,702,541 
13,412,883 
13,923.045 
14,427,850 
14,451,019 
15,148,290 
16,665,685 
17,895,403 
18,958.271 
19,707,773 
19,042,713 



1,662,808 
16,391.062 
16,910.421 
19,187,584 
22,436,569 
24.381,486 
23, 680, 14S 
24,329.714 
23,349,214 
22,222,248 
23,190,546 
25,60(),903 
29.427,320 
34,623,814 
37,711,274 
38,262,882 
35,507,301 
35,034,183 
38.118.977 
41,903,446 
42.866.782 
45,346.0S5 
47.295.8.50 
44.247,827 



S64, 445 
72, 338 
78, 028 
80, 890 
108, 964 
116,816 
128,021 
135,738 
147,486 
153,753 
155,574 
170, 303 



1,960 

6,833 

19,883 

24,212 

24, 372 

29,045 

30, 678 

36,251 

42, 106 

44, 462 

44,898 

46,850 

45,9.57 

52,467 

54.854 

64,223 

85,910 

91,127 

98,700 

106. 188 

110,546 

118, 469 

125,888 

135, 790 



9,538 
46. 660 
91,519 
124,489 
146. 625 
176,242 
212. 109 
23.5.366 
255.323 
260.925 
266,537 
277.815 
279,048 
308,231 
347, 161 
381,346 
501,098 
533.796 
515,279 
.589,534 
704.599 
699. 320 
085.397 
764,360 



Average amount 
per— 



Person 
insured. 



SO. 99 
1.11 
1.12 
1.09 
1.43 
1.55 
1.74 
1.77 
1.88 
1.87 
1.82 
2.01 



.04 

.14 

.41 

.46 

.44 

.50 

.51 

.60 

.68 

.72 

.71 

.68 

.65 

.73 

.74 

.85 

1.13 

1.21 

1.26 

1.26 

1.25 

1.31 

1.38 

1.53 



.09 

.27 

.48 

.57 

.63 

.65 

.84 

.93 

.96 

1.03 

.96 

1.00 

1.06 

1.10 

1.23 

1.32 

1.84 

2.02 

1.90 

2.07 

2.43 

2.42 

2.34 

2.75 



$1,000 Of 
wages of 
persons 
insured. 



$5.98 
6.44 
6.54 
6.32 
7.98 
8.10 
8.70 
8.83 
9.07 
8.79 
8.32 
8.93 



13 



.61 
5.95 
6.31 
6.52 
6.37 
6.18 
6.25 
6.39 
7.13 



5.74 

2.85 

5.41 

6.49 

6.54 

7.23 

8.96 

9.67 

10. 93 

11.74 

11.49 

10.85 

9.48 

8.90 

9.21 

9.97 

14.11 

15.24 

13. .52 

14.07 

16.44 

15.42 

14.49 

17.27 



a For the last three months of the year. 



1108 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,W)0 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 18S5 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry ahd year. 



Chemicals (Association No. IS): 

1885(0) 

1SS6 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 ■ 

1895 

189G 

1897 

1S9S 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Gas and water works (Association No. 
19): 

1SS5 (a) 

1SS6 

1887 

ISSS 

18S9 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

189G 

1897 

1S98 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

190G 

1907 

1908 

Linen (Association No. 20): 

1885(a) 



1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891 . 
1892. 
189.-] . 
1894. 
1895. 
1890. 



1898. 
1899. 
1900. 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured . 



71,532 
78, 42S 
82.011 
85,169 
91,446 
98, 391 
101,134 
103,020 
107.036 
111,432 
115,713 
125,447 
131,100 
130,704 
144.523 
154,479 
161,005 
165,889 
174, 669 
183,532 
192,381 
202, 177 
214,904 
216.751 



17,869 
18,907 
21,006 
21,8.=>5 
23,212 
24,876 
26,873 
27,600 
29,354 
29,520 
30,486 
32.0S7 
34,848 
37, 129 
42,670 
46,848 
50,528 
52,020 
54,292 
56,647 
60, 092 
G3,52S 
07,452 
70, 079 

33,028 
35,754 
34,139 
37,573 
38, («5 
40.995 
42,197 
41.197 
42,316 
42,144 
43.746 
46.959 
47.470 
49,149 
50,. 526 
49,96:3 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total amount | 

of wages of j 

all persons 

iiisui'ed. 



33,4.35,634 
14,292,858 
14,925,070 
15,640,340 
17,043,430 
18,945,354 
19,729,238 
20,248,496 
21,218,074 
21,943,263 
23,229,006 
25,490,013 
27,047,956 
28,885,859 
31,153,030 
34, 170, 178 
37,048,238 
37,998,099 
40,301,884 
42,755,714 
45,588,390 
50,194,580 
55,757,558 
57,249,608 



1,049,549 
5,312,291 
4,516,465 
4,847.061 
5,211,815 
5,802,138 
6,352,368 
6,546,230 
6,876,778 
6,908,093 
7,181,597 
7,630,172 
8,405,924 
9,017,243 
9,855,865 
11,015,332 
12,443,465 
12,891,630 
13,873.807 
14,691,813 
15,956,883 
17,505,899 
19,203,788 
20,400,213 

971,140 
3,939,014 
4, 146, 131) 
4,495,050 
4,986,384 
5.334,651 
5, 565,9t>3 
6. 455. 831 
5,610,051 
5,718.162 
6,947,184 
0,284.9.39 
6,622,448 
7,099,.');W 
7.515,599 
7.969,766 



Total 
amount. 



S9,245 
88,323 
180, 137 
190,786 
207,962 
222,491 
258.024 
326,704 
291,857 
307,360 
361,206 
370,221 
382,902 
385,780 
418,077 
466,547 
530, 800 
072,655 
726,707 
782,165 
833,421 
897,430 
963,022 
,029.830 



2,601 
21,583 
34, 112 
43,334 
46,254 
53.569 
63,831 
68,788 
72,642 
75,608 
83,738 
85,905 
87,259 
92, 175 
103,017 
115.806 
153,961 
170, 720 
189, 165 
205,077 
216.727 
232,878 
245,234 
267,292 

1,897 
9.955 
17,728 
23,(509 
24,133 
27,845 
30,211 
33,265 
37,339 
30.876 
48,169 
41.043 
43,458 
48,835 
55.893 
59,812 



Average amount 
per— 



Person 
insured. 



81,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
insui'ed. 



$0.13 
1.13 
2.20 
2.24 
2.28 
2.26 
2.55 
3.17 
2.73 
2.76 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 



12 



92 

82 

89 
3.02 
3.30 
4.06 
4.16 i 
4.26 I 
4.33 
4.44 
4.48 
4.75 



.15 
1.14 
1.62 
1.98 
1.99 
2.15 
2.38 
2.49 
2.48 
2.56 
2.75 
2.68 
2.50 
2.48 
2.41 
2.47 
3.00 
3.28 
3.48 
3.02 
3.61 
3.67 
3.64 
3.82 

.00 
.28 
-.52 
.63 
.02 
.08 
.72 
.81 
.88 
.73 
1.10 
.87 
.92 
.99 
1.10 
1.20 



$2.69 
6.18 
12.07 
12.20 
12.20 
11.74 
13.08 
16.13 
13.76 
14.00 
15.55 
14.52 
14.16 
13.36 
13.42 
13.65 
14.33 
17.70 
18.03 
18.29 
18.28 
17.88 
17.27 
17.99 



2.48 
4.06 
7.55 
8.94 
8.88 
9.23 
10.05 
10.51 
10.56 
10.94 
11.66 
11.26 
10.38 
10.22 
10.45 
10.51 
12.37 
13.24 
13.63 
13.96 
13.58 
13.30 
12.77 
13.10 

1.95 
2.53 
4.28 
5.25 
4.84 
5.22 
5.43 
0.10 
6.66 
5.40 
8.10 
6.53 
6.56 
6.83 
7.44 
7.50 



(I For the last throe mouths of tlie vear. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IX GERMANY. 



1109 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED. TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, ISSo TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Linen (Association No. 20)— Couc'd. 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

190G 

1907 

1903 

Textiles (Associations Nos. 21 to 20): 

lS85(a) 

188G 

1S87 

188S 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

189.3 

1894 

1895 

1890 

1897 

189S 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

190.3 

1904 

1905 

1900 

1907 

1908 

Silk (Association No. 27): 

1885(0) 

1880 



1887. 
18S.S. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1900. 
1907. 
1908. 



Paper making (Association No. 28): 
1885(a; 



1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
189v). 
1891. 
1892. 



Number of 
l)ersons in- 
sured. 



49,045 
50,283 
52.037 
53,547 
5t), 454 
56,824 
58,830 
59,412 

452,283 
473.733 
502, 102 
523.408 
550,801 
559.117 
559, 567 
563.502 
573.275 
574.856 
608.251 
029.210 
628,092 
642,. 367 
652,550 
659,966 
651,784 
675,194 
695. 757 
702,310 
732,397 
74S.044 
783,171 
761.866 

26,356 
33,692 
35, 526 
37,037 
40,699 
46,927 
43,899 
43,672 
47,493 
46,260 
50.884 
52.971 
54,0.39 
57,025 
60,362 
60,263 
62,C)39 
66,543 
67,475 
66, 733 
67,ti64 
70,(;30 
72.032 
69.235 

41,005 
44.866 
49.. 5.53 
53,287 
55.218 
57.095 
58, 489 
68,797 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



E.xpenditures for insurance. 



88,023.330 
8,357,156 
8,632,950 
8,982,951 
9,678,739 
10,130,984 
10,981,729 
11,285,230 

14,957,747 

65,040,107 

66,073,007 

69,078,969 

73,365,693 

75,789,678 

76,335,933 

77,147,129 

81,926,995 

82,495,394 

87,408,429 

92,660,417 

93,822,175 

97,170,355 

100,887,533 

103,552,373 

103,992.993 

109,373,678 

114,431.031 

117,809,538 

122,734.111 

131,358,856 

141,073.040 

139,084,045 

964,624 

4,707.434 

5,090,989 

5,359.343 

5,983.677 

7,031,148 

6,857,847 

6,812,822 

7,578,463 

7,201,584 

8.427,191 

8,764,944 

9,088,558 

9,894,224 

10,699,737 

10,952,881 

11,488.253 

12,. 357, 557 

12,554.690 

12,549.-359 

13,240.249 

14,401.499 

15,443.989 

14,524,152 

1,588.843 
7,926,05-S 
6,633.963 
7,038,506 
7,490,574 
7,982,575 
8,306.361 
8,211,189 



Total 
amount. 



S76,428 
86,085 
90.755 
93,753 
98,044 
102,784 
108,014 
112,896 

16.920 
140,488 
223,363 
270. 498 
289,080 
328,358 
358,501 
388, 053 
406, 484 
428,975 
438. 4;36 
462,103 
467,437 
505, 986 
548.074 
588,361 
779, (iOl 
852.397 
871.799 
915.151 
982.402 
1,039,679 
1,054,216 
1,116,128 

1,011 
5,382 
7.874 
10,987 
11,070 
11,249 
14.220 
13,209 
14,521 
15,788 
14.9.37 
15,508 
16,842 
18, (>38 
21,320 
22,356 
31.096 
31 , 959 
33,012 
36, 475 
39,196 
38,770 
40.223 
43,339 

4,299 
42, 547 
79.824 
100.687 
107,509 
119,293 
131,712 
141,048 



Average amount 
per— 



I SI, 000 of 
Person i wages of 
insured. '\ persons 
insured. 



SI. 56 
1.71 
1.74 
1.75 
1.74 
1.81 
1.83 
1.90 

.04 

.30 

.45 

.52 

.53 

.59 

.64 

.69 

.71 

.75 

.72 

.74 

.74 

.79 

.84 

.89 

1.20 

1.26 

1.25 

1.30 

1.02 

1.39 

1.35 

1.46 

.04 
.16 
.22 
!30 
.27 
.24 
.32 
.30 
.30 
.34 
.29 
.29 
.31 
.33 
.35 
.37 
.50 
.48 
.49 
.55 
.58 
.55 
.50 
.63 

.10 
.95 
1.61 
1.89 
1.95 
2.09 
2.25 
2.40 



S9.53 
10. 59 
10.51 
10.44 
10.19 
10.15 
9.84 
10.00 

1.13 
2.10 
3.38 
3.92 
3.94 
4. .33 
4.70 
5.04 
4.96 
5.20 
5.01 
4.99 
4.98 
5.21 
5.43 
5.68 
7.50 
7.79 
7.62 
7.77 
8.00 
7.91 
7.47 
8.02 

1.05 
1.14 
1.55 
2.05 
1.85 
1.60 
2.07 
1.95 
1.92 
2.19 
1.77 
1.77 
1.85 
1.88 
1.99 
2.04 
2.71 
2.59 

2. as 

2.91 
2.96 

2.69 
2.60 
2.98 

2.71 
5.37 
12.03 
14.31 
14. .35 
14.94 
15.86 
17.18 



a For the last three months of the year. 



1110 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total 
amount. 



Average amount 
per— 



Person 
insured. 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
I)ersons 
Insured. 



Paper making (Association No. 28)- 
Coneluded. 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 



1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



Paper products (Association No. 29): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 



1890. 

1891 

1892. 

1893. 

1894. 

1895. 

1896. 

1897. 



1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Leather (.Vssociation No. 30): 

188.5 («) 

1886 

1887 

1.S88 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 



60,175 
62,082 
61,548 
63,719 
65, 645 
66,535 
67,050 
69,240 
72,191 
71,979 
72,048 
73,635 
76,887 
80, 448 
83,335 
86,856 

47, 397 
47, 971 

48, 906 
51,541 
55, 882 
58, 494 
60, 668 
63, 632 
64, 124 
73, 062 
74, 597 
77, 520 
79, 948 
82, 986 
91, 494 
96, 869 
99, 682 

101,390 
106, 679 
112, 783 
116,960 
122, 433 
131,360 
131,248 

34, 065 
35,519 
38,085 
45, 637 

45, 491 
47, 339 

46, 289 
47,005 

49, 409 
50, 204 
53, 593 
56, 637 
62,817 
61,679 
()3, 226 
()5, 055 
65, 399 
64, 562 
69, 692 
71,648 
74, 387 
78, 022 
79,146 
76, 788 



$8,513,785 
8,711,864 
8,935,918 
9,521,881 
10,083,790 
10,553,200 
10,982,016 
11,771,983 
12,191,979 
12,056,857 
12,836,949 
13,550,364 
14,369,652 
15,660,049 
17,275,624 
17,933,628 

1, 676, 656 
8, 838, 106 
8, 139, 950 
8, 296, 664 
9, 095, 728 
9, 843, 299 
10,411,129 
10,643,714 
11, 109, 796 

11, 482, 492 

12, 248, 383 

13, 394, 446 

14, 443, 147 

15, 316, 897 

16, 444, 387 
17, 657, 976 
19, 668, 251 

20, 440, 957 

21, 739, 439 
23, 126, 985 

24, 465, 536 

25, 962, 549 
28, 570, 555 
28, 846, 719 

1,558,145 
8, 494, 575 
7,491,971 
8, 465, 440 
8, 354, 879 
8,919,133 

8, 905, 258 
8, 972, 455 

9, 336, 295 
9,581,271 

10,541,083 
10, 988, 609 
11,764,145 
12,791,349 
13, 154, 498 
13, 864, 198 
14,241,896 
14,305,140 
15,875,017 
16,399,110 
17,319,227 
18,991.28.5 
19, 779. 454 
19. 495, 627 



SI 49, 469 
159, 574 
163,460 
166, 794 
170, 554 
186, 901 
200, 701 
220, 223 
291,591 
319,369 
337,356 
343,294 
364. 530 
377; 586 
394, 544 
417,175 

3,333 

14, 266 

25,933 

31,968 

35,312 

39, 911 

40,456 

45, 946 

48, 6.85 

53,858 

54, 306 

57, 747 

66, 601 

70, 643 

80, 248 

86, 555 

115,806 

120, 839 

128, 414 

135, 195 

147, 603 

159, 646 

171,596 

180, 509 

4,481 

18, 595 

32, 923 

42, 986 

48,476 

56, 594 

62, 654 

65, 086 

71,151 

75, 430 

80, 590 

83,617 

86,911 

96, 237 

108. 349 

119,235 

159.030 

175,000 

190, 12s 

208. 480 

220, 493 

232, 419 

248,219 

262, 054 



?2.48 
2.57 
2.66 
2.62 
2.50 
2.81 
2.99 
3.18 
4.04 
4.44 
4.68 
4.66 
4.74 
4.69 
4.73 
4.80 

.07 
.30 
.53 
.62 
.63 
.68 
.67 
.72 
.76 
.74 
.73 
.74 
.83 
.85 



1.16 
1.19 
1.20 
1.20 
1.26 
1.30 
1.31 
L38 

.13 
.52 
.86 
.94 
1.07 
1.19 
1.35 
1.39 
1.44 
1.50 
1.50 
1.48 
1.38 
1.56 
1.71 
1.83 
2.43 
2.71 



2.73 
2.91 
2.96 
2.98 
3.14 
3.41 



a For Iho last three months of the year. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1111 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industrj' and year. 



Number of 

persons in- 

s\ired. 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Average amoimt 
per— 



Total 
amount. 



Person 
insured. 



$1,000 of 
wagos of 
persons 
msured. 



Woodworking (Associations Nos. 31 to 
34): 

1885 (o) 

1886 

1887 



1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 



1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



Flour milling (Association No. 35): 
1885 (a) 



1887. 



1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 



Food products (Association No. 36): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 



1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 



111,348 
126, 980 
176,164 
184,213 
201,805 
214,013 
214,596 
216,041 
220, 269 
221,949 
233, 600 
251,648 
266, 947 
283, 455 
300, 294 
320, 893 
329, 930 
343,613 
363, 639 
389, 595 
407,085 
425,119 
431,980 
428,743 

77, 862 
83,006 
82, 693 
86, 677 
86, 913 
86, 343 
86, 439 
86,995 
86,240 
86,380 
86, 315 
85,510 
85,571 
74, 739 
73,293 
71,883 
68, 977 
67, 527 
68, 478 
67,315 
65, 757 
64, 105 
63,930 
63,729 

36,064 
31,848 
35,765 
41,056 
49,622 
53,425 
58, 161 
61,205 
63,681 
67,285 
78,024 
74,333 
42,555 
46,122 
48.809 



$4, 493, 960 
19, 505, 694 
26,258,570 
28,611,336 
31,218,856 
33, 689, 309 
34, 756, 473 
34, 626, 257 
35, 173, 294 
35, 666, 564 
36, 933, 512 
41,177,107 
45, 100, 728 
49,115,015 
53, 78.5, 581 
58,147,237 
61, 443, 480 
64, 699, 840 
69, 628, 710 
76, 135, 021 
81,865,688 
88, 789, 929 
93,779,897 
93, 395, 459 

3, 162, 951 
13,103,154 
12, 895, 304 
12,741,525 
12,581,192 
12, 323, 361 
12, 699, 361 
12, 735, 752 
12,821,605 
12, 475, 474 
12, 347, 335 
12, 229, 530 
12, 476, 856 
12, 630, 417 
12,725,568 
12, 710, 538 
12, 548. 735 
12, 836, 651 
13,111,958 
13, 152, 583 
13, 192, 421 
13, 309, 366 
13, 992, 448 
14, 333, 680 

1,295,916 

5, 138, 874 

5,888,917 

7,045,155 

8,385,581 

9, 138, 628 

9,980,785 

10,343,086 

11,211,510 

11,816,175 

13,051,131 

14,491,438 

8,299,187 

9,169,373 

10. 143. 729 



$15, 056 

120, 186 

228, 110 

296, 357 

332, 017 

395, 926 

443, 325 

500, 719 

533, 232 

565, 879 

618,979 

658, 400 

667, 287 

733, 191 

794, 596 

881, 721 

1,177,936 

1, 282, 188 

1,416,564 

1,503,461 

1,614,879 

1,726,954 

1,830,591 

1,898,462 

10,374 
62, 184 
134, 464 
200, 536 
304, 767 
234, 604 
248, 685 
259, 961 
277, 087 
289, 305 
296, 502 
302, 934 
295, 420 
321,647 
342, 597 
360,511 
464, 380 
496, 349 
528, 405 
545, 997 
560, 641 
576, 682 
577, 102 
604, 048 

3,279 
19,605 
35,468 
43, 735 
53,548 
64,052 
75,863 
79,809 
82,449 
85,110 
126,551 
117,622 
78,073 
79,052 
85,192 



$0.14 
.95 
1.29 
1.61 
1.64 
1.85 
2.07 
2.32 
2.42 
2.55 
2.65 
2.62 
2.50 
2.59 
2.65 
2.75 
3.57 
3.73 
3.90 
3.86 
3.97 
4.06 
4.24 
4.43 

.13 
.75 
1.63 
2.31 
3.51 
2.72 
2.88 
2.99 
3.21 
3.35 
3.43 
3.54 
3.45 
4.30 
4.67 
5.01 
6.73 
7.35 
7.72 
8.11 
8.53 
9.00 
9.03 
9.48 

.09 
.62 
.99 
1.07 
1.08 
1.20 
1.30 
1.30 
1.29 
1.26 
1.62 
1.58 
1.83 
1.71 
1.74 



$3.35 
6.16 
8.69 
10.36 
10.64 
11.75 
12.76 
14.46 
15.16 
15.87 
16.76 
15.99 
14.80 
14.93 
14.77 
15.16 
19.17 
19.82 
20.34 
19.75 
19.73 
19.45 
19.52 
20.33 

3.28 
4.75 
10.43 
15.74 
24.22 
19.04 
19.58 
20.41 
21.61 
23.19 
24.01 
24.77 
23.67 
25.47 
26.92 
28.36 
37.01 
38.67 
40.30 
41.51 
42.50 
43. 33 
41.24 
42.14 

2.53 
3.81 
6.02 
6.21 
6.39 
7.01 
7.60 
7.72 
7.35 
7.20 
9.70 
8.12 
9.41 
8.62 
8.40 



a For the last three months of the year. 



46598^ 



1112 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Food products (Association No. 36)- 
Conciuded. 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Sugar (Association No. 37): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 



1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
189G. 
1897. 



1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



Dairying, distilling, and starch indus- 
tries (Association No. 38): 

1885(a) 



1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 



1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Breweries (Association No. 39): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



54,460 
56, 924 
60,969 
96,250 
104,883 
111,338 
128,481 
142, 119 
154,697 

108,534 
127, 200 
106,817 
95,463 ! 
97,151 
99,953 
99,097 
98,870 
97,889 
101,164 
100,058 
100,655 
100,738 
98,219 
97,000 
97,141 



r I 



97, 152 
95,645 
94,583 
97, 158 
95,581 
93,384 
93, 791 



35,018 
38, 158 
38,829 
39,066 
42,381 
43,388 
41,569 
41,843 
44,225 
44,159 
45,506 
45,685 
46,948 
49,993 
50,276 
52,715 
52, 422 
40,012 
41,512 
42,671 
44,423 
48,882 
50,286 
50,020 

47,420 
51,749 
61,562 
a3,524 
67. 123 
70,617 
72,517 



$11,518,153 
12,289,066 
13,657,139 
14,949,430 
16,291,653 
18,792,382 
22.990,208 
26,001,528 
29,539,015 

3,432,312 
7,927,984 
8,012,194 
7,951,925 
8,534,700 
9,438,830 
9,854,806 
9,649,578 
9,588,191 
10, 333, 655 
10,443,210 
10,531.849 
10,864,353 
10,894,559 
10,836,786 
11,467,245 
12,300,999 
11,342,014 
10,854,560 
10,465,781 
11,370,101 
12,328,114 
12,249,891 
12.061,209 



1,368,174 
5,473,412 
5,297,503 
5,264,791 
5,787,853 
6,266,277 
6,317.533 
6,513.462 
6,899,779 
7,096,367 
7,302,920 
7,494,507 
7,703,380 
8,208,942 
8.728.883 
9,168,857 
9,566,054 
8,055,315 
10.809.744 
8, 656. 086 
9,504,946 
10.423.366 
11.068.599 
11,430,255 

2.576.993 
11.601.721 
11.678.882 
14,252,316 
15,516,844 
16. 5 16,. 5.36 
16,989,046 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total 
amount. 



$94,892 
125,049 
142, 399 
148, 483 
152,459 
175,005 
201, 720 
223,074 
244, 703 

6,094 
46, 181 
77,667 
104,011 
103.390 
122, 609 
141,581 
148,217 
162,514 
168, 146 
171,310 
175,473 
169,822 
178,929 
194, 354 
204, 778 
273,750 
286, 198 
298, 264 
303,141 
320, 236 
335,344 
340, 138 
352,052 



5,118 

28,919 

45,610 

59, 955 

67,255 

77, 257 

84,424 

93. 122 

99.243 

106,511 

110.776 

108, 883 

108. 104 

119,270 

135.019 

142, 640 

182,088 

153,002 

158.726 

161.834 

176.232 

187,285 

194.7.37 

208.901 

12.922 
202.924 
261,053 
253,718 
274,091 
315. 887 
343, 617 



Average amoimt 
per— 



Person 
insured. 



$L74 
2.20 
2.33 
1.54 
1.45 
1.57 
1.57 
1.57 
1.58 

.06 
.36 
.73 
1.09 
1.06 
1.23 
1.43 
1.50 
1.66 
1.66 
1.71 
1.74 
1.69 
1.82 
2.00 
2.11 
2.74 
2.95 
3.12 
3.21 
3.30 
3.51 
3.64 
3.75 



.15 
.76 
1.18 
1.54 
1.59 
1.78 
2.03 
2.23 
2.24 
2.41 
2.43 
2.38 
2.30 
2.38 
2.68 
2.71 
3.47 
3.82 
3.82 
3.79 
3.97 
3.83 
3.87 
4.18 

.27 
3.92 
4.24 
3.99 
4.08 
4.47 
4.74 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
insured. 



a For tJie last three montlis of the year. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1113 



NUMBER OF TERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Breweries ( Associal ion No. 39)— Conc'd 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 



1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Tobacco (Association No. 40): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 



1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 



Clothing (Association No. 41): 
1885 (a) 



1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



76,823 
79,552 
83,492 
89,413 
91,239 
95,103 
92,995 
96,948 
97,632 
100,903 
106,471 
106, 199 
109,597 
108,565 
112,339 
110,213 
106,035 

95, 136 
89,467 
90,735 
90,562 
98,280 
105,486 
109,111 
107,468 
110,642 
116,507 
123, 051 
130,365 
136,063 
140,883 
140,969 
140, 531 
142,248 
144,936 
147, 125 
150,147 
153,708 
156,357 
165,337 
175,894 

74,507 
82,609 
86, 193 
96,180 
99,599 
107, 171 
104, 748 
106,071 
109, 882 
116,617 
125,246 
135,385 
149, 578 
161,785 
173,224 
194, 964 
204,856 
207, 107 
213,163 
229,185 
242,112 
254, 170 
267. 576 
278,866 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



$17,614,942 
18,094,993 
18,514,960 
19,347,143 
20,639,668 
21,993,235 
23,282,147 
24,680,950 
25,864,186 
27,300,775 
27,745,350 
28,036,316 
29,129,544 
30, 126, 405 
31,694,611 
33,009,866 
33,702,396 

2,266,875 
12,184,335 
10,049,000 
10,194,614 
11,129,713 
12,086,540 
12,777,764 
12, 728, 721 
13,384,183 
14,060,423 
14,990,962 
16,135,358 
17,108,160 
17,751,358 
17,911,352 
18,097,188 
17,568,499 
17,902,411 
18,324,712 
19,117,862 
19,949,502 
21,053,461 
23,305,619 
25,224,303 

2,181,188 
11,190,332 
11,116,154 
11,794,630 
12,802,932 
13,868,781 
14,160,036 
14,420,501 
15,333,509 
16,153,374 
17, 948, 439 
19,896,343 
22,411,527 
24,. 383, 874 
26,287,274 
28,835,235 
31,984,254 
33,263,454 
37,731,754 
42,089,377 
45,044,627 
49,231,397 
59, 198, 633 
57,009,747 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total 
amount. 



$388,474 
417,685 
442, 932 
460,774 
465,700 
476,721 
506, 439 
541,529 
591,728 
781,702 
844,723 
896, 474 
926,917 
979,794 
999,556 
1,017,506 
1,044,256 

2,792 
7,154 
13,440 
14,637 
16,110 
16,300 
16,973 
17,685 
19,601 
19,819 
19,776 
20, 532 
20,865 
22,416 
23,882 
26,928 
34,989 
35,339 
38,085 
38, 484 
41,135 
41,679 
42,575 
45,059 

3,992 

11,565 

19,283 

22, 240 

25,681 

31,492 

38, 7.33 

40,490 

42,356 

53,514 

53,434 

58,018 

62, 731 

73,353 

85, 433 

95,447 

128,416 

142,2.35 

151,644 

171,564 

183, 443 

193, 587 

203,405 

212,341 



Average amount 
per— 



Person 
insm'ed. 



$5.06 
5.25 
5.31 
5.15 
5.11 
5.01 
5.45 
5.59 
6.00 
7.75 
7.93 
8.44 
8.46 
9.02 
8.90 
9.23 
9.85 

.03 
.08 
.15 
.16 
.16 
.15 
.15 
.16 
.18 
.17 
.16 
.16 
.15 
.16 
.IT 
.19 
.25 
.24 
.26 
.26 
.27 
.27 
.26 
.26 

.05 
.14 
.22 
.23 
.26 
.29 
.37 
.38 
.39 
.46 
.43 
.43 
.42 
.45 
.49 
.49 
.63 
.69 
.71 
.75 
.76 
.76 
.76 
.76 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
msured. 



$22.05 
23.08 
23.92 
23.82 
22.56 
21.68 
21.75 
21.94 
22.88 
28.63 
30.45 
31.98 
31.82 
32.52 
31.54 
30.82 
30.98 

1.23 
.59 
1.34 
1.44 
1.45 
1.35 
1.33 
1.39 
1.46 
1.41 
1.32 
1.27 
1.22 
1.26 
1.33 
1.49 
1.99 
1.97 
2.08 
2.01 
2.06 
1.98 
1.83 
1.79 

1.83 
1.03 
1.71 
1.89 
2.01 
2.27 
2.74 
2.81 
2.76 
3.31 
2.98 
2.92 
2.80 
3.01 
3.25 
3.31 
4.01 
4.28 
4.02 
4.08 
4.07 
3.93 
3.75 
3.72 



a For the last three months of the year. 



1114 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total 
amount. 



Average amount 
per— 



Person 
insured. 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
insured. 



Chimney sweeping (AssociationNo. 42): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 

1888 



1890- 
1891- 
1892. 



1894. 
1895. 



1897. 



1900. 
1901- 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905- 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



Building trades (Associations Nos. 43 to 
54): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 



1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905- 
1906- 
1907- 
1908. 



Printing and publishing (Association 
No. 55): 
1885 (a) 



1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 



5,184 
5,452 
5,648 
5,808 
5,869 
5,752 
5,804 
5,887 
5,919 
5,945 
5,980 
6,023 
6,186 
6,206 
6,225 
6,274 
6,329 
5,503 
5,561 
5,498 
5,506 
5,517 
5,686 
5,662 



428, 268 

592, 118 

669, 795 

784,304 

920, 135 

891,040 

992, 735 

946, 702 

970, 261 

962,803 

960. 583 

1,035,233 

1,061,665 

1,103,847 

1,137,336 

1,156,923 

1,096,600 

1,117,441 

1,204,748 

1,263,537 

1,311,431 

1,376,208 

1,365.161 

1,260,270 



48, 337 

51,773 

55,792 

58, 753 

59, 681 

60,404 

69, 806 

74, 075 

80, 250 

85, 403 

90, 896 

100, 962 

101, 125 

•101,978 

110, .320 

116,630 



$185, 469 

719,367 

744,388 

767,256 

793,032 

809, 539 

828, 055 

846, 534 

881,765 

901,478 

915, 886 

920, 877 

919, 902 

929, 356 

942,409 

949,658 

1,038,397 

1,095,386 

1, 145, 033 

1,182,665 

1,204,283 

1,244,927 

1,284,162 

1,343,464 



13,789,930 
81,883,934 
91,307,125 
99,218,258 
114,336,360 
121,195,622 
126,691,348 
121,034,818 
123,356,770 
122,184,161 
124,915,282 
140,626,161 
153,596,308 
172,587,435 
182,782,179 
193,073,525 
187,165,420 
192,498,559 
209,887.607 
225,522,340 
240,934,332 
263,231.157 
270. 365, 982 
253,547,088 



2,543,578 
11,781,362 
11,632,653 
12,027,654 
12, 790, 301 
13,684,800 
14,376,219 
15,188,028 
15,998,840 
16,391,937 
17,748,528 
18,915.643 
20,319,355 
21,552,406 
22, 820, 771 
24, 808. 387 



$2,699 
8,349 
10,223 
11,047 
9,936 
10, 400 
10, 527 
10,577 
12, 073 
11,989 
12, 955 
12, 437 
12, 006 
12, 949 
12,931 
13,718 
16, 689 
18, 648 
19, 430 
20,116 
20, 593 
21,894 
24, 168 
22,740 



54, 165 
442, 787 
812,542 
1,046,132 
1,398,101 
1,500,445 
1,824,303 
1,834,031 
2,065,256 
2,154,997 
2,262,195 
2.305,039 
2,449,705 
2,517,371 
2,741,327 
2.963,495 
3,758,567 
4,134,845 
4,443,343 
4,777,773 
5.022,137 
5,332.833 
5,604,405 
5, 557, 740 



4,298 
18, 678 
27, 483 
38,547 
31,957 
37,923 
42, 202 
43,902 
47,677 
51,726 
54.771 
57,001 
59, 429 
65.711 
73, 572 
81,010 



$0.05 
1.53 
1.81 
1.90 
1.69 
1.81 
1.81 
1.80 
2.04 
2.02 
2.17 
2.07 
1.94 
2.09 
2.08 
2.19 
2.64 
3.39 
3.49 
3.66 
3.74 
3.97 
4.25 
4.02 



.13 
.75 
1.21 
1.33 
1.52 
1.69 
1.84 
1.94 
2.13 
2.24 
2.30 
2.23 
2.31 
2.28 
2.41 
2.56 
3.43 
3.70 
3.69 
3.78 
3.83 
3.87 
4.11 
4.41 



.36 
.49 
.66 
.54 
.63 
.60 
.59 
.60 
.60 
.60 
.56 
.59 
.64 
.67 



$14. 55 
11.61 
13.73 
14.40 
12.53 
12.85 
12.71 
12.49 
13.69 
13.30 
14.15 
13.50 
13.05 
13.93 
13.72 
14.45 
16.07 
17.02 
16.97 
17.01 
17.10 
17.59 
18.82 
16.93 



3.93 
5.41 
8.90 
10.54 
12.23 
12.38 
14.40 
15.15 
16.74 
17.64 
18.11 
16.39 
15.95 
14.59 
15.00 
15.35 
20.08 
21.48 
21.17 
21.19 
20.84 
20.26 
20.73 
21.92 



1.69 
1.59 
2.36 
3.20 
2.50 
2.77 
2.94 
2.89 
2.98 
3.16 
3.09 
3.02 
2.92 
3.05 
3.22 
3.27 



a For the last three months of the year. 



CHAPTER V. — T\'ORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1115 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI. 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1SS5 TO 190K, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS- 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total 
amount. 



Average amount 
per— 



Person 
insxired. 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
insured. 



Printing and publishing (Association 
No. 55)— Concluded. 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 -.. 

1905 



1907. 

1908. 



Private railways (Association No. 56): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 



1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 



Street and small railways (Association 
No. 57): 

1885(a) 

1886 

1887 



1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
18%. 
1897. 



1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Express and storage (Association No. 
58): 



1887. 



130, 915 
133,275 
144, 047 
147, 399 
154, 832 
156, 047 
169,813 
174,653 

26,808 
26, 372 
27,580 
28, 202 
28, 804 
25, 262 
26,886 
27,380 
27,227 
26,115 
24, 932 
19,465 
20,074 
22, 304 
24,274 
25,725 
26, 462 
26, 764 
23,118 
22,804 
23,235 
24, 733 
27, 622 
28, 714 



11,024 
29,785 
44,326 
31,048 
34, 499 
28, 220 
31,853 
31,838 
32,840 
30,895 
21,657 
24, 347 
28,606 
33,017 
39,454 
45,428 
48,820 
49, 729 
51,176 
53,567 
58,520 
62,627 
67, 276 
69, 129 



40,012 
54,317 
59,079 
68,218 
75,436 
80, .348 



$26, 338, 290 
27,469,903 
28, 945, 302 
30, 804, 846 
32,838,966 
34,864,682 
38,281,044 
40,318,204 



1,033,414 

4,741,918 

4,990,078 

5,219,061 

5,464,909 

5, 105. 924 

5,450,736 

5,617,130 

5,603,222 

687, 369 

522, 462 

306, 195 

573, 094 

145,679 

746, 416 

6,288,921 

6,844,879 

7,080,577 

6, 386, 164 

6,391,055 

6,711,104 

7,337,130 

8,028,569 

8,554,003 



580,000 

2,831,373 

3, 393, 286 

2, 633, 709 

3,007,274 

3, 408, 487 

3, 700, 858 

3, 888, 422 

4,073,315 

4, 386, 971 

4,931,130 

5, 673, 474 

6,692,156 

8,067,220 

9,670,365 

11,405,037 

12,995,112 

13,683,371 

14, 243, 667 

15,326,777 

16, 634, 685 

18, 262, 157 

20,201,528 

21.682,040 



4,284,000 
10, 939, 444 
12,546,270 
14,525,002 
16,591,742 
18,141,745 



$105,460 
116,033 
129, 177 
136, 587 
152, 827 
166, 315 
176,559 
193,880 

664 

19, 197 

42,902 

58, 269 

66, 523 

66, 917 

72,721 

83, 150 

89,717 

87,850 

77,034 

56,619 

57,621 

63, 421 

71,360 

81,712 

102, 984 

114,117 

109, 293 

106, 145 

109,880 

118,273 

126, 100 

138, 050 



7,128 

34, 461 

30, 123 

25,007 

25,003 

29, 360 

34,208 

38,068 

37, 188 

39, 761 

46, 938 

48, 753 

57, 434 

70, 994 

84,344 

123, 356 

147, 440 

162, 282 

176, 167 

194, 899 

211,029 

224,886 

246,705 



13,486 
45,803 
124,682 
212,480 
261,666 
289,681 



$0.80 
.87 
.90 



1.07 
1.04 
1.11 

.02 
.73 
1.56 
2.07 
2.31 
2.65 
2.70 
3.04 
3.29 
3.36 
3.09 
2.91 
2.87 
2.84 
2.94 
3.18 
3.89 
4.26 
4.73 
4.66 
4.73 
4.78 
4.56 
4.81 



.05 

.24 
.78 
.97 
.73 



1.07 
1.16 
1.20 
1.83 
1.93 
1.70 
1.74 
1.80 
1.86 
2.53 
2.97 
3.17 
3.29 
3.33 
3.37 
3.34 
3.57 



.34 
.84 
2.11 
3.12 
3.47 
3.61 



$4.00 
4.22 
4.46 
4.43 
4.65 
4.77 
4.61 
4.81 

.64 
4.05 
8.59 
11.16 
12.17 
13.11 
13.34 
14.80 
16.01 
15.45 
13.95 
13.15 
12.60 
12.33 
12.42 
12.99 
15.05 
16.12 
17.11 
16.61 
16.37 
16.12 
15. 71 
16.14 



1.04 

2.52 

10.15 

11.44 

8.34 

7.34 

7.93 

8.80 

9.35 

8.48 

8.06 

8.27 

7.29 

7.12 

7.34 

7.40 

9.49 

10.78 

1-1.39 

11.49 

11.72 

11.56 

11.13 

11.38 



3.15 
4.19 
9.94 
14.63 
15.77 
15.97 



a For the last three mouths of the year . 



1116 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Continued. 



Industry and year. 



Express and storage (Association No. 
58)— Concluded. 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Drayage, cartage, etc. (Association 
No. 59): 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 - 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Inland navigation (Associations Nos. 
60 to 62): 

1886 

1887 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



81,971 

84,465 

92, 384 

94,700 

96, 851 

115, 430 

120, 130 

126, 260 

131,522 

143,646 

163, 570 

197, 409 

251, 622 

271,827 

291,251 

346, 756 

368, 241 



50,250 
54,566 
62, 355 
64, 690 
64,607 
69,397 
67,685 
68,543 
69, 175 
72, 286 
79,365 
70,938 
76, 541 
88, 282 
90, 795 
82, 246 
82, 280 
82,390 
86,094 
89,790 
95,126 
97,842 
104, 153 



51,529 
53,494 
59, 277 
63,221 
55,175 
55, 157 
54, 029 
53,113 
52,917 
56,795 
55, 905 
60,148 
69,119 
69,770 
60,842 
61,637 
60,803 
69,813 
60,172 
63,417 
62,071 
63,716 
59,242 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all persons 

insured. 



$18, 426, 134 
19, 590, 106 
20, 676, 136 
21, 890, 721 
23,547,206 
25, 789, 659 
27,833,867 
30, 278, 167 
35,631,701 
38, 034, 668 
42, 027, 789 
51,798,115 
60, 435, 454 
71,263,690 
76, 470, 650 
87, 108, 659 
91,465,956 



4,343,707 
9,428,406 
9,465,733 
9,936,631 
10,029,236 
10,544,305 
10,780,624 
10,868,368 
11,045,741 
11,550,725 
12,194,285 
12,859,530 
13,600,443 
14,136,020 
14,914,022 
15, 152, 741 
15, 285, 822 
15,553,192 
16,563,957 
17,779,6% 
20,097,190 
21,241,124 
21,790,395 



4,055,211 
7,383,690 
7,251,490 
7, 915, 895 
8,243,755 
8,370,867 
8, 345, 105 
8, 309, 251 
8, 236, 489 
8, 292, 214 
8,820,812 
9,099,802 
9,587,654 
9,981,884 
10,390,110 
10,664,095 
10, 296, 204 
11,112,767 
10,973,739 
11,926,021 
12,754,729 
13,622,738 
13,528,667 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total 
amount. 



$311,006 

339, 997 

365,788 

379, 452 

414, 417 

435, 081 

441,939 

493, 311 

560,441 

644, 689 

849,900 

958, 234 

1,063,127 

1,158,576 

1, 237, 842 

1,352,826 

1,413,118 



14, 255 
67,863 
187,743 
164,921 
191,879 
232, 121 
267,942 
252, 637 
295,391 
322, 798 
351,765 
337, 479 
364, 192 
405, 667 
440,743 
566,032 
573,339 
683, 676 
765, 623 
805, 256 
869,845 
881,837 
921.307 



21,814 
61,308 
80, 191 
100, 789 
117,234 
123, 664 
135,901 
150, 462 
164,780 
160,622 
169,413 
167,644 
180, 187 
194,400 
212,372 
273, 118 
297,554 
320, 632 
343,932 
381,151 
408, 666 
418, 572 
443,894 



Average amoimt 
per— 



Person 
insured. 



$3.79 
4.02 
3.96 
4.01 
4.28 
3.77 
3.68 
3.91 
4.26 
4.49 
5.20 
4.86 
4.22 
4.26 
4.25 
3.90 
3.84 



.28 
1.06 
3.01 
2.55 
2.97 
3.34 



43 

76 

76 

60 

4.86 

6.88 

6.97 

8.30 

8.89 

8.97 

9.14 

9.01 

8.85 



.42 
1.16 
1.35 
1.89 
2.13 
2.24 
2.52 
2.83 
2.93 
2.83 
3.03 
2.78 
3.05 
3.25 
3.49 
4.44 
4.89 
5.36 
6.72 
6.01 
6.68 
6.57 
7.49 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
insured. 



$16.88 
17.36 
17.69 
17.33 
17.60 
16.87 
15.88 
16.29 
15.73 
16. 95 
20.22 
18.50 
17.59 
16.26 
16.19 
15.53 
15.45 



3.28 
6.14 
19.83 
16.60 
19.13 
22.01 
24.85 
23.25 
26.74 
27.95 
28.85 
26.24 
26.78 
28.70 
29.55 
37.20 
37.51 
43.96 
46.22 
45.29 
43.28 
41.52 
42.28 



5.38 
8.30 
11.06 
12.73 
14.22 
14.77 
16.29 
18.11 
18.79 
19. 37 
19.21 
18.41 
18.79 
19.48 
20.44 
25.88 
28.90 
28.85 
31.34 
31.96 
32.04 
30.73 
32.81 



CHAPTEE V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1117 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- 
TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 
$1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— 
Concluded. 



Industry and year. 



Marine navigation (Association No. 03) 

188S 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 •.... 

1905 

1900 

1907 

1908 

Engineering, excavating, etc. (Associa- 
tion No. 64): 

1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Meat products (Association No. 65): 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Blacksmi thing, etc. (Association No. 
66): 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 



Number of 
persons in- 
sured. 



37,795 
40,400 
42,546 
43,300 
43,023 
42, 155 
43, 145 
44,005 
43,105 
45,280 
48,648 
48, 552 
53, 230 
50,342 
60,190 
64,473 
68,425 
71,030 
74,710 
79,005 
77,345 



121,701 
164,025 
155, 270 
164, 993 
160,754 
178, 544 
181,978 
167,470 
165, 333 
183,079 
194, 522 
206, 105 
213, 592 
211,735 
203, 708 
214,018 
231,550 
245, 951 
200, 769 
297,560 
306,276 

40,034 
39,420 
40,482 
43,767 
47,876 
85,537 
92, 298 
97,029 
101,467 
103, 179 
104, 645 
110,251 



131,057 
146, 370 
148, 40(1 
152,014 
153,449 
154,420 
151,919 



Total amount 

of wages of 

all E>ersons 

insured. 



$5,089,160 
5,371,782 
5,737,599 
6,068,370 
5,889,941 
5,829,579 
5,847,804 
5, 846, 108 
5,990,388 
6,150,060 
6,312,813 
6,483,235 
7,750,719 
8,708,410 
11,324,000 
11,867,885 
14,095,044 
14,735,283 
15,709,489 
10,653,077 
16,395,356 



13,545,976 
17,659,003 
16,552,401 
18,420,883 
19,177,027 
20,133,082 
20,677,702 
18,160,214 
19,315,491 
21,184,503 
23,905,002 
20,795,956 
29, 530, 382 

28. 199. 333 

27. 238. 334 
28,830,186 
32,003,702 
35,710,080 
40,470,917 
45, 574, 238 
48,490,523 

7,903,880 
8, 224, 210 
8,032,070 
9,509,479 
10,593,772 
14,112,900 
15,233,704 
10,104,541 
16,382,502 
17,180,953 
20,004,710 
21,377,493 



24,(i83,865 
25, 904, 998 
24, 545, 598 
23,203,945 
23, .507, 274 
23, 703, .524 
26,596,007 



Expenditures for insurance. 



Total 
amount. 



$22,512 
59,489 
78,798 
87,827 
101,201 
108, 144 
119,587 
133, 024 
149,909 
150,008 
163,580 
182, 003 
191,338 
250, 181 
281,487 
310,470 
326, 207 
347, 968 
321,075 
390,024 
482,327 



72, 071 
148, 904 
220, 517 
205,084 
328,500 
507,210 
355, 308 
384, 438 
422, 002 
440, 886 
473,394 
486, 656 
534,602 
648,919 
607, 290 
600, 432 
760,808 
740,310 
770, 401 
822, 782 
876, 280 

60,507 
00,059 
72,518 
84, 498 
112,384 
150,212 
190, 827 
213,117 
235,902 
257,790 
271,375 
302, 867 



79, 139 
11.5,075 
232, 924 
254,097 
278, 090 
284,277 
256,737 



Average amount 
per— 



Person 
insured. 



$0.00 
1.47 
1.85 
2.03 
2.35 
2.57 
2.77 
3.03 
3.47 



.91 
1.42 
1.61 
2.04 
3.18 
1.95 
2.29 
2.55 
2.44 
2.43 
2.36 
2.50 
2.59 
2.98 
3.11 
3.29 
3.01 
2.89 
2.77 
2.86 

1.49 
1.54 
1.79 
1.93 
2.35 
1.76 
2.07 
2.20 
2.33 
2.50 
2.59 
2.75 



.00 
.79 
1.57 
1.07 
1.82 
1.84 
1.69 



$1,000 of 
wages of 
persons 
msured. 



$4.42 
11.07 
13.73 

14.47 
17.19 
18.55 
20.45 
22.86 
25.02 
24.40 
25.91 
28.17 
24.09 
28.73 
24.86 
20.16 
23.15 
23.61 
20.48 
23.42 
29.42 



5.36 
8.43 
13.32 
14.39 
17.13 
28.17 
17.18 
21.16 
21.85 
21.09 
19.80 
18.16 
18.10 
19.47 
22.30 
23.12 
23.73 
20.73 
19.04 
18.05 
18.07 

7.66 
7.38 
8.40 
8.89 
10.61 
10.64 
12.53 
13.23 
14.40 
15.00 
13.53 
14.17 



3.21 
4.44 
9.49 
10.95 
11.86 
11.99 
9.65 



1118 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



The expenditures included in the preceding tables have already- 
been specified on page 1104. The different industries as a rule show a 
tendency to have increasing costs up to the last few years included 
in the table; but during the last few years many of the associations 
show either a stationary or decreasing tendency in the cost per $1,000 
of wages, while the cost per insured person still shoAvs a tendency to 
increase in most of the associations. 

The difference in the cost of the insurance in the different indus- 
tries is a matter of especial interest. Arranged in the order of the 
industries with the highest cost the following tables show for the year 
1908 the relative standing of the groups included in the preceding 
table : 

EXPENDITURE FOR ACCIDENT INSURANCE PER PERSON INSURED, BY INDUS- 
TRIES,. 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 



Asso- 
ciation 
num- 
ber. 



39 
35 

59 

1 

60-62 

63 

4-11 

56 

28 

18 

31-34 

43-54 



Industry. 



Breweries 

Flour milling 

Drayage, cartage, etc 

Mining 

Inland navigation 

Marine navigation 

Iron and steel 

Private railways. 

Paper making 

Chemicals 

Woodworking 

Building trades 

Dairying, distilling, and starch 

industries 

Chimney sweeping 

Express and storage 

Gas and water works 

Sugar 

street and small railways 

Leather 



Cost 

per 

person 

insured. 



$9.85 
9.48 
8.85 



7.49 
6.24 
5.00 
4.81 
4.80 
4.75 
4.43 
4.41 



4.18 
4.02 
3.84 
3.82 
3.75 
3.57 
3.41 



Asso- 
ciation 
num- 
ber. 



64 
2 
17 
65 
3 

12,13 
15 
20 
66 
36 
16 
14 

21-26 

29 
55 
41 
27 
40 



Industry. 



Engineering, excavating, etc 

Quarrying 

Brick and tile making 

Meat products 

Fine mechanical products 

Metal working 

Glass 

Linen 

Blacksmithing, etc 

Food products 

Pottery 

Musical instruments 

Textiles (not including silk and 

linen) 

Paper products 

Printing and publishing 

Clothing 

Silk 

Tobacco 



Cost 

per 

person 

insured. 



$2.86 
2.77 
2.75 
2.75 
2.20 
2.19 
2.01 
1.90 
1.69 
1.58 
1.53 
1.50 

1.46 

1.38 

1.11 

.76 

.63 

.26 



COST OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE PER $1,000 OF WAGES, BY INDUSTRIES, 1908. 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 



Asso- 
ciation 
num- 
ber. 



59 

35 

60-62 

39 

63 

37 

2 

1 

28 

43-54 

31-34 

38 

64 
18 
4-11 
17 
42 
56 
58 



Industry. 



Drayage, cartage, etc 

Flour milling 

Inland navigation 

Breweries 

Marine navigation 

Sugar 

Quarrying 

Mining 

Paper making 

Building trades 

Woodworking 

Dairying, distilling, and starch 

industries 

Engineering, excavating, etc 

Chemicals 

Iron and steel 

Brick and tile making 

Chimney sweeping 

Private railways 

Express and storage — 



Cost 

per 

$1,000 of 

wages. 



$42. 28 
42.14 
32.81 
30.98 
29.42 
29.19 
28.65 
26.06 
23.26 
21.92 
20.33 

18.28 
18.07 
17.99 
17.65 
17.27 
16.93 
16.14 
15.45 



Asso- 
ciation 
num- 
ber. 



65 
30 
19 
57 
20 
66 

12-13 
15 
14 
36 

21-26 

16 
3 
29 
55 
41 
27 
40 



Industry. 



Meat products 

Leather 

Gas and water works 

Street and small railways 

Linen 

Blacksmithing, etc 

Metal working 

Glass 

Musical instruments 

Food products 

Textiles (not including silk and 

linen) 

Pottery 

Fine mechanical products 

Paper products 

Printing and publishing 

Clothing 

Silk 

Tobacco 



Cost 

per 

$l,000of 



$14. 17 
13.44 
13.10 
11.38 
10.00 
9.65 
8.93 
8.93 
8.35 
8.28 

8.02 
7.13 
7.03 
6.26 
4.81 
3.72 
2.98 
1.79 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1119 



In the cost per person insured the extremes are the brewhig mdus- 
try with S9.85 per person and the tobacco industry with $0.26 per 
person insured. The cost of the insurance per $1,000 of wages 
shows fully as great variations; the extremes are drayage, cartage, 
etc., with $42.28 per $1,000, and tobacco with $1.79 per $1,000 of 
wages. 

The average cost of the insurance for all industries, computed in 
the same manner as in the preceding table, is shown in the following 
table for the period 1888 to 1908: 



EXPENDITURES FOR ACCIDENT INSURANCE PER PERSON INSURED AND 
OF WAGES OF INSURED PERSONS, 1888 TO 1908. 

[Sourco: Aintliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsaiiits, 1890 to 1910.] 



>ER $100 





Accident associations. 


Public 
authori- 
ties. 


Year. 

i 


Accident associations. 


Public 


Year. 


Indus trial, (o) 


Agricul- 
tural. (t>) 


Industrial, (a) 


Agricul- 
tural. (6) 


authori- 
ties. 


Expenditure per— 


Expenditure per— 




Person 
insured. 


$100 of 
wages. 


Person 
insured. 


Person 
insured. 


Person 
insured. 


$100 of 
wages. 


Person 
insured. 


Person 
insured. 


1888 

1889 

1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 


$1.40 
1.51 
1.64 
1.81 
1.99 
2.12 
2.19 

9 2'> 

2^17 
2.12 
2.19 


$0.96 
1.02 
1.07 
1.17 
1.29 
1.37 
1.41 
1.41 
1.33 
1.27 
1.25 


a 05 


$0.52 

.63 

.76 

.91 

1.09 

1.27 

1.45 

1.56 

1.77 

2^03 


' 1899 

1900 

, 1901 

! 1902 

i 1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


$2.28 
2.42 
3.14 
3.37 
3.47 
3.56 
3.69 
3.73 
3.77 
3.94 


$1.27 
1.30 
1.64 
1.76 
1.78 
1.80 
1.83 
1.75 
1.70 
1.75 


$0.55 


$2.16 
2.29 
2.47 
2.67 
2.89 
2.98 
3.08 
3.04 
3.03 
3.13 



o Not including thesubsidiar}- institutes of the accident associations for the building trades, for engineering 
construction, and for navigation. 
i> Based on the number of persons insured as estimated from the occupation census. 
cNot reported. 

The expenditures for the insurance have of course increased steadily 
during the period because of the financial plan in use. For the 
industrial associations the cost per person insured was still increasing 
up to the year 1908, while for the last four years the cost per $100 of 
wages has not shown a tendency to increase. The abrupt changes in 
1901 are due to the new features introduced by the amended law of 
1900. For the year 1908 the cost per person insured in the agri- 
cultural accident associations is based on the returns of the occupa- 
tion census of 1907. The data for the public authorities are of interest, 
because they include only expenditures for the insurance and its 
administration, but do not of course include any item of addition to 
the reserve; the cost per person insured of providing the insurance 
without any modification of the assessment plan by the use of 
reserves has increased from $0.52 in 1888 to $3.08 in 1905, and to 
$3.13 in 1908, with a slight decrease in the years 1906 and 1907. 




1120 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SETTLEMENT OF CONTROVERSIES. 

The courts or boards of arbitration to settle controversies arising 
under the various accident insurance laws have had an increasingly 
large amount of business to transact, especially since the year 1901, 
when the amended laws (see page 1039) enlarged the scope of their 
activities. The following table shows the operations of these courts 
for the period 1900 to 1909: 

APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS TO ARBITRATION 

COURTS, 1900 TO 1909. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 





Decisions of insurance organi- 
zations subject to appeal. 


Appeals made. 


Number of appeals per 100 
decisions subject to appeal. 






On the 






On the 














basis of 






basis of 






On the 








the ac- 


On the 




the ac- 


On the 




basis of 








cident 


basis of 




cident 


basis of 




the ac- 


On the 


Year. 




insurance 


the ac- 




insurance 


the ac- 




cident 


basis of 




laws for 


cident 




laws for 


cident 




insurance 


the ac- 




Total 


indus- 


insurance 


Total. 


indus- 


insurance 


Total. 


laws for 


cident 






tries, 


law for 


tries, 


law for 


indus- 


insurance 






building 


agricul- 




building 


agricul- 




tries, 


law for 






trades, 


ture. 




trades. 


ture. 




building 


agricul- 






and navi- 


(Per 




and navi- 


(Per 




trades, 


ture. 






gation. 


cent.) 




gation. 


cent.) 




and navi- 








(Per 






(Per 






gation. 








cent.) 






cent.) 










1900 


217,333 


60.2 


39.8 


45,655 


65.7 


34.3 


21.0 


22.9 


18.1 


1901 


298,983 


50.9 


49.1 


50, 502 


62.4 


37.6 


16.9 


20.7 


12.9 


1902 


317, 330 


51.5 


48.5 


56, 014 


63.7 


36.3 


17.7 


21.8 


13.2 


1903 


347,830 


50.7 


49.3 


61,242 


63.1 


36.9 


17.6 


21.9 


13.2 


1904 


375, 696 


50.4 


49.6 


65, 197 


63.1 


36.9 


17.4 


21.7 


12.9 


1905 


395, 563 


51.5 


48.5 


68,742 


64.5 


35.5 


17.4 


21.8 


12.7 


1906 


406,097 


53.1 


46.9 


70,542 


65.5 


34.5 


17.4 


21.4 


12.8 


1907 


417,957 


54.3 


45.7 


70, 957 


66.2 


33.8 


17.0 


20.7 


12.5 


1908 


422,012 


54.8 


45.2 


74, 570 


67.9 


32.2 


17.7 


21.9 


12.6 


1909 


422,076 


54.2 


45.8 


76,352 


68.3 


31.7 


18.1 


22.8 


12.5 



The column showing the number of decisions made which are sub- 
ject to appeal indicates a rapid increase in the total number of con- 
troversies arising under the law. The most important index of the 
activity of the courts is given in the last 3 columns; since the law of 
1900 was enacted the proportion of appeals to decisions rendered 
has been less than in the period preceding 1900. Since 1895 the 
number of appeals under the agricultural insurance law as compared 
with the number of decisions rendered was approximately half of the 
number of appeals made under the industrial, etc., laws. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1121 

The method of decision of the controversies before the arbitration 
courts is shown in the following table for the years 1900 to 1909: 

NUMBER OF APPEALS ON THE CALENDARS OF THE ARBITRATION COURTS AND 
NUMBER DECIDED, BY METHODS OF DECISION, 1900 TO 1909. 

(Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 





Number 
of appeals 
on calen- 
dar. 


Number of appeals decided. 




Total. 


Per cent decided by- 


Year. 


Number. 


Per 
cent 
of ap- 
peals 
on cal- 
endar. 


Deci- 
sion of 

presi- 
dent of 
court. 


With- 
drawals 
of ap- 
peal. 


Grant- 
ing 
appeal. 


Com- 
pro- 
mise. 


Decision of 
court of arbi- 
tration. 


All 




In favor 
of in- 
sured 

person. 


In favor 
of insur- 
ance or- 
ganiza- 
tion. 


otlier 
meth- 
ods. 


1900 


36, 643 
41,553 
48,209 
52, 367 
55,546 
60,751 
65,682 
67,999 
79,380 
88,225 


30.702 
33,761 
39, 947 
43,984 
46, 946 
51,509 
56, 846 
58,631 
69,111 
77,289 


83.8 
81.3 
82.9 
84.0 
84.5 
84.8 
86.6 
86.1 
87.1 
87.6 


1.4 
.8 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 

:l 

.4 


4.9 
6.4 
6.6 
6.4 
6.1 
4.5 
4.1 
3.9 
3.5 
3.5 


2.7 
1.9 
1.6 
1.6 
1.4 
1.6 
1.7 
1.7 
1.8 
1.8 


3.4 
3.6 
3.7 
3.8 
3.1 
3.9 
3.9 
4.1 
3.8 
3.6 


(«) 

25.4 

24.8 

24.4 

24.0 

21.1 

20.9 

21.2 

18.8 

18.2 


b 86. 1 
59.9 
61.3 
62.1 
63.7 
07.0 
67.6 
67.4 
70.6 
71.6 


1 5 


1901 


2.0 


1902 


1 4 


1903 


1 1 


1904 


1 1 


1905 


1.3 


190(1 


1.3 


1907 


1.2 


1908 


1.0 


1909 


.9 







AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 



19,324 


17,253 


88.8 


0.9 


5.3 


0.7 


1.0 


(«) 


6 90.7 


24,538 


20,239 


82.5 


.5 


4.7 


1.8 


1.3 


22.9 


67.1 


27,918 


23,560 


84.4 


.6 


5.4 


1.8 


1.7 


22.7 


66.6 


31,184 


26,538 


85.1 


.7 


5.4 


1.6 


1.8 


21.8 


67.4 


33,671 


28,823 


85.6 


.5 


4.9 


1.7 


1.5 


20.4 


69.8 


35,082 


30,122 


85.9 


.6 


3.7 


2.3 


1.3 


18.9 


71.5 


36,276 


32,217 


88.8 


.5 


3.5 


1.8 


1.3 


19.4 


72.1 


36, 948 


32,296 


87.4 


.5 


3.3 


2.1 


1.3 


19.2 


72.2 


41,468 


36, 613 


88.3 


.4 


3.1 


2.3 


1.3 


17.2 


74.5 


42, 698 


37,988 


89.0 


.4 


3.2 


2.1 


1.3 


17.0 


74.9 



1.4 
1.7 
1.2 
1.3 
1.2 
1.7 
1.4 
1.4 
1.2 
1.1 



ALL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 



55,967 


47, 955 


85.7 


1.2 


5.1 


2.0 


2.5 


23.2 


64.5 


66,091 


54,000 


81.7 


.7 


5.8 


1.9 


2.7 


24.5 


62.6 


76.127 


63,507 


83.4 


.6 


6.1 


1.7 


2.9 


24.0 


63.3 


83,551 


70,522 


84.4 


.6 


6.0 


1.6 


3.0 


23.4 


64.1 


89, 217 


75,769 


84.9 


.6 


5.6 


1.5 


2.5 


22.6 


66.0 


95,833 


81,631 


85.2 


.6 


4.2 


1.9 


2.9 


20.3 


68.7 


101,958 


89,063 


87.4 


.5 


3.8 


1.7 


2.9 


20.4 


69.3 


104, 947 


90,827 


86.6 


.5 


3.7 


1.8 


3.1 


20.5 


69.1 


120,848 


105,724 


87.5 


.4 


3.4 


2.0 


2.9 


18.3 


71.9 


130,923 


115, 277 


88.1 


.4 


3.4 


1.9 


2.9 


17.8 


72.7 



1.5 
1.8 
1.4 
1.3 
1.2 
1.4 
1.4 
1.3 
1.1 
.9 



o Included in decisions of arbitration courts In favor of insurance organizations. 
b Including decisions of arbitration courts in favor of insured persons. 

In the year 1909 over 90 per cent of the appeals decided were 
settled by decisions of the courts of arbitration; nearly three-fourths 
of all the cases decided in 1909 were given in favor of the accident 
associations, while 17.8 per cent were decided in favor of the insured 
person. The proportion of withdrawals, compromises, etc., is small. 



1122 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



The number and results of appeals from court decisions to the 
Imperial Insurance Office are shown for 1900 to 1909 in the following 
table : 

NUMBER OF APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COURTS TO IMPERIAL 

INSURANCE OFFICE AND RESULTS THEREOF, 1900 TO 1909. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 

APPEALS BY INSURED PERSONS. 





Number of appeals decided. 




Industry. 


Agriculture. 


Industry and agriculture. 




Total. 


By 


By 

com- 
plete 
or 


Byre- 
turn 
of 

case 


Total. 


By 
con- 


By 
com- 
plete 

or 


Byre- 
turn 
of 

case 


Total. 


By 


By 
com- 
plete 


By re- 
turn 
















of 
case 








con- 


to 






firma- 


par- 


to 






con- 




to 


Year. 






firma- 


tial 
modi- 
fica- 
tion 
of de- 
cision 


court 






tion 


tial 


court 






firma- 


par- 
tial 
modi- 
fica- 
tion 
of de- 
cision 


court 








tion 


of ar- 






of de- 


modi- 


of ar- 






tion 


of ar- 








of de- 


bitra- 






cision 


fica- 


bitra- 






of de- 


bitra- 








cision 


tion 






ap- 


tion 


tion 






cision 


tion 




Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


ap- 
peal- 
ed 


or in- 
sur- 
ance 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


peal- 
ed 
from 


of de- 
cision 
ap- 


or in- 
sur- 
ance 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


ap- 
peal- 
ed 


or in- 
sur- 
ance 








from 


ap- 
peal- 
ed 


or- 






{per 


peal- 


or- 






from 


ap- 
peal- 
ed 
from 
(per 
cent) . 


or- 








(per 


gani- 






cent) . 


ed 


gani- 






(per 


gani- 








cent). 


from 

(per 

cent) . 


za- 

tion 

(per 

cent) . 








from 

(per 

cent) . 


za- 

tion 

(per 

cent) . 






cent) . 


za- 

tion 

(per 

cent) . 


1900 


5,780 


73.5 


75.2 


24.8 




2,084 


26.5 


73.7 


26.3 




7,864 


76.7 


74.8 


25.2 




1901 


5,510 


72.0 


73.1 


26.9 




2,139 


28.0 


74.2 


25.8 




7,649 


74.6 


73.4 


26.6 




1902 


6,488 


76.7 


77.9 


22.1 




1,974 


23.3 


76.8 


23.2 




8,462 


72.5 


77.7 


22.3 




1903 


7,188 


75.6 


77.4 


22.6 




2,315 


24.4 


76.1 


23.9 




9,503 


74.4 


77.1 


22.9 




1904 


8,686 


75.7 


78.0 


22.0 




2,788 


24.3 


76.9 


23.1 




11,474 


76.7 


77.7 


22.3 




1905 


8,900 


75.1 


80.1 


19.9 




2,949 


24.9 


76.8 


23.2 




11, 849 


76.8 


79.3 


20.7 




1906 


9,772 


77.5 


81.1 


18.2 


0.7 


2,836 


22.5 


79.5 


19.5 


1.0 


12, 008 


78.3 


80.8 


18.4 


0.8 


1907 


9,529 


78.4 


80.7 


18.6 


.7 


2,628 


21.6 


77.7 


20.5 


1.8 


12, 157 


74.7 


80.0 


19.0 


1.0 


1908 


10,944 


78.4 


82.3 


16.7 


1.0 


3,009 


21.6 


78.8 


18.6 


2.6 


13,953 


74.8 


81.6 


17.1 


1.3 


1909 


12,112 


79.9 


82.8 


16.1 


1.1 


3,040 


20.1 


79.1 


18.7 


2.2 


15; 152 


75.7 


82.0 


16.7 


1.3 



APPEALS BY ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, ETC. 



1900 


1,574 


65.9 


57.4 


42.6 




816 


34.1 


46.4 


53.6 




2,390 


23.3 


53.7 


46.3 




1901 


1,894 


72.6 


51.7 


48.3 




715 


27.4 


41.5 


58.5 




2,609 


25.4 


48.9 


51.1 




1902 


2,633 


82.1 


52.8 


47.2 




575 


17.9 


53.2 


46.8 




3,208 


27.5 


52.8 


47.2 




1903 


2,565 


78.3 


46.2 


53.8 




712 


21.7 


52.0 


48.0 




3,277 


25.6 


47.5 


52.5 




1904 


2,769 


79.3 


47.9 


52.1 




724 


20.7 


50.6 


49.4 




3,493 


23.3 


48.4 


51.6 




1905 


2,959 


82.7 


46.1 


53.9 




617 


17.3 


50.2 


49.8 




3,576 


23.2 


46.8 


53.2 




1906 


2,818 


80.4 


46.8 


52.5 


0.7 


686 


19.6 


46.2 


53.2 


0.6 


3,504 


21.7 


46.7 


52.4 


0.7 


1907 


3,327 


80.9 


46.3 


53.0 


.7 


784 


19.1 


46.2 


51.5 


2.3 


4,111 


25. 3 


46.3 


52.7 


1.0 


1908 


3,696 


78.4 


45.8 


53.2 


1.0 


1,016 


21.6 


51.1 


47.4 


1.5 


4,712 


25.2 


46.9 


52.0 


1.1 


1909 


3,861 


79.3 


46.9 


52.1 


1.0 


1,007 


20.7 


45.9 


52.7 


L4 


4,868 


24.3 


46.7 


52.2 


1.1 



ALL APPEALS. 



1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 



7,354 
7,404 
9,121 
9,753 
11,455 
11,859 
12, 590 
12,856 
14, 640 
15,973 



71.7 
72.2 
78.2 
76.3 
76.5 
76.9 
78.1 
79.0 
78.4 
79.8 



28.6 
32.4 
29.4 
30.8 
29.3 
28.4 
25.8 
27.5 
26.0 
24.8 



0.7 
.7 
.9 

1.1 



28.3 
27.8 
21.8 
23.7 
23.5 
23.1 
21.9 
21.0 
21.6 
20.2 



66.0 
66.0 
71.5 
70.4 
71.5 
72.2 
73.1 
70.4 
71.8 
70.8 



34.0 
34.0 

28.5 
29.6 
28.5 
27.8 
26.0 
27.7 
25.9 
27.2 



0.9 
1.9 
2.3 
2.0 



10, 254 
10, 258 
11,670 
12, 780 
14,967 
15, 425 
16,112 
16,268 
18, 665 
20, 020 



100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



67.2 
70.8 
69.5 
70.9 
71.8 
73.4 
71.5 
72.8 
73.4 



30.1 
32.8 
29.2 
30.5 
29.1 
28.2 
25.9 
27.5 
25.9 
25.3 



0.7 
1.0 
1.3 
1.3 



Of all the appeals decided by the Imperial Insurance Office in the 
year 1909 only 20 per cent were cases arising under the agricultural 
insurance ]aw, the other 80 per cent arising under the industrial, 
building, and navigation insurance laws. The insured persons bring 



CHAPTEE V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1123 



about three-fourths of the appeals and the accident associations, etc., 
about one-fourth. The appeals brought b}^ the accident associa- 
tions, etc., are oftener successful than the appeals brought by the 
insured persons. 

During the 10-year period of the table the number of appeals has 
about doubled; both the insured persons and the accident organiza- 
tions have had approximately the same ratio of increase in the 
number of appeals brought. The number of appeals brought under 
the industrial, building, and navigation insurance laws has increased 
more rapidly than the number brought under the agricultural insur- 
ance law. 

The questions on which appeals were made are shown in the follow- 
ing table for the period 1900 to 1909: 

QUESTIONS INVOLVED IN APPEALS DECIDED BY ARBITRATION COURTS, 1900 TO 1909. 

(Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Vcrsicherungsamts, 1910.] 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 





Ap- 
peals 

de- 
cided. 


Per cent of cases in which the question involved was— 


Year. 


Wheth- 
er an in- 
dustrial 
acci- 
dent 
had oc- 
curred. 


^\^leth- 
er an ac- 
cident 
had oc- 
curred. 


Connec- 
tion be 
tween 
the ac- 
cident 
and the 

dis- 
ability. 


^Vheth- 
erthe 
injured 
person 
was 

insured. 


Which 
acci- 
dent as- 
socia- 
tion 
was 
liable. 


Amount 
ofannual 
earn- 
ings of 
injured 
person. 


Degree 
of dis- 
ability. 


Wheth- 
er arti- 
cle 88 
(indus- 
trial 
law) 
was 
appli- 
cable. 


Wheth- 
er the 
injured 
person 
must 
under- 
go 
hospital 
treat- 
ment. 


All 
other. 


1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 


7,354 
7,404 
9,121 
9,753 
11,455 
11,859 
12,500 
12, 763 
14, 499 
15,801 


4.6 
5.1 
4.4 
4.1 
3.7 
3.3 
3.2 
3.4 
3.4 
2.9 


5.4 
4.5 
5.5 
5.0 
5.4 
5.4 
5.1 
4.7 
5.2 
3.9 


12.6 
13.2 
12.1 
11.0 
11.0 
11.2 
10.4 
9.5 
9.3 
8.1 


0.9 

.9 

1.1 

1.0 

1.1 

.9 

.8 

.7 

.8 

.8 


3.1 
2.0 
.5 
.4 
.2 
.2 
.3 
.2 
.2 
.2 


2.0 

2.5 

1.4 

1.2 

1.2 

.9 

.9 

.9 

1.0 

.9 


21.4 
21.1 
23.0 
23.1 
22.5 
21.7 
20.3 
19.1 
17.6 
14.7 


42.4 
43.9 
45.6 
47.3 
48.2 
50.8 
54.1 
56.8 
58.5 
65.3 


0.8 
.4 
.2 
.1 
.1 
.2 
.1 
.1 
.1 
.1 


6.8 
6.4 
6.2 
6.2 
6.6 
5.4 
4.8 
4.6 
3.9 
3.1 



AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 



2,900 


17.2 


6.9 


14.8 


3.0 


3.8 


2.1 


16.0 


2S.7 


0.8 


2,854 


15.8 


6.1 


15.3 


3.8 


3.8 


2.9 


17.3 


28.5 


.8 


2,549 


16.5 


6.2 


12.3 


3.8 


1.1 


2.3 


17.8 


33.0 


.6 


3,027 


14.6 


8.9 


11.8 


4.1 


.4 


1.4 


16.5 


33.1 


.5 


3,512 


13.6 


8.4 


11.1 


3.3 


.6 


1.7 


19.3 


35.2 


.3 


3,506 


12.9 


8.6 


10.8 


3.1 


.4 


2.0 


19.6 


36.3 


.3 


3,490 


13.4 


7.0 


11.6 


3.5 


.6 


1.9 


19.2 


39.2 


.3 


3,348 


11.8 


7.1 


10.4 


2.8 


.6 


2.0 


16.6 


45.1 


.0 


3,931 


12.8 


7.3 


8.1 


2.5 


.3 


2.3 


14.3 


49.4 


.3 


3,966 


9.9 


5.6 


7.3 


2.5 


.5 


2.6 


12.6 


56.4 


.4 



6.7 



7 

4 

7 

5 



3 

3.1 

2.5 

2.2 



ALL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 



10, 254 


8.2 


5.8 


13.2 


1.5 


3.3 


2.0 


19.9 


38.5 


0.8 


10,258 


8.1 


4.9 


13.8 


1.8 


2.5 


2.6 


20.0 


39.6 


.6 


11,070 


7.0 


5.6 


12.2 


1.7 


.7 


1.6 


21.8 


42.9 


.3 


12,780 


6.6 


6.4 


11.2 


1.7 


.4 


1.2 


21.5 


44.0 


.2 


14,967 


6.0 


6.1 


11.0 


1.6 


.3 


1.3 


21.8 


45.2 


.2 


15,425 


5.5 


6.1 


n.i 


1.4 


.3 


1.2 


21.2 


47.5 


.2 


15,990 


5.4 


5.5 


10.7 


1.4 


.3 


1.1 


20.1 


50.9 


.1 


16,111 


5.1 


5.2 


9.7 


1.1 


.3 


1.2 


18.6 


54.4 


.1 


18,430 


5.4 


5.7 


9.0 


1.1 


.2 


1.3 


17.0 


56.6 


.1 


19,767 


4.3 


4.3 


8.0 


1.1 


.3 


1.2 


14.2 


63.5 


.2 



6.8 
6.2 
6.2 
6.8 
6.5 
5.5 
4.5 
4.3 
3.6 
2.9 



1124 EEPOKT OF THE C0MMISSIO]SrER OF LABOR. 

Almost two-thirds of the appeals in 1909 arose in connection with 
the question of the revision of compensation as required by article 
88 of the law (see appendix) ; the question of the degree of disability 
or degree of loss of earning power was the point in issue in 14.2 per 
cent of the appeals, the 2 questions together forming 77.7 per cent 
of all the appeals in 1909. 

STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS. 

Special investigations of the accidents compensated by the insur- 
ance organizations have been made at 10-year intervals by the 
imperial insurance office. For the mdustrial accident associations, 
such investigations were made for accidents occurring in the years 
1887, 1897, and 1907. For the agricultural accident associations 
iavestigations were made for accidents occurring in the years 1891 
and 1901. The report of the special investigation of accidents 
occurring in the year 1907 was not available when the present study 
was prepared. (^) 

In addition to the investigations just mentioned the imperial 
insurance office made a special investigation of the cases of disability, 
including both sickness and accident, compensated by the Local 
Sickness Insurance Fund of Leipzig. The data for the accidents 
compensated by this fund have been treated separately and a sum- 
mary of the information is given in the section on statistics of sick- 
ness insurance. 

The following tables show: (1) The number of accidents occurring 
in the year 1897 compared with the number of establishments and 
the number of persons, by sex, involved in each hundred accidents; 
(2) the accident rates by age and sex of the insured persons; (3) the 
nature of the injury and the part of the body affected by the accident; 
(4) variations in the frequency of accidents according to months of 
the year, days of the week, and hours of the day; (5) expenditures 
during the year 1897 for all accidents on the pension roll in that year; 
(6) accidents classified by the fault of the employer, fault of the 
workman, etc., together with the cost of accidents in each class. 

Data relating to the number of accidents occurring in 1897 com- 
pared with the number of establishments were collected by the 
special investigation of 1897; the following table presents these data 
as well as those showing the number of persons, by sex, involved in 
each 100 accidents: 

a A summary of the special report on the accidents occurring in the year 1907 will 
appear in the Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor as soon as practicable after the report 
is published. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1125 

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN WHICH ACCIDENTS OCCURRED, NUMBER OF ACCI- 
DENTS, AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED, 1887 AND 1897. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1899, Beiheft, Erster Thell.] 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1887 AND 1897.(a) 



Groups of iudustries. 



Mining 

Quarrying 

Glass, pottery, brickinaklng 

Iron and steel 

Metal working, instruments, and 

musical instruments 

Chemicals 

Gas and water works 

Textiles 

Paper and printing 

Leather and clothing 

Woodworking 

Food products 

Milling, sugar dairying, distilling, 

starch, and brewing 

Building trades (excluding state 

operations) 

Private railways 

Storage and drayage 

Inland navigation 

Marine navigation (excluding 

state operations) 

All associations (a) 



Number of establishments in which acci- 
dents requiring compensation occurred. 



1,181 
1,179 
2,491 

644 
552 
114 

1,335 
768 
445 

2,198 
632 

2,334 

6,853 
105 

2,187 
375 

162 



24,249 



Per 100 establishments. 



1887. 



35.18 
4.67 
3.81 
5.06 

4.16 
7.13 
5.59 
7.50 
5.02 
3.18 
2.54 
1.37 

2.28 

2.71 

23.63 

1.94 

1.16 



3.20 



1897. 



37.76 
7.02 
7.89 
8.81 

7.49 
8.74 
8.26 
12.50 
8.61 
6.48 
5.71 
2.17 

4.43 

4.29 

25.67 

4.28 

2.12 



5.32 



Number of accidents re- 
quiring compensation in 
1897. 



Total. 



Number In 
which 2 or 
more per- 
sons were 
injured. 



5,517 
1,538 
1,476 



1,186 
978 
178 

2,380 

1,110 
582 

2,859 
726 

3,003 

9,079 
291 

2,659 
526 

332 



41,248 



15 

89 
2 
6 

1 

16 
318 



Groups of industries. 



Number of persons Injured in accidents requiring compensation. 



Males. 



Fe- 
males. 



1897. 



Total. 



1897. 



Per 100 accidents. 



Males. 



1887. 1897. 



Females. 



1887. 1897 



Total. 



1887. 1897 



Per 

1,000 
full 
time 
work- 
ers, 
1897. 



Mining 

Quarrjdng 

Glass, pottery, brickmaking 

Iron and steel 

Metal working, instruments, and 

musical Instruments 

Chemicals 

Gas and water works 

Textiles 

Paper and printing 

Leather and clothing 

Woodworking 

Food products 

Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, 

starch, and brewing 

Building trades (excluding state 

operations) 

Private railways 

Storage and drayage 

Inland navigation 

Marine navigation (excluding 

state operations) 



All associations (o) 39, 937 



5,642 
1,539 
1,414 
6,804 

1,091 
941 
179 

1,580 
878 
501 

2,827 
631 

2,953 

9,113 
289 

2,633 
525 

397 



66 



814 

237 

86 

41 

95 

65 

81 
4 

35 
2 



5,670 
1,554 
1,486 
6,873 

1,190 
1,007 

179 
2,394 
1,115 

587 
2,868 

726 

3,018 

9,194 
293 

2,668 
527 

397 



105. 52 
102. 51 
94.98 
100.00 

9G.93 
102.24 
100.00 
67.33 
87.38 
86.44 
99.54 
89.03 

98.78 

101. 36 
100.82 
100.51 
100.45 



102.26 
100.06 
95.80 
99.65 

91.99 
96.22 
100.56 
66.39 
79.10 



86.91 

98.34 

100.38 
99.31 
99.02 
99.81 

119.58 



0.81 
.93 

5.02 
.97 

3.07 
3.14 



0.51 

.98 
4.88 
1.01 



8.35 
6.75 



41,746 98.16 



32.85 
12.85 
14.12 
.81 
13.55 



1.97 
.31 
'.'26 



34.20 
21.35 
14.78 
1.43 
13.09 

2.16 



1.38 
1.32 



106.33 
103.44 
100.00 
100.97 

100.00 
105. 38 
100.00 
100.18 
100.23 
100.56 
100.35 
102.58 

100.75 

101.61 
100.82 
100.77 
100.45 



102. 77 
101.04 
100.68 
100.66 

100.34 
102. 97 
100.56 
100.59 
100.45 
100.86 
100.31 
100.00 

100.50 

101.27 
100.69 
100.34 
100.19 

119.58 



82 3. 92 



4.39 102.08 



101. 21 



12.09 
11.94 
5.12 
8.92 

4.67 
7.76 
5.14 
3.25 
4.68 
3.07 
11.77 
3.12 

10.51 

11.10 
5.42 
14.15 
11.35 

8.95 



8.07 



o Not Including the subsidiary insurance institutes. 



1126 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. 



NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN WHICH ACCIDENTS OCCURRED, NUMBER OF 
ACCIDENTS, AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED, 1887 AND 1897— Concluded. 

PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1897. 





Number of acci- 
dents requiring 
compensation. 


Number of persons injured in accidents requiring 
compensation. 


Groups. 


Total. 


Num- 
ber in 
which 
2 or 
more 
persons 
were in- 
jured. 


Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Total. 


Per 100 accidents. 


Per 




Males. 


Fe- 
males. 


Total. 


1,000 

full 

time 

work- 

■ ers. 


Establishments of the military 
and naval administrations 

Public building operations (in- 
cluding local governments) 

Government railroads, postal and 


276 

445 

2,277 

56 


2 
9 

1 


258 

433 

2,270 

57 


18 
17 
17 


276 

450 

2,287 

57 


93.48 
97.30 
99.69 

101. 79 


6.52 

3.82 

.75 


100. 00 
101. 12 
100. 44 

101. 79 


5.85 
6.23 
6 99 


Government establishments en- 
gaged in navigation, dredging, 
etc 


11.28 






All public authorities 


3,054 


12 


3,018 52 


3,070 


98.82 


1.70 


100.52 


6.79 



For the industrial accident associations, the two highest groups in 
1897 were the mining industry with 37.76 accidents and private rail- 
ways with 25.67 accidents per 100 establishments. The average for 
all the groups was greater in 1897 than in 1887, and each separate 
group shows a higher rate in 1897 than in 1887. 

The number of persons injured per 100 accidents was but slightly 
in excess of 100 in 1897, except in the marine navigation accident 
association, where the number was 119.58; for all the industries, the 
average was 101.21 in 1897 as compared with 102.08 in 1887. In each 
of the two years mentioned, the mining industry, the quarrying 
industry, and the chemical industry show a tendency to have a 
liigher collective accident rate than the other groups ; as the naviga- 
tion insurance law was not in force in 1887, this industry is not in- 
cluded. The number of persons injured per 100 accidents arranged 
by sex shows an increase in the total for all associations in the case 
of the females from 3.92 in 1887 to 4.39 in 1897, while the males 
show a reduction from 98.16 in 1887 to 96.82 in 1897. The increase 
in the number of females is probably due to the larger number of 
women and girls employed in industrial pursuits. The highest 
proportion of females injured per 100 accidents is naturally in the 
textile industries, where the females form a large percentage of the 
total number of employees. 

For the public authorities the number of persons injured per 100 
accidents in 1897 was 100.52 as compared with 101.21 in the industrial 
accident associations. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1127 



The accident rates by the age and sex of the insured persons as 
shown by the investigations of 1897 and of 1901 are stated in the 
following table; the figures in this table are estimates computed 
from the occupation and industrial census of 1895. 

ESTIMATED ACCIDENT RATES PER 1,000 INSURED MALES AND FEMALES IN INDUS- 
TRIES, ETC., IN SPECIFIED YEARS, BY AGE GROUPS. (a) 

(Source: Atlas unci Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs.] 



Age group. 


Industries, building trades, 
and navigation, 1897. 


Agriculture and forestry, 1901. 




Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Under 16 . 


2.7 
3.6 
4.3 
6.2 
10.1 
13.6 
15.3 
16.0 
9.9 


1.6 
1.6 
1.3 
1.6 
1.9 
2.5 
3.2 
2.6 
1.1 


2.4 
3.2 
3.6 
5.4 
9.2 
12.3 
13.8 
14.2 
8.5 


3.1 
2.8 
2.6 
3.0 
4.4 
6.6 
8.1 
10.4 
8.9 


1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.1 
4.9 
6.8 
9.1 
10.3 
8.4 


2.5 


16 and under IS 


2 2 


18 and under 20 


2.1 


20 and under 30 


2 6 


30 and under 40 


4.5 


40 and under 50 

50 and under CiO 


6.7 
8.4 


60 and under 70 


10.3 


70 and over 


8 7 











a The age grouping as shown by the occupation and industrial census of 1895 is used for this table. 

The column showing the total for the insured persons engaged in 
industries, the building trades, and navigation indicates the general 
tendency for the liability to accidents to increase with advancing 
age. Naturally the rate of accidents for females is much lower than 
for males, as the latter are engaged in the more hazardous occupa- 
tions, especially the building trades and navigation. While the 
rates for males in industries, etc., show a constant tendency to 
increase with age, the same rates for females under 30 tend either to 
remain stationary or to decrease. In agriculture the rates indicate 
what one would naturally expect, that for the youngest age groups 
the rates would be higher, and would be less for the ages immedi- 
ately following the youngest; this is the case for the total and for 
the males, while the females show a stationary rate for the ages 
under 20. 

The nature of the injury and the part of the bod}^ affected by the 
accidents are shown in the following table for accidents compensated 
for the first time in 1897: 
46598°— 10 72 



1128 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NATURE OF INJURIES FOR WHICH COMPENSATION WAS PAID 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs- 



Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 



Groups of industries, associations, etc. 



Number 

of 
persons 
injured. 



Per cent of totai persons killed and 
injured by- 



Burns, scalds, etc. 



Several 
parts of 
the body 
at the 
same 
time, in- 
cluding 
the whole 
body. 



Several 
parts of 
of the 
body 
(arms, 
legs, 
etc.), ex- 
cluding 
eye in- 
juries. 



Inju- 
ries to 
the 



Total. 



A. TOTALS. 

Industries, building trades, and navigation 

Industrial accident associations 

Subsidiary institutes of accident associations 

Public authorities 

B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 

I. Mining 

II. Quarrying 

III. Glass, pottery, brickmaking 

IV. Iron and steel 

v. Metal working, instruments, and musical 
instruments. 

VI. Chemicals 

VII. Gas and water works 

VIII. Textiles 

IX. Paper and printing 

X. Leather and clothing , 

XI. Woodworking 

XII. Food products 

XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, 

and brewing. 

XIV. Building trades (excluding state opera- 

tions, but including institutes). 

XV. Private railways 

XVI. Storage and drayage 

XVII. Inland navigation 

XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state opera- 
tions). 

C. PUBLIC AUTHOEITIES. 

Establishments of the military and naval adminis- 
trations. 

Public building operations (including local govern- 
ments). 

Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- 
tems. 

Government establishments engaged in navigation, 
dredging, etc. 



45,971 

41,746 

1,155 

3,070 



5,670 
1,554 
1,486 
6,873 
1,190 

1,007 

179 

2,394 

1,115 

587 
2,868 

726 
3,018 

10, 349 

293 



527 
397 



276 

450 

2,287 

57 



1.16 
1.24 



.52 



2.38 
1.87 
1.35 
1.51 

.76 

5.96 

.55 

1.09 

1.43 

1.88 

.42 

.69 

1.62 

.21 

.34 

.49 

.38 

1.26 



1.45 
.22 

.48 



1.10 

1.18 

.09 

.29 



.64 

.26 

.67 

3.20 

1.76 

4.37 
1.68 
2.00 
2.15 
1.36 

.18 
1.10 

.90 

.26 

.34 
.11 



1.51 



.26 



1.30 
1.32 

2.42 



1.23 
1.35 

.54 
2.26 

.59 



3.37 
1.68 
.25 
.36 
.34 
.17 
.41 
.40 

2.29 

.34 
.11 
.57 
.76 



1.09 

1.11 

.53 



3.56 
3.74 
2.60 
1.46 



4.25 
3.48 
2.56 
6.97 
3.11 

13.70 
3.91 
3.34 
3.94 
3.58 
.77 
2.20 
2.92 

2.76 

1.02 
.71 
.95 

3.53 



3.62 
1.33 

1.27 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1129 



FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1897, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, ETC. 
Versicherungsamts, 1S99, Beiheft I Theil.] 



Per cent of total persons killed and injured by- 




Wounds, contusions, fractures, etc. 






(a) Arms. 




(6) Legs. 




(c) Head and neck. 


Mar- 
ginal 






















num- 
























ber. 


















Head 








Right 


Left arm 
(or left 
hand). 


Both 




Right 


Left 


Both 




and 


Inju- 






arm (or 
right 


arms 
(or both 


Total. 


leg (or 
right 


'Te,<r 


legs 
(or both 


Total. 


neck, 
exclud- 


ries to 
to the 


Total. 




hand). 


hands). 




foot). 


foot). 


feet). 




ing the 


eyes. 






















eyes. 








19.37 


18.23 


0.32 


37.92 


12.35 


11.91 


0.95 


25.21 


5.44 


5.02 


10.46 


1 


20.06 


18.82 


.33 


39.21 


12.27 


11.91 


.87 


25.05 


5.45 


4.82 


10.27 


2 


11.26 


11.34 




22.60 


15.07 


12.03 


1.39 


28.49 


5.80 


6.49 


12.29 


3 


13.06 


12.77 


■""."29' 


26.12 


12.44 


11.86 


1.79 


26.09 


5.15 


7.23 


12.38 


4 


14.18 


12.98 


.19 


27.35 


12.61 


12.79 


.74 


26.14 


7.83 


6.12 


13.95 


5 


11.07 


11.00 


.32 


22.39 


15.77 


15.51 


1.22 


32.50 


5.79 


9.01 


14.80 


6 


19.65 


17.36 


.67 


37.68 


15.68 


14.80 


1.21 


31.69 


3.16 


2.63 


5.79 


7 


21.75 


21.32 


.29 


43.36 


11.04 


10.55 


.71 


22.30 


3.92 


10.05 


13.97 


8 


32.60 


31.60 


.76 


64.96 


6.05 


7.14 


.34 


13.53 


2.52 


5.63 


8.15 


9 


19.% 


15.39 


.30 


35.65 


8.84 


10.92 


.60 


20.36 


3.67 


4.77 


8.44 


10 


16.20 


13.96 


.56 


30.72 


17.88 


12.29 




30.17 


5.03 


8.38 


13.41 


11 


36.55 


29.57 


.46 


66.58 


5.68 


4.89 


"■■.■37' 


10.94 


3.93 


2.46 


6.39 


12 


37.58 


28.97 


.54 


67.09 


6.28 


5.38 


.36 


12.02 


3.95 


1.52 


5.47 


13 


33.56 


26.75 


1.02 


61.33 


6.48 


5.62 


.34 


12.44 


3.75 


1.87 


5.62 


14 


28.87 


36.26 


.28 


65.41 


8.89 


8.12 


.42 


17.43 


2.44 


2.23 


4.67 


15 


38.43 


27.27 


.28 


65.98 


8.27 


8.40 




16.67 


2.89 


1.65 


4.54 


16 


22.04 


19.18 


.20 


41.42 


12.49 


11.93 


■■'i.'oe' 


25.48 


5.30 


1.95 


7.25 


17 


12.43 


12.76 


.30 


25.49 


15.10 


14.30 


1.15 


30.55 


7.46 


4.32 


11.78 


18 


10.58 


11.95 




22.53 


17.41 


15.36 


5.12 


37.89 


5.80 


3.07 


8.87 


19 


14.17 


12.18 


■■■■.'so' 


26.65 


18.40 


18.22 


1.72 


38.34 


6.75 


1.65 


8.40 


20 


17.08 


13.47 


.19 


30.74 


12.72 


12.72 


.18 


25.62 


2.85 


1.33 


4.18 


21 


18.89 


10.83 




29.72 


10.58 


10.83 


.50 


21.91 


5.29 


2.52 


7.81 


22 


23.55 


18.84 


.73 


43.12 


7.61 


7.61 


.36 


15.58 


4.71 


7.97 


12.68 


23 


9.78 


14.45 


.44 


24.67 


11.55 


13.11 


.89 


25.55 


3.33 


17.78 


2L11 


24 


12.42 


11.54 


.22 


24.18 


12.99 


12.15 


2.19 


27.33 


5.64 


5.20 


10.84 


25 


14.03 


19.30 




33.33 


21.05 


10.53 




31.58 


1.76 


1.75 


3.51 


26 



1130 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

NATURE OF INJURIES FOR WHICH COMPENSATION WAS PAID 



Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 



Groups of industries, associations, etc. 



Per cent of total persons killed and Injured 
by- 



Wounds, contusions, fractures, etc. 



(d) Trunk. 



Chest. 



Back. 


Shoul- 
ders. 


Ribs. 


1.16 


1.43 


1.03 


1.18 


1.40 


1.00 


1.30 


3.12 


1.73 


.75 


1.14 


1.27 


2.03 


1.32 


.69 


.71 


1.48 


.71 


.94 


1.82 


1.15 


.52 


.86 


.52 


.50 


.09 


.59 


.79 


.70 


1.19 


1.12 




.56 


.75 


.88 


.88 


.27 


.80 


.45 


1.19 


1.19 


1.36 


.35 


1.01 


.38 


.55 


1.10 


1.24 


.93 


1.82 


1.09 


2.06 


2.00 


1.77 


1.37 


2.04 


2.73 


1.01 


2.85 


1.12 


.57 


1.89 


.95 




.25 


.25 


1,08 


1.09 


.36 


.22 


.89 


2.45 


.83 


1.18 


1.09 




1.76 


3.51 





Pelvis 
(hips). 



A. TOTALS. 

Industries, building trades, and navigation 

Industrial accident associations 

Subsidiary institutes of accident associations 

Public authorities 

B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 

I, Mining 

II. Quarrying 

III. Glass, pottery, brickmaking 

IV. Iron and steel 

V. Metal working, instruments, and musical 
instruments. 

VI. Chemicals 

VII. Gas and water works 

VIII. Textiles 

IX. Paper and printing 

X. Leather and clothing 

XI. Woodworking , 

XII. Food products 

XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling; starch, 

and brewing. 

XIV. Building trades (excluding state opera- 

tions, but including institutes). 

XV. Private railways 

XVI. Storage and drayage 

XVII. Inland navigation 

XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state opera- 
tions). 

C. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 

Establishments of the military and naval adminis- 
trations. 

Public building operations (including local govern- 
ments). 

Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- 
tems. 

Government establishments engaged in navigation, 
dredging, etc. 



1.46 
1.27 
1.82 
3.81 



1.36 

1.48 

1.21 

.99 

.50 

1.59 

2.79 

.59 

.99 

.34 

.77 

1.10 

1.69 

1.39 

1.37 
2.73 
1.52 

.76 



1.81 
2.22 
4.33 
5.26 



0.67 
.69 
.95 
.36 



1.37 
.71 
.67 
.37 
.17 



.44 

.35 

1.75 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1131 

FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 1897, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES. ETC.— Concluded. 



Per cent of total persons killed and injured by— 

■ 


Total. 




Wounds, contusions, fractures, etc. 


Suflfoca- 
tion. 


Drown- 
ing. 


Other 
fatali- 
ties 
(freez- 
ing, 
light- 
ning, 
etc.). 


Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 


(d) Trunk. 


Several 

parts of 

the body 

at the 

same 

time. 


Injuries 
to the 
whole 
body. 


Total. 


Hernia. 


Other and 
several 
injuries 
to the 
trunk. 


Total. 


1.42 
1.10 
1.47 
5.80 

.69 
.90 

1.55 
.99 

1.51 

1.29 


4.76 
4.53 
6.75 
7.16 

5.85 
6.49 
5.45 
2.91 
1.68 

3.87 
3.35 
2.21 
1.97 
1.88 
3.31 
2.34 
5.20 

6.06 

7.51 
5.55 
4.93 
2.52 

4.35 
5.56 
7.92 
3.51 


11.93 
11.17 
17.14 
20.29 

13.31 
12.48 
12.79 
7.16 
5 04 

9.73 
8.38 
7.69 
5.47 

10.90 
6.73 
7.57 

13.09 

15.18 

16.72 
14.84 
12.33 
6.05 

19.56 
17.56 
20.90 
21.05 


8.46 
8.13 
13.16 
11.17 

11.36 

11.84 

7.00 

5.22 

4.46 

7.45 
8.94 
3.80 
4.93 
3.75 
4.19 
2.48 
7.89 

12.03 

10.24 
9.75 
4.55 
2.52 

3.99 

5.78 

13.34 

1.76 


0.75 

.63 

2.68 

1.70 

1.06 
1.16 
.81 
.28 
.25 

2.18 


94. 73 
94.46 
96.36 
97.75 

93.17 
95.17 

95. 76 
92.29 
96.39 

83.81 
91.62 
95. 78 
95.16 
94.21 
98.78 
97.38 
95.49 

96. 19 

96.93 
98.13 
77.42 
68.26 

96.02 
95.11 
98.64 
91.23 


0.44 
.47 
.35 
.07 

1.94 
.71 
.40 
.16 


0.80 
.83 
.26 
.59 

.25 
.32 
.47 
.25 
.08 

.40 
1.11 
.40 
.18 
.17 
.17 
.28 
.33 

.39 

.34 

.56 

20.30 

25.95 


0.47 
.50 
.43 
.13 

.39 
.32 
.81 
.33 
.42 

1.39 

1.68 
.29 
.63 

1.87 
.28 

"".'86' 

.42 

1.71 

.30 

1.33 

1.76 


100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100. 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 


1 
2 
3 

4 

5 

6 
7 
8 
g 


.70 
1.68 
.13 
.09 
.17 


10 
11 


1.88 
.99 

4.43 

.49 

83 

1.76 

1.07 

1.02 
.64 
1.52 
1.76 

1 

10.87 
5.78 
5.20 
5.2rt 


.38 
.18 
.17 
.35 
.14 
.36 

1.16 

.68 
.15 


12 
13 
14 
15 


.14 
.40 

.24 


16 
17 

18 

19 


.30 


20 
21 


.25 

1.09 

.44 

2.05 


.50 

.36 
.22 


22 
23 


2.89 


.45 
.09 




24 
25 




8.77 


26 









1132 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



The first line in the preceding tables shows the total for all the indus- 
tries included in the insurance system except agriculture and forestry. 
Of the persons injured in 1897, about 95 per cent sustained injuries 
in the form of wounds, fractures, and contusions; by far the greater 
part of these injuries occurred to the arms and legs. 

In the separate industrial groups (classed as B) the effect of the 
various industries is shown in the type of injuries sustained; thus the 
navigation industries (XVII and XVIII) have a high proportion of 
cases from drowning; the chemical industries (VI), from burns, 
scalds, etc.; railroads (XV) and storage, drayage, cartage, etc. (XVI), 
from injuries to the legs; in metal working (V), paper and printing 
(IX), and food products (XII), and textiles (VIII), from injuries to 
the hands and arms, due most probably to the extensive use of 
pressing and stamping machinery; the iron and steel group (IV), 
from injuries to the eyes. 

The variations in the frequency of accidents by the months of the 
year, days of the week, and hours of the day are shown in the follow- 
ing table for the selected years : 

RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL ACCI- 
DENT ASSOCIATIONS CLASSIFIED BY PERIODS OF TIME AND FOR SPECIFIED 
YEARS. 

[Source: Atlas und Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs.] 



Period of time. 



Months: 

January 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 

December., 
Days of week: 

Sunday 

Monday . . . 

Tuesday... 

Wednesday 

Thursday. . 



Accident association. 



Industrial. 



1887. 



0.94 



1.08 
1.04 
1.06 
1.09 
1.08 
.95 



1.09 



1897. 



0.92 

.93 

.91 

.90 

.99 

1.00 

1.09 

1.04 

1.11 

1.09 

1.06 



.15 
1.23 
1.17 
1.10 
1.10 



Agricultu- 
ral. 



1.02 

1.15 

.87 

.80 

.76 

.97 

1.11 

1.15 

1.16 

.92 

.95 

1.15 

.28 
1.17 
1.14 
1.09 
1.07 



1901. 



1.05 

.91 

.82 

.79 

.86 

1.01 

1.24 

1.32 

1.18 

1.06 



.29 
1.22 
1.06 
1.05 
1.09 



Period of time. 



Days of week— Conc'd 

Friday 

Saturday 

Hours of day: 

12 to 3 a. m 

3 to 6 a. m 

6 to 9 a. m 

9 to 12 a. m 

12 to 3 p. m 

3 to 6 p. m 

6 to 9 p. m 

9 to 12p. m 

Monday: 

6 to 9 a. m 

9 to 12 a. m 

Saturday: 

3 to 6p. m 

6 to 9 p. m 



Accident association. 



Industrial. 



1887. 



1.16 
1.13 

.17 

.21 

1.06 

2.21 

1.23 

1.94 

.90 

.28 

1.36 
2.63 

2.33 
1.00 



1897. 



1.06 
1.19 

.10 

.18 

1.11 

2.37 

1.01 

2.11 

.84 

.28 

1.40 

2.87 

2.74 
.92 



Agricultu- 
ral. 



1891. 



1.08 
1.17 

.02 
.17 
1.03 
2.07 
1.33 
2.36 
.93 



1.26 
2.77 



2.91 
1.11 



1901. 



1.12 
1.17 

.02 
.14 
.97 
2.11 
1.11 
2.51 
1.05 



1.24 
2.59 



3.04 
1.38 



The relative frequency of the accidents is computed on the assump- 
tion that on an average for the year there will be one accident per day, 
and the computation shows for the months of the year what the 
average would be for each. Allowance has been made for the differ- 
ence in the number of days in the months, e. g., the average for Janu- 
ary allows for 31 days and for February for 28 days. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1133 

In the industrial accident associations the hi<]^hest rates of acci- 
dents are shown for the months of September, July, and October in 
1897, while in 1887 the month of November also had a high rate. 
The month of August in each year shows fewer accidents than the 
month preceding or the month following. In the agricultural acci- 
dent associations the accidents naturally are most frequent during 
July, August, and September, though for the year 1891 the months 
of December and February showed rates as high as during the harvest 
season. The variations shown in the tables may for some of the 
months in the years selected be affected by unfavorable weather 
conditions, which would, for instance, cause an increase in the 
building industries. 

For the days of the week the data presented are based on the same 
assumption of an average of 1 accident per day; the total for the 
week, it will be noticed, adds up to 7. The fewest accidents, of course, 
occur on Sunday; the industrial accidents in 1897 showed that the 
highest rate occurred on Monday, after which there was a tendency 
to decrease until Saturday, when the rate increased. The informa- 
tion for all industries may be summed up by stating that there is a 
tendency for accidents to occur most frequently on the first and last 
working days of the week. 

The frequency of accidents by hour of the day has been computed 
by assuming that during each 3-hour period there will be an average 
of 1 accident; for the day the total is 8. For the industrial accidents 
in 1897 the largest number of accidents occurred in the periods 9 to 
12 a. m. and 3 to 6 p. m. It is obvious that the largest number of 
persons are at work during these hours and that the largest number of 
accidents would naturally occur during these 2 periods. The last few 
lines of the table show that the rate for 9 to 12 a. m. on Monday is 
considerably in excess of the average for the week and the rate for 
3 to 6 p. m. on Saturday is also in excess of the average for the week. 
Monday morning and Saturday afternoon are distinctly the high 
points in the accident curve for both industries and agriculture. 

The investigation of the accidents of the year 1887 showed the 
number of accidents by hour of the day; the data are presented for all 
industries and for selected industries in the following table. 



1134 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS DURING THE YEAR 1887, BY HOUR OF THE 

DAY. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1890.] 



Industry and hour. 



ALL INDUSTRIES. 

12 to 1 a. m 

1 to 2 a. m 

2 to 3 a. m 

3 to 4 a. m 

4 to 5 a. m 

5 to 6 a. m 

6 to 7 a. m 

7 to 8 a. ni 

8 to 9 a. m.. 

9 to 10 a.m... 

10 toll a. m 

11 to 12 a. m 

12 to 1 p. ra 

1 to 2 p. m 

2 to 3 p. ra 

3 to 4 p. m 

4 to 5 p. m 

5 to 6 p. m 

6 to 7 p. m 

7 to 8 p. m 

8 to 9 p. m 

9 to 10 p. m 

10 to 11 p. m 

11 to 12 p. m 

Total 



Number and 
per cent of 
accidents. 



Num- 
ber. 



15,400 



Per 
cent. 



121 


0.79 


112 


.73 


95 


.62 


126 


.82 


118 


.77 


159 


1.03 


435 


2.82 


794 


5.16 


815 


5.29 


1,069 


6.94 


1,598 


10.37 


1,590 


10.31 


587 


3.81 


745 


4.84 


1,037 


6.73 


1,243 


8.07 


1,178 


7.65 


1,306 


8.48 


979 


6.36 


513 


3.33 


249 


1.62 


215 


1.40 


158 


1.03 


158 


1.03 



100. 00 



Industry and hour. 



SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES. 

^i^i^g'^t^ {(lOton)K^- 

Quarrying { ^^ to 6 jp^ 

Iron and steel. . .L-j^ ^^ in}^- ^• 
Brick, tiles, etc../ ^4 Jq 5)}p-°^- 
Chemieal indus- / 3 to 6 \„ ^ 

tries \ (5 to 6)/P-™- 

Textile indus- / 9 to 12 V^ -rr, 

tries t(ll to 12)r- ™- 

Woodworking . .{^^J Jj J^^ja. m. 
Flour milling... 1(^9 to 12^|^_^ 

Brewing, malt- / 3 to 6 \_. _ 
ing, etc \ (5 to 6)/P-"^- 

Building trades. 1^^^ J^ Jg)/^- ^- 
ExpressingjStor-/ 3 to 6 \^ ^ 

age, etc \ (5 to 6)/P-™- 

Hauling, dray- f 3 to 6 \_ ^ 

age, etc \ (5 to 6)/P-™- 



Number and 
per cent of 
accidents. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent. 



706 


24.58 


275 


9.58 


218 


27.91 


77 


9.86 


641 


28.02 


248 


10.84 


108 


27.91 


43 


11.11 


115 


24.47 


41 


8.72 


284 


26.22 


126 


11.63 


260 


29.95 


99 


11.41 


126 


24.47 


59 


11.46 


147 


26.30 


62 


11.09 


980 


30.68 


388 


12.15 


92 


26.74 


41 


11.92 


110 


24.94 


43 


9.75 



The table shows that for all industries the high point in the accident 
curve occurs in the hours of 10 to 11 and 11 to 12 in the morning; in 
the afternoon the number of accidents is highest from 5 to 6 and 3 to 4. 

The figures for the selected industries show the 3-hour period when 
the accidents were most numerous and the hour of this period when 
the number was greatest; thus in the mining industry the greatest 
number of accidents, 24.58 per cent, occurred between 9 and 12 in 
the morning, and of this period the hour 10 to 11 had the highest 
proportion; in the quarrying industry, the greatest number of 
accidents, 27.91 per cent, occurred in the period 3 to 6 p. m., and the 
largest number of these took place in the hour 3 to 4. 

The special investigation of accidents made in 1897 also included 
information as to the expenditures during 1897 for pensions for all 
the 230,095 accidents on the pension rolls of the industrial accident 
associations in that year, classified by the cause of the accident. The 
following table presents these figures in the form of average expendi- 
tures : 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1135 



AVERAGE COMPENSATION PAID PER ACCIDENT IN 1897, CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRY 

AND CAUSE.(n) 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1900—11 Beiheft, II Theil.] 



^—^^^^^L Industry. 


Average compensation paid in 1897 for accidents due to— 


1. 

En- 
gines, 
power- 
trans- 
mission 
appa- 
ratus, 
work- 
ing 
machin- 
ery, 
etc. 


2. 

Eleva- 
tors, 
hoists, 
cranes, 
Ufting 
appa- 
ratus, 
etc. 


3. 

Steam 

boilers, 
steam 

piping, 
etc. 

(explo- 
sions, 
etc.). 


4. 

Explo- 
sive 
ma- 
terials 
(explo- 
sions 
ofpow- 

dyna- 
iriite, 
etc.). 


5. 

In- 
flam- 
mable, 
hot. 
and 
add 
ma- 
terials, 
etc., 
gases, 
vapors, 
etc. 


6. 

Col- 
lapse, 
down- 
fall 
of ma- 
terials, 
objects, 
etc. 


7. 

Falls 
from 
ladders 
stairs, 
etc., 
into 
exca- 
vations, 
etc. 


All industrial accident associations 


$32. 23 


S53.72 


S64. 64 


$73. 62 


$59.24 


$57. 73 


$55. 85 


I. Mining 




49.31 
44.60 
37.90 
34.68 

27.42 
37.72 
55.56 
24.28 
33.00 
31.30 
29.08 
30.63 

38.89 

35.63 
43.90 
33.95 
52.51 

33.45 


62.62 
47.49 
39.32 
51.18 

50.56 
46. 34 
165. 43 
38.50 
44.61 
30.47 
42.38 
41.41 

52.46 

48.25 
39.71 
61.21 
40.59 

36.10 


77.39 

109. 28 

46.23 

77.55 

74.44 
74.71 
100.27 
49.56 
62.87 
65.08 
53.86 
44.42 

58.41 

51.73 
84.59 
26.46 
88.72 

40.76 


83.83 
58.02 
63.94 
75.38 

79.62 
77.36 
81.89 
56.55 
71.39 
52.98 
26.40 

37.91 

56.16 
54. .50 
39.33 
72.74 

77.54 


91.52 
45.16 
51.61 
53.63 

50.93 
59.87 
76.10 
43.91 
55.56 
60.41 
55.02 
34.94 

56.83 

45.11 
73.96 
64.09 
59.57 

55.10 


70.84 
48.79 
46.31 
52.34 

41.75 
49.79 
61.90 
44.24 
46.26 
56.23 
44.44 
45.20 

47.98 

53.44 
64.81 
55. 63 
54.50 

42.03 


67.73 


II Quarrying . .... 


47 05 


III. Class, pottery, and brickmaking 

IV Iron and steel 


46. 14 
58 17 


V, Metal working, instruments, and mu- 


58.33 


VI Chemicals 


58 30 




60.90 


VIII Textiles 


44 59 




47.52 


X. Leather and clothing . 


52 58 




49.83 




46.43 


XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, 


54.87 


XIV. Building trades (excluding state 


56.41 


XV. Private railways 


70 69 


XVI Storage and dravage 


59 56 


XVII. Inland navigation 


58.81 


XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state 


40.75 









Industry. 


Average compensation paid in 1897 for accidents due to— 




8. 
Load- 
ing 
and 
unload- 
ing by 
hand, 

hoist- 
ing, 

carry- 
ing, 
etc. 


9. 

Vehi- 
cles 
(run 
over by 
wagons, 
cars, 
etc., 
of all 
kinds). 


10. 

Rail- 
way 
opera- 
tion 
(run 
over, 
etc.). 


11. 

Ship- 
ping 

and 
trans- 
porta- 
tion by 
water, 

etc. 


12. 
Ani- 
mals 

(push, 
blow, 
bite, 
etc., 

includ- 
ing 
acci- 
dents 
while 

riding). 


13. 

Hand- 
tools 
and 
simple 
instru- 
ments 
(ham- 
mers, 
axes, 
spades, 
hoes, 
etc.). 


14. 
Other. 




$38.81 


$47. 63 


$45. 26 


$62. 12 


$46. 04 


$36. 20 










I. 


40.75 
30.46 
36.17 
37.38 

38.34 
41.43 
49.77 
32. 05 
36.49 
33.71 
39.51 
34.05 

39.89 

39.69 
37.92 
43.48 
43.21 

26.23 


44.20 
42.33 
40.83 
48.04 

46.37 
46.89 
58.32 
43.89 
46.52 
45.58 
44.33 
54.40 

52.04 

44.26 
78.45 
49.41 
42.98 

7.03 


39.40 
45.42 
37.36 
56.70 

45.80 
53.20 
72.46 
48.56 
50.68 
21.63 
39.51 
66.49 

42.12 

45.62 
77.28 
49.70 
60.42 

40.56 


48.73 
60.78 
54.46 
85.94 

73.86 
69.77 
120. 95 
49.88 
44.86 
18.72 
55.14 
42.53 

66.15 

66.95 
65.69 
81.47 
61.11 

59.04 


44.92 
51.48 
35.75 
36.88 

26.73 
42.07 
37.87 
41.40 
48.12 
39.39 
44.22 
38.92 

51.78 

43.09 
60.54 
48.61 
23.28 

85.84 


38.58 
30.10 
31.63 
40.63 

38.14 
40.43 
55.78 
30.58 
27.45 
30.40 
32.32 
22.80 

32.63 

34.46 
44.83 
37.16 
29.30 

34.34 


46 95 


II. 


Quarrying. .. 


39 98 


III. 
IV. 


Glass, pcrttery, and brickmaking 

Iron and steel 


42.98 
49 23 


V. 


Metal \vorking, instruments, and mu- 


45 32 


VI. 
VII. 


Chemicals 


48.48 
61 67 


VIII. 


Textiles. . . 


35 83 


IX. 


Paper and printing 


38 44 


X. 


Leather and clothing.. .. .... 


39 42 


XI. 


Woodworking 


42 92 


XII. 




35 09 


XIII. 


Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, 
starch , and brewing 


48 05 


XIV. 


Building trades (excluding state 
operations) (b) 


47 OS 


XV. 




55 49 


XVI. 


Storage and dravage 


40 85 


XVII. 


Inland navigation 


50 08 


XVIII. 


Marine navigation (excluding state 
operations) 


47.60 









o Includes all persons injured by accident (numbering 230,095) to whom compensation was paid during 
the year 1897. 
t> Not including subsidiary insurance institutes. 



1136 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



In the preceding table the cost of the accidents is dependent on 
two factors, the degree of disabihty caused by the injury and the 
rate of wages paid in the industry. As a comparison of the wage 
data presented by the insurance statistics can not be niade, the aver- 
age costs given above are priraarily of value in showing the com- 
parative expense within each industry from accidents due to the 
various causes. 

The average for all the industries included in the preceding table 
shows that in 1897 the accidents caused by explosives, etc. (cause 
No. 4), had the highest average cost per accident, the amount being 
$73.62; accidents caused by steam boilers, steam piping, etc. (cause 
No. 3), ranked next, the average being $64.64 per accident. The 
lowest average cost occurs in the case of accidents due to engines 
(prime-movers of all kinds) , power transmission apparatus, etc., (cause 
No. 1), the amount being $32.23 per accident. 

The proportion of accidents in 1907 due to each cause is shown 
in the table on page 1166, with the data classified by industries. 

The question as to the party at fault in the accidents was investi- 
gated for the industrial accidents whose compensation was deter- 
mined in the year 1897; a similar investigation, but less extensive 
in scope, was made in the year 1887. Investigations were also made 
in 1891 and 1901 of accidents occurring in agricultural undertakings. 
The following table presents a summary of the information on these 
points : 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY FAULT OF EMPLOYERS, FAULT 
OF WORKMEN, RISK OF INDUSTRY, ETC., IN INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE COM- 
PENSATED IN SPECIFIED YEARS, CLASSIFIED BY CAUSE AND BY YEAR. 

[Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885 to 1906.] 





Accidents compensated by- 


Cause. 


Industrial accident as- 
sociations (indus- 
tries, building trades, 
and navigation). 


Agricultural accident 
associations. 




1887. 


1897. 


1891. 


1901. 




Per 

cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 

cent. 


ACCIDENTS DUE TO FAULT OF EMPLOYER. 

Defective apparatus, arrangements, etc 

Absence or insufficiency of protective appli- 
ances 


7.28 
11.03 
2.16 


2,977 

3,316 

-756 


7.30 
8.14 
1.86 


1,115 

2,261 

248 


5.73 

11.61 

1.27 


2,935 

6,084 

978 


5.19 
10.75 


Absence or insufliciencv of rules, directions, 
etc 


1.75 






Total 


20.47 


7,049 


17.30 


3,624 


18.61 


9,997 


17.67 







CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1137 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY FAULT OF EMPLOYERS, FAULT 
OF WORKMEN, RISK OF INDUSTRY, ETC., IN INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE COM- 
PENSATED IN SPECIFIED YEARS, CLASSIFIED BY CAUSE AND BY YEAR— Concluded. 





Accidents compensated by- 


Cause. 


Industrial accident as- 
sociations (indus- 
tries, building trades, 
and navigation). 


Agricultural accident 
associations. 




1887. 


1897. 


1891. 


1901. 




Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
cent. 


ACCIDENTS DUE TO FAULT OF WORKMAN. 

Lack of skill inattention, etc 


17.09 

1.82 

5.35 

2.05 

.25 


8,286 

815 

2,309 
504 
207 


20.33 

2.00 

5.66 

1.24 

.51 


4,259 

152 

155 
300 


21.87 

.78 

.80 
1.54 


14,382 

102 

609 
575 
115 


25.42 


Failure to use existing protective appliances or 
removal of same . . . 


.18 


Actions contrarv to existing regulations, or to 

directions actually in force 

Acts of horseplay, mischief, intoxication, etc. . 
Unsuitable clothing (aprons, neckcloths, etc.). 


1.08 

1.02 

.20 








Total 


26.56 


12,121 


29.74 


4,866 


24.99 


15,783 


27.90 






ACCIDENTS DUE TO OTHER CAUSES. 

Fault of employer and workman in common. . 

Fault of fellow-workman or other person 

Unavoidable risk of the industry 


4.61 
3.40 

1 44. 96 


1,970 

2,165 

/16,936 

\ 518 


4.83 

5.31 

41.55 

1.27 


4,006 
547 

a 5, 997 
431 


a 20. 58 
2.81 

a 30. 80 
2.21 


a 399 

1,084 

a27,853 

1,456 


0.71 

1.92 

a 49 23 




2.57 







a See last sentence of paragraph below for explanation of difference between 1891 and 1901. 

For the industrial accidents compensated in 1897 the employer 
was at fault in 17.30 per cent of the cases, the workman was at fault 
in 29.74 per cent, while the unavoidable risk of the industry was 
responsible for 41.55 per cent of the cases. The figures for the agri- 
cultural accidents in regard to the proportion due to the fault of the 
employer and of the workman follow closely the returns for the 
industrial accidents, except that the proportion of cases due to the 
common fault of the employer and workman in agriculture is given 
at 20.58 per cent and the proportion due to the hazard of the industry 
at 30.80 per cent; this proportion was due to imperfections in filling 
out the standard form of accident reports. The data for 1901 show 
that in the earlier reports accidents due to the hazard of the industry 
were usually credited to the common fault of the employer and the 
workman. 

In the following table the cause of the accidents by fault of the 
parties concerned is shown for the various groups of industries; the 
first part shows the number of accidents compensated in the year 
1897, while the second part shows the percentage of these accidents 
due to the causes enumerated. 



1138 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN 1897, CLASSI- 

ETC, AND 



[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs- 



NUMBEB. 



Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 



Industries, associations, etc. 



Accidents due to fault of employer. 



Defective 
appa- 
ratus, 
arrange- 
ments, 
etc. 



Absence 
or insuffi- 
ciency of 
protective 
appli- 
ances. 



Absence 
or insuffi- 
ciency of 

rules, 

directions, 

etc. 



Total 
(1 to 3). 



A. TOTALS. 

Industries, building trades, and navigation together 

Industrial accident associations 

Subsidiary institutes of accident associations 

Public authorities 

B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 

I. Mining 

II. Quarrying 

III. Glass, pottery, and brickmaking 

IV. Iron and steel 

V. Metal working, instruments, and musical in- 
struments. 

VI. Chemicals 

VII. Gas and water works 

VIII. Textiles 

IX. Paper and printing 

X. Leather and clothing 

XL Woodworking 

XII. Food products 

XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and 

brewing. 

XIV. Building trades (excluding state operations, 

but including institutes). 

XV. Private railways 

X VL Storage and drayage 

XVII. Inland navigation 

XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state operations). 

C. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 

Establishments of the military and naval administra- 
tions. 

Public building operations (including local government) 

Government railroads, postal and telegraph systems... 

Government establishments engaged in navigation, 
dredging, etc. 



3,210 

2,977 

130 

103 



293 
202 
144 
514 
99 

95 
16 

136 
43 
34 

122 
32 

180 

946 

12 

169 

53 

17 



3,511 
3,316 



112 



254 
132 
179 
534 
158 



14 
246 

93 
148 
508 

71 
227 



10 

104 

21 

3 



826 

756 

27 

43 



51 
30 
48 
149 
25 

25 
11 
45 
26 
14 
50 
19 
74 



7,547 

7,049 

240 

258 



598 
364 
371 
1,197 
282 



41 

427 
162 
196 
680 
122 
481 

1,762 

34 

295 

79 

29 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1139 



FIED BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., BY FAULT OF EMPLOYER OR WORKMEN, 
BY CAUSE. 



V'ersicherunpsamts, 1900, 2 Beiheft.] 



NUMBER. 



Accidents due to fault of workman. 


Accidents due to other 


causes. 






5. 


6. 


7. 


8. 


9. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 






Failure 


Actions 


















Mar- 
ginal 




to use 


con- 


Acts of 


Unsuit- 




Fault 








Grand 
total. 




existing 


trary to 


horse- 


able 




of em- 


Fault of 


Un- 




Lack of 


pro- 


existing 


play. 


cloth- 




ployer 


fellow- 


avoid- 


Acts of 


num 
ber. 


skill, in- 


tective 


regula- 


mis- 


ing 


Total 


and 


work- 


able 


God, 




attention, 


appli- 


tions or 


chief. 


(aprons. 


(5 to 9). 


work- 


man or 


risk of 


chance, 






etc. 


ances, 


to direc- 


intoxi- 


neck- 




man in 


other 


the in- 


etc. 








or 


tions 


cation. 


cloths, 




com- 


person. 


dustry. 










removal 


actually 


etc. 


etc.). 




mon. 














of same. 


in force. 




















9,363 


861 


2,442 


533 


220 


13,419 


2,092 


2,370 


18,878 


590 


44,896 


1 


8,286 


815 


2,309 


504 


207 


12,121 


1,970 


2,165 


16,936 


518 


40,759 


2 


200 


11 


14 


8 


5 


238 


31 


48 


558 


16 


1,131 


3 


877 


35 


119 


21 


8 


1,060 


91 


157 


1,384 


56 


3,006 


4 


898 


42 


315 


59 


10 


1,324 


210 


283 


3,035 


22 


.5,472 


S 


238 


40 


111 


17 


2 


408 


58 


84 


602 


7 


1,523 


6 


214 


21 


107 


24 


13 


379 


87 


77 


541 


20 


1,475 


7 


1,818 


287 


361 


90 


47 


2,603 


298 


412 


2,215 


48 


6,773 


8 


252 


17 


53 


19 


13 


354 


76 


52 


391 


20 


1,175 


9 


201 


27 


66 


14 


5 


313 


43 


36 


388 


12 


961 


10 


37 


1 


14 


1 




53 


5 


19 


58 




176 


11 


470 


52 


408 


25 


29' 


990 


191 


105 


611 


40' 


2,304 


12 


339 


19 


135 


15 


6 


514 


70 


45 


304 


7 


1,102 


13 


67 


11 


29 


12 


5 


124 


25 


25 


201 


4 


575 


14 


544 


82 


128 


33 


8 


795 


216 


86 


1,035 


11 


2,823 


15 


160 


44 


56 


8 


6 


274 


28 


26 


271 


2 


723 


16 


662 


47 


181 


29 


16 


935 


162 


135 


1,203 


31 


2,947 


17 


1,907 


116 


247 


105 


42 


2,417 


425 


607 


4,713 


205 


10,129 


18 


53 


4 


21 


3 




81 


13 


29 


129 


3 


289 


19 


456 


15 


86 


44 


io" 


611 


76 


157 


1,413 


20 


2,572 


20 


110 




3 


8 




121 


12 


17 


243 


13 


485 


21 


54 


i' 


2 


6 




63 


6 


18 


141 


69 


326 


22 


84 


6 


13 


2 




105 


12 


12 


123 




271 


23 


81 


11 


5 


5 




102 


9 


22 


210 


17 


441 


24 


696 


17 


100 


13 


8' 


834 


69 


117 


1,030 


36 


2,240 


25 


16 


1 

1 


1 


1 




19 


1 


6 


21 


3 


54 


26 



1140 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN 1897, CLASSI- 

ETC, AND BY 
PER CENT. 





Industries, associations, eta 


Accidents due to fault of employer. 


Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 


1. 

Defective 
appa- 
ratus, 
arrange- 
ments, 
etc. 


2. 

Absence 
or insuffi- 
ciency of 
protective 
appli- 
ances. 


3. 

Absence 

or insuffi- 

ency of 

rules, 

directions, 

etc. 


4. 

Total 
(lto3). 


1 
2 


A. TOTALS. 

Industries, building trades, and navigation together 

Industrial accident associations 


7.15 
7.30 
1L49 
3.43 

5.36 
13.26 
9.76 
7.59 
8.42 

9.89 
9.09 
5.75 
3.90 
5.91 
4.32 
4.42 
6.11 

9.34 

4.15 

6.57 

10.93 

5.22 

2.95 

2.95 

3.57 
3.71 


7.82 
8.14 
7.34 
3.72 

4.64 
8.67 

12.14 
7.88 

13.45 

5.10 
7.96 
10.41 
8.44 
25.74 
18.00 
9.82 
7.70 

6.40 

3.46 

4.04 

4.33 

.92 

3.32 

12.70 

2.01 
3.70 


1.84 
1.86 
2.39 
1.43 

.93 
L97 
3.25 
2.20 
2.13 

2.60 
6.25 
1.90 
2.36 
2.44 
1.77 
2.63 
2.51 

L66 

4.15 

.86 

1.03 

2.76 

.74 
2.72 
L30 


16.81 

17.30 

21.22 

8.68 

10.93 
23.90 
25.15 
17.67 
24.00 

17.59 
23.30 
18.06 
14.70 
34.09 
24.09 
16.87 
16.32 

17.40 

U.76 
11.47 
16.29 
8.90 

7.01 

18.37 

6.88 
7.41 


3 




4 


Public authorities 


5 


B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 

I. Mining 


6 


II. Quarrying . . 


7 


III. Glass, pottery, and brickmaking 


g 


IV. Iron and steel 


9 
10 


V. Metal working, instruments, and musical In- 
struments. 
VI. Chemicals 


11 


VII. Gas and water works 


12 


VIII. Textiles 


13 


IX. Paper and printing . . . 


14 


X. Leather and clothing 


15 


XI. Woodworking 


16 


XII. Food products 


17 
18 
19 


XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and 

brewing. 

XIV. Building trades (excluding state operations, 

but including institutes). 
XV. Private railways 


20 


XVI. Storage and drayage 


21 


XVII. Inland navigation . . .. 


22 

23 

24 

25 
26 


XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state operations). 

C. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 

Establishments of the military and naval administra- 
tions. 

Public building operations (including local govern- 
ment). 

Government railroads, postal and telegraph systems 

Government establishments engaged in navigation, 
dredging, etc. 







CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1141 



FIED BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC.. BY FAULT OF EMPLOYER OR WORKMEN 
CAUSE— Concluded. 

PER CENT. 



Accidents due to fault of workman. 


Accidents due to other 


causes. 






5. 


6. 


7. 


8. 


9. 


10. 


11. 


12. 


13. 


14. 






Failure 


Actions 


















Mar- 
ginal 




to use 


con- 


Acts of 


Unsuit- 




Fault 








Grand 
total. 




existing 


trarv to 


horse- 


able 




of em- 


Fault of 


Un- 




Lack of 


pro- 


existing 


play. 


cloth- 




ployer 


fellow- 


avoid- 


Acts of 


num- 
ber. 


skill, in- 


tective 


regula- 


mis- 


ing 


Total 


and 


work- 


able 


God, 




attention, 


appli- 


tions or 


cliief, 


(aprons, 


(5 to 9). 


work- 


man or 


risk of 


chance, 






etc. 


ances, 


lo direc- 


intoxi- 


neck- 




man in 


other 


the in- 


etc. 








or 


tions 


cation. 


cloths. 




com- 


person. 


dustry. 










removal 


actually 


etc. 


etc.). 




mon. 














of same. 


in force. 




















20.85 


1.92 


5.44 


1.19 


0.49 


29.89 


4.66 


5.28 


42.05 


1.31 


100.0 


1 


20.33 


2.00 


5.66 


1.24 


.51 


29.74 


4.83 


5.31 


41.55 


1.27 


100.0 


2 


17.68 


.97 


1.24 


.71 


.44 


21.04 


2.74 


4.24 


49.34 


1.42 


100.0 


3 


29.17 


1.16 


3.96 


.70 


.27 


35.26 


3.03 


5.22 


46.04 


1.87 


100.0 


4 


16.41 


.77 


5.76 


1.08 


.18 


24.20 


3.84 


5.17 


55.46 


.40 


100.0 


5 


15.63 


2.63 


7.29 


1.11 


.13 


26.79 


3.81 


5.51 


39.53 


.46 


100.0 


6 


14.51 


1.42 


7.25 


1.63 


.88 


25.69 


5.90 


5.22 


36.68 


1.36 


100.0 


7 


26.84 


4.24 


5.33 


1.33 


.69 


38.43 


4.40 


6.08 


32.71 


.71 


100.0 


8 


21.45 


1.45 


4.51 


1.62 


1.10 


30.13 


6.47 


4.42 


33.28 


1.70 


100.0 


9 


20.91 


2.81 


6.87 


1.46 


.52 


32.57 


4.47 


3.75 


40.37 


1.25 


100.0 


10 


21.02 


.57 


7.95 


.57 




30.11 


2.84 


10.80 


32.95 




100.0 


11 


20.13 


2.20 


17.26 


1.06 


"'"i.23' 


41.88 


8.08 


4.44 


25.85 


■"i.69' 


100.0 


12 


30.76 


1.72 


12.25 


1.36 


.55 


46.64 


6.35 


4.08 


27.59 


.64 


100.0 


13 


11.65 


1.91 


5.04 


2.09 


.87 


21.56 


4.35 


4.35 


34.96 


.69 


100.0 


14 


19.27 


2.91 


4.53 


1,17 


.28 


28.16 


7.65 


3.05 


36.66 


.39 


100.0 


15 


22.13 


6.09 


7.74 


1.11 


.83 


37.90 


3.87 


3.60 


37.48 


.28 


100.0 


16 


22.46 


1.60 


6.14 


.99 


.54 


31.73 


5.50 


4.58 


40.82 


1.05 


100.0 


17 


18.83 


1.14 


2.44 


1.04 


.41 


23.86 


4.20 


5.99 


46.53 


2.02 


100.0 


18 


18.34 


1.38 


7.27 


1.04 




28.03 


4.50 


10.03 


44.64 


1.04 


100.0 


19 


17.73 


.58 


3.35 


1.71 


"""■39' 


23.76 


2.95 


6.10 


54.94 


.78 


100 


20 


22.68 




.62 


1.65 




24.95 


2.47 


3.51 


50.10 


2.68 


100.0 


21 


16.56 


■■■■."si" 


.61 


1.84 




19.32 


1.84 


5.52 


43.25 


21.17 


100.0 


22 


30.99 


2.21 


4.80 


.74 




38.74 


4.43 


4.43 


45.39 




100.0 


23 


18.37 


2.50 


1.13 


1.13 




23.13 


2.04 


4.99 


47.62 


3.85 


100.0 


24 


31.07 


.76 


4.46 


.58 


.36 


37.23 


3.08 


5.22 


45.98 


1.61 


100.0 


25 


29.63' 


1.85 


1.85 


1.85 




35.18 


1.85 


11.11 


38.89 


5.56 


100.0 


26 



1142 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



The first table is given to show the basis of the percentages given 
in the second table. 

The variations in the different industries are quite marked; the 
proportion of accidents due to the unavoidable risk of the industry 
(column numbered 13) was 55.46 per cent in the mining industry 
(industry No. I), and 54.94 per cent in the storage and drayage indus- 
try (industry No. XVI) ; on the other hand the proportion due to the 
risk of the industry in the textile industry (industry No. VIII) was 
25.85 per cent. The difference between the proportion of accidents 
due to the trade risk in the groups having the highest and lowest 
ratios was therefore about 20 per cent. Similar differences are shown 
in regard to the proportion due to the fault of the employer (column 
numbered 4) and the fault of the workman (column numbered 10). 
While not all of these differences are due to the hazard of the indus- 
try the figures probably represent as close an approximation as can 
be obtained. 

In the following table is shown the cost of the accidents compen- 
sated for the first time in the period January 1, 1897, to June 30, 
1898, arranged by causes. 

AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION PAID FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST 
TIME AND PER CENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH 
CAUSE, BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., JANUARY 1, 1897, TO JUNE 30, 1898. 

[Source: Amtliehe Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1900, 2 Beiheft.] 



Industries, associations, etc. 



A. TOTALS. 

Industries, building trades and 
navigation together 

Industrial accident associations... 

Su1)Sidiary institutes of accident 
associations 

Public authorities 

B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- 
TIONS. 

I. Mining 

II. Quarrying 

III. Glass, pottery, and brick- 

making 

IV. Iron and steel 

V. Metal working, instru- 
ments, and musical in- 
struments 

VI. Chemicals 

VII. Gas and water works 



Total 
compensa- 
tion paid 
for acci- 
dents. 



$3,014,984 
2,712,051 

69,953 
232,981 



444,283 
110,841 

91,681 
443,338 



54,652 
67, 523 
17,457 



Per cent of compensation for accidents- 



Due to fault of employer. 



Defect- 
ive ap- 
para- 
tus, ar- 
range- 
ments, 
etc. 



8.39 
8.70 



13.24 
3.34 



6.52 
15.71 



10.26 



10.94 
9.86 
11.46 



Ab- 
sence or 
insuffi- 
ciency 
of pro- 
tective 
appli- 
ances. 



3. 

Ab- 
sence or 
insuffi- 
ciency 
of rules, 
direc- 
tions, 
etc. 



6.55 
6.75 



3.60 
6.87 



13.90 
6.44 



10.11 
4.88 
6.23 



1.83 
1.84 



2.22 
1.54 



2.30 



2.91 
2.14 



1.67 
3.56 
14.37 



Total 
(lto3) 



16.77 
17.29 



23.15 

8.80 



10.98 
24.88 



27.07 
18.57 



22.72 
18.30 
32. 06 



Due to fault of workman. 



Lack of 
skill, 

inatten- 
tion, 
etc. 



6. 

Failure 
to use 
existing 
protect- 
ive ap- 
pliances 
or re- 
moval 
of same. 



18.91 
17.92 



16.98 
30.95 



12.61 
13.90 



12.30 
24.17 



18.62 
17.88 
20.18 



7. 
Actions 

con- 
trary to 
existing 
regula- 
tions, or 
to direc- 
tions 
actually 
in force. 



1.58 
1.66 



1.01 



1.76 



1.07 
3.72 



1.21 
2.47 

.47 



5.18 
5.38 



1.76 
3.91 



6.95 
8.78 



7.41 
5.54 



5.12 
6.06 
6.54 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



114a 



AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION PAID FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST 
TIME AND PER CENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH 
CAUSE, BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., JANUARY 1,1897, TO JUNE 30, 1898— 
Continued. 



Industries, associations, etc. 



B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- 
TIONS— Concluded. 

VIII. Textiles 

IX. Paper and printing 

X. Leather and clothing 

XL Woodworking 

XII. Food products 

XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, 

distilling, starch,* and 
brewing 

XIV. Building trades (exclud- 

ing state operations, but 
including institutes) — 

XV. Private railways 

XVI. Storage and drayage 

XVII. Inland navigation 

XVIII. Marine navigation (ex- 
cluding state operations) 

C. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 

Establishments of the military 
and naval administrations 

Public building operations (in- 
cluding local government) 

Government railroads, postal and 
telegraph systems 

Government establishments en- 
gaged in navigation, dredging, 
etc 



Per cent of compensation for accidents- 



Due to fault of employer. 



Total 
compensa- 
tion i)aid 
for acci- 
dents. 



Defect- 
ive ap- 
para- 
tus, ar- 
range- 
ments, 
etc. 



Ab- 



Ab- 



sence or sence or 
insufli- insulli- 



$101,066 
60,014 
31,345 
143,209 
33, 163 



194, 789 



716,895 
26,978 

191,093 
31,028 

22, 649 



18, 603 
26, 737 
184,443 

3,198 



7.48 
4.88 
7.12 
4.93 
8.38 



7.22 



10.26 
4.06 
7.75 

10.50 

5.27 



2.73 
3.11 
3.39 



cicncy 
of pro- 
tective 
appli- 
ances. 



ciency 
of rules, 
direc- 
tions, 
etc. 



10.84 
7.19 
19.31 
14.69 
8.90 



6.95 

6.32 
2.92 
3.83 
3.87 

.44 

3.59 

8.76 
3.09 

12.99 



2.22 
2.40 
2.43 
1.85 
2.57 



2.10 



1.58 

4.74 

.75 

1.03 

3.20 



.41 
2.82 
1.51 



Total 
(1 to 3) 



20.54 
14.47 
28.86 
21.47 
19.85 



16.27 



18.16 
11.72 
12.33 
15.40 

8.91 



6.73 
14.69 



18.71 



Due to fault of workman. 



7. 
Actions- 
Failure con- 
to use trary to 
Lack of existing existing 
skill, protect-; regula- 
inattcn- ive ap- tions.or 
tion, plianccs todirec- 
etc. or re- I t ions 
moval actually 
of same, in force. 



17.99 
29.77 
10.94 
19.24 
19.36 



20.49 



17.26 
17.32 
16.29 
21.58 

12.64 



28.58 
20.00 
32.73 

34.18 



1.83 
1.58 
1.23 
2.M 
4.90 



1.94 



.92 

1.55 

.63 



.03 

2.92 

2.71 

.53 

2.81 



11.11 
9.43 
6.03 
4.43 

8.00 



5.77 

2.75 

7.92 

3.3^ 

.38- 

.3a 

4.06 
L60 
4.28 



.64 





Percent of compensation for accidents- 






Due to fault of workman. 


Due to other causes. 




Industries, associations, etc. 


8. 
Acts of 
horse- 
play, 
mis- 
chief, 
intoxi- 
cation, 
etc. 


9. 

Un- 
suitable 
clothing 
(aprons, 

neck- 
cloths, 

etc.). 


10. 

Total 
(5 to 9). 


11. 
Fault of 

em- 
ployer 
and 
work- 
man in 
com- 
mon. 


12. 

Fault of 
fellow- 
work- 
man or 
other 
person. 


13. 

Un- 
avoid- 
able 
risk of 
the in- 
dustry. 


14. 

Acts of 
God, 

chance, 
etc. 


Total. 


A. TOTALS. 

Industries, building trades and 
navigation together. . 


1.33 
1.37 

1.23 

.87 


0.52 
.52 

.94 
.32 


27.52 
26.85 

21.50 
37.06 


4.61 
4.77 

2.98 
3.20 


5.67 
5.68 

4.51 

5.87 


43.68 
43.68 

45.87 
43.10 


1.75 
L73 

1.99 
1.97 


100 


Industrial accident associations.... 

Subsidiary institutes of accident 

associations 


100.0 
100 


Public authorities 


100.0 




1144 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION PAID FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST 
TIME AND PER CENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH 
CAUSE, BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., JANUARY 1, 1897, TO JUNE 30, 1898— 
Concluded. 



Industries, associations, etc. 



B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- 
TIONS. 

I. Mining 

II. Quarrying 

III. Glass, pottery, and brick- 

making 

IV. Iron and steel 

V. Metal working, instru- 
ments, and musical in- 

strimients 

VI. Chemicals 

VII. Gas and water works.-. . . 

VIII. Textiles 

IX. Paper and printing 

X. Leather and clothing 

XI. Wood-\\ orking 

XII. Food products 

XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, 

distilling, starch, and 
brewing 

XIV. Building trades (exclud- 

ing state operations, but 
including institutes).. . 

XV. Private railways 

XVI. Storage and drayage 

XVII. Inland navigation 

XVIII. Marine navigation (ex- 
cluding state opera- 
tions) 

C. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 

Establishments of the military 
and naval adm.inistrations 

Public building operations (in- 
cluding local govermnent) 

Government railroads, postal and 
telegraph systems 

Government establishments en- 
gaged in navigation, dredging, 
etc 



Per cent of compensation for accidents- 



Due to fault of workman. 



jVcts of 
horse- 
play, 
mis- 
chief, 
intoxi- 
cation J 
etc. 



Un- 
suitable 
clothing 
(aprons, 

neck- 
cloths, 

etc.). 



1.16 
1.02 



1.81 
1.43 



2.06 

1.37 

.47 

.81 

2.96 

1.57 

1.31 

.91 



L14 



1.26 



1.78 
2.34 



2.62 

.53 

2.33 

.67 

2.22 



0.21 
.17 



.66 
.57 



1.18 
1.19 



1.31 

1.04 

1.81 

.41 

.88 



.43 



.38 



.41 



10. 



Total 
(5 to 9). 



21.62 
25.63 



23.25 
35.43 



28.19 
28.97 
27.66 
33.05 
44.78 
20.58 
27.93 
34.05 



29. 



22.76 
27.66 
22.47 
24.30 



15.59 

36.09 
26.64 
38.02 

39. 85 



Due to other causes. 



11. 
Fault of 

em- 
ployer 

and 
work- 
man in 

com- 
mon. 



3.44 
4.14 



6.01 
4.45 



3.79 
4.40 
2.37 

7.58 
5.33 
4.84 

7.58 
4.21 



6.04 



4.91 
5.22 
3.46 
2.53 



2.23 

6. 60 
1.09 
3.12 

.99 



12. 

Fault of 
fellow- 
work- 
man or 
other 
person. 



5.03 
4.86 



4.63 
6.42 



5.17 
4.50 
9.33 
5.31 
4.28 
5.38 
4.04 
3.15 



6.05 
12.36 
6.50 
4.13 



11.74 

8.98 
5.63 
5.52 

9.94 



13. 

Un- 
avoid- 
able 
risk of 
the in- 
dustry. 



58.36 
39.86 



35.74 
33.86 



37.38 
42.81 
28.58 
31.10 
29.95 
38.42 
38.71 
38.46 



41.26 



45.64 
42.06 
54.10 
50.72 



3G. 87 

41. CO 
47. 36 

42. 9G 

24. OS 



Total. 



Acts of i 
God, 

chance,! 
etc. i 



0.57 
.63 



3.30 
1.27 



2.75 
1.02 



2.42 

1.19 

1.92 

.27 

.28 



2.48 



1.14 
2.92 



24.66 



3.99 
1.79 

6. 43 



100.0 
100.0 



100.0 
100.0 



100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



10-0.0 



100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 



100,0 

100.0 
100.0 
100.0 

10-0.0 



The amount of compensation included in the preceding table is the 
amount paid during the period January 1, 1897, to June 30, 1898, for 
the accidents included in the tables on pages 1138 and 1139. The 
amount therefore is not the final and complete cost of the accidents, as 
some of the injured persons would soon recover, while others would 
remain a charge upon the insurance system for a long period. The 
figures show, however, the relation between the cost of compensating 
accidents due to the fault of the various parties included ui the insurance. 
On the whole, the cost of the compensation for the 18 months' period 
follows closely the distribution shown by the number of accidents. 
A few of the items differ somewhat from each other, as for mstance 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1145 



the proportion of accidents due to the risk of the iiuhistry was 42.05 
per cent while the compensaliou for these accidents formed 43.68 
per cent of the compensation for 18 months; accidents due to defective 
apparatus, defective arrangements, etc., formed 7.15 per cent of the 
total, while the compensation paid during the 18 months was S.39 
per cent of the total. 

The number of persons injured by accidents each year and the 
question as to whether this number has been increasing or decreasing 
is of special importance. An accurate index of the number of all the 
accidents which occur each year in the establishments covered by the 
Grerman msurance system can not be obtained because of the plan of 
organization in use; accidents resulting in disability of less than 13 
weeks are compensated b}' the sick funds, which make no report of 
the number of accident cases handled by them. Except for the 
special study of the Leipzig sick fund (see page 1270), the only informa- 
tion available on this point is furnished by the preliminary reports 
of accidents made Avhenever an insured person reports that he has 
sustained an accidental injury. It is the consensus of opinion that 
the number of accidents so reported is of little value because the 
insured persons, in order to protect their rights under the law, re- 
port as accidents slight mishaps and trifling injuries as well as patho- 
logical conditions which as a matter of fact are not due to acci- 
dental injuries. The only reliable data are, of course, those relating 
to accidents for which compensation was paid after an investigation 
proved that the claimant had been injured b}' accident during his 
employment. To show the number of persons reported as injured by 
accidents, the following table gives the number of persons reported 
injured as well as the number per 1,000 insured persons and per 
1,000 full-time workers for the period 1887 to 1908: 

NUMBER OF INSURED PERSONS REPORTED INJURED BY ACCIDENTS DURING EACH 
YEAR OF THE PERIOD 1887 TO 190S. 

[Source: Amtliehe Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsanits, 138r* to 1910.] 





Number 
of per- 
sons re- 
ported 
injured 
by acci- 
dents. 


Number of persons 
reported injiu^d. 


Year. 


Number 
of per- 
sons re- 


Numl)or of persons 
reported injured. 


Year. 


Per 1,000 
insured 
persons. 


Per 1,000 
full-time 
workers. 


ported 
mjured 
by acci- 
dents. 


Per 1,000 
insured 
persons. 


Per 1,000 
full-time 
workers. 


1887 


105,897 
121,164 
139, 549 
149,188 
162. 674 
165,003 
182, 120 
190,744 
205,019 
233. 319 
252, 382 


27.42 
28.04 
29.42 
30.28 
31.94 
32.49 
35.23 
36.37 
37.90 
40. 69 
41.77 


30.23 

(°) 
(a) 
(a) 

^"l 
(°) 

! 


1898 


270,907 
298.918 
310, 105 
319,576 
326, 566 
356, 202 
392,658 
414 445 


42.89 
44.89 
44. 76 
46.42 
45.99 
47.71 
50.03 
50.57 
52.16 
51.59 
51.82 


54 35 


1888 


1899 


1889 


1900 . . 


1890... . 


1901 


1891 


1902 


1892 


1903 


1893 


1904 


57. 17 


1894 


1905 


57 8>} 


1895 


1906 


did 002 


59 89 


1896 


1907 ' 4»i5.224 

1908 ' ^1'^^ fWi 


59 12 


1897 


S8 01 














a Not reported. 



1146 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. 



The figures in the preceding table include all accidents reported; 
most of the tables given elsewhere include only compensated acci- 
dents causing disability of 13 weeks or over. 

The number of persons reported injured per 1,000 insured persons 
has almost doubled during the period 1887 to 1908. In comparing 
the preceding table with the tables which immediately follow it must 
be remembered that the preceding data include cases in which com- 
pensation was refused, cases in which the disability lasted less than 
13 wrecks, cases in which the disability lasted over 13 weeks, and fatal 
cases. 

The number of insured persons, the number who sustained injuries 
of various degrees of severity or death, and the number of dependents 
left by persons who died as the result of injuries, for the years 1885 to 
1908, are shown in the following table: 

NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS TO INSURED PERSONS, RESULTS OF INJURY, AND NUMBER 
OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, (a) 



Year. 


Average 
number 

of 
persons 
insured. 


1885 («>) 


2,986,248 
3,473,435 
3,861,560 
4,320,663 
4,742,548 
4,926,672 
5,093,412 
5,078,132 
5,168,973 
5,243,965 
5,409,218 
5,734,680 
6,042,618 
6,316,834 
6,658,571 
6,928,894 
6,884,076 
7,100,537 
7,466,484 
7,849,120 
8,195,732 
8,625,500 
9,018,367 


1886 


1887 . 


1888 


1889 


1890. . 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 . 


1896 


1897 


1898. . 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 . 


8,917,772 







Number of persons compensated for the 
fii'st time. 



Accidents resulting in- 



Death. 



Permanent 
disability. 



Com- 
plete. 



Par- 
tial. 



Tempo- 
rary 
dis- 
ability 
of over 

13 
weeks. 



Total. 



Number of dependents (of 

persons killed) entitled 

to pensions. 





Chil- 


Par- 




dren 


ents 


Wid- 


and 


and 


ows. 


grand- 


grand- 




chil- 


par- 




dren. 


ents. 


149 


261 


13 


1,567 


3,481 


173 


1,892 


4,229 


197 


1,899 


4,231 


158 


2,172 


4,809 


213 


2,213 


4,838 


204 


2,366 


5,324 


212 


2,179 


4,634 


154 


2,395 


5,255 


157 


2,265 


4.684 


178 


2,458 


5,207 


180 


2,627 


5,793 


185 


2,781 


5,954 


202 


3,008 


6.830 


202 


3,134 


6,903 


219 


3,345 


7.504 


251 


3,304 


7,327 


239 


3,217 


7,337 


207 


3,572 


7,721 


257 


3,723 


8,312 


252 


3,781 


8,297 


246 


3,853 


8,559 


234 


4,232 


9,331 


288 


4,186 


9,362 


242 



Total. 



226 
2,422 
2,956 
2,990 
3,457 
3,686 
3,716 
3,382 
3,680 
3,549 
3,757 
4,152 
4,381 
4,749 
4,897 
5,226 
5,121 
4,705 
4,854 
5,176 
5,325 
5,569 
6,223 
6,070 



1,548 

2,827 

1,899 

2,357 

1,896 

1,604 

1,531 

1,397 

887 

818 

618 

680 

568 

610 

616 

625 

644 

642 

629 

583 

587 

586 

582 



3,780 
8,126 
10,344 
12,998 
16,399 
17,790 
18,472 
20, 174 
20,560 
19,837 
20,860 
21,836 
22,940 
24,435 
25,388 
26, 734 
27,340 
28,071 
29,540 
29,949 
30,667 
30,787 
29,525 



1,973 

2,061 

3,755 

3,958 

5,040 

5.881 

6,061 

6,775 

8,743 

10,376 

14,039 

16,004 

17,873 

20,458 

21,674 

24, 292 

25,938 

28.411 

31.407 

33,837 

35,847 

39,121 

39,653 



226 
9,723 
15,970 
18,988 
22,770 
27,021 
28,991 
29,446 
32.026 
33,739 
34,788 
39.669 
42,901 
46, 130 
50,400 
52,904 
56,772 
58,627 
61.978 
66,752 
69,694 
72,670 
76,717 
75,830 



423 

5,221 

6,318 

6,288 

7,194 

7,255 

7,902 

6,967 

7.807 

7.127 

7.845 

8. 605 

8.937 

10.040 

10,256 

11.100 

10.870 

10,761 

11,550 

12,287 

12,324 

12,646 

13,851 

13,790 



a After 1888 including the number of persons who received compensation from accident associations of 
the building trades and after 1891 from the navigation accident associations. 
b For the last three months of the year. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1147 



NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS TO INSURED PERSONS, RESULTS OF INJURY, AND NUMBER 
OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED, 1S85 TO 1908-Concluded. 

AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



Year. 



Average 
number 

of 
persons 
insured. 



1888. 



' 5,576,765 

1889 8,088,698 

1890 : (a) 

1891 1 12,289,415 



1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 



1899. 
1900. 
1901- 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
190S. 



(a) 
(«) 
(«) 
(«) 
11,189,071 

5: 
ii 

(a) 

(«) 
(a) 

(«) 
(a) 

(°) 
17,179,000 



Number of persons compensated for the 
first time. 



Accidents resulting In- 



Numbcr of dependents (of 

persons killed) entitled 

to pensiona 





Permanent Tompo- 






Chil- 


Par- 




disabilily. 


rary 
dis- 
ability 
of over 

13 
weeks 






dren 


ents 


Death. 




Total. 


Wid- 


and 


and 


Com- 


Par- 


ows. 


grand- 
chil- 


grand- 
par- 




plete. 


tial. 






dren. 


ents. 


354 


43 


180 


231 


808 


226 


373 


6 


1,368 


260 


2,663 


2,340 


6,631 


832 


1,507 


39 


1,877 


438 


5,404 


4,854 


12,573 


1,128 


1,883 


66 


2,153 


644 


8,873 


7,689 


19,359 


1,304 


2,389 


41 


2,026 


785 


11,012 


9,408 


23, 231 


1,398 


2, .360 


47 


2,142 


770 


14,899 


9,742 


27,553 


1,330 


2,374 


35 


2,261 


560 


17,185 


12, 485 


32,491 


1,424 


2,472 


34 


2,213 


571 


19,529 


15,070 


37,383 


1,351 


2,422 


45 


2,363 


623 


22,222 


17,726 


42,934 


1,466 


2,609 


29 


2,474 


544 


23,260 


19, 160 


45,438 


1,608 


2,835 


29 


2,598 


332 


23,366 


21,387 


47,683 


1,652 


2,951 


38 


2,608 


440 


25,313 


22,926 


51,287 


1,607 


2,914 


16 


2,662 


511 


24,181 


22,957 


50,311 


1,689 


2,900 


29 


2,751 


568 


25,954 


26,710 


55,983 


1,770 


3,268 


47 


2,672 


541 


26, 408 


28,313 


57,934 


1,754 


2,986 


34 


2,893 


(i04 


28,379 


30,521 


02,397 


1,960 


3,440 


42 


2,948 


668 


31,428 


30,959 


66,003 


1,88.5 


3,289 


27 


2,907 


610 


32,009 


30,809 


66,335 


1,829 


3,224 


28 


2,872 


593 


28,580 


29,842 


01,887 


1,740 


3,134 


34 


2,843 


507 


27,049 


32,274 


62,673 


1,803 


3,160 


23 


2,980 


371 


25,573 


32,685 


61,609 


1,827 


3, 153 


29 



Total. 



605 
2,378 
3,077 
3,734 
3,805 
3,739 
3,930 
3,818 
4,104 



472 

641 

5.37 

618 

085 

774 

5,442 

5,201 

5,081 

4,908 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 



1885(6). 



1887. 



1890. 
1891- 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
18%. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



265,088 


42 








42 


29 


69 




251,878 


294 


230 


181 


112 


817 


235 


468 


11 


259,977 


314 


339 


336 


143 


1,132 


251 


494 


20 


446, 250 


348 


274 


573 


245 


1,440 


281 


569 


21 


543, 320 


435 


291 


886 


436 


2,048 


324 


680 


18 


604,380 


484 


374 


1,102 


484 


2,444 


346 


627 


32 


632, 459 


559 


347 


1,434 


519 


2,859 


394 


769. 


38 


646,733 


503 


348 


1,508 


618 


2,977 


370 


666 


27 


660,462 


514 


340 


1,597 


699 


3,150 


400 


771 


46 


658,367 


551 


337 


1,742 


759 


3,. 389 


435 


774 


30 


690,835 


478 


317 


1,686 


875 


3,356 


376 


737 


24 


681,439 


586 


306 


1,900 


1,008 


3,800 


412 


792 


40 


715,758 


561 


283 


1,982 


1,161 


3,987 


413 


786 


36 


740, 108 


637 


239 


2,050 


1,284 


4,210 


436 


820 


67 


756,482 


619 


276 


2,090 


1,364 


4,349 


424 


805 


54 


774,926 


679 


263 


2,140 


1,357 


4,439 


515 


934 


49 


793,565 


629 


253 


2,228 


1,471 


4,581 


469 


846 


54 


793, 150 


598 


250 


2,170 


1,699 


4,723 


469 


873 


47 


809. 867 


623 


292 


2,323 


1,762 


5,000 


545 


991 


59 


8.37, 834 


628 


307 


2,267 


1,716 


4,918 


543 


1,012 


57 


8.57.709 


696 


294 


2,098 


2,004 


5,092 


578 


1,043 


60 


912.642 


700 


283 


2,100 


2,086 


5,169 


581 


953 


63 


964,589 


749 


263 


2,257 


2,044 


5.313 


596 


1,029 


60 


977,351 


800 


207 


2,312 


2,201 


5,. 520 


592 


1,092 


01 



98 
714 
765 
871 
1,022 
1,005 
1,201 
1,063 
1,217 
1,239 
1,137 
1,244 
1,2.35 
1,323 
1,283 
1,498 
1,.369 
1,389 
1,595 
1,612 
1,681 
1,597 
1.685 
1,745 



Not reported. 



b For the last three months of the year. 



The preceding table is given to show the basis for the tables which 
follow presenting the same data in the form of relative statements. 



I 



1148 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIOXEE OF LABOE. 



The following tables shovr for all the insured industries (but not 
including agriculture) the number of accidents compensated for the 
first time in each year of the period 1897 to 1908: 

NUMBER OF FULL-TIME WORKERS AND NUMBER PER 1.000 FULL-TIME WORKERS 
INJURED BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN EACH YEAR OF 
THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliclie Naclirichten dcs Reichs-Versiclierungsamts, 1899 to 1510.] 





Number 
of fuU- 

time 
workers. 


Num.ber 
of injured 
persons 
compen- 
sated for 
tlie first 
time. 


Number per 1,000 full-time workers com 
for the first time. Accidents resultin 


peasated 
gin- 








Year. 


Death. 


Permanent disa- 
bility. 


Tempo- 
rary disa- 
bility of 
over 13 
weeks. 


Total. 




Total. 


Partial. 




Industrial accident associations: 
1897 


5,170,366 

5, 462, 829 
5,781,495 

6, 021, 856 
6, 000, 615 
6,226,584 
6,553,514 
6, 868, 496 
7, 159, 842 
7, 512, 728 
7, 869, 421 
7,868,531 

451, 853 
481,277 
488, 725 
506, 040 
512,797 
516,245 
530, 579 
558, 042 
575,320 
609, 297 
662,211 
672, 070 


41, 746 
44, 881 
49, 175 
51,697 
55, 52.5 
57, 244 
60, .550 
65, 205 
68, 360 
71,227 
75, 370 
74,581 

3,070 
3,284 
3,485 
3,597 
3.713 
3,824 
4, 066 
4,015 
4,270 
4,362 
4,537 
4,758 


0.82 

.85 
.83 
.85 
.83 
.73 
.72 
.72 
.72 
.72 
. 77 
.76 

1.09 
1.16 
1.13 
1.20 
1.07 
1.02 
1.01 
1.02 
1.07 
1.04 
1.02 
1.10 


0.12 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.10 
.09 
.09 
.08 
.08 
.07 
.07 

.56 
.42 
.50 
.47 
.47 
.45 
.52 
.53 
.49 
.44 
.38 
.30 


4.11 
4.09 
4.12 
4.11 
4.36 
4.28 
4.19 
4.20 
4.11 
4.01 
3.85 
3.70 

3.54 
3.46 
3.61 
3.60 


3.C2 
3.13 
3.<6 
3.52 
3.9G 
4.08 
4.24 
4.48 
4.64 
4.67 
4.89 
4.95 

1.60 
L78 

1.89 
1.84 


8 07 


1898 

1899 


8.22 
8 51 


1900 


8 53 


1901 


9.25 


1902 ... 


9 19 


1903 


9.24 


1904 


9 49 


1905 


9 55 


1906 


9 48 


1907 


9 58 


1908 


9. 48 


Government industrial estab- 
lislmients and operations: 
1897 


G 79 


1898 


. 0.82 


1899 


7 13 


1900 


7.11 


1901 


3.68 ! 2.02 
3.63 2.31 
3. 77 2. 36 
3. 52 2. 12 
3.15 i 2.71 
2. 97 I 2. 71 
3.00 i 2.45 
3.07 2.61 


7.24 


1902.. 


7 41 


1903 


7.66 


1904 


7 19 


1905 


7.42 


1906 


7.16 


1907.. .. .... 


6 85 


1908 


7.CS 











NUMBER OF INSURED PERSONS AND NUMBER PER 1,000 INSURED PERSONS INJURED 
BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN EACH Y^EAR OF THE PERIOD 

1897 TO 1908. 

[3ourc-e: Amtliche Nachrichtea des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1899 to 1910.] 





Average 
number 
of in- 
sured 
persons. 


Number 
of injured 
persons 
compen- 
sated for 
the first 
time. 


Number per 1,000 insured persons compensated 
for the first time. Injuries resulting in— 


Year. 


Death. 


Permanent disa- 
bility. 


Tempo- 
rary disa- 
bility of 
over 13 
weeks. 


Total. 




Total. 


PartiaL 




Industrial accident associations: 
1897 


6,042,618 
6, 316, 834 
6,658,571 
6, 928, 894 


41,746 
44,881 
49, 175 
51,697 
55, 525 
57,244 
60, 550 
65, 205 
68, 360 
71,227 
75, 370 
74, 581 


0.70 
.73 
.72 
.74 
.72 
.64 
.63 
.63 
.63 
.63 
.68 
.67 


0.10 
.08 
.09 
.08 
.09 
.08 
.08 
.08 
.07 
.07 
.06 
.06 


3.52 
3.54 
3.58 
3.58 
3.80 
3.76 
3.68 
3.68 
3.59 
3.49 
3.36 
3.26 


2.59 
2.75 
3.00 
3.06 
3.46 
3.58 
3.72 
3.92 
4.05 
4.07 
4.26 
4.37 


6.91 


1898 


7.10 


1899 


7 39 


1900 


7. 46 


1901 


6, 884, 076 
7,100,537 
7 466 484 


8.07 


1902 


8.06 


1903 


8 11 


1904 .. 


7, 849, 120 

8, 195, 732 
8, 625. 500 
9,018, .367 


8.31 


1905 

1906 


8.34 
8.26 


1907 


8.36 


1908 


8,917,772 


8.36 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1149 



NUMBER OF INSURED TERSOXS AND NUMBER PER 1,000 INSURED PERSONS INJURED 
BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN EACH YEAR OF THE PERIOD 
1897 TO 19C8— Concluded. 



Year. 



Government industrial estab 
lishments and operations: 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1998 



Avorai-e 
number 
of in- 
sured 
persons. 



Numl^er 
of injured 
persons 
compen- 
sated for 
the first 
time. 



493, 154 
517,001 
527, 635 
542, 955 
556, 49() 
553, 883 
571,283 
603, 443 
619, 330 
673, 793 
723, 705 
730, 555 



070 
2,84 
485 
597 
713 
824 
066 
015 
270 
362 
.537 



Number per l.OOu insured persons compensated 
for the first time. Injuries resulting in— 



Death. 



1.00 

1.08 

1.05 

1.11 

.99 

.95 

.94 

.94 

.99 

.94 

.93 

1.01 



Permanent disa- Tempo- 
bility. Vary disa- 

bility of 

1 over 13 

Total. Partial. I weeks. 



0.51 
.39 
.47 
.44 
.43 
.41 
.49 
.49 
.45 
.39 
.34 
.27 



3.25 
3.22 
3.34 
3.36 
3.39 
3.39 
3.50 
3.25 
2.93 
2.62 

2. 83 



1.47 
1.66 
1.74 
1.71 
1.86 
2. 15 
2.19 
1.97 
2.52 
2. 45 
2. 25 
2. 4<') 



Total, 



6. 23 
6. :j.5 
6.60 
G.62 
6.67 
6. 90 
7.12 
6.65 
0. 89 
6.47 
6.27 
6.51 



The first table giYes the relatiYe data computed on the basis of 
full-time workers, and for purposes of comparison the second table 
shows the same information computed on the basis of the average 
number of insured persons. 

The data in the table relate only to persons injured by accident 
and either disabled for over 13 weeks or dying as the result of such 
an accident. The figures in the table therefore do not include any 
accidents causing disability of less than 13 weeks. 

According to the first table the industrial accident associations 
show that the total number of accidents compensated per 1,000 full- 
time workers has increased from 8.07 in 1897 to 9.48 in 1908. This 
increase of 1.41 per thousand during the period is entirely due to the 
increase in the number of accidents causing temporary disability. 
The number of accidental injuries causing death, permanent total 
disabihty, and permanent partial disability has decreased during the 
period in question. 

The second table given above shows the relative data on the 
basis of the number of insured persons; the rates so computed are, of 
course, lower than those in the first table, but show practically the 
same tendencies. 

In each of the two tables the rates for the total of all accidents for 
government employees are lower than the rates for persons employed 
in private establishments; the higher death rates and rates for total 
permanent disability are probably due to the dangerous nature of 
certain estabfishments, such as ammunition factories, railway and 
water transportation lines, etc. The increase in the total number 
of injured persons compensated has been less than that in private 
establishments. 



1150 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The tendency for the number of accidents compensated to increase 
is probably due to a number of causes rather than any single cause. 
It is the general impression that after the insurance s^^stem had 
been in operation from 1885 to 1897 the workmen had become fairly 
familiar with their rights under the law and that the increase in acci- 
dents since 1897 is only to a slight degree due to more careful report- 
ing and compensating of accidents than had been the case in pre- 
ceding years. In reply to a circular letter of the imperial insurance 
office to the accident associations the mine-o^vners' accident associa- 
tion (Knappscliafts-BerufsgenossenscTiaft) stated that in their opinion 
the increase in the number of accidents was due to the following 
causes: (°) 

1. The workmen have become more and more familiar with the 
accident insurance S3"stem^ though this cause applies more accurately 
to the first 15 years of the insurance, up to about 1900, than for the 
later period. 

2. The insured persons are more and more disposed to report or 
connect previous pathological conditions as being due to a real or 
supposed accident ; in mining work, the report states, it is extremely 
easy for the insured persons to find some incident which preceded 
their disease and to connect this incident with the disabihty. In a 
number of cases the insured persons have resorted to trickery to 
obtain an accident pension. 

3. More and more the workmen seek to obtain compensation for 
every accident regardless of how insignificant it may be. The result 
of this is that the officials are induced to report as accidents trifling 
incidents which would not otherwise have been reported at all. 

4. The careful control to which the reporting of industrial acci- 
dents is subjected. 

5. The more intense methods of working in the industry. 

6. The increasing use of machinery. 

7. The increasing use of foreign workmen. 

8. The more frequent employment of inexperienced workmen, 
who, because of the lack of apprenticeship, are not familiar with 
mining work and its dangers. 

9. The rapid change in the personnel of the workmen has developed 
to an unexpected extent. 

10. The unwise manner of living of many of the workmen, which 
diminishes their mental capacity and their physical powers of 
resistance. 

1 1 . The failure to observe the rules for the prevention of accidents 
and the regulations of the mining inspectors. 

The number of persons injured per 1,000 full-time workers and the 
number of deaths and disablements per 1,000 full-time workers in 
each industry for the last 6 years was as follows: 

a Bulletin dii Comite Permanent des Congres Internationaiix des Assurances 
Sociales, 1908. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1151 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED AND RESULTS OF INJURY, BY GROUPS OF INDUS- 
TRIES, 1903 TO 1908. 

(Source: Anitlkhe Nachrichten des Reiclis-Vorsifheriingsamts, 190o to 1910.] 



Year and Industry group. 



1. Mining: 

1903 

1901 

1905 

190G 

UK)7 

190S 

2. Quarrying: 

1903." 

1904 

1905 

190(1 

1907 

1908 

3. Glas*^, pottery, and brick 

making: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1900 

1907 

1908 

4. Iron and steel: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

5. Metal w o rking, instru 

ments, etc.: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

6. Chemicals: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

7. Gas and water works: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

8. Textiles: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

9. Paper and printing: 

19a3 

1904 

1905 

190f. 

1907 

1908 



Number of 
full-time 
workers. 



C19. 798 
642,526 
C47.458 
(«9,248 
732, 584 
798,378 

152,410 
158.261 
160,848 
170,161 
174.446 
169, 566 



330. 387 
348. (kS8 
354. 199 
3(^. 857 
370.709 
354,362 

1.075,934 
1,126.500 
1.194.707 
1.271,387 
1,329.888 
1,289,887 



335, 701 
3()8, 176 
395.906 
423,314 
456, .391 
445,983 

168,950 
177,461 
185,820 
195,3.56 
214,904 
216,751 

54.292 
56,647 
60,092 
63, 528 
67.452 
70.079 

824.409 
813,345 
839,940 
8.56, 489 
912, .594 
885, .522 

301,8.52 
316,776 
329,721 
342. 226 
359,113 
367,992 



Number 
of injured 

persons 
compen- 
sated 

for the 
first time. 



9,043 
9,931 
10,054 
10.821 
11.381 
11,725 

2, 273 
2, 347 
2, 436 
2, .549 
2, 677 
2, 657 



1.993 

2.288 
2.485 
2,415 
2, .588 
2, 431 

11,329 
12, 673 
13, 1.30 
14. 283 
15,012 
14,974 



1,947 
2,342 
2,707 
2,866 
3,239 
2,968 

1,348 
1,535 
1,619 
1,805 
2,038 
1,994 

378 
384 
387 
396 
435 
473 

2,504 
2,443 
2, 576 
2. (VJO 
2,739 
2,748 

1.379 
1.447 
1.664 
1.643 
1.721 
1,790 



Number per 1,000 full-time workers compensated 
for the first time. 



Accidents resulting in- 



Death. 



1.88 
1.84 
1.93 
1.70 
2.39 
2.31 

1.63 
1.44 
1..50 
1.53 
1.48 
1.51 



Permanent disa- Tempo- 
bility. I rary dis- 

ability for 
over 13 
Total. Partial. weeks. 



16 
.11 
.10 



.09 



5.39 
5.69 
5.54 
5.82 
4.89 
4.42 

6.47 
5. .53 
5.12 
5.70 
5.30 
4.99 



2.09 
1.89 
1.80 
1.82 
1.80 
1.54 

5. .51 
5.93 

5.87 
5.68 



4.62 
4.81 
5.00 
4.75 
5.05 
4.49 

5.14 
5.86 
5.42 
5.98 
5.72 
5.56 

2.19 
2. .59 
2.16 
1.84 
1.65 
2.23 

1.71 
1.67 
1.78 
1.72 
1.60 
1.60 

2.18 
2.21 
2.28 
2.14 
2.27 
2.17 



7.16 
7.82 
7.96 
8.03 

8.18 
7.88 

6.71 
7.73 
8. .37 
7.63 
8.36 
8.98 



3.40 
4.11 
4.61 
4.20 
4. .59 
4.72 

4.40 
4.57 
4.45 
4.83 
5.00 
5.14 



.94 
1.28 
1.60 
1.73 
1.75 
1.88 

2.13 
2.10 
2.48 
2.44 
2.96 
2.82 

4.09 
3.46 
3.53 
3.86 
4.11 
4.04 

1.19 
1.18 
1.14 
1.20 
1..30 
1.38 

2.07 
2.16 
2.51 
2.42 
2.28 
2.36 



Total. 



14.59 
15.46 
15.53 
15.70 
15.54 

14. 69 

14.91 
14.83 
15.14 
14.98 

15. 35 
15.67 



6.03 
6. .56 
7.02 
G. ()2 
0.98 
6.86 

10. .53 
11.25 
10.99 
11.23 
11.29 
11.61 



5.80 
6.36 
6.84 
6.77 
7.10 
6.65 

7.98 
8. 65 
8.71 
9.24 
9.48 
9.20 

6.96 
6.78 
6.44 
6.23 
6.45 
6.75 

3.04 
3.00 
3.07 
3.07 
3.00 
3.10 

4. .57 
4. .57 
5.05 
4.80 
4.79 
4.86 



1152 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED AND RESULTS OF INJURY, BY GROUPS OF INDUS- 
TRIES, 1903 TO 1908— Concluded. 



Year and industry ^roup. 



10. Leather and clothing: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

11. Woodvvorking: 

1903. 

1904 

1905.... 

1906 

1907 

1908 

12. Food products: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

13. Milling, sugar, dairj'ing, 

distilling, starch, ' and 

brewing: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

190G 

1907 

1908 

14. Building trades (exclud- 

ing state operations): 

1903" 

1904 

1905 

190G 

1907 

1908 

15. Private railways: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

16. Storage and drayage: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

17. Inland navigation: 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

18. Marine navigation (exclud- 

ing state operations): 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 





Number 




of injured 


Number of 


persons 


full-time 


compen- 


workers. 


sated 




for the 




first time. 


202,843 


1,003 


278, 791 


1,095 


291,633 


1,058 


305, 238 


1,140 


316,081 


1,213 


325,056 


1,092 


328,880 


4,081 


353.213 


4, 479 


369,945 


4,828 


387,191 


5,104 


397,707 


5,280 


395, 117 


5,021 


337,859 


1,655 


353,753 


1,792 


374,370 


1.86.3 


397, 439 


1,828 


418, 498 


1,990 


449,, 730 


2, 185 


286,854 


3,382 


287.180 


3,559 


289,392 


3,527 


296,781 


3,414 


293,469 


3,552 


292,983 


3,517 


1,008,426 


11,998 


1,061,264 


12,415 


1,105,237 


12,691 


1,151,818 


12,670 


1,154,632 


13,208 


1,109,233 


13,064 


78,362 


594 


80,&34 


541 


85,845 


607 


90,466 


651 


99,703 


653 


105,679 


758 


275, 103 


4,552 


332,532 


4,760 


356, 146 


5,540 


382,097 


5,755 


440,688 


6, 432 


465,614 


5. 912 


51,115 


700 


50,329 


756 


. 53,460 


765 


50.404 


796 


56,782 


753 


55, 108 


812 


CO, 219 


391 


02,220 


418 


65, 123 


423 


68,818 


461 


73.780 


459 


71.491 


460 



Num])er per 1,000 full-time workers compensated 
for the first time. 



Accidents resulting in- 



Death. 



0.19 
.17 
.08 
.15 
.14 
.15 

.45 
.49 
.41 
.47 
.44 
.45 

.13 
.16 
.15 
.15 
.14 
.15 



.93 
.99 
1.01 
1.00 
.83 
.93 



.97 

.98 

.97 

.97 

1.02 



.74 
.73 

.74 
.86 
.86 

1.55 
1.31 
1.33 
1.27 
1.25 
1.01 

3.05 
3.20 
2.96 
2.91 
2.75 
3.37 



1.96 
1.51 
1.69 
1.40 
1.19 
1.08 



Permanent disa- 
bility. 



Total. 



0.07 
.04 
.01 
.02 
.02 
.03 

.03 
.01 
.01 
.03 
.02 
.02 

.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 



,02 



Partial. 



2.73 
2.74 
2.71 
2.53 
2.67 
2.21 

5.81 
6.73 
5.85 
5.58 
5.24 
4.82 

1.50 
1.36 
1.45 
1.44 
1.33 
1.36 



5.74 
5.98 
6.46 
5.13 
5.12 
5.39 



4.90 
4.59 
4.23 
3.87 
3.98 
3.82 

4.12 
3.76 
3.88 
4.03 
3.52 
3.91 

5.55 
4.52 
4.53 
4.12 
3.58 
3.05 

3.74 
3.50 
3.46 
3.03 
3.01 
3.25 



1.87 
2.22 
1.97 
2.34 
1.63 
1.62 



Tempo- 
rary dis- 
ability for 
over 13 
weeks. 



Total. 



0.83 

.98 

.83 

1.03 

1.01 



6.12 
6.45 
6.78 
7.11 

7.58 
7.42 

3.25 
3.54 
3.37 
3.00 
3.28 
3.34 



4.97 
5.30 
5.59 
5.28 
6.06 
5.60 



5.89 
6.01 
6.18 
6.05 
6.34 
6.94 

2.44 
1.92 
2.32 
2.11 
2.01 
2.18 

9.34 
8.39 
9.60 
9.59 
9.68 
8.58 

6.71 
8.24 
7.82 
8.08 
7.31 
7.95 



2.64 
2.99 
2.79 
2.95 
3.40 
3.69 



3.82 
3.93 
3.63 
3.73 
3.84 
3.36 

12.41 
12.68 
13.05 
13.19 
13.28 
12.71 

4.90 
5.07 
4.98 
4.60 
4.76 
4.86 



11.79 
12.39 
12.19 
11.50 
12.10 
12.00 



11.90 
11.70 
11.48 
11.10 
11.44 
11.78 

7.58 
6.69 
7.07 
7.20 
6.55 
7.17 

16.55 
14.31 
15,56 
15.06 
14.60 
12.70 

13.69 
15.02 
14.31 
14.11 
13.26 
14.73 



6.49 
6.72 
6.50 
6.70 
6.22 
6.43 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1153 

For the 3'ear 1908 the highest death rate is shown by the group 
designated as navigation on inhmd waterways (17) with a rate of 
3.37 per 1,000 full-time w^orkers, while the next highest rate is that 
of the mining group (1 ) with 2.31 i)er 1,000. Three of the groups next 
in rank have rates in excess of 1.00 i)cr 1,000 full-time workers; these 
are quarrying (2) with 1.51, marine navigation (18) with 1.08, and 
storage, drayage, etc. (16), with 1.01. The three lowest rates occur in 
the groups of textiles (8), with 0.11; food products, etc. (12), with 0.15 ; 
and leather, clothing, etc. (10), with 0.15 per 1,000 full-time workers. 

Under the German system, the most expensive type of injury is 
that causing permanent total disabiUty ; the number of these cases per 
1,000 full-time workers in 1908 for the groups with the highest rates was: 
chemical industries (G), 0.23; private railw^aj^s (15), 0.22; quanying 
(2), 0.19; navigation on inland waterways (17), 0.16; iron and steel 
(4), 0.12; building trades (14), 0.10. The groups with the lowest 
rates rank as follows: food products, etc. (12), with 0.01; textiles (8), 
with 0.01 ; glass, potter}', bricks, etc. (3), with 0.01 ; and woodworking 
(11), with 0.02 persons per 1,000 full-time workers. 

The injuries resulting m partial permanent disability are also esti- 
mated to cost more to the insurance system than the fatal accidents. 
For the year 1908 the industries with the highest rates for these 
injuries are iron and steel (4) with 5.77, chemical (6) with 5.56, flour- 
milling, distilling, etc. (13), with 5.39; quarrying (2), with 4.99; w^ood- 
working (11), with 4.82; metal w^orking (5), with 4.49; and mining (1), 
with 4.42 per 1,000 full-time workers. The industries with the lowest 
rates in 1908 are food products, etc. (12), with 1.36; glass, pottery, etc. 
(3), with 1.54; textiles (8), with 1.60; and marine navigation (18), with 
1.62 per 1,000 full-time workers. 

The experience of the accident insurance svstem in regard to the 
number of dei:>endents left b}' each 100 persons killed by accident is 
shown in the following table for the years 1888 to 1908: 

NUMBER PER 100 DEATHS, OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED BY ACCIDENTS, 
ENTITLED TO PENSIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 



[Sourc?: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Vcrsicherungsamts, 1890 to 1910.] 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, (a) 





Number 
of persons 
killed by 
accident. 


Dependents entitled to pensions per 100 
deaths. 


Year. 


Widows. 


Children 

and 

prand- 

children. 


Parents 

and 
prand- 
parents. 


Total 
depend- 
ents. 


188>? 


2,990 
3, 457 
3,681) 
3,716 
3,382 
3,680 


63.51 
62.83 
60.04 

63. 67 

64. 43 
65.08 


141.51 
1.39.11 
131. 25 
143. 27 
137. 02 
142.80 


5.28 
6.16 
5.54 
5.71 
4.55 
4.27 


210.30 


KS9 


208. 10 


1890 


196.83 


1891 


212.65 


1892 


206.00 


1893 


212. 15 



a Including subsidary insurance institutes. 



i> Since 1900 including dependent widowers. 



1154 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. 



NUMBER PER 100 DEATHS, OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED BY ACCIDENTS, 
ENTITLED TO PENSIONS, 1888 TO 1908— Concluded. 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS— Concluded. 





Number 
of persons 
killed by 
accident. 


Dependents entitled to pensions per 100 
deaths. 


Year. 


Widows. 

(a) 


Children 

and 
grand- 
children. 


Parents 

and 
grand- 
parents. 


Total 
depend- 
ents. 


1894 


3,549 
3,757 
4,152 
4,381 
4,749 
4,897 
5,226 
5,121 
4,705 
4, 854 
5,176 
5,325 
5,569 
6,223 
6,070 


63.82 
65.42 
63.27 
63.48 
63.34 
64.00 
64.01 
64.52 
68.37 
73.59 
71.93 
71.01 
69.19 
68.01 
68.96 


131. 98 

138. 60 

139. 52 
135. 90 
143. 82 

140. 96 
143. 59 
143. 08 
155. 94 
159. 07 
IGO. 58 
155. 81 

153. 69 
149. 94 

154. 23 


5.02 
4.79 
4.46 
4.61 
4.25 
4.47 
4.80 
4.66 
4.40 
5.29 
4.87 
4.62 
4.20 
4.63 
3.99 


200 82 


1895 


208. 81 


1896 


207 25 


1897 


203. 99 


1898 


211 41 


1899 


209.43 


1900 


212. 40 


1901 


212. 26 


1902 


228 71 


1903 


237. 95 


1904 - - 


237 38 


1905 • 


231. 44 


1906 


227 08 


1907 


222. 58 


1908 


2">1 18 







AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



354 


63.84 


105. 37 


1 69 


1,368 


60.82 


110. 16 


2.85 


1,877 


60.09 


100.32 


3.52 


2,153 


60.57 


110. 96 


L90 


2,026 


69.00 


116. 49 


2.32 


2,142 


62.09 


110. 83 


1.64 


2,261 


62.98 


109. 33 


L51 


2,213 


61.05 


109. 45 


2.03 


2,363 


62.04 


110. 41 


L23 


2,474 


65.00 


114. 59 


L17 


2,598 


63.59 


113. 59 


1.46 


2,608 


61. 62 


111. 73 


.61 


2,662 


63.45 


108. 94 


1.09 


2,751 


64.34 


118. 79 


1.71 


2,672 


65.65 


111. 75 


1.27 


2,893 


67.75 


118. 91 


L45 


2,948 


63.94 


111.57 


.91 


2,907 


62.92 


110. 91 


.96 


2,872 


60. 59 


109. 12 


1.18 


2,843 


63. 42 


in. 15 


.81 


2,980 


61.31 


105. 81 


.97 



170. 90 
173. 83 
163. 93 

173. 43 
187. 81 

174. 56 
173. 82 

172. 53 

173. 68 
180. 76 
178. 64 
173.96 

173. 48 
184. 84 
178. 67 
188. 11 
176. 42 

174. 79 
170. 89 
175.38 
168. 09 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 



1888 


348 
435 
484 
559 
503 
514 
551 
478 
586 
561 
637 
619 
679 
629 
598 
623 
628 
696 
700 
749 
806 


80.75 
74.48 
71.49 
70.48 
73.56 
77.82 
78.95 
78.66 
70.31 
73. 62 
68. 44 
68.50 
75.85 
74.56 
78.43 
87.48 
86.46 
83.04 
83.00 
79.57 
73.45 


163. 51 
156. 32 

129. 54 
137. 57 
132. 40 
150.00 
140. 47 
154. 19 
135. 15 
140. 10 
128. 73 

130. 05 
137. 56 

134. 50 
145. 98 
159. 07 
161. 15 
149. 86 

136. 14 

137. 39 

135. 48 


6.03 
4.14 
6.61 
6.80 
5.37 
8.95 
5.44 
5.02 
6.83 
6.42 
10.52 
8.72 
7.21 
8.59 
7.86 
9.47 
9.08 
8.62 
9.00 
8.01 
7.57 


250. 29 


1889 


234. 94 


1890 


207. 64 


1891 


214. 85 


1892 .... 


211. 33 


1893 


236. 77 


1894 


224. 86 


1895 


237. 87 


1896 .... 


212. 29 


1897 


220. 14 


1898 


207. 69 


1899 


207. 27 


1900 


220. 62 


1901 


217. 65 


1902 


232. 27 


1903 . 


256. 02 


1904 


256. 69 


1905 .. . 


241. 52 


1906 


228. 14 


1907 


224. 97 


1908 


216. 50 







o- Since 1900 including dependent widowers. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1155 



For the industrial accident associations the number of dependents 
per fatal case has shown a tendency to increase, while the agricul- 
tural associations have at the present time about the same i)roportion 
of dependents in the last 5 years as in the first, though there are some 
wide variations in the rates during the period; the proportion of 
dependents for the insurance by the public authorities likewise shows 
a tendency to remain the same. The increase in the number of 
dc})endents, especially of those included in the column headed ''wid- 
ows," since 1900 is in part at least due to the fact that the law as 
amended in 1900 gives the right to a* pension to disabled widowers 
(while the disability lasts) who were dependent for their support on 
the earnings of the wife; the 1900 law also included the children of 
such female insured persons and this provision is likewise in part 
responsible for the increase in the number of dependents in the col- 
umn marked ''children and grandchildren." 

The small number of parents, etc., who are entitled to compensation 
is readily explained by the plan of granting pensions; as 20 per cent 
is given to the widow and 20 per cent to each child with a maximum 
payment of 60 per cent, and the .parents, etc., have a claim only if 
the 60 per cent is not exhausted, the number of instances in which 
parents or grandparents would be entitled to pensions is naturally 
small. 

In the following table are shown the number of persons given 
compensation for the first time in each year ("new accidents") and 
the total number of persons receiving pensions for disability at the 
close of each year ("old and new accidents"), for the period 1897 to 
1908; the table begins with the year 1897 because the number of 
"full-time" workers was computed for the first time in that year. 

ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1908. 
[Source: AmtUche Nachrichten des Reichs-Verslcherungsamts, 1899 to 1910.] 





All industries except agriculture and forestrj'. 


Agriculture and forestry. 


Year 




''accidents'''' ' New accidents 
compeSllea. \ compensated. 


Average 
number of 

insured 
persons. (a) 


Old and new 

accidents 
compensated. 


New accidents 
compensated. 




Number of 
full-time 
worlcers. 


Number. 


Per 
1,000 
full- 
time 
work- 
ers. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
1,000 
full- 
time 
work- 
ers. 


Number. 


Per 
1,000 
insured 
per- 
sons. 


Num- 
ber. 


Per 
1,000 
insured 
per- 
sons. 


1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


5, 622, 219 
5,944,106 
6.270,220 
6,527,896 
6,513,412 
6,742,829 
7.084,093 
7,426,538 
7,735,162 
8,122.025 
8,531.632 
8,540,601 


243,136 
272,066 
301,829 
330,807 
362,213 
391,129 
421,799 
454,731 
486,769 
516,350 
544,619 
566,214 


43.25 
45.77 
48.14 
50.68 
65.61 
58.01 
59.54 
61.23 
62. 93 
63.57 
63.84 
66.30 


44,816 
48, 165 
52,660 
55,294 
59,238 
61,068 
64,616 
69,220 
72,630 
75,589 
79,907 
79,. 339 


7.97 
8.10 
8.40 
8.47 
9.09 
9.06 
9.12 
9.32 
9.39 
9.31 
9.37 
9.29 


11,411,675 
17,425,790 


181,974 
207,993 
234,935 
256,-382 
283.383 
311,261 
339, 975 
309,703 
395,300 
408,886 
423,986 
431,085 


15.95 
■■24." 73" 


46, .355 
48,609 
52,151 
51,153 
50,851 
68,833 
63,331 
66,905 
67, 157 
62, 694 
63,449 
62,377 


4.06 
"'"'3.' 58 



o For government establishments the number of full-time workers was used. 



b Not reported. 



1156 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1908. 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichtcn des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1839 to 1910.] 





1. MINING. 


2 


. QUARRYING. 




Year 


Number of 


Old and new 

accidents 
compensated. 

• 


New accidents 
compensated. 


Number of 


Old and new 

accidents 
compensated. 


New accidents 
compensated. 






















full-time 




Per 




Per 


full-time 




Per 




Per 




workers. 




1,000 




1,000 


workers. 




1,000 




1,000 






Num- 


full- 


Num- 


full- 




Num- 


full- 


Num- 


full- 






ber. 


time 
work- 
ers. 


ber. ^ 


time 
work- 
ers. 




ber. 


time 
work- 
ers. 


ber. 


time 
work- 
ers. 


1897 


468,953 


31,724 


67.65 


5,670 


12.09 


130,146 


8,800 


67.62 


1,554 


11.94 


1898 


495,086 


35,337 


71.38 


6,323 


12.77 


141,952 


9,616 


67.74 


1,616 


11.38 


1899 


521,352 


38, 679 


74.19 


6,300 


12.10 


153,446 


10,681 


69.61 


1,902 


12.40 


1900 


565,060 


41,862 


74.08 


6,890 


12.19 


158,609 


11,688 


73.69 


1,973 


12.44 


1901 


607,367 


46,645 


76.80 


7,931 


1.3.06 


148,615 


12,807 


80.18 


2,197 


14.78 


1902 


601,132 


51,221 


85.21 


8,132 


13.53 


149,274 


13,812 


92.53 


2,289 


15. 33 


1903 


619,798 


56,091 


90.50 


9,043 


14.59 


152,410 


14,716 


96.56 


2,273 


14.91 


1904 


642, 526 


61,289 


95.39 


9,931 


15.46 


158,261 


15,809 


99.89 


2,347 


14.83 


1905 


647,458 


66,175 


102. 21 


10.054 


15.53 


160,848 


16,726 


103.99 


2,436 


15.14 


1906 


689,248 


70, 796 


102. 71 


10,821 


15.70 


170,161 


17,707 


104.00 


2,549 


14.98 


1907 


732,584 


75, 405 


102. 93 


11,381 


15.53 


174,446 


18,591 


106. 57 


2,677 


15.35 


1908 


798,378 


80, 580 


100. 93 


11,725 


14.69 


169,560 


19,159 


112.99 


2, 657 


15.67 




3. GLASS, POTTERY, A 
MAKING. 


ND BE 


.ICK- 


4. 


IRON AND STEEL. 




1897 


290,461 


7,545 


25.98 


1,480 


5.12 


770,339 


36,320 


47.15 


6,873 


8.92 


1898 


313,054 


8,427 


26.92 


1,607 


5.13 


809,609 


41,663 


51.46 


7,903 


9.76 


1899 


329,679 


9,511 


28.55 


1,874 


5.68 


905,925 


46,984 


51.86 


9,102 


10.05 


1900 


330,937 


10,601 


32.03 


2,119 


6.40 


957,669 


52,103 


54.41 


9,646 


10.07 


1901 


315.895 


11,442 


36.22 


1,983 


6.28 


909,201 


57,746 


63.51 


10,3.52 


11.39 


1902 


318,023 


12.431 


39.09 


2,042 


6.42 


1,026,615 


63,695 


62.04 


10,744 


10.47 


1903 


330,387 


13,307 


40.28 


1,993 


6.03 


1,075,9.34 


69,331 


64. 44 


11,329 


10.53 


1904..... 


348.688 


14,282 


40.96 


2,288 


6.56 


1,126,500 


75,838 


67.32 


12, 673 


11.25 


1905 


354,199 


15,382 


43.43 


2,485 


7.02 


1,194,707 


81,574 


08.28 


13,130 


10.99 


1906 


364,857 


16,223 


44.46 


2,415 


6.62 


1,271,387 


87,944 


69.17 


14,283 


11.23 


1907 


370,709 


17,136 


46,22 


2,588 


6.98 


1,329,888 


93,709 


70.51 


15,012 


11.29 


1908 


354,362 


17,527 


49.40 


2,431 


6.86 


1,289,887 


97,114 


75.29 


14,974 


11.61 




5. METAL WORKING, INS 


5TRUM 


ENTS, 




6. CHEMICA 


r c 






AND MUSICAL INSTI 


lUMEN 


TS. 








1897 


254,883 


5,656 


22.19 


1,190 


4.67 


129,827 


5,580 


42.98 


1,007 


7.70 


1898 


277,972 


6,652 


23.93 


1,347 


4.85 


135,350 


6,116 


45.19 


960 


7.09 


1899 


297.124 


7,655 


25.70 


1,423 


4.79 


143,119 


6,781 


47.38 


1,115 


7.79 


1900 


316,571 


8,685 


27. 43 


1,582 


5.00 


153,011 


7,536 


49.25 


1,284 


8.39 


1901 


315,099 


9,904 


31.43 


1,846 


5.86 


156,483 


8,372 


53.50 


1,415 


9.04 


1902 


313,812 


10,855 


34.59 


1,804 


5.75 


160,841 


8,975 


55.80 


1,262 


7.85 


1903 


335,761 


11,738 


34.96 


1,947 


5.80 


168,950 


9,609 


5G. 87 


1,348 


7.98 


1904 


368,176 


13,173 


35. 78 


2.342 


6.36 


177,461 


10,396 


58.58 


1,535 


8.65 


1905 


395, 906 


14,731 


37.21 


2,707 


6.84 


185,820 


11,127 


59.88 


1,619 


8.71 


1906 


423,314 


16,059 


37.94 


2.866 


6.77 


195,356 


11,915 


60.99 


1,805 


9.24 


1907 


456,. 391 


17,472 


38.28 


3,239 


7.10 


214,904 


12.822 


59.66 


2,038 


9.48 


1908 


445,983 


18,374 


41.20 


2,968 


0.65 


216,751 


13, 680 


63.11 


1,994 


9.20 




7. GAS AND WATER 


WORI* 


:s. 


8. TEXTILES. 


1897 


34, S48 


1,101 


31. 59 


,7. 


5.14 


736,397 


14,786 


20.08 


2,394 


3.25 


1898 


37.129 


1,210 


32.59 


200 


5.39 


747,111 


16,271 


21.78 


2,338 


3.13 


1899 


42. 670 


1,320 


30.94 


222 


5.20 


768,006 


17,a31 


23.22 


2,565 


3. 34 


1900 


46,848 


1,470 


31. 38 


254 


5.42 


772, 256 


19.371 


25.08 


2,668 


3.45 


1901 


50,52S 


1,654 


32. 73 


308 


6.10 


768, 259 


20, 730 


26.98 


2,465 


3.21 


1902 


52, 020 


1,861 


35. 77 


309 


5.94 


791,096 


21.537 


27.22 


2,382 


3.01 


1903 


54, 292 


2,075 


38. 22 


378 


6.96 


824, 469 


22. 305 


27.05 


2.504 


3.04 


1904 


56, 047 


3,317 


40.90 


384 


C.78 


813,345 


23,168 


28. 48 


2,443 


3.00 


1905 


00,092 


2,520 


41.94 


387 


6.44 


839, 940 


24, 191 


28.80 


2,576 


3.07 


1906 


63,528 


2,699 


42. 49 


396 


6.23 


8.56, 489 


25,201 


29. 42 


2,6.30 


3.07 


1907 


67, 452 


2,895 


42. 92 


435 


6.45 


912,594 


26.018 


28. 51 


2,739 


3.00 


1908 


70,079 


3,093 


44.14 


473 


0.75 


885,522 


26,812 


30. 28 


2,748 


3.10 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1157 

ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1908— Continued. 





9. PAPER AND PRINTING 


• 


10. LEATHER AND CLOTHING. 




Nunibor of 


Old and new 

accidents 
compeusaled. 


New accidents 
compensated. 


Number of 


Old and new 

accidents 
compensated. 


New accidents 
compensated. 




















Year. 


full-time 




Per 




Per 


full-time 




Per 




Per 




workers. 




1,000 




1,000 


workers. 




1.000 




1,000 






Num- 


full- 


Num- 


full- 




Num- 


full- 


Num- 


full- 






ber. 


time 
work- 
ers. 


ber. 


time 
work- 
ers. 




ber. 


time 
work- 
ers. 


ber. 


timo 
work- 
ers. 


1897 


238,383 


6, 442 


27.02 


1,115 


4.68 


191,017 


3,225 


16.88 


587 


.3.07 


1898 


250,477 


7,184 


28.68 


1,077 


4.30 


201,198 


3, 702 


18.70 


719 


3.57 


1890 


264,2.sG 


7,901 


29.90 


1,151 


4.36 


219,510 


4,261 


19.41 


725 


.3.30 


1900 


277,847 


8, 753 


31.50 


1,281 


4.61 


228, 320 


4,791 


20. 98 


827 


3. 62 


1901 


2S4,G70 


9,638 


33.86 


1,399 


4.91 


243, 404 


5,537 


22.74 


1,007 


4. 14 


1902 


287,812 


10,293 


35.76 


1,351 


4.69 


245,898 


6, 122 


24.90 


885 


3.60 


1903 


301,852 


11,020 


30.51 


1,379 


4.57 


202,843 


0,731 


25.61 


1,093 


3.82 


1904 


316, 770 


11.565 


.36.51 


1,447 


4.57 


278, 791 


7,438 


26.68 


1,095 


3.93 


1905 


329,721 


12, 401 


37.61 


1,064 


5.05 


291,633 


7,691 


26.37 


1,058 


3.63 


1900 


342, 226 


12,981 


37.93 


1,643 


4.80 


305,238 


8,283 


27.14 


1,140 


3. 73 


1907 


359,113 


13,573 


37.80 


1,721 


4.79 


316,081 


8,804 


27.85 


1,213 


3.84 


1903 


307,992 


14,212 


38. 62 


1,790 


4.86 


325,056 


9,129 


28.08 


1,092 


3.30 




11. WOODWORK 


ING. 




12. FOOD PRODUCTS. 


1897 


243,625 


16,201 


60.50 


2,808 


U.T7 


232,974 


3,2.38 


13. 90 


720 


.3.12 


1898 


258,408 


18,082 


09.90 


3,121 


12.07 


243,026 


3,597 


14.80 


089 


2.84 


1899 


272,857 


20, 105 


73.90 


3,547 


13.00 


247,5.56 


4,om 


16. 40 


799 


3.23 


1900 


289,179 


22,295 


77.10 


3.738 


12. 93 


257,755 


4,5,34 


17.59 


876 


3.40 


1901 


296,299 


24,a35 


83. 14 


3,957 


13. 35 


267,339 


5,220 


19.53 


1,090 


4.08 


1902 


310,460 


20, 137 


84.19 


3,834 


12. 35 


320,5.53 


6,. 340 


19.78 


1,495 


4.66 


190.3 


328,880 


27,889 


84.80 


4,081 


12.41 


337, 859 


7,205 


21.50 


1,655 


4.90 


1904 


353,213 


29,827 


84.44 


4,479 


12. 08 


353, 753 


8, 2.35 


23. 28 


1,792 


5.07 


190.5 


309,945 


31,934 


86.32 


4,828 


13.05 


374, 370 


9,172 


24. .50 


1,863 


4.98 


19CG 


387,101 


33,9.37 


87. 67 


5,104 


13.19 


397, 4.39 


9,947 


25. 03 


1,828 


4.60 


1907 


397,707 


35,658 


89. 66 


5,280 


13. 28 


418,498 


10, 780 


25. 70 


1,990 


4.76 


i9as 


39-5,117 


.30,686 


92.85 


5,021 


12.71 


449,730 


11,771 


26.17 


2,185 


4.80 




13. MILLING, SUGAR, 
DISTILLING, STii 
BREWING. 


DAIR 
IRCH, 


YING, 
AND 


14. BUILDING TRADES 
STATE OPERATIC 


(EXCL 

► NS).(a 


UDING 


1897 


287,063 


18,531 


64. 55 


3,018 


10.51 


828,039 


40, 809 


50.53 


9,194 


11.10 


189S 


290,3-84 


20,284 


69.85 


2,978 


10. 20 


913, 151 


52,204 


57.17 


9,981 


10.93 


1899 


289,740 


21,947 


75. 75 


3,222 


11.12 


951,278 


57,413 


60. 35 


10,617 


11.16 


1900 


295,098 


23,018 


80.03 


3, 2.30 


10.97 


974, 157 


02, 272 


63. 92 


10, 068 


10. 95 


1901 


298,943 


25,3.3.5 


84.75 


3,289 


11.00 


925, 100 


00, 500 


71.88 


10, 837 


11.71 


1902 


285,609 


25,854 


90.52 


3,302 


11.50 


9.35,075 


71,047 


75. 93 


11,861 


12.68 


19a3 


2S0,8;54 


27, 172 


94.72 


3,382 


11.79 


1,008,420 


75,849 


75. 22 


11,998 


11.90 


1904 


287, 180 


28,482 


99.18 


3,559 


12. .39 


1,001,204 


80, 903 


76. 23 


12,415 


11.70 


190.5 


289,392 


29,5.37 


102. 07 


3,527 


12.19 


1 , 105, 237 


85,002 


77.51 


12,691 


11.48 


190-; 


296,781 


30,208 


101.99 


3,414 


11.50 


1,151,818 


89,020 


• 77. 29 


12,070 


11.00 


1907 


293,409 


31.010 


105. 07 


3,552 


12.10 


1,1.54,0.32 


92,004 


79. 08 


13,208 


11.44 


190S 


2-02, 9.83 


31,727 


108. 29 


3,517 


12.00 


1,109,233 


94,311 


85. 02 


13,004 


11.78 




15. PRIVATE RAIL 


WAYS. 




16. STORAGE AND D 


RAYAC 


iE. 


1807 


54,046 


1,375 


2.5.44 


293 


5.42 


188,571 


12.012 


63. 70 


2,008 


14.15 


1898 


59,738 


1,507 


20. 23 


313 


5.24 


195,213 


13, .305 


68. 40 


2,827 


14.48 


1899...... 


68,145 


1,878 


27.56 


447 


6.50 


211,174 


15,. 329 


72.59 


3,102 


14.97 


1900 


75,479 


2,139 


28. 34 


440 


5.83 


220, 535 


17,018 


77.17 


3,200 


14.54 


1901 


80,328 


2,440 


30.38 


508 


7.07 


228,791 


18,940 


82.81 


3,798 


16.60 


1902 


78,631 


2,805 


35. 67 


597 


7.59 


243,245 


20, 878 


85. 83 


3,885 


15. 97 


19a3 


78,362 


2,921 


37.28 


594 


7.58 


275, 103 


23, 602 


85. 79 


4,5.52 


16.55 


1904 


80,8.34 


3,009 


37. 97 


541 


0. 09 


,332, 532 


26,061 


78. 37 


4.700 


14. 31 


1905 


S.5,845 


3,. 3^5 


.39.20 


007 


7.07 


350, 140 


28,955 


81. .30 


5,540 


15. 50 


1906 


90,460 


3, 684 


40.72 


651 


7.20 


.382,097 


31,60<i 


82. 72 


5,755 


15. 06 


1907 


99,703 


3,952 


39. 64 


053 


6. 55 


440, 088 


.34. .394 


78. 05 


6,432 


14.60 


1908 


105,679 


4,268 


40.39 


758 


7.17 


40.5,014 


.35,0(i9 


75 .32 


5,912 


12. 70 



a Not including the insurance institutes. 



1158 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOlSrEE OF LABOK. 

ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1908— Concluded. 



Year. 



1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



17. INLAND NAVIGATION. 



Number of 
full-time 
workers. 



Old and new 

accidents 
compensated. 



New accidents 
compensated. 



Num- 
ber. 



46, 437 


2,532 


48, 241 


2,765 


49, 182 


3,057 


50, 501 


3,308 


49, 346 


3,647 


48, 558 


3,916 


51,115 


4,231 


50,329 


4,566 


53, 460 


4,897 


56,404 


5,261 


56, 782 


5,502 


55, 108 


5,730 



Per 




1,000 




full- 


Num- 


time 


ber. 


ers. 




54.53 


527 


57.32 


516 


62. 16 


577 


65.50 


593 


73.91 


683 


80.65 


630 


82.77 


700 


90.72 


756 


91.60 


765 


93.27 


796 


96.90 


753 


103. 98 


812 



Per 
1,000 
full- 
time 
work- 
ers. 



11.35 
10.70 
11.73 
11.74 
13. 84 
12.97 
13.69 
15. 02 
14.31 
14.11 
13. 26 
14.73 



18. MARINE NAVIGATION (EXCLUD- 
ING STATE OPERATIONS). 



Number of 
full-time 
workers. 



44,357 
45, 670 
46, 446 
52, 025 
54, 823 
57,330 

60. 219 

62. 220 
65, 123 
68, 818 
73, 780 
71,491 



Old and new 

accidents 
compensated. 



Num- 
ber. 



2,011 
2,348 
2,651 
2,934 
3,066 
3,266 
3, 339 
3, 538 
3, 695 
3,902 
4,078 
4,217 



Per 
1,000 
full- 
time 
work- 
ers. 



45.34 
51.41 
57. 08 
56.40 
55.93 
56.97 

55. 45 

56. 86 
56.74 
56.70 
55.25 
58.99 



New accidents 
compensated. 



Num- 
ber. 



397 
366 
419 
416 
400 
440 
391 
418 
423 
461 
459 
460 



Per 
1,000 
full- 
time 
work- 
ers. 



8.95 
8.01 
9.02 
8.00 
7.30 
7.67 
6.49 
6.72 
6.50 
6.70 
6.22 
6.43 



1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



19. ESTABLISHMENTS OF THE MIL- 
ITARY AND NAVAL ADMINISTRA- 
TIONS. 



47, 176 


1,772 


37.56 


276 


50,332 


2,009 


39.91 


311 


49,265 


2,245 


45. 57 


326 


50,356 


2,482 


49.29 


334 


52,485 


2,675 


50.97 


317 


53,248 


2,957 


55.53 


380 


53,222 


3,089 


58.04 


386 


52,724 


3,144 


59.63 


282 


53,986 


3,170 


58.72 


242 


56,705 


3,296 


58.13 


250 


58,700 


3,390 


57.75 


262 


61, 486 


3,485 


56.68 


273 



5.85 
6.18 
6.62 
6.63 
6.04 
7.14 
7.25 
5.35 
4.48 
4.41 
4.46 
4.44 



20. PUBLIC BUILDING OPERATIONS 
(INCLUDING LOCAL GOVERN- 
MENTS). 



103, 



251 


2,190 


30.31 


450 


511 


2,512 


32.83 


486 


229 


2.818 


36.97 


499 


126 


3,166 


39.03 


515 


569 


3,516 


43.10 


564 


287 


3,767 


45.78 


545 


457 


4.097 


52.22 


623 


902 


4,421 


52.69 


603 


211 


4,653 


54.61 


557 


405 


4,972 


56.24 


641 


334 


5,325 


53.61 


758 


924 


5,692 


54. 77 


775 



0.23 
6.35 
6.55 
6.35 
6.91 
6.62 
7.94 
7.19 
6.54 
7.25 
7.63 
7.46 



21. GOVERNMENT RAILROADS, POS- 
TAL AND TELEGRAPH SYSTE3IS. 



22. STATE ESTABLISHMENTS EN- 
GAGED IN NAVIGATION, DREDG- 
ING, ETC. 



1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



1897. 



327, 373 
349,313 
358, 097 
369, 127 
373, 443 
375,055 
392,608 
414,889 
429,998 
457,664 
496, 979 
500, 129 



I 15,013 
16,813 

j 18,335 
19,810 
21,333 
22,899 

I 24,920 
26,672 
28,634 
80,052 

I 31,415 

I 32,910 



1 45.86 


2,287 


• 48. 13 


2,442 


51.20 


2,598 


53.67 


2,690 


57.13 


2,759 


61.06 


2,826 


63.47 


2.982 


64.29 


3,048 


66.59 


3,382 


65.66 


3,396 


63.21 


3,437 


85.80 


3,625 



6.99 
7.26 
7.29 
7.39 
7.53 
7.60 
7.35 
7.87 
7.42 
6.92 
7.25 



5,053 


273 


54.03 


57 


5,121 


282 


55.07 


45 


5,134 


327 


63.69 


62 


5,431 


371 


68.31 


58 


5,300 


425 


80.19 


73 


5,655 


461 


81.52 


73 


6,292 


502 


79.78 


75 


6,527 


538 


82.43 


82 


6, 125 


577 


94.20 


89 


6,523 


603 


92.44 


75 


7,198 


628 


87.25 


80 


6,531 


668 


102. 28 


85 



11.28 
8.79 
12.08 
10.68 
13.77 
12.91 
11.92 
12.56 
14.53 
11.50 
11.11 
13.01 



1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903- 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



23. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 
(EXCLUDING STATE OPERATIONS). 



24. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, 
STATE OPERATIONS. 



111,189,071 
('•■) 
(<^) 
{<=) 

(^) 

(<=) 

a 17, 179,000 



6 15. 



b 24. 61 



45, 438 
47,683 
51,287 
50,311 
55,983 
57,934 
62, 397 
66,003 
66, 335 
61,887 
62,673 
61,609 



6 4.06 



6 3.59 



222, 604 
223, 107 
228,847 
231,971 
237,069 
239.267 
238,584 
234,391 
238,379 
238,849 
240,884 
246, 796 



4.553 


20.45 


917 


5,145 


23.06 


926 


5,60(5 


24.50 


864 


6,003 


25.88 


842 


6,390 


26. 95 


868 


6,872 


28.72 


899 


7,240 


30.35 


934 


7,622 


32.52 


902 


7,888 


33.09 


822 


8,055 


33. 72 


807 


8,139 


33.79 


776 


8,237 


33.38 


768 



4.12 
4.15 
3.78 
3.63 
3.66 
3.76 
3.91 
3.85 
3.45 
3.38 
3.22 
3.11 



a Estimated number of insured persons acpordinp: to the industrial census. 
6 Computed from the estimated number of insured persons, 
c Not reported. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1159 

The column headed ''new accidents" inchides injured persons 
receiving compensation for the first time; the cohimn ''okl and new 
accidents" inchides cases of disabknl persons carried forward from 
previous 3'ears phis the number in the cohimn of ''new accidents"; 
the cohimn shows therefore the number of persons on the accident 
pension rolls, or, in other words, indicates the extent of tlie burden 
which the above industries have to carry on account of industrial 
accidents. 

Taking up first all industries except agricuhure and forestry, for 
the 8,540,601 full-time workers included in the insurance, the num- 
ber of persons injured in 1908 was 9.29 per 1,000; in other words, 
the German experience shows that each year slightly less than 1 per 
cent of the full-time workers in industries were injured by accident 
to such an extent that they were disabled for 13 weeks or more. 

The cohimn marked "old and new accidents" shows that in 1908, 
the industries, building trades and navigation, included in the insur- 
ance system had to provide pensions for 663 persons for every 10,000 
full-time workers emj)loyed by them. During the period in question, 
the number of persons on the pension rolls per 10,000 full-time 
workers has increased rapidly, except during the last five 3^ears when 
the tendency to increase has become less marked. The stationary 
point in the number of pensioners carried by the insurance system has 
apparently not yet been reached. 

For the insured persons employed in agricultural establishments 
the rates can not be computed as accurately as for all other industries; 
the rates as given in the first part of the preceding table differ so 
much from those given for government establishments (at the end of 
the table) that they must be accepted with many reservations. On 
the basis of the rates for government agricultural establishments it is 
probable that the number of accident pensions per 1,000 full-time 
workers to be provided by agricultural industries in 1908 was about 
half of the number to be provided by all other industries. 

Taking up the separate groups of industries in the preceding table, 
in 1908 the column marked "old and new accidents" had 5 groups 
of industries witli a rate of over 100 per 1,000 full-time workers: 
Quarries (2) with 113; flour-milling, distilling, breweries, etc. (13) 
with 108; navigation on inland waterways (17) with 104; state 
establishments engaged in navigation, dredging, etc. (22) with 102; 
and mining (1) with 101. The groups of industries with the lowest 
number of pensioners per 1,000 full-time workers to provide for were 
in 1908, food products, etc. (12), with 26; leather, clothing, etc. (10), 
with 28; and textiles (8) with 30. 

The column headed "new accidents," meaning the number of per- 
sons injured by accidents compensated for the first time in each year, 

4659S°— 10 74 



1160 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



is an index of the trade risk of the industry. Of the groups given in 
the preceding table, 9 have a rate of over 10 per 1,000 full-time 
workers: Quarrying (2) with 15; navigation on inland waterways (17) 
with 14; mining (1) with 14; government establishments for naviga- 
tion, dredging, etc. (22) with 13; woodworking (11) with 12; storage, 
drayage, etc. (16) v\dth 12; flour-milling, distilleries, breweries, etc. 
(13) with 12; building trades, construction, etc. (14) with 11; and 
iron, steel, etc. (4) with 11. The lowest rate shown is for textiles 
(8) and government agricultural establishments (24), each with 3. 

The burden to be carried by the various industries is also shown 
by a comparison of the average amounts of compensation paid per 
case of disability. The expenditures for benefits stated in the form 
of annual averages per case of disability on the pension rolls (includ- 
ing both old and new cases) are shown m the folloYfing table for the 
odd years from 1887 to 1908: 

AVERAGE COMPENSATION AND OTHER RELIEF PROVIDED PER CASE OF ACCIDENT, 
FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1887 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistisches Handbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1907; the years 1907 and 1908 were computed 
from Amtliche Nachrichten, 1909, 1910.] 



Industry group. 



1887. 



1889. 



1891. 



1893. 



1895. 



1897 



Mining •. 

Quarrying 

Glass, pottery, and brick making 

Iron and steel 

Metal working, instruments, and musical instru- 
ments 

Chemicals 

Gas and water works 

Textiles 



Paper and printing 

Leather and clothing 

Woodworking 

Food products 

Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and 
brewing 

Building trades (excluding state operations, but 
including institutes) ' 

Private railways 

Storage and drayage 

Inland navigation 

Marine navigation (excluding state operations) 

Establishments of the military and naval admin- 
istrations 

Public building operations (including local govern- 
ments) 

Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- 
tems 

Government establishments engaged in naviga- 
tion, dredging, etc t . . . 

Agriculture and forestry (including state opera- 
tions) 

State agriculture and forestry operations 

Total industrial, building, and marine 

Total agriculture and forestry 



S68.50 
55.37 
46.09 
59.87 

48. 38 
59.00 
07. 75 
35. 91 
45.26 
42.36 
44.02 
48.03 

52.78 

55.22 
73.40 
48. 13 
46.98 



f3.00 



50.45 



$71.35 
51.68 
46.91 
52.66 

43.42 
62.94 
69.93 
33. 28 
41.02 
43.22 
40.59 
42.65 

52.24 

56.30 
75.35 
55.42 
66.57 
63.87 

63.59 

48.20 

72. 85 

87.52 

22.20 
24.54 
55. 29 
22.33 



$68. 34 
46.30 
46.18 
49.13 

38.71 
57.05 
68.59 
33.28 
39.80 
43.24 
37.51 
38.43 

50.26 

53. 63 
72.28 
56.70 
59.45 
48.42 

58. 63 

48.34 

69.68 



23.82 
31.81 
52.43 

24.08 



S66.97 
46.61 
40.53 
45.95 

37.93 
53.89 
66.62 
31.38 
37.90 
39.29 
36. 13 
37.02 



50.01 
76.06 
53.52 
57.90 
48.83 

57.88 

47.10 

68. 89 

71.68 

22.06 
30.25 
50. 15 
22.29 



S63. 62 
43.09 
41.58 
44.33 

36.39 
54.23 
65.48 
30.16 
37.46 
38.81 
34.93 
35.42 

47.80 

48.18 
71.02 
50.72 
56.32 
47.59 

54.99 

42.49 

67.98 

65.67 

20.47 
28.61 
48.26 
20.69 



$61.00 
42.82 
40.33 
44.03 

35.30 
49.26 
63.21 
29.56 
36.20 
37.62 
34.12 
33.50 

45,67 

47.10 

67.10 
49.75 
54.25 
48.63 

57.12 

41.09 

65.67 

59.29 

19.43 
27.49 
46.82 
19.64 



CHAPTEE V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1161 



AVERAGE COMPENSATION AND OTHER RELIEF PROVIDED PER CASE OF ACCIDENT, 
FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1SS7 TO 1908— Concluded. 



Industry group. 



1901. 



1903. 



1905. 



1907 



1908. 



Mining 

(Quarrying 

(J lass, 'pottery, and brick making 

Iron and steel 

Metal working, instruments, and musical instru- 
ments 

Chemicals 

Gas and water works : 

Textiles • 

I'apor and printing 

Loatlior and clothing 

\\'oodworking 

Food products 

Mining, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and 
brewing 

Building trades (excluding state operations, but 
including institutes) 

Private railways 

Storage and dra3\age 

Inland navigation 

Marine navigation (excluding stat* operations) 

Establishments of the mihtary and naval admin- 
istrations ' 

Public building operations (including local govern- 
ments) 

Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- 
tems 

Government establishments engaged in naviga- 
tion, dredging, etc 

Agriculture and forestry (including stale opera- 
tions) 

State agriculture and forestry operations 

Total industrial, building, and marine 

Total agriculture and forestry 



$00.65 
43. 30 
40.53 
44.03 

35.46 

48.77 
02.94 
29.09 
35.89 
37.77 
33. 52 
32. 58 

45. 31 

4G. 03 
00.24 
48.73 
53.21 
40.85 

50.00 

38.80 

05.19 

00.51 

18. 05 
25.94 
40. 30 
18.82 



«62. 93 
45.22 
43.11 
47.70 

39.64 
51.17 
05.08 
30.79 
37.29 
39.21 
30. 27 
35.18 

40.50 

49.35 
71.32 
51.73 
54. 34 
50.70 

57. 2S 

41.20 

66.80 

04.70 



.S05. 04 
44.84 
42. 50 
48.00 

42.25 
55.50 
03.50 
31.72 
37.51 
38.53 
30. 42 
34.18 



S64. 79 
45. 99 
43. 00 
48.74 

42.82 
52. 40 
02. mi 
32. 73 
37.97 
40. 00 
30. 03 
35. 15 



40.95 I 47.33 



48.71 
72.10 
51.81 
55.57 
50.14 



18.71 


19.00 


25. 78 


20.40 


48.89 


49.54 


18.87 


19.21 



48. 45 
70. 98 
50.51 
50.77 
58.29 



03.91 i 04.18 

I 

41.70 I 41.23 

07.70 : 07.78 

03.97 03.01 



18.74 
25.03 
49.78 
18.87 



SG5.01 ' $00.80 

47.25 ' 47.45 

42.83 i 44.52 

49. 00 I 50. 47 



43.01 
53.00 
02. 20 
32.79 
38. 97 
39.49 
37.48 
35.09 

46.97 

49.98 
71.44 
49.21 
57.80 
62.48 

02.05 

41.34 

08.90 

03.91 

13.20 
25. SO 
50.51 
18. 41 



43.41 
53.17 
03.29 
33.20 
39.21 
40.01 
37.03 
30.80 

40.82 

50.38 
72.44 
49.92 
58.52 
02.30 

03.04 

41.30 

09. Oo 

02.27 

18. 20 
25.61 
51.19 
18.40 



The average for all industrial accidents, as sho\m in the group 
numbered 25, showed a tendency to decrease steadily from 1887 to 
1899; the year 1901 showed an increase over 1899, and in each of 
the following years given in the table there is an increase since 1901. 
At the present time there is a wide variation in the amounts paid in 
the different groups of industries; in 1908 the highest average 
occurred in private railways, etc. (group 15), with S72.44 per case; 
the lowest group is that of textiles (group 8), with $33.26 per case. 
The average for accidents in agricultural, etc., industries (group 26) 
has sho^^^l a tendency to remain about the same since 1899; the 
average amount expended in the form of benefits per case of accident 
in the agricultural industries in 1908 was about one-third of the 
average amount paid for accidents in the other industries. 

The following table shows, first, in what proportion the amount 
expended for disability pensions was distributed among the various 
classes of disablement, and, second, in what proportion the number 
of days for which pensions were paid wore distributed among the 
various classes of disal)lement. The data are for all cases of dis- 
ability on the pension rolls in 1897, regardless of when the accident 
occurred. 



1162 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PROPORTION OF PENSIONS TO INJURED PERSONS, BY DEGREE OF DISABILITY AND 
PROPORTION OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, BY DEGREE OF DISABILITY, FOR ALL 
CASES ON THE PENSION ROLLS IN 1897. 

[Source: Aintlictie Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1900; II Beiheft, II Theil.] 



Industry group. 



Total pen- 
sions paid 
to injured 
persons in 
1897. 



All industrial accident 
associations (a) 

Mining 

Quarrying 

Glass, pottery, and brick 
making 

Iron and steel 

Metal working, instruments, 
and musical instruments. . . 

Chemicals 

Gas and water works 

Textiles 

Paper and printing , 

Leather and clothing 

Woodworking 

Food products 

Milling, sugar, dairying, dis- 
tilling, starch, and brewing. 

Building trades (excluding 
state operations) 

Private railways 

Storage and drayage 

Inland navigation 

Marine navigation (excluding 
state operations) 



S6, 986, 859 



1,089,144 
226,256 

212,229 
1,229,233 

169, 173 
184, 678 

45,829 
354, 125 
183, 997 

98, 678 
431,768 

90,617 

610,534 

1,512,500 

60, 437 

385,854 

68,523 

33,211 



Per cent of total pensions paid in 1897 to injured persons 
sustaining a loss of earning power of — 



Under 
10 per 



1.47 



.74 
.76 



1.95 

2.60 
8.80 
.35 
2.90 
2.02 
1.81 
2.43 
2.22 

.81 

.65 
.22 
.55 
.73 

.19 



10 and 
under 
15 per 
cent. 



r.22 



5.05 
5.68 

6.35 
8.30 

11.86 
12.18 
5.96 
9.31 
7.75 
9.11 
9.73 
11.01 

7.92 

5.64 
3.91 
6.13 

7.18 

8.75 



15 and 
under 
•20 per 
cent. 



6.06 



5.56 
5.03 

4.94 
7.11 

8.67 
7.38 
4.23 
7.18 
5.95 
6.41 
7.90 
8.72 

5.57 

5.05 
2.70 
5 29 
5.75 

7.54 



20 and 
under 
25 per 
cent. 



7.29 



6.49 
6.69 

6.62 
8.02 

8.65 
12.84 
5.16 
7.19 
7.44 
7.33 
8.19 
8.94 

7.01 

6.59 
4.48 
7.20 
7.50 

6.35 



25 and 
under 
50 per 
cent. 



27.04 



26.95 
28.22 

25.35 
31.27 

26.91 

27.68 
22.82 
24.39 
24.35 
22.71 
31.07 
26.21 

25.55 

25.75 
17.51 
24.80 
23.82 

21.84 



50 and 
under 
75 per 

cent. 



23.63 



24.99 
23.52 

27.73 
20.33 

19.38 
31.12 
22.99 
24.87 
26.85 
23.37 
24.24 
24.14 

25.50 

22.65 
24.63 
23.81 
24.88 

20.87 



75 and ! 

under 100 per 
100 per 

cent. 



10.04 



11.27 
13.39 



ILll 

7.76 



8.45 



13.16 
10.40 
10.82 
10.93 
6.95 
7.60 

11.14 

11.68 
13.72 
10.44 
11.62 

9.59 



17.25 



18. 95 
16.71 



16.94 
15.26 



13.48 



25.33 
13.76 
14.82 
18.33 
9.49 
11.16 

16.50 

21.99 
32.83 
21.78 

18.52 

24.87 



Industry group. 



Total days 

of disabilitj' 

for which 

pensions 

were paid 

in 1897. 



Per cent of total days of disability for which pensions were 
paid in 1897 in cases sustaining a loss of earning power of— 



Under 
10 per 



10 and 
under 
15 per 
cent. 



15 and 
under 
20 per 
cent. 



20 and 
under 
25 per 
cent. 



25 and 
under 
50 per 
cent. 



50 and 
under 
75 per 
cent. 



75 and 
under 

100 per 
cent. 



100 per 
cent. 



Ail industrial accident 
associations (a) 

1 . Mining 

2. Quarrying 

3. Glass, pottery, and brick 

making 

4. Iron and steel 

5. Metal working, instruments, 

and musical instruments. . . 

6. Chemicals 

7. Gas and water works 

8. Textiles 

9. Paper and printing 

10. Leather and clothing 

11. Woodworking 

12. Food products 

13. Milling, sugar, dairying, dis- 

tilling, starch, and browing. 

14. Building trades (excluding 

state operations) 

15. Private railways 

1(). Storage and drayage 

17. Inland navigation 

18. Marine navigation (excluding 

state operations) 



62,517,066 



7.34 



21.34 



12.16 



10.92 



26.21 



12. 92 



5.03 



7, 693, 624 
2,269,546 

2,088,488 
11,038,021 

1,769,956 
1,534,192 
295, 705 
4, 680, 165 
1,991,596 
1,015,648 
4, 959, 915 
- 988,096 

5,346,050 

12,492,894 

341,302 

3,128,-300 

544,381 

339, 187 



4.47 
4.21 

5.54 
9.51 

11.80 

29.30 
2.20 

13.20 
9.77 
8.95 

10. 60 



3.79 

3.72 
1.71 
3.21 
3.79 



,97 



17.19 
18.06 

19.83 
22.73 

29.13 
22.01 
21.36 
24.10 
21.90 
25.12 
24.21 
27.46 

23.73 

18.51 
17.57 
20.09 
22.07 

27.07 



12.44 
10.82 

10.84 
12.97 

14.06 
9.04 
10.33 
13.15 
11.91 
11.86 
13.23 
14.32 

11.30 

11.47 
8.37 
11.72 
12.19 

15.37 



10.74 
11.14 

10.64 
10.90 

10.42 
12.40 
9.31 
9.78 
10. 69 
10.75 
10.54 
11.23 

10.91 

11.31 
9.64 
12.18 
11.82 

10.38 



28.75 
30.82 

26.49 
27.15 

20.73 
16.81 
25.76 
21.00 
22.98 
21.17 
2.). 25 
21.60 

26.20 

28.56 
23.38 
26.84 
24.69 

23.34 



15.06 
13.87 

16.42 
10.05 

8.17 
10.44 
15.35 
11.71 
14.11 
12.34 
11.38 
10.89 

14.49 

14.10 
18.96 
14.45 
14.73 

12.02 



5.10 
5.58 



4.83 
2.73 



6.25 
5.50 



5.41 
3.96 

3.01 



6.39 
3.78 
4.32 
4.56 
2.41 
2.63 

4.70 

5.18 
7.08 
4.53 
5.14 

4.12 



9.30 
3.28 
4.32 
5.25 
2.38 
2.78 

4.88 

7.15 
13.29 
6.98 
5.57 

6.73 



a Not including the subsidiary insurance institutes of the accident associations. 

The above table includes all disability cases on the pension rolls in 
1897, the total number of cases being 230,095. The average for all 
the accident associations shows that of the payments for disability 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1163 



pensions 27.04 per cent went for cases where the loss of earning power 
Avas 25 to 50 per cent and that 23.63 per cent went for cases with a 
loss of earning power of 50 to 75 per cent; the two classes together, 
therefore, ahsorbed over 50 per cent of the payments for disability- 
pensions. The separate groups of industries show some fluctuations 
from the average, as, for instance, the group private railwa3^s (15) has 
almost one-third of its disability-pension expenditures for cases of 
disability involving a loss of earning power of 100 per cent. 

The second half of the preceding table also includes all the disability 
cases on the pension rolls in 1897. The days of disability for which 
pensions were paid in that year showed that the highest number of 
days was for a loss of earning power of 25 to 50 per cent; the next 
highest number of days was for a loss of earning power of 10 to 15 per 
cent. Some of the separate groups of industries show wide variations 
from the average for all industries; in the chemical industries (6), for 
instance, the days of disabilit}^ were most frequent for cases involving 
a loss of earning i)ower of under 10 per cent, while in the private rail- 
ways (15) the days of disability for loss of earning power of 100 per 
cent was 13.29 days, or considerably in excess of the average. 

The average amount per day paid in pensions per case of disability, 
together with an average for each class of disability, for the 230,095 
cases on the pension rolls of the industrial accident associations in 
1897 is shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE DAILY AMOUNT OF A DISABILITY PENSION PAID TO INJURED PERSONS IN 
1897, BY DEGREE OF DISABILITY. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1900, II Beiheft.] 



Industry group. 



Average daily amount paid as pensions for a loss 
of earning power of— 



Un- 
der 
10 per 
cent 



All accident associations (a) SO. 02 

1. Mining 02 

2. Quarrying 02 

3. Glass, pottery, and brick making 02 

4. Iron and steel 02 

5. Metal working, instruments, and musi- 

cal instruments 

6. Chemicals 

7. Gas and water works i .02 

8. Textiles .02 

9. Paper and printing | .02 

10. Leather and clothing i .02 

11. Woodworking I .02 

12. Food products I .02 

13. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, j 

starch, and brewing '. I 

14. Building trades (excluding state operar j 

tions) ' 

15. Private railways ; 

16. Storage and dra j'age i 

17. Inland navigation I 

18. Marine navigation (excluding state oper- I 

ations) 



10 

and 

under 

15 per 

cent. 



SO. 04 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.04 

.04 
.07 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.04 
.04 
.04 

.04 

.04 
.04 
.04 
.04 

.03 



15 20 

and and 

underlunder 

20 per 25 per 

cent, cent 



SO. 05 
.00 
.05 
.05 



.06 
.10 
.06 
.04 
.05 
.05 
.05 
.05 

.00 

.05 
.06 
.05 
.06 

.05 



$0.07 



.06 



25 
and 



50 
and 



and 
under 



under 'under ,,w^ 
50 per 75 per '"^ 
cent. cent. ^P^j_ 



SO. 11 
.13 
.09 
.10 
.13 

.12 
.20 
.14 
.09 
.10 
.10 
.11 
.11 



SO. 20 
.24 
.17 
.17 
.23 

.23 
.36 
.23 
.16 
.18 
.18 
.19 
.20 

.20 

.20 
.23 
.20 
.21 



80.28 
.31 
.24 
.23 
.32 

.30 



.32 
.21 
.23 
.23 
.25 
.26 

.27 

.27 
.34 
.28 
.29 

.23 



100 
per 
cent. 



Average 

daily 
amount 
paid for 
all cases. 



SO. 11 
.14 
.10 
.10 
.11 

.10 
.12 
.15 
.08 
.09 
.10 
.09 
.09 



a Not including the subsidiary Institutes of the accident associations. 



1164 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



The average for all cases for all the accident associations was SO. 11 
per day; the average per day, of course, increases with the degree of 
disabiUty, being $0.38 per day for complete disablement. The 
highest average for all cases in any one of the industrial groups 
occurs in the case of the railways (15), where it is $0.18 per day. 
Of the 18 industrial groups, 6 pay an average in excess of $0.40 per 
day for total disablement, the highest being $0.44 in case of private 
railways (15). The textile group (8) shows the lowest average for 
all cases, the amount being $0.08 per day, and the amounts for the 
various degrees of disabilit}" being considerably below the average 
for all industries. 

Data relating to the immediate cause of the accident, such as the 
piece of machinery, the downfall of the roof of the mine, the fall 
from the ladder, etc., are of importance as disclosing the source of 
the accidents and thereby indicating the field to wliich efforts at 
accident prevention should be directed. The following tables shov/ 
the number of persons injured b}^ accidents due to the causes speci- 
fied for the period during which the accident insurance has been in 
operation: 

NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED IN ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED CAUSE, 

BY YEARS. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 18S7 to 1910.] 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. 



Year. 


ngines, power-transmission 
apparatus, and working 
machinery. 

levators, hoists, cranes, 
and lifting apparatus. 


is 

P. 

Hi 

s ^ ft 


^1 
II 
ft.2-2 

X w <u 




=3 


m S 


?^ >> 
a 

I! 


> CO 

^ 


a 

D 

a 
.2-^ 

s 


c 

1. 

Si 

a 

ft 
ft 


- 1 


S <^ m 

•=568 
i s 

2J& 

c3 w e3 


i 

s 

I 






S 1 w 


w 


» 







fx. 


^ l> 


^ 


m 


< 


13 


<; 


1880(a).... 


34' (&) 


5 


8 


9 


87 


41 


(b) \ (&) 


(b) 


(b) 


(b) 


(b) 


42 


ISSf) 


2,301 (6) 


44 


285 


488 


2,208 


1,820 


('') 1 (&) 


(i>) 


(b) 


(b) 


(b) 


2,579 


1887 


3,610 (6) 


87 


460 


477 


3,072 


2,92^ 


(«') 1 ib) 


(b) 


(b) 


(b) 


(b) 


5,340 


1888 


4, 1961 493 


88 


422 


64C 


3,465 


3,196 


2,155 1,077 


621 


210 


192 


1,277 


956 


1889 


4,757 


643 


197 


378 


685 


4,218 


3,872 


2,397 1,459 


863 


289 


224 


1,436 


1,352 


1890 


5,926 


775 


159 


358 


882 


4,740 


. 4,346 


3,258j 1,663 


910 


371 


2S9 


1,614 


1,730 


1891 


6,145 


826 


147 


362 


1,004 


5,106 


4,833 


3,597 1,877 


812 


396 


285 


l,778j 1,823 


1892 


5, 837 


842 


129 


432 


938 


5, 424 


5,025 


3,5491 1,838 


842 


331 


322 


l,949i 1,988 


1893 


6,212 


884 


161 


408 


1,082 


5,803 


5,662 
5,770 


3,774 1,988 
4,073l 2,022 


983 


323 


363 


2,098 
2,346 


2,28.5 
2, 266 


1894 


6, 8.58 


1,035 


156 


405 


997 


6,115 


944 


372 


380 


1895 


7,119! 1,104 


198 


41;^ 


1,104 


6,083 


6, 27G 


4,315 


1,977 


919 


404 


401 


2,595 


1,886 


189.) 


8,096 


1,260 


167 


3S4 


1,324 


7,055 


7,039 


4, 882 


2,419 


1,124 


430 


494 


2,833 


2,162 


1897 


9,0(38 


1,576 


189 


436 


1,334 


7,489 


7,371 


5,322 


2, 308 


1,510 


526 


491 


3, 123 


2, 158 


1898 


9,795 


1,670 


136 


424 


1,797 


7,973 


7, 681 


5,577 


2, 455 


1,736 


503 


583 


3,290 


2,510 


1899 


10,561 


1,860 


169 


471 


1,721 


8,610 


8,194 


6,213 


2,857 


1,992 


622 


634 


3,781 


2,715 


1900 


11,248 


2,007 


173 


506 


1,942 


8, 587 


8,871 


6,363 


3.046 


2,202 


579 


685 


3,565 


3,130 


1901 


11,671 


2,159 


163 


541 


2,092 


9, 168 


9,209 


7,031 


3, 520 


2,520 


591 


804 


4,116 


3,178 


1902 


11,714 


2, 122 


154 


495 


1,781 


9, 780 


9,526 


7,551 


3,799 


2,588 


641 


8.51 


4,506 


3,119 


1903 


12, 137 


2.418 


189 


563 


1,780 


9,977 


9, 826 


8, 451 


4,199 


2,828 


658 


1,044 


4,589 


3,319 


1904 


13,148; 2,506 


175 


483 


2,183 


10, 451 


10, 715 


9, 260 


4,363 


3,096 


698 


1,167 


6. 209 


3,298 


1905 


14,094 


2, 556 


181 


476 


2,202 


10, 762 


11,367 


9,620 


4,644 


3.034 


650 


1,218 


5,487 


3,403 


190»i 


15,012 


2,859 


196 


490 


2.335 


11.715 


11,505 


9.876 


4, 846 


3.411 


667 


1.272 


5,260 


3,226 


1907 


15, 897 


3, 145 


18(1 


519 


2, 641 


11,932 


12,247 


10, 476 


5,304 


3,6SS 


719 


1,271 


5,256 


3,4.33 


1908 


15, 286 


3,277 


189 


528 


2,767 


11,612 


11,74.3 


10, 786 


5,162 


3,973 


619 


1,147 


5,389 3,352 



a For the last three months of the year. 



b Included ia all other causes. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1165 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED IN ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED CAUSE, 

BY YEARS— Concluded. 

AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 18S3 TO 1908. 



Year. 


agines, power-transmission 
apparatus, and working 
machinery. 


u 

la 

o a 

11 


a, 

1 

i 


3 

-is 

B 


II- 

X y] o 


2 


s 

3 




-a 




II 
II 

a 


m 
m 

gS§ 

i;- 

=11 


oading and unloading by 
hand, by hoisting, carry- 
ing, etc. 


Hi 
lli 


a 

s 

H 




■e 

i| 

to 
a 

a. 


fll 

Hi 

m 
■3^2 

Isl 


III 


i 
i 

1 






pq 


W 


M 




W 







i^ 


^ i> 


« 


«3 


-< 


^ 


< 


188,S 


92 


. 




1 


4 




1 


47 


211 


20 


204 


3 


2 


131 


32 


59 


1889 


1,014 


5 




1 


26 




15 


648 


1,562 


286 


1,447 


12 


31 


716 


315 


5.53 


1890 


1,756 


34 






41 




1f< 


1,027 
2,323 


3,0(51 
4,050 


634 


2,559 


22 


38 


1 518 


693 


1 172 


1891 


2,627 


120 




2 


102; 


171 


1,345 


3,888 


39 


18 


2, .313 


1,278 


1,083 


1892 


2,796 


IV 




2 


lOOj 


50 


1,497 


6,568 


1,448 


4,449 


25 


36 


2, 727 


1,680 


1,836 


1893 


2,907 


14' 


2 


99 


110 


1,775 


7,762 


1,812 


5,020 


22 


17 


3,465 


2,102 


2,446 


1894 


3,019 


16: 


10 


131 


lOti 


2, 2.50 


9, 045 


2,324 


5,873 


3J> 


17 


3,906 


2, 550 


3, 20 5 


1895 


3,777 


28; 


11 


100 


16/ 


2,353 


10,851 


2,635 


6,440 


50 


28 


4, 661 


2,824 


3, 4.58 


1895 


3,718 


14. 


8 


145; 


196 


3, 045 


12,346 


2,979 


7,260 


45 


30 


5, 7.56 


3, 687 


3, 706 


1897 


3,834 


13i 


6 


122 


180 


2,939 


13,601 


3,378 


7,479 


41 


21 


6,091 


3, 731 


4,003 


1898 


4,076 


21 


16 


137 


323 


3,003 


13, 903 


3,804 


7,886 


6C 


32 


6,651 


3,940 


3,831 


1899 


4,395 


20' 


23 


111 


368 


3, 282 


14,920 


3, 737 


8,771 


53 


26 


7, 089 


4, 193 


4,299 


1900 


4,153 


24' 


13 


94 


314 


2,874 


14,847 


3,984! 8,669 


54 


33 


6,921 


4, 131 


4,200 


1901 


4,416 


39; 


20 


152 


530 


3,524 


16,370 


4,190| 9,502 


60 


20 


7,703 


4, 690 


4,767 


1902 


4,521 


38 


19 


190| 


543 


3,648 


16,610 


4,654 9,992 


72 


32 


8,149 


4,906 


4,560 


1903 


5,034 


50 


24 


175| 


732 


3,693 


18, 013 


5,27110,715 


90 


42 


8,771 


5,494 


4,293 


1904 


5,079 


54' 


17 


190. 


731 


4,167 


18, 825 


5,467111.206 


90 


42 


9,773 


5, 530 


4,832 


1905 


4,950 


32 




18 


288 




761 


4,034 


18, 879 


5,952ill,535 


112 


44 


9, 405 


5,448 


4,877 


190-5 


4,719 


35 




16 


193 




844 


3,862 


17,230 


5,617 10,901 


98 


37 


9, 274 


5, 052 


4,009 


1907 


5,094 






12 


196 




822 


3,834 


17,609 


5,59310,78.3 


119 


34 


9,420 


5,069 


4,036 


1908 


4,786 






21 


207 




807 


3,954 


17,110 


5,599 11,157 


104 


32 


9,246 


4,706 


3,820 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1885 TO 1908. 



1885(a). 



1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 



1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
19a5. 
1903. 
1907. 
1908. 



5 


(^) 


4 


55 


(b) 


15 


60 


(b) 


1 


71 


10 


4 


66 




4 


95 


15 


9 


147 


32 


7 


93 


42 


10 


117 


44 


7 


1.30 


36 


25 


93 


38 


5 


94 


37 


6 


105 


42 


11 


121 


39 


8 


138 


38 


16 


129 


57 


12 


1.36 


50 


IC 


1.37 


46 


9 


140 


58 


21 


137 


60 


15 


114 


84 


21 


161 


64 


18 


145 


94 


21 


184 


91 


16 



2 


1 


3 


(b) 


13 


52 


102 


(&) 


8 


77 


149 


(b) 


10 


107 


204 


174 


16 


298 


238 


273 


24 


362 


280 


304 


30 


417 


3.30 


412 


22 


443 


307 


469 


20 


443 


388 


492 


22 


572 


417 


479 


24 


535 


474 


489 


41 


637 


486 


634 


25 


619 


573 


588 


29 


645 


536 


655 


26 


624 


587 


605 


33 


583 


648 


641 


37 


674 


655 


646 


41 


759 


659 


710 


46 


794 


805 


780 


39 


707 


847 


737 


43 


715 


798 


812 


50 


770 


731 


742 


50 


703 


842 


716 


57 


740 


909 


769 



(b) 
(b) 
(&) 



(6) 
(b) 
(b) 

612 
676 
827 
943 
885 
807 



100 
91 

154 902 

134 1,031 

136 1,071 

141 1,090 

121 1,069 

129 1,025 

159i 1,011 

151 1,058 

139 1,249 

144, 1,259 
1,401 
L.411 



76l| 
745i 



198 
193 



(b) 
(b) 



(b) 
(^) 
(b) 



(b) 

{b) 
125 
217 
228 
294 
322 
303 
352 
357 
449 
411 
446 
449 
453 
465 
456 
526 
530 
522 
568! 
520 
530 



556 
&34 
76 
161 
210 
160 
305 
396 
418 
399 
485 
462 
495 
56) 
554 
609 
655 
542 
524 
482 
528 
500 
483 



a For the last three months of the year. 



t> Included in all other causes. 



The accidents included in the preceding tables are only those 
causing disability of 13 weeks or more. 

In the industrial accident associations, the principal cause of acci- 
dents is that given in the first column of the table and designated as 
engines (prime movers), power-transmission apparatus, etc.; this 



1166 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. 



cause of accidents is not only the leading cause throughout the period 
but has increased rapidly during this time. The 3 causes designated 
as collapse, downfall of materials, etc., as falls from ladders, etc., and 
as loading and unloading show large numbers of accidents and the 
4 causes together were responsible in 1908 for injuries to 49,427 per- 
sons out of the total of 75,830 injured persons included in the table 
for the industrial accident associations. 

In the table for the agricultural accident associations the cause 
designated as falls from ladders, stairs, etc., shows by far the greatest 
number of injured persons; the two causes, accidents from vehicles 
and accidents from animals rank next in order in the number of per- 
sons injured and the 3 causes together were responsible in 1908 for 
the injuries to 37,513 persons out of the total of 61,609 injured per- 
sons included in the table for the agricultural accident associations. 

PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED 
[Source: Statistik der Arbelterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885 to 1903. A preliminary 



Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 



Accident associations for industries of— 



Mining 

Quarrying 

Instruments, etc 

Iron and steel 

Metal working 

Musical instruments 

Glass working 

Pottery, etc 

Brick and tile making 

Chemicals 

Gas and water works 

Textiles 

Paper making 

Paper products 

Leather 

Woodworking 

MiUing 

Food products 

Sugar 

Dairying, distilling, and starch 

tli ewing and maltmg 

Tobacco 

Clothing 



Total 
killed 
and 

injured. 



11,360 

2,639 

1,467 

14, 942 

1,533 

225 

347 

310 

1,931 

2,038 

435 

2,570 

730 

500 

523 

5,203 

1,012 

781 

506 

409 

1,608 

81 

043 



Per cent of 

accidents due 

to each group 

of causes. 



Ma- 
chin- 
ery. 



16.00 
14.17 
44.31 
32.95 
61.90 
61.33 
16.71 
29. 03 
22.53 
23. 11 
7.82 
57.32 
47.81 
70.00 
42.26 
58.93 
42.89 
32.05 
28. 06 
22.00 
12.00 
37. 04 
05.79 



All 
other 
causes. 



84.00 
85.83 
55.69 
67. 05 
38.10 
38.67 
83.29 
70.97 
77.47 
76.89 
92.18 
42. 68 
52.19 
30.00 
57.74 
41.07 
57.11 
67.35 
71.34 
78.00 
88.00 
62. 96 
34.21 



Per cent of accidents 
due to each speci- 
fied cause. 



Machinery. 



En- 
gines, 
mo- 
tors, 
etc. 



0.50 
.45 

1.77 
.84 



.58 

.65 

.83 

.93 

1.61 

1.13 

.83 

.40 

.77 

.58 

1.68 

1.41 

1.39 

2.20 

1.43 

1.23 

.93 



Power 
trans- 
mis- 
sion, 
etc. 



0.64 
1.55 
1.50 
1.22 
2.08 
2.22 
2.02 
3.23 
2.44 
1.86 
.23 
3.74 
5.75 
1.20 
2.68 
1.79 
9.98 
1.15 
3.95 
4.64 
1.99 
1.23 
1.87 



Work- 
ing 
ma- 
chin- 
ery, 
etc. 



3.06 

5.99 
37.22 
22.97 
57.14 
57.78 
13.82 
22.25 
13.67 
17.03 

2.76 
50.78 
37.26 
67.20 
36.52 
55.43 
23.32 
27.27 
13.64 
11.74 

4.C6 
33.35 
01.12 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1167 



The data in the table for the accidents to persons employed in 
establishments, etc., conducted by public authorities are influenced 
bv the presence of the government railways; the number of persons 
injured by accidents caused by railway operation is much in excess 
of that due to any other cause; 3 of the other causes, namely, falls 
from ladders, etc., loading and unloading, etc., and collapse, down- 
fall of materials, etc., were also prominent, and in 1908 the 4 together 
were responsible for the accidents causing injuries to 3,829 persons 
out of the total of 5,526 injured persons included in the table. 

The causes of the accidents in each industry in the year 1907 are 
shown in the following table; the first column presents the abso- 
lute figures, while the rest of the table shows the proportion of the 
accidents due to each cause. 



CAUSE, BY ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1907. 

statement of a special investigation of industrial accidents compensated for the first time in 1907.] 



Per cent of accidents due to each specified cause. 




Eleva- 
tors, 
cranes, 
etc. 


Steam- 
boil- 
ers, 

steam 
pip- 


Explo- 
sive 
mate- 
rials 

(explo- 
sions 
of 


In- 
flam- 
mable, 
hot, 
and 
corro- 
sive 


Col- 
lapse, 
down- 
fall, 
etc., of 
mate- 


Falls 
from 
ladder, 
stairs, 
etc., 
into 


Load- 
ing 
and 
un- 
load- 
ing 
by 


Ve- 
hicles 
(run 
over 

etc.). 


Rail- 
way 
opera- 
tions 
(run- 


Ship- 

trans- 

porta- 

tion 


Ani- 
mals 
(push, 
blow, 
bite, 


Hand- 
tools, 
simple 
instru- 
ments 
(ham- 
mer. 


All 
other 
causes. 


Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 




ing, 
etc. 


pow- 
der. 


mate- 
rials. 


rials, 
etc. 


tions, 
etc. 


hand, 
hoists, 


etc). 


by 

water. 


etc.). 


spade. 










etc.). 


etc. 




etc. 










etc.). 






11.80 


0.24 


2.02 


4.18 


32.61 


6.35 


6.38 


0.47 


21.85 




0.82 


2.22 


6.86 


1 


6.18 


.08 


3.75 


1.29 


18.72 


9.52 


15.61 


5.15 


13.79 


6.72 


1.14 


4.81 


11.25 


2 


3.82 


.20 


.27 


3.34 


9.75 


8.79 


9.61 


3.07 


1.64 






4.50 


14.52 


3 


7.92 


.17 


.19 


6.76 


9.45 


8.10 


15.69 


3.05 


5.99 


.15 


1.01 


6.20 


10.29 


4 


1.96 


.13 


.26 


3.98 


6.39 


5.81 


8.74 


2.15 


1.11 


.07 


.13 


3.52 


5.81 


5 


1.33 


.44 




.44 


6.67 


7.12 


13.78 


.89 






.44 


3.11 


5.78 


6 


.29 




.29 


5.19 


6.34 


16.43 


17.87 


5.76 


6.05 


.29 


1.15 


1.15 


22.77 


7 


2. CO 


.32 





2.58 


8.39 


13.55 


17.74 


7.74 


4.84 




1.61 


2.58 


11.62 


8 


5.59 


.26 


.16 


1.35 


15.37 


7.92 


12.38 


13.88 


15.43 


.47 


2.64 


2.43 


5.18 


9 


1 3.29 


.25 


2.01 


14.92 


7.21 


11.38 


16.19 


5.89 


5.35 


.20 


.88 


3.24 


9.37 


10 


3.22 
1.X7 






8.05 
2.08 


14.94 
5.72 


18.62 
11.27 


16.54 
9.77 


8.51 
3.35 


6.44 

.86 


.40 


■".'■to' 


5.98 
1.87 


12.64 
5.99 


11 


.43 


.04 


12 


3.97 


.55 




3.29 


7.40 


9.86 


14.24 


4.93 


2.47 


.41 


.14 


3.42 


5.48 


13 


1.20 


.40 




.80 


5.60 


7.00 


6.80 


2.80 


.20 




.80 


2.80 


2.80 


14 


2.29 


.57 




9.37 


6.12 


16.83 


9.75 


2.68 


.57 




.57 


5.35 


5.93 


15 


1.13 


.08 


.02 


.73 


7.11 


6.21 


11.85 


4.82 


1.46 


.08 


.65 


3.52 


4.54 


16 


7.91 


.20 


.20 


.40 


6.13 


8.10 


14.92 


14.31 


2.27 




3. 66 


2.47 


4.45 


17 


2.82 






3.84 


7.17 


15.11 


13.06 


8.07 


.64 


.13 


2.94 


3.33 


12.29 


18 


9.G8 


.40 




4.94 


11.66 


13.83 


12.45 


4.15 


13.83 




.40 


3.36 


6.32 


19 


, 3.42 


1.22 


.24 


4.40 


8.31 


15.40 


17.39 


14.91 


3.67 


.24 


3.67 


2.93 


5.62 


23 


3.92 


.31 




3.17 


7.59 


15.98 


24.89 


20.27 


1.24 




4.60 


1.31 


8.64 


21 


1.23 






1.23 


3.70 


17.28 


14.81 


4.94 






1.23 


6.19 


13.58 


22 


1.87 


.47 




2.02 


4.04 


7.78 


5.44 


3.73 


.ie 




.31 


3.11 


7.15 


23 



1168 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED 



Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 



Accident associations for Industries of— 



Total 

killed 

and 

injured 



Per cent of 
accidents due 
to each group 

of causes. 



Ma- 
chin- 
ery. 



All 
other 
causes. 



Per cent of accidents 
due to each speci- 
fied cause. 



Machinery. 



En- 
gines, 
mo- 
tors, 
etc. 



Power 
trans- 
mis- 
sion, 
etc. 



Work- 
ing 
ma- 
chin- 
ery, 
etc. 



24 Chimney sweeping 

25 Building trades 

26 Printing trades 

27 Private railways 

28 Street railways and small steam railways 

29 Storage 

30 Drayage, hauling, etc 

31 Inland navigation 

32 Marine navigation 

33 Engineering (underground) construction 

34 Butchering, meat packing, etc 

Public works: 

35 Naval establishments 

3G Military establishments 

37 Post and telegraph 

38 State railways 

39 Towing, lighterage, etc 

40 State building operations 

11 State navigation 

42 Provincial and communal building operations 
Total: 

43 Nonfatal injuries 

44 Fatal injuries 

45 AH injuries 



34 

11,685 

428 

168 

496 

3,900 

2,500 

751 

589 

2,371 

1,120 

94 

155 

122 

3,162 

67 

234 

1 

474 

73, 824 

6,320 

80, 144 



10.55 
57.71 

5.36 

5.85 
12.74 

2.04 
16.25 
18. C8 

5.65 
20.98 

32.98 
26.45 
1.64 
4.90 
14.93 
6.41 



2.11 

25.71 
14.59 

24.83 



100. 00 
89.45 
42.29 
94.64 
94.15 
87.26 
97.96 
83.75 
81.32 
94.35 
79.02 

67.02 
73.55 
98.36 
95. 10 
85.07 
93.59 
100. 00 
97.89 

74.29 
85. 41 
75.17 



0.19 
.93 
.60 



13 



2.40 

6.62 

.42 

.54 

1.06 
1.29 



0.39 
.24 



.27 
.17 
.17 
.18 

2.13 



03 



1.10 

2.47 
1.21 



6.90 

50. 07 

2.97 

4.44 

3.05 

1.04 

.27 

1.53 

1.81 

19.72 

18.09 
20.00 
1.64 
2.47 
4.48 
1.71 



1.27 

18.61 

2.78 
17.36 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1169 

CAUSE, BY ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1907— Concluded. 



Per cent of accidents duo to each specified cause. 




Eleva- 


Steam- 
lx)il- 


Explo- 
sive 

mate- 
rials 


In- 
flam- 
mable 
hot, 


Col- 
lapse, 
down- 


Falls 

from 
ladder, 
stairs, 

etc., 

into 
excava- 
tions, 

etc. 


Load- 
ing 
and 
un- 


Ve- 
hicles 
(run- 
over, 
etc.). 


Rail- 
wiiy 


Ship- 
ping 
and 


Ani- 
mals 


Hand 
tools, 
simple 
instru- 




Mar- 
ginal 
num- 
ber. 


tors, 

cranes, 

etc. 


steam 
pip- 
ing, 
etc 


(explo- 
sions 

of 
X>ow- 
der, 


and 
corro- 
sive 
mate- 
rials 


fall, 
etc., of 
mate- 
rials, 
etc. 


load- 
ing 

hand, 
hoists, 


tions 
(nin- 
over, 
etc.). 


trans- 
porta- 
tion 
by 
water. 


(push, 
blow, 
bite, 
etc.). 


ments 
(ham- 
mer, 
ax, 
spade, 


All 
other 
causes. 






etc.). 


etc. 




etc. 










etc.). 












8.82 
2.M 


44.12 
27.27 


38.24 
23.96 


2.94 
14.88 


5.88 
5.87 












24 


3.07 


0.03 


0.33 


1.97 


0.09 


0.55 


4.03 




7.83 


25 


.47 
1.79 
1.41 






1.87 
3.57 
1.41 


3.27 
3.57 
5.65 


18.46 
10.71 
13.31 


5.61 
9.52 
11.09 


5.14 
3.57 
4.64 


.70 
56.55 
44.14 




1.17 


.93 

.60 

3.02 


5.14 
6.55 
9.07 


26 






27 


1.01 






.81 


28 


9.43 


.05 


.OS 


1.00 


10.21 


11.64 


28.53 


18.18 


3.33 


2.66 


4.21 


1.95 


6.08 


29 


1.00 




.08 


.36 


2.48 


4.52 


20.80 


50. 20 


2.96 


.08 


13.84 


.76 


1.88 


30 


13.31 


.67 




1.20 


3.99 


10.92 


11.85 


1.73 


1.46 


45.14 


.27 


2.26 


4.26 


31 


10. 3G 


.17 




1.19 


4.58 


12. 22 


4.75 


.68 




47.03 


.17 


2.55 


7.98 


32 


3.2.5 


.04 


1.35 


2.95 


16.79 


10.54 


2f).84 


5.90 


21.34 


1.10 


.63 


3.42 


9.45 


33 


.54 


.09 


.09 


2.05 


2.68 


10.00 


6.96 


6.61 


.54 




10.30 


34.01 


5.63 


34 


11.70 




3.19 


2.13 


5.32 


13.83 


9.57 


4.26 


2.13 


3.19 




9.57 


13.83 


^, 


5.1G 


.65 


3.23 


1.94 


8.39 


13.55 


20.62 


4.52 


1.29 






7.10 


12.26 


36 








1.64 
1.33 


11.48 
5.04 


20.49 
9.96 


9.02 
19.58 


16.39 
1.80 


4.10 
45.95 


'"."69' 


1.64 
.06 


8.20 
3.35 


25.40 
7.92 


37 


2.25 




.03 


38 


10.45 








7.46 


13.43 


29.85 


17.91 


5.97 


4.48 






5.97 


39 


4.27 




.80 


1.28 


9.83 


15.81 


14.53 


9.40 


4.70 


12.82 


.43 


8.55 


15.38 
100.00 
21.73 


40 
41 


.42 




.42 


2.11 


10.97 


18.14 


16.24 


16.24 


3.39 


.84 


2.11 


5.70 


42 


5.33 


.14 


.49 


3.15 


14.35 


11.18 


14.97 


6.54 


8.54 


.0.5 


1.64 


4.37 


8.27 


43 


8.64 


.59 


2.28 


9.08 


20.33 


11.90 


5.46 


8.62 


15.35 


5.71 


1.42 


.68 


3.99 


44 


5.59 


.17 


.63 


3.62 


14.82 


11.24 


14.22 


6.71 


9.08 


1.05 


1.62 


4.08 


7.93 


45 



1170 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The table is a preliminary statement of the data obtained by the 
special investigation of the industrial accidents compensated for the 
first time in 1907. The scope of the investigation is indicated by 
the total line (at the bottom of the table) , showing that in all over 
80,000 accidents were included in the report. 

Of the total for all the accidents (given in the bottom line of the 
table), it may be said that about one-fourth are caused by machinery 
and three-fourths by all other causes. Among the causes specified 
in the table, accidents due to operating machinery showed the 
highest percentage; those due to collapse, downfall of material, etc., 
ranked next in order; loading, unloading, etc., and falls from ladders, 
stairs, etc., were the only other causes responsible for over 10 per 
cent of the total of the accidents. 

The fatal accidents are conspicuously due to collapse and fall of 
materials, etc., over one-fifth of the deaths being due to this cause; 
the only other causes responsible for 10 per cent of the deaths were 
those designated as railway operation with 15.35 per cent of the total, 
and as falls from ladders, stairs, etc., with 11.90 per cent of the total. 
These 3 causes together were responsible for over 47 per cent of all 
the fatal accidents. 

With one exception, the leading causes of the nonfatal accidents 
are the same as for the fatal accidents. The cause designated as 
operating machinery, etc., was responsible for the highest proportion 
of the accidents, having 18.61 per cent of the total; the cause loading, 
unloading, etc., had 14.97 per cent; that of collapse, downfall of 
material, etc., had 14.35 per cent, and that of falls from ladders, 
stairs, etc., had 11.18 per cent. Together, these 4 causes were 
responsible for over 59 per cent of all the nonfatal accidents. 

For the separate industries the causes specified in the tables are of 
varying importance, as for instance in the paper products industry 
accidents due to operating machinery formed 67.20 per cent of the 
accidents in that industry, while causes responsible for one-third or 
more of the accidents are frequently met with in the different indus- 
tries. 

The average compensation paid for the accidents due to the vari- 
ous causes is shown in the table on page 1135. 

Estimates of the loss of earning power made at the time the acci- 
dent occurred are necessarily imperfect; while those made 1 year 
after the date of the accident must frequently be revised, they are 
regarded by the officials of the insurance system as sufficiently definite 
to form the basis of studying the relative frequency of serious and 
other accidents in the different industries. The following table shows 
the proportion of accidents by degree of loss of earnhig power which 
had occurred in 1904 and which were still being compensated about 
1 year later: 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1171 



DEGREE OF DISABILITY OF PERSONS INJURED IN 1904, ABOUT 1 YEAR AFTER 
COMPENSATION WAS FIRST DETERMINED, BY INDUSTRIES. 

[Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Rcichs, 188o to 1900.] 



Industry. 



Injured per- 
sons coni- 
pensaled for 
the first time 
in 1904. 



Num- 
ber. 



Per 
cent 

of 
total. 



Per cent of injured persons to 
whom the injuries resulted 
in — 



Loss of earning power 
of— 



Less 
than 
25 
per 
cent. 



and 

under 

50 

per 
cent 



50 
and 
under 
75 
per 
cent, 



75 
per 

cent 
and 

over. 



Death 



Number of cases per 1,000 
full-time workers in which 
the injuries resulted in— 



Loss of earning 
power of — 



Less 
than 
25 
per 
cent 



25 ! 50 
and and 



un- 
der 
50 
per 



un- 
der 
75 
per 



cent, cent 



l)er 
cent 
and 
over. 



Death. 



1. ^lining 

2. C^uarrying 

3. Glass, pottery, and 

brickmaking" 

4. Iron and steel 

5. Metal working, instru- 

ments, and musical 
instruments 

C. Chemicals 

7. Gas and water works. 

S. Textiles 

9. Paper and printing... 

10. Leather and clothing . 

11. Woodworkinc 

12. Food products 

13. Milling, sugar, dairy- 

ing, distilling, starch, 
and brewing 

14. Building trades (ex- 

cluding state opera- 
tions) 

15. Private railways 

1(5. Storage and drayage.. 

17. Inland navigation 

18. Marine naviL'ation (ex- 

cluding state opera- 
tions) 

19. Establishments of the 

military and naval 
administrations 

20. Public building opera- 

tions( including local 
governments) 

21. Government railroads, 

postal and telegraph 
systems 

22. State establishments 

engaged in naviga- 
tion, dredging, etc.. 

23. Agriculture and for- 

estry, private opera- 
tions 

24. Agriculture and for- 

estry, state opera- 
tions 

Total •- 

All industries ex- 
cept agrir-ulture 
and forestry 

Aericulture and for- 
estry 



9,931 
2, .347 



2, 288 
12, r.73 



2,. 342 
1,535 
384 
2,443 
1,447 
1,095 
4,479 
1,792 



3,559 



12,415 

541 

4,760 

756 



418 

2S2 

G03 

3,048 

82 

66,003 

902 



136, 125 

G9, 220 
66,905 



7.30 



1.68 
9.31 



1 
1.13 

.28 
1.80 
1.0( 

.SC 
3.29 
1.32 



2.61 



9.12 
.40 

3.50 
.56 



.31 
.21 
.23 
2.44 
.06 
48.49 
.66 



64. 03 
64. 25 



64. 55 
72, 10 



77. 08 
69. 00 
()4. 59 
71.51 
70.84 
64.29 
74. 83 
79. 35 



68. 69 



64. 46 
62. 66 
66. 56 
55.15 



00. 1 4 
49.29 
35.16 
34.45 
52.44 
64.77 
30.93 



100.00 

50.85| 
49. 15' 



66.29 



17.01 
17.09 



18.44 
16.20 



13. 96 
15.24 
17.18 

15. 63 

16. .37 
17.90 
16. 11 
12.56 



16. 38 



18.38 
14.79 
16.74 
15. 35 



12.68 
19.50 
30.85 
16.60 
18.29 
22.23 
27.94 



4.22 
4.94 



5.34 

3.56 



2.73 
5.73 
4.43 
6.47 
5.25 
5.84 
3.78 
3.18 



3.94 



4.92 
3.69 
3.91 
4.76 



3.11 
12.77 
16.25 
11.52 
12.19 

5.05 
16. 30 



2.84 
4.00 



3.41 
2.93 



3.50 
2.93 
4.42 
2.18 
3.88 
7.68 
1.39 
1.84 



3.01 



3.87 
7.77 
.3.61 
3.44 



5.98 
10. 28 

9.12 
21. 55 

6.10 

3.48 
18.18 



11.90 
9.72 



8.26 
5.21 



2.73 

7.10 

9.38 

4.21 

3.66 

4.29 

3. 

3.07 



7.98 



8.37 
11.09 

9.18 
21.30 



22.49 
8.16 
8.62 
15.88 
10.98 
4.47 
6.65 



9.90 
9.53 



4.24 
8.11 



4.90 
5, 
4. .38 
2.15 
?. 23 
2.53 
9.49 
4.02 



8. 51 



7.54 
4.19 
9.53 
8.29 



3.75 
2.64 
2.53 
2.53 
6.59 
3.82 
1.19 



2. 63 
2.53 



1.21 

1.82 



1..32 
1.16 
.47 
.75 
.70 
2.04 
.64 



2.03 



2.15 

.99 

2. .39 

2.30 



.85 
1.04 
2.22 

1. 22 

2. .30 
1.31 
1.07 



0.65 
.73 



49 



.21 
.68 

1.17 
.85 

1.53 
..30 
.63 



0.44 
.60 



.40 
.55 
.65 

1.58 

•"I 

I 
.21 

.70 



1.84 
1.44 



.54 
.59 



.17 
.61 
.64 
.13 
.17 
.17 
.49 
.16 



,99 



.74 
L31 
3.20 



L51 
.44 
.62 
1.17 
1.38 
.26 
.26 



16.80 



4.77 



4.13 



8.01 



6.18 



1. 57 



38, 



Of the accidents included in the preceding table approximately 
one-half are industrial (including the building trades and navigation) 
and one-half agricultural. Of the industrial accidents the largest 
number, or 9.31 per cent of the total, occurred in the iron and steel 
industry; the building trades, with 9.12 per cent of the accidents, 



1172 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOIs^ER OF LABOR. 

ranked second, while the mining industry, with 7.30 per cent of the 
accidents, ranked third. These 3 industries produced, therefore, 
approximately one-half of the industrial accidents included in the 
table. 

The important feature of the table is rather the information which 
it conveys as to the severity of the injuries caused by the accidents in 
the various industries than the proportion of the total number of acci- 
dents in each industry. Two industries, navigation on the high seas 
and navigation on inland water wa3^s, are conspicuous for their high 
proportion of fatal accidents; of the accidents occurring in marine 
navigation in 1904, about 22.50 per cent were fatal; of the accidents 
occurring in navigation on inland waterways, 21.3 per cent were fatal. 
No other industry had a proportion of fatal accidents in excess of 
20 per cent. The state railways had 15.88 per cent of fatal accidents 
(the difference between the proportions for state and private roads 
is due to the fact that the principal lines are state roads, while private 
lines include only the unimportant roads); the state establishments 
for marine navigation, etc., had 10.98 per cent of fatal accidents. 
The proportion of fatalities for the mining industries was 11.90 per 
cent, while quarrying ranked next with 9.72 per cent. The lowest 
proportion of fatal accidents was shown by the group designated as 
metal working, instruments, etc. (number 5), which had 2.73 per 
cent of its accidents resulting in death. The proportion of accidents 
resulting in loss of earning power of 75 per cent or over is naturally 
high in the various government establishments where special con- 
ditions prevail (manufacture of explosives, etc.). None of the other 
industries had 10 per cent of accidents causing disability of 75 per 
cent. Aside from the industries mentioned, the highest proportion 
of disabilities of 75 per cent occurred in the leather and clothing 
group (number 10) with 7.68 per cent and in the private raihvay 
establishments with 7.77 per cent. The lowest proportion of these 
disabilities is shown by the woodworking industries with 1.39 per 
cent. 

The industries with the highest proportion of accidents causing the 
least degree of disability — i. e., disability of 25 per cent or less — are 
the food products group (number 12) with 79.35 per cent, the metal- 
working, instruments, etc., group (number 5) with 77.08 per cent, 
the woodworking group (number 11) with 74.83 per cent, the iron 
and steel group (number 4) with 72.10 per cent, the textile group 
(number 8) with 71.51 per cent, and the paper and printing group 
(number 9) with 70.84 per cent. 

The best index of the relative frequency of accidents of varying 
degrees of severity is the rate per 1,000 full-time workers for each 
class of accident. According to the last column in the table, the 
group designated as navigation on inland waterways (number 17) had 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1173 



the highest rate of fatalities, there being 3.20 deaths per 1,000 full- 
time workers in 1904. The nearest approach to this rate occurs in 
the mining industry (number 1) where the rate was 1.84 deaths per 
1,000 full-time workmen. Not including the government establish- 
ments, the following groups had fatal accidents in excess of 1.00 per 
1,000 full-time workers: Marine navigation (number 18) with 1.51; 
quaiTving (number 2) with 1.44; and storage, drayage, etc. (number 
16) with 1.31 per 1,000 full-time workers. The lowest rate for 
fatalities was shown by the textile industries (number 8) with 0.13 
per 1,000 full-time workers. The groups having the highest rates for 
the disabilities of 75 per cent or over were: Quarrying (number 2) 
with 0.60 per 1,000 full-time workers, while the three groups of pri- 
vate railways (15), storage, drayage, etc. (16), and navigation on 
inland waterways (17) each had rates of 0.52 per 1,000 full-time 
workers. The textile group (number 8) had the lowest rate for this 
class of accidents, with 0.06 per 1,000 full-time workers. The acci- 
dents resulting in disability of less than 25 per cent occurred most 
frequently in the following groups of industries: Mining (1) with 9.90; 
quarrying (2) with 9.53; storage, drayage, etc. (16) with 9.53; and 
woodworking (11) with 9.49 per 1,000 full-time workers. None of the 
other groups had rates in excess of 9.00 per 1,000 full-time workers. 
The textile industry (number 8) had practically the lowest rates for 
all classes of accidents. 

The importance of the various classes of accidents to the industrial 
accident insurance associations is shown in the following table: 

PER CENT OF TOTAL PENSIONS PAID AND OF TOTAL DAYS FOR WHICH PENSIONS 
WERE PAID BY THE INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, BY DEGREE OF DISA- 
BILITY, 1897. 

[Source: Amlliche Nachrichten des R<.ichs-\'ersicherungsamts 1909, II Beiheft.] 



Per cent of loss of earning power. 



I I'er cent of 

total 

pensions 

paid. 



Per cent of 
total days 
for which 
pensions 
were paid. 



Under 10 


1.45 
7.18 
6.04 
7.29 
27.07 
23.64 
10.04 
17.29 


7.25 


10 and under 15 


21.24 


15 and under 20 


12.11 




10.96 


25 and under 50 


26.33 




12.96 


75 and under 100 


4 09 


100 


5.06 






Total 


100.00 


100.00 







Of the compensation paid for accidents by the industrial accident 
associations in 1897, the accidents causing loss of earning power of 
25 to 50 per cent received 27.07 per cent of the compensation and 
these accidents were responsible for 26.33 per cent of the days of 
disabilit}^ for which pensions were paid. Accidents causing disa- 



1174 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



bilityof 10 to 15 per cent are charged with 21.24 per cent of the days 
for which pensions were paid. 

The condition of the injured workers after they have received com- 
pensation for approximately 4 years is shown in the following table 
for the period 1896 to 1906: 

PROPORTION OF INJURED PERSONS COMPLETELY RECOVERING FROM EFFECTS 
OF INJURIES, AND CONDITION OF INJURED PERSONS AT END OF 5 YEARS, 1896 TO 
1906. 

[Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885 to 1906.] 

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 





Per- 
sons 
com- 
pen- 
sated. 


Per cent of injured persons com- 
pletely recovered after having 
received compensation for— 


Per cent of injured persons still receiving 
compensation after approximately 5 
years. 


Per 


Year when 
compensa- 
tion pay- 


1 year. 


2 years. 


3 years. 


4 years. 


Degree of incapacity. 


Total. 


cent of 
injured 
persons 


began. 


Under 
25 per 

cent. 


25 to 
£9 per 
cent. 


Over 
50 to 
75 per 
cent. 


Over 

75 to 

100 per 

cent. 


who 
died. 


1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 


38,538 
41,746 
44,881 
49,175 
51,697 
55, 525 
57,244 
60,550 
65,205 
68,360 
71.227 


20.82 
21.29 
21.38 
21.93 
19.67 
19.83 
21.11 
21.35 
22.59 
23.49 
25.07 


28.37 
29.20 
29.39 
28.70 
27.32 
28.73 
29.94 
31.72 
33.59 
35.42 


32.68 
33.42 
32.92 
32.53 
31.78 
33.24 
35.58 
37.87 
39.97 


35.09 
35.39 
35.05 
35.41 
34.53 
36.88 
39.49 
41.55 


34. 32 
34.76 
34.86 
35.53 
36.13 
35.39 
34.51 
33.65 


12.68 
12.52 
12.78 
12.26 
12.49 
12. 10 
11.52 
11.03 


4.39 
4.18 
4.18 
4.20 
4.16 
3.81 
3.73 
3.50 


2.50 
2.44 
2.36 
2.36 
2.39 
2.41 
2.26 
2.09 


53.89 
53.90 
54.18 
54.35 
55.07 
53.71 
52.02 
50.27 


11.02 

10.71 

10.77 

10.24 

10.40 

9.41 

8.49 

8.18 


1905 




1' ' "' 










1906 



































AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS.(a) 



1896 


17,537 


14.58 


29.33 


37.82 


41.97 


30.50 


14.56 


3.66 


2.42 


51.14 


6.89 


1897 


18,343 


13.83 


30.60 


38.98 


41.81 


31.51 


14.64 


3.39' 


1.99 


51.53 


6.66 


1898 


18,641 


14.22 


33.29 


38.27 


43.16 


32.02 


12.87 


3.46 


1.90 


50.25 


6.59 


1899 


20,789 


14.85 


31.71 


38. 65 


42.90 


32.78 


12.74 


3.91 


1.75 


51.18 


5.92 


1900 


20,830 


14.31 


31.00 


36.75 


43.55 


31.98 


12.74 


3.80 


1.75 


50.27 


6.18 


1901 


23,104 


13.81 


32.13 


40.13 


43.79 


32.42 


12.84 


3. .50 


1.80 


50.56 


5.65 


1902. 


24,273 


15.22 


33. 74 


40.50 


44.67 


32.81 


12.46 


3.09 


1.83 


50.19 


5.14 


1903 


25,054 


14.40 


34.93 


41.37 


48.27 


30.18 


11.47 


2.90 


1.80 


46.35 


5.38 


1904 


26,920 
25,709 


17.02 
18.49 


34.87 
38.09 


45.13 
















1905 














■ 


1906 . 


24,607 


17.95 









































a Data from 22 associations. 



The accidents included in the preceding table are, of course, those 
causing disability for at least 13 weeks. Thus in the year 1896 com- 
pensation was paid for the first time to 38,538 injured persons (insured 
in industrial accident associations) who had already been disabled 
for 13 weeks; at the end of one year 20.82 per cent of these 38,538 
persons had entirely recovered, at the end of 2 ^^ears 28.37 per cent of 
the 38,538 persons had entirely recovered, and at the end of four years 
35.09 per cent had entirely recovered. After about 5 years, 11.02 
per cent had died, leaving 53.89 per cent of the 38,538 persons granted 
compensation in 1896 who were still disabled and still receiving com- 
pensation; arranged in order of the extent of incapacity, at about 5 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1175 

years after compensation began, 34.32 per cent of the 38,538 persons 
granted compensation in 1896 had sustained a loss of less than 25 per 
cent of their earning power, 12.68 per cent of the 38,538 persons had 
sustained a loss of 25 to 50 per cent of their earning power, etc. 

During the period given in the table there was a marked decrease 
in the number of persons who died during the 4-year })eriod; there 
was also a decrease in the proportion of disabled persons who had 
sustained a loss of earning power of 75 per cent or over. 

According to article 76-c of the sickness insurance law, as amended 
by the act of 1903, the accident associations may take over the care 
and treatment of persons who have been injured by accident before 
the end of the 13 weeks of waiting time. By so doing the asso- 
ciations replace the sick funds and assume all the liabilities for sick- 
ness benefits, including that of pecuniary benefits; in return the 
accident associations have a claim against the sick funds for all the 
benefits which they would otherwise have provided. The activities 
of the accident associations under authority of article 76-c for the 
last 5 years are shown in the following table: 

SPECIAL TREATMENT PROVIDED DURING THE FIRST 13 WEEKS OF DISABILITY, 

1904 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Verslcherungsamts, 1908 to 1910.J 
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 





Num- 
ber of 
acci- 
dent 
associa- 
tions. 


Cases treated. 


Cases in which 
treatment re- 
sulted— 


Expenditures for 
special treatment. 


Year. 


Frac- 
tures 

of 
bones. 


Inju- 
ries to 
eyes. 


AU 
other 
inju- 
ries. 


In In- 
Total, stitu- 
tions. 

1 


Not in 
institu- 
tions. 


Favor- 
ably. 


Unfa- 
vor- 
ably. 


Total. 


Reim- 
bursed 
by sick 
funds. 


1904.... 

1905 

1906.... 
1907.... 
1908.... 


60 
61 
58 
60 
59 


1,739 
1,934 
2,024 
2,024 
2,317 


376 
360 
377 
334 
342 


6,453 
6,662 
6,434 
6,415 
6,871 


8,568 
8,956 
8,835 
8,773 
9,530 


3,098 
3,209 
3,408 
3,800 
4,038 


5,470 
5,747 
5,427 
4,973 
5,492 


7,693 
8,140 
8,077 
8,048 
8,849 


864 
813 
752 
719 
680 


$135,351 
148,531 
153,409 
161,573 
171,438 


$25, 458 
26,542 
29, 916 
33,548 
34,419 



AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



1904 


30 


712 


339 


1,370 


2,421 


1,799 


622 


2,223 


162 


$37,797 


$776 


1905.... 


32 


631 


346 


1,317 


2,294 


1,762 


532 


2,121 


141 


35,856 


653 


1906 


33 


603 


324 


1,272 


2,199 


1,635 


564 


2,071 


108 


32,758 


916 


1907.... 


35 


787 


376 


1,435 


2,598 


1,887 


711 


2,433 


143 


36,910 


733 


1908.... 


32 


958 


399 


1,682 


3,039 


2,401 


638 


2,852 


172 


46,339 


1,384 



ALL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 



1904 


90 


2,451 


715 


7,823 


10,989 


4,897 


6,092 


9,916 


1,026 


$173,148 


$26,234 


1905 


93 


2,565 


706 


7,979 


11,250 


4,971 


6,279 


10,261 


954 


184,387 


27, 195 


1906 


91 


2,627 


701 


7,706 


11,034 


5,043 


5,991 


10,148 


860 


186, 166 


30,832 


1907 


95 


2,811 


710 


7,850 


11,371 


5,687 


5,684 


10,481 


862 


198, 483 


34,280 


1908.... 


91 


3,275 


741 


8,553 


12, 569 


6,439 


6,130 


11,701 


852 


217,777 


35,803 



46598°— 10- 



-75 



1176 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The total number of associations which undertook treatment of 
this kind in 1908 was 91 out of a total of 114 associations. The num- 
ber of cases treated has tended gradually to increase, but not more 
rapidly than the increase in the number of persons insured. Frac- 
tures of bones constitute the most numerous type of injury given 
treatment; as injuries to the eye form one of the most expensive types 
of disability, treatment in these cases is frequently provided. The 
number of cases given institutional treatment is increasing rapidly 
while the number of cases treated without the use of institutions has 
remained about the same. In the cases treated by the agricultural 
associations the institutional class of treatment naturally predomi- 
nates, as the rural districts are usually lacking in medical, surgical, 
etc., facilities. At the end of the year 1908 there were 11,701 cases, 
or 93.1 per cent out of a total of 12,5^9 cases treated which were 
reported as resulting favorably. The total amount expended in 1904 
in this branch of the accident insurance was $173,148, or $15.76 per 
case given treatment, while in 1908 the amount had increased to 
$217,777, or $17.33 per case treated; both the total amount expended 
and the average amount expended per case have increased during the 
last 5 years. 

SICKNESS INSURANCE. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The reasons for including insurance against sickness in a system 
of compulsory workmen's insurance have already been stated in con- 
nection with the chapter on such insurance in Austria (p. 226) . Com- 
pulsory insurance in this field w^as developed at an early date and to 
a higher degree in Germany than in any other European country. 
The nature of the insurance requires a large number of small organi- 
zations, the officials of which must come into personal contact with 
the insured persons. The sickness insurance in Germany is a system 
of insurance for all kinds of temporary disabihty, this including the 
disability usually designated as sickness, the disability due to indus- 
trial accidents, the disability due to accidents other than industrial, 
and the disability due to trade diseases. The experience of the Leipzig 
sick fund indicates that approximately 8 per cent of cases handled 
by the sick insurance organizations are cases of disability due to 
industrial accidents. 

The large number of types of institutions permitted to conduct the 
sickness insurance in Germany is due to historical reasons. At the 
time the compulsory sickness insurance was instituted a number of 
organizations were already conducting such insurance either volun- 
tarily or in consequence of certain laws specified below. It was prac- 
tically impossible to destroy these institutions, and the new com- 
pulsory system made use of them as instruments for administering 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1177 

the compulsory laws. Since the enactment of the first law the ten- 
dency has been to gradually reduce the number of organizations, and 
in the future this tendenc}^ will be encouraged b}" restricting the 
formation of new funds. 

HISTORY OF SICKNESS INSURANCE LAWS. 

Insurance against sickness or temporary disability is one of the 
earliest forms of workmen's insurance. In Germany it has been for 
many years connected with various compulsory institutes connected 
with industries, trades, etc. Thus the old guild corporations were 
required to provide sick benefits of various kinds, masters were 
required to provide for their apprentices in case of disability, and 
at an early date in the case of the mining industries there were 
various compulsory institutes for the relief of sick and disabled miners. 
One of the earliest general laws relating to compulsory insurance 
against sickness is that of the Prussian Industrial Code of January 
17, 1845, which authorized the communes by local regulations to 
require apprentices and other workers to affiliate themselves with 
regular sick reUef organizations. A Prussian decree of February 9, 
1849, authorized the communes to counsel persons conducting indus- 
tries, whether in the form of hand work or factories to create funds 
for the reUef of needy journeymen, factory workers, and other 
workers, and what is most important in this regulation the employers 
were required to defray at their own expense a part of the cost of 
conducting such reHef funds. A law of April 3, 1854, authorized 
local governments of wider extent than communes to make the intro- 
duction of such relief funds compulsory for the territories subject 
to their jurisdiction. In other German states, for instance in the 
Kingdom of Bavaria, similar compulsory sickness insurance systems 
were estabUshed. The principal weakness of these early laws was 
due to the fact that it was left to the judgment of communes or 
other local governments of small extent to decide whether these 
institutes should be created. The German industrial code of June 
21, 1869, reheved independent industrial workers of obligatory 
membership in the guild funds but did not disturb the existing 
state legislation in regard to sick funds, mutual aid funds, or burial 
funds for journeymen, factory workers and other workers; under 
these state regulations in many cases journeymen, apprentices, 
factory workers, and other workers were required to join specified 
sick funds, mutual aid funds, or burial funds. A certain measure 
of freedom was given by permitting persons who so desired to join 
other funds than those specified at first, but the compulsory insur- 
ance against sickness was maintained. Under this regulation a 
large number of voluntary sick funds, usually known as mutual aid 
funds or free societies, were gradually established. The law of 



1178 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. 

April 1 , 1876, on mutual aid funds {Hilfskassen) had a tendency to 
encourage the creation of these voluntary organizations by per- 
mitting the insurance provided by them to be credited as a substi- 
tute for the local government sick fund or other compulsory fund. 
An amendment to the industrial code was enacted on April 8, 1876. 
All the communes or similar local governments were authorized to 
enact local regulations creating mutual aid funds under the pro- 
visions of the law of April 7 of the same year for the support of 
journeymen, factory workers, and other workers; the commune was 
authorized to compel all workmen of the classes just mentioned over 
sixteen 3^ears of age to become members of such funds and to con- 
tribute the dues specified in the law for its support unless the work- 
men could prove that they were already insured in another registered 
mutual aid society. In addition the proprietors of factories could 
be required by such local regulations to pay for the support of such 
funds, the amount of the employers' dues not to exceed one-half of 
the dues paid by the workmen. Local governments of larger size 
than communes were given the same authority to establish funds of 
this Idnd covering either all of their area or parts of the same and to 
include in the membership journeymen, factory workers, and other 
workers. These facts show that as early as the year 1869 the idea of 
compulsory insurance against sickness for all workmen and especially 
factory workers by means of local funds to which the employers con- 
tributed in the ratio of one-third of the total contributions was 
recognized by a national law. Since, however, the adoption of the 
plan was left to the judgment of the local governments compulsory 
insurance against sickness on a national scale was not an accom- 
plished fact. 

Compulsory insurance on a national scale became an accomplished 
fact with the enactment of the law of June 15, 1883. The bill pro- 
posing this law was placed before the Reichstag on April 29, 1882, 
and was the first of the laws carrying into effect the scheme of social 
insurance and promotion of the welfare of workmen advocated by 
the imperial message of November 17, 1881. The bill was referred 
to a committee and was subjected to considerable modification in 
some of its features, but the general principles remained unchanged. 

The law as enacted was based on the principle of compulsory insur- 
ance for the workmen described in it and allowed the voluntary 
insurance of certain specified groups of workmen. To administer 
the law a number of new types of insurance funds were created and a 
number of existing types were made use of. The new funds consisted 
of the local funds, the establishment funds, and the building trades 
funds, while the existing guild funds, miners' funds, and voluntary 
aid funds were allowed to conduct the insurance under the new law 
provided that they complied with certain specified minimum stand- 



CHAPTER V. WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1179 

ards. A person subject to the insurance was without any action on 
his own part made a member of one of these compulsory funds unless 
he showed that he was a member of an 'Slid fund" or ''mutual aid 
fund " which also complied with the minimum standards. Where such 
funds were not created the communes were required to conduct the 
insurance; in other words, the communes provided as part of the 
local government a system of sickness insurance wherever other funds 
were not created. The law provided for the care of persons disabled 
by sickness or accidental injury for a period of 13 weeks during which 
the fund or other body conducting the insurance had to provide 
free medical attendance, medicines, etc., pecuniary benefits of not 
less than half the rate of wages for common labor in the locality, 
benefits in case of childbirth, and funeral benefits. In case of volun- 
tary insurance the law specified the workmen alone should pay the 
entire cost of insurance, but in all other insurance the payments of 
the employer were not less than one-third of the cost, the workman 
himself pa3'ing the other two-thirds. 

Immediately after the enactment of this law plans for the exten- 
sion of the insurance were developed and on May 28, 1885, a new law 
was passed extending the insurance to specified classes of workmen. 
As the provisions of this law were later incorporated in the law of 
1892 it is not necessary to specify the new classes. With the enact- 
ment of the law relating to accident insurance it was necessary to 
make some provision for persons employed in agriculture or forestry 
which are not included in the sickness insurance. The law of May 
5, 1886, on accident insurance in agriculture, etc., specified the bene- 
fits which should be granted during the first 13 weeks of disability 
to persons employed in agricultural and forestry establishments. 

In the progress of time the experience gained under the adminis- 
tration of the law showed numerous defects and possibilities of 
improvement. On November 22, 1890, the Government introduced 
into the Reichstag a bill for the amendment of the sickness insurance 
law of 1883. The report accompanying this bill stated the Gov- 
ernment's views as follows: "The law on the sickness insurance of 
workmen of June 15, 1883, has during the 6 years of its operation 
proved itself in general to be advantageous both in regard to general 
principles as well as in regard to detailed provisions. As was to be 
expected on account of the wide scope of the sickness insurance which 
for the first time was put into operation on a national scale by this 
law, and of the great diversity of conditions affected by the law, a 
number of questions have arisen in the execution and application 
of the law which it is desirable to remove and which it now seems 
possible to correct on the basis of experience already obtained. In 
great part the improvements needed are the amendment and com- 
pletion of the various provisions, but which, however, do not affect 



1180 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

the general principle of the law and will not make any great change 
in the greater part of the law." The Reichstag referred the bill to 
a special committee of 28 members which returned the bill in an 
amended form in a report made to the Reichstag on March 17, 1891. 

On November 19, 1891, the Reichstag began consideration of the 
bill as reported by the committee and devoted eight sessions to the 
topic, ending with December 4, 1891. The third and final reading 
of the bill began on March 14, 1892, and six sessions were devoted 
to it ending with March 19, 1892. In each one of the readings of 
the bill important changes were made so that when it was finally 
enacted on April 10, 1892, it was quite different from the bill as 
introduced by the Government in 1890. The law of 1892 added to 
the class of insured persons those employees and apprentices of 
commercial establishments who were employed for wages; also the 
employees in the business offices of notaries and attorneys, the 
officials of sick funds, of the accident associations, and of the invalidity 
insurance institutes; also the persons employed in the establishments 
of the postal and telegraph ad ministrations *as well as the employees 
of the army and navy establishments, and finally those employed in 
dredging and similar work. In addition communes were allowed by 
local regulations to extend the insurance to persons employed in 
communal establishments and communal public works and the like 
if they were not already insured. On the other hand a small number 
of workmen were exempted from the insurance. The sick funds 
were authorized to provide by their constitutions that the ''waiting 
time" could be omitted, that medical attention and medicines could 
be granted to members of the families of persons voluntarily insured, 
that the insured persons must make use of the services of specified 
physicians, apothecaries, hospitals, etc., and that certain fines were 
to be imposed for failure to comply with specified regulations regard- 
ing the taking on of workmen, the dismissal of the same, etc. 

The local sick funds were authorized to accept as members persons 
employed in branches of industry or occupations for which a local 
fund had not been created. The benefits in case of childbirth were 
increased from three to four weeks, but were slightly diminished in 
other respects. The funds were authorized by their constitutions to 
provide benefits for convalescents and were authorized to accept as 
members persons not subject to the insurance whose annual income 
did not exceed 2,000 marks ($476). The authorization to create 
federations of funds was renewed and wider scope was given to such 
federations. A number of administrative provisions were also con- 
tained in the 1892 law; the announcement of the taking on or dis- 
missal of workmen was made to include the aid funds ; the assurance 
of punctual and accurate payment of the contributions by the 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1181 

employer was made more definite by the imposition of certain fines; 
a time limit was placed on which claims might be made for entrance 
fees, <;ontributions, and claims for benefits. Controversies in regard 
to benefits and dues could be settled by the administrative rules of 
the state in which the fund was located instead of by means of regu- 
lar law procedure; the guild funds were to include as compulsory 
members all persons employed in the establishments by the members 
of the guild. The relations of the sick funds to the government 
authorities and to the accident associations were made more specific 
and a failure to perform the duties imposed by the regulations was 
made punishable by fines. 

In the year 1899 the Government introduced a new bill for the 
amendment of the sickness insurance law which later became the law 
of June 30, 1900. The feature of this law which caused the most 
discussion was the authorization of the federal council to include such 
branches of the home-work industries or sweated industries as the 
Government saw proper. 

During the discussion of the amendment of 1900 the question of 
insurance for the home-working or domestic industries (often termed 
the ''sweated" industries) was the principal point at issue. The Gov- 
ernment and most of the parties were convinced of the difficulties 
attending such a system of insurance, but nevertheless in 1902 the 
Government offered a bill according to which all persons employed in 
the sweated industries were to be included in the insurance ; the Reichs- 
tag, however, refused to pass the proposed bill and asked for a more 
general amendment of the law as it stood at that time. On February 
19 a new law was brought forward by the Government, but no action 
was taken on this bill. Instead the Reichstag passed a resolution 
which requested the Government to introduce a law which would 
extend the compulsory insurance to the domestic or sweated indus- 
tries, to the workers in agriculture and forestry, and to workers in 
domestic service. The Government was also requested to introduce 
a bill providing for a thorough reform of the sickness insurance law. 
In preparing this bill the Government was requested to hear the 
representatives of the sick funds, of the sick-fund physicians, and of 
the apothecaries ; this request included a proposal to the Government 
to consider whether permanent committees could not be formed con- 
sisting of representatives of the directors of sick funds, of represent- 
atives of the physicians and apothecaries which would regulate the 
medical treatment and the furnishing of medicine in the administration 
of sickness insurance. The resolution also included a request of the 
Government to take measures to bring into close connection the three 
branches of government insurance (the sickness, the invalidity, and 
the accident), in order to simplify and diminish the cost of adminis- 



1182 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

tration and if possible to unite all existing insurance laws into a single 
law. 

The most pressing need for the reform of the insurance arose from 
the fact that a person disabled by sickness could receive benefits from 
the sick fund for 13 weeks only, while the invalidity pension began 
only after the expiration of 26 weeks, thus leaving a period of 13 weeks 
for which no benefits were provided. On February 27, 1903, the bill 
was referred to a special committee of 21 members which returned the 
bill to the Reichstag with but minor changes. It was finally approved 
by both houses and became a law on May 25, 1903. The principal 
innovations of the law of 1903 are : The minimum benefits are to be pro- 
vided for 26 weeks instead of 13 weeks as before; the pecuniary bene- 
fits shall no longer be refused in part or in whole when the sickness is 
due to immoral excesses ; in determining the customary rates of daily 
wages representatives of the workmen and of the insured persons are 
to be allowed to present their views. Formerly the sum of 3 marks 
($0.71) was the maximum amount to be used as the daily wages in 
computing benefits. This was now raised to 4 marks ($0.95), and in 
case the constitution provided that the actual earnings of persons 
should be used in computing benefits, 5 marks ($1.19) instead of 4 
marks ($0.95) was the maximum sum to be used; the benefits in 
case of childbirth are to be given for not less than 6 weeks instead 
of 4 weeks as formerly. The funeral benefit may be made as much 
as 40 times the amount used as the rate for daily wages with a mini- 
mum payment of 50 marks ($11.90); in case the accident insurance 
organization must provide a death benefit this benefit must be re- 
paid to the sick fund after the latter has made such payment; in order 
to provide means for the increased benefits the funds are authorized 
to collect dues not in excess of 4 per cent (formerly 3 per cent) of the 
rate of daily wages, and in the case of communal insurance dues may 
be made not to exceed 3 per cent (formerly 2 per cent) of the same 
rate; and finally a more stringent control over the accounts of the 
sick funds was instituted. The chairman of the board of directors, 
for instance, was authorized to suspend illegal or unconstitutional 
acts of the board until action could be taken in regard to them, and 
under certain circumstances members of the directorates and officials 
of the funds could be removed or suspended by government officials. 

Since 1883 ^yq laws affecting the sickness insurance have been 
passed; the general tendency has been to extend the insurance as far as 
the number of persons and the industries included are concerned, to 
increase the benefits, to permit greater freedom of movement from 
one fund to another, the prohibition of collecting dues while the 
insured person was in receipt of benefits, extending membership in 
funds while not employed, the introduction of secret ballots in case 



CHAPTEK V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1183 

the general meeting is composed of representatives of the members, 
the placing of the settlement of controversies in the hands of industrial 
courts instead of the government officials when the dispute related 
to the computation of dues to be paid by the employer. The points 
on which action has not been taken as yet relate to the insurance of 
persons in agriculture, in the sweated (or domestic) industries, and in 
domestic service, though in some States, especially in south Germany, 
such insurance has been introduced by state law, and, second, the bene- 
fits in case of childbirth have not yet been provided for workers 
insured under the communal insurance. The third point on which no 
satisfactory solution has been obtained is the dispute regarding the 
employment of physicians. In the opinion of some of the best-known 
students of the sickness insurance question the problem of the relation 
between the physicians and the sick funds is regarded as the one 
most needing solution. The workmen demand freedom of choice in 
selecting their phj^sician, while on the other hand the high cost of such 
procedure has prevented the sick funds from adopting this plan. 

INDUSTRIES COVERED. 

The sickness insurance includes mines, salt works, quarries, pit 
works, factories, smelting plants, railways, transportation on inland 
waterways, shipbuilding, the building trades, trades connected with 
commerce, the hand-working trades, and other trades or industries 
with fixed place of business; it also includes the persons employed in 
notaries' offices, attorneys' offices, auctioneers' offices, in sick funds, 
in accident associations, and other insurance institutes. Like the 
accident insurance it includes all persons engaged in establishments 
in which mechanical motive power is used. 

The establishments of the postal and telegraph administrations and 
of the army and nav}" departments are also included. 

The law specifically excludes persons engaged in navigation and in 
estabhshments in which motors or engines are used only temporarily. 
Agriculture and forestry are not included because the insurance of 
persons engaged in agriculture and forestry was purposly left to the 
regulation of the various States of the Empire. B}^ order of a commune 
or of a larger local government the industries subject to the law may 
be made to include agriculture and forestry and establishments 
o%\Tied by the commune; the imperial chancellor or the officials of a 
state government may also extend the insurance to government 
establishments under their direction. The federal council is also 
authorized to extend the insurance to persons working at home under 
orders from outside firms (usually termed sweat-shop work, home 
work, etc.). 



1184 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

PERSONS INCLUDED. 

The insurance includes workmen and administrative oflS.cials who 
are employed for wages or salary and whose term of service is known 
in advance to be not less than 1 week. If their wages or salary 
exceeds 6f marks ($1.59) per day (or if it is a yearly amount, 2,000 
marks ($476) per annum) the following persons are excluded from the 
insurance: Administrative officials, foremen, technical officials, com- 
mercial employees, and commercial apprentices; if their pay (wages or 
salary) exceeds the amount specified, officials employed in establish- 
ments of the States, of the local governments, or of the Empire are also 
excluded. Excluded from the insurance are apprentices and employ- 
ees of apothecaries, persons employed in the military service as well 
as those in the service of the Empire, of the State, or of a local govern- 
ment who in case of sickness have a right to continue drawing their 
salary or wages, or who by some other law are entitled to correspond- 
ing sick benefits at least for the first 13 weeks after the sickness and 
in case of the continuance of the sickness for a second 13 weeks, or 
who have a right to salary during disabihty or to a pension or to 
other benefits at least equal to IJ times the amount of the pecuniary 
sick benefits. By communal regulation the insurance may be 
extended to persons whose employment in an establishment subject 
to the insurance continues for less than 1 week, or who are employed 
without a wage contract or who are employed on the system of giving 
out work on orders (sweat-shop work, home work, etc.). 

Upon the application of the person affected or upon the applica- 
tion of the employer certain persons may be exempted from the 
insurance; the law permits an exemption in the case of persons who 
on account of infirmities, chronic diseases, or old age are only tem- 
porarily able to work or who are partially disabled, but in each case 
the consent of the poor-law authority having jurisdiction must first be 
obtained. Exemption may also be granted on their own application 
to persons who in case of sickness have a claim against their employer 
for benefits at least equal in value to the value of the minimum bene- 
fits of the sickness insurance if the proper authorities deem the 
employer solvent and able to pay the benefits. Upon application 
of the employer apprentices in industrial establishments are to be 
exempted provided that they have a right to benefits either in a 
hospital for 26 weeks or in the employer's home. 

DISABILITY PROVIDED FOR. 

The sickness insurance provides benefits for disability due to what 
is usually understood as sickness, for disability caused by accidental 
(industrial and nonindustrial) injury, for normal childbirth, and a 
benefit in case of death. 

The term sickness is defined to be an abnormal condition of health, 
to remove which necessitates medical attendance and medicines. 



CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1185 

The period of convalescence following sickness is not properly sickness, 
but when there is a recurrence of the sickness during the convales- 
cence the disability becomes entitled to relief. Physical imperfec- 
tions are not disabilities in the meaning of insurance unless they 
prevent the person from working. Thus strabismus, when not caus- 
ing disability, is not sickness. If, for instance, an operation to remove 
strabismus is undertaken, the disability caused by the voluntary 
operation is likewise not the basis for a claim to sick benefits; if, 
however, an operation conducted in good faith results in sickness to 
the insured person, then the latter is entitled to benefits. 

The sickness insurance also provides benefits for the disability 
resulting from industrial accidents. For the definition of this type of 
disability see page 996. 

As a measure of administrative convenience, the benefits paid to 
female members in case of normal childbirth are provided by the 
sick funds — in other words, the maternity insurance has been com- 
bined with the sickness insurance. If the childbirth is not normal, 
it is, of course, the basis of a claim to the regular sick benefits. 

To defray the cost of burial of the insured person, the funds (but 
not the communal insurance) provide a funeral benefit. 

BENEFITS. 

The minimum benefits provided by the sickness-insurance system 
consist of (a) medical attendance, medicines, therapeutical supplies, 
etc., from the date when the sickness or disability begins and regard- 
less of whether it causes inability to continue working; (b) if the 
sickness or disability prevents the insured person from continuing 
work, he must be granted a pecuniary benefit, the amount of which 
is stated below, but which must not be less than half the rate of wages 
paid in the locality for ordinary unskilled day labor, this benefit to be 
paid during disability for not less than 26 weeks and not more than 
52 weeks; (c) a pecuniary benefit of the same amount as the sick 
benefit for 6 weeks after the date of confinement to female insured 
persons in case of childbirth; (d) a funeral benefit of 20 times the 
rate of wages used in computing the pecuniary benefits, but not less 
than 50 marks ($11.90). 

The relation of the benefits provided by the sickness insurance and 
those provided by the other 2 branches of insurance — the accident 
and invalidity — is a matter of importance. A person included in 
both the sickness and accident insurance, who is disabled by an 
industrial accident, receives the regular sick insurance benefits for 13 
weeks, and in addition receives from the beginning of the fifth week 
the accident benefit described on page 998. If, at the end of 13 weeks, 
the disabled person has not recovered, the accident associations or 
other agencies then provide the regular accident benefits. A person 
included in both the sickness and the invaliditv insurance who is 



1186 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. 

disabled by sickness receives the regular sick insurance benefits for 
a period of 26 weeks; if he has not recovered at that time the invalid- 
ity insurance institutes then provide the regular invalidity benefits. 

If there is good reason to believe that by special courses of treat- 
ment a person disabled either by an industrial accident or by a dis- 
ease causing extended invalidity, can be restored to health, then the 
agencies conducting the accident and invalidity insurance are author- 
ized to relieve the sick fund of the care of the disabled person and pro- 
vide the treatment at their own expense; they may also authorize 
the sick fund to provide such treatment at their expense, or, at the 
conclusion of the 13 weeks or of the 26 weeks, respectively, they may 
request the sick fund to continue at their expense the treatment pro- 
vided up to that time. 

The pecuniary benefit, but not the medical, etc., benefits, may be re- 
fused by the sick funds if the disabled person has purposely caused 
the sickness or accident, or if the disability results from participation 
in rowdyism or similar misconduct, or results from chronic intoxica- 
tion; forfeiture of the same rights for the period of 1 year results if 
the insured person injures the fund by committing an act punishable 
by the loss of civic rights. 

MEDICAL ATTENDANCE, MEDICINES, ETC. 

From the beginning of the disability the sick funds are required 
to provide free medical attendance, medicines, and therapeutic sup- 
plies (e. g., eyeglasses, trusses, etc.) for a period of 26 weeks. 

The services of a physician are to be provided in accordance with 
the regulations established by each fund; the usual plan is for the 
fund to make contracts with a number of physicians who give their 
services in return for an annual sum, fixed in advance, or for a 
specified sum per case, also fixed in advance. In no case is the charge 
fixed on the number of visits or number of prescriptions. The 
insured person is required to use the services of the fund physician, 
except in case of emergency. Many of the sick funds (e.g., the Leip- 
zig fund, see p. 11 98) make contracts with a large number of physicians 
and the insured person is allowed to select from this number the phy- 
sician, while other funds, in order to secure low rates of fees from the 
physicians, provide only the services of a limited number of physi- 
cians. The competition among the physicians to secure the position 
of medical officer has resulted in reducing the cost to the funds to a 
very low level, but on the other hand the fees have become so small 
that the medical profession has issued formal protests on the subject 
and in some instances have engaged in controversies with the officers 
of the sick funds. The official plan for the reform of the insurance 
system provides for methods of arbitrating disputes of this kind (see 
p. 1215). 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1187 

The medicines, etc., are supplied by pharmacists who make contracts 
in advance with the funds, and from whom the members must pro- 
cure the material prescribed by the medical officer of the fund except 
in cases of emergency. The therapeutical supplies include eyeglasses, 
trusses, bandages, inhaling apparatus, etc., but do not include artifi- 
cial limbs, etc. The physician is authorized to prescribe certain 
articles of diet, if they are essential parts of the treatment, such, for 
instance, as milk, eggs, etc., while the use of certain baths may like- 
wise be given at the expense of the fund. 

In place of the treatment in the home of the insured person, the 
fund may provide maintenance and treatment in a hospital or similar 
institution. In these cases the members of the family who were 
supported by the person undergoing such treatment receive one-half 
of the pecuniary benefits to which he was entitled. A married person 
or one maintaining his own household can not against his will be 
given treatment in a hospital unless the disability is contagious, or 
requires treatment or care which the family is not able to provide, or 
when the conduct or condition of the disabled person is such as to 
require constant observation. The treatment in an institution 
includes transportation to and from the institution. 

For the members of the family of insured persons the funds are per- 
mitted to provide benefits in the form of free medical treatment and 
medicine. If the funds so desire, they may also increase their bene- 
fits by providing convalescent care in convalescent homes, sanatori- 
ums, etc., for a period of not more than 1 year after the regular sick 
benefits have ceased. 

PECUNIARY BENEFITS. 

The law makes a distinction between the amount of the pecuniary 
benefit to be provided by the communal sickness insurance and that 
provided by the regular sick funds. 

The communal sickness insurance must provide the following: If 
the sickness or disability prevents the member from working, then 
for a period of 26 weeks, beginning with the third day of sickness, the 
pecuniary benefit for each working day lost is one-half of the rate of 
wages paid for unskilled day labor in that locality. This rate of 
wages is determined by the superior administrative authorities after 
the communal authorities and the representatives of the employers 
and the insured persons have had an opportunity to present their 
views. The wage rates must be classified to show the rates for (1) 
persons over 16 years (a) males (b) females and (2) for persons under 
16 years of age (a) males and (b) females. If desired, rates for per- 
sons 14 to 16 years of age may also be given. 

The pecuniary benefit which the sick funds must provide con- 
sists of not less than one-half of the average rate of wa":es of the 



/ 



1188 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

classes of persons for whom the fund was estabUshed, but such aver- 
age wage rate must not exceed 4 marks ($0.95) per day. The benefit 
must be paid for each working day lost, beginning with the third 
day of disability and continuing for not less than 26 weeks from 
the first day on which it was paid. 

If a fund so desires, the dues and benefits may be computed in the 
form of percentages on the actual wages earned, but in such cases 
the wages in excess of 5 marks ($1.19) per day are not to be included 
in the computation. 

The right of the insured persons to the pecuniary benefit may be 
extended by the fund so as to begin on the first day of disability 
instead of on the third, and the payments may be continued during the 
period of not more than 1 year. In addition the sick wage may be 
paid for Sundays and holidays, or it may be increased to three- 
fourths of the wage used as the basis for computation. 

The law specifically prohibits the funds from paying widow, orphan, 
or invalidity pensions of any kind, except in the case of the miners' 
funds ; the latter are, however, required to keep the accounts of their 
invalidity, widow, or orphan relief entirely distinct from the opera- 
tions of their sickness insurance. 

The payment of the pecuniary sick benefit in case of disability 
begins with the third day from the date of sickness. This period 
of three days before the payment of the pecuniary benefit begins 
is usually designated as the '^waiting time." The general purpose 
is to prevent malingering or shamming; in addition it tends to 
prevent workers from ceasing work and making claims on the sick 
fund for trifling cases of indisposition. However, it is in the interest 
of the sick funds for the disabled person not to delay immediately 
reporting a case of sickness or to delay immediate treatment of the 
case ; for this reason the law authorizes the funds to specify in their 
constitutions that the pecuniary sick benefits may begin with the day 
of the sickness, if agreed to by both the employers and the insured 
persons, and if there is a sufficient surplus in the treasury. 

CONFINEMENT BENEFIT. 

Female insured persons may be provided with the regular pecuniary 
sick benefit in case of normal childbirth for a period of 6 weeks from 
the date of confinement by all the funds, but not the communal 
insurance. To be entitled to this benefit, the member must have 
been in good standing for at least 6 months during the year prior to 
the date of confinement. The benefit is paid for the 6 weeks regard- 
less of whether the mother is able to return to work. 

Cases of childbirth which are not normal entitle the member to the 
regular sick benefits. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1189 

The funds are authorized to extend the confinement benefits if 
they so desire; the sick beliefit may be granted for the disabihty 
due to approaching confinement for a period not to exceed 6 weeks 
and may include medical attendance, medicine, etc., for the minor 
ailments incidental to pregnancy and may also include the services 
of a midwife. 

The benefits which the funds may provide for the wife of an 
insured person include pecuniary benefits, medical attendance, medi- 
cine, etc., previous to the date of confinement, but do not include 
benefits after that date. 

FUNERAL BENEFIT. 

In case of the death of an insured person, a benefit is paid consist- 
ing of 20 times the rate of daily wages used as the basis for computing 
the benefits; the communal sickness insurance, however, does not 
provide any funeral benefit. The regulations require the benefit to 
be used in paying the funeral expenses, but any surplus must be 
paid to the widow or other heirs, and in case no heirs can be found 
the surplus reverts to the sick fund. 

Suicide does not exclude the claim to the funeral benefit. 

The regular sick funds (local, establishment, building, and guild 
funds) are authorized to increase the funeral benefit to not more 
than 40 times the rate of daily wages used as the basis for computing 
benefits, or they may use a fixed sum of not less than 50 marks 
($11.90). 

If the disability of the insured person was due to an industrial 
accident, and the deceased was entitled to a funeral benefit under 
the accident insurance laws, then the sick fund can demand the return 
of the amount of its funeral benefit from the benefit provided by the 
accident association. 

DETERMINATION AND REVISION OF BENEFITS. 

The usual procedure followed by the sick funds is to have the 
disabled member announce to the officials of the fund or to the nearest 
agent of the fund the fact of his need for benefits; this announcement 
must be made within 3 days of the occurrence of the disability and 
must be accompanied by the membership book, showing the amount 
of dues paid. The official of the fund thereupon furnishes the sick 
member with a certificate entitling him to the services of the fund 
physician, who is then summoned to take charge of the case; the 
physician has authority to order the proper medicines, supplies, etc. 
Usually the certificate of sickness contains the names and addresses 
of the physicians in the service of the fund, and the rules regarding 
the selection of the physician in case the member is allowed to make 



1190 KEPORT or THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

a choice. At the conclusion of each week of disability (provided that 
he has not been able to resume work), the member or a person acting 
for him is entitled to collect the pecuniary benefits for the preceding 
week; the application for the pecuniary benefit must be supported 
by the physician's certificate attesting the continuance of the dis- 
ability. The benefit paid to female insured persons during con- 
finement is paid upon presentation of a birth certificate from the 
registration office. In urgent cases the insured person may summon 
the fund physician and as soon as possible thereafter report to the 
officials, while in cases of emergency any physician may be sum- 
moned at the expense of the fund. 

The benefits are paid for entire days only, and as a rule for working 
days only. If the insured person is one who works on Sundays and 
holidays (watchmen, domestic servants, etc.), the benefits must be 
paid for each working day, but in case certain week days are regu- 
larly days of rest for the workman such rest days are not included in 
the period of benefit payments. 

The benefits are paid in the form of percentages of average rates 
of wages. For the communal sickness insurance the officials of the 
commune determine the rates of wages u on which the benefits are 
to be computed, and these rates can be changed only after 6 months' 
notice. For the other funds considerable latitude is permitted as 
to the rates of wages used as the basis for computing benefits; 
frequently classes of wages are adopted, permitting a wide range of 
benefits and dues, and in some cases the actual wages only are used, 
though in such instances 5 marks ($1.19) per day is the maximum 
amount which may be included in the computation of the benefits. 
These rates of wages must be specified in the constitution of the 
fund and the insured person must have his benefits computed in the 
manner prescribed. Thus in a fund where a series of wage classes 
is used, if a worker has his wages increased his benefits must auto- 
matically increase, even if the employer had not reported the increase 
at the time when the worker was disabled. 

The right to benefits is lost unless the claim is made within 2 years 
after the beginning of the disability. 

Controversies which arise between the insured persons or their 
employers and the sick funds in regard to dues, benefits, or the 
obligation to insure are settled by the supervising government offi- 
cials; an appeal may be made from such decisions to the courts having 
jurisdiction over controversies relating to matters of administration. 
Controversies between an employer and insured persons in his 
service concerning dues, etc., are settled by the industrial courts 
(Gewerhegericlite) except in the case of the miners' funds and the 
mutual aid funds; the officials designated by the laws of each State 
to supervise the miners' funds settle controversies affecting the 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1191 

members of that fund, while controversies with mutual aid funds 
are settled by the regular courts. Controversies relating to sick 
fund benefits are decided by the administrative officials. 

SOURCES OF INCOME. 

The cost of the sickness insurance is defrayed in the proportion of 
one-third by the employer and two-thirds by the insured person, 
while the government (state, local, and imperial) provides the ser- 
vices of numerous officials. The income of the funds consists of dues 
or assessments, paid by the employer to the fund in which his work- 
men are insured; the employer is required to deduct the workmen's 
share from their wages and to add to this amount his own share, 
which must be not less than half of the amount paid by the workmen. 

According to the law (articles 9, 10, and 51) the dues for the 
persons insured in the communal sickness insurance are to be 1 per 
cent of the rate of wages paid for ordinary unskilled labor in that 
locality. The dues for the persons insured in the other funds are to 
be 3 per cent and in no case more than 4 per cent of the average rate 
of wages or of the rate of wages used in computing the benefits. The 
dues of the employer are not less than one-half of these rates. 

The communal siclmess insurance may not charge entrance or 
initiation fees, the other funds may make such charges to new mem- 
bers, but the fee may not exceed the sum of the dues for 6 weeks. 
No part of these fees is borne by the employer. 

Insured persons are not required to pay dues while they are dis- 
abled nor during periods of unemployment. If supplementary dues 
are charged to provide special benefits not required by the law such 
dues must be paid during disability. 

Fines up to the amount of 300 marks ($71.40) and imprisonment 
are the penalties prescribed for employers who intentionally deduct 
from wages amounts which are higher than the prescribed rates of 
dues. Severe penalties are imposed on employers who intentionally 
defraud the fund either for their own profit or the profit of third 
parties. 

FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION. 

Each of the various types of funds has so many features peculiar to 
itself that the financial administration is necessarily determined by 
the special purpose and structure of each class of funds, as described 
in the next section; but in addition to this account of the organization 
and administration of the different funds, certain general features of 
the financial administration should be mentioned. 

The compulsory sick funds are required to keep their income and 
expenditure accounts in such a manner that the benefits required by 

46598°— 10 76 



1192 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

the law are entirely distinct from any additional benefits which the 
funds are permitted to provide, while the assets or reserves of the 
2 types of benefits must also be administered separately. To protect 
the funds all securities and negotiable papers must be deposited 
in places designated by the supervising government ofiicials. Unless 
the superior government ofiicials permit an exception, the assets of 
the funds must be invested in the securities approved for orphans' 
estates. 

If the fund is closed or dissolved, any assets remaining after the 
payment of the outstanding liabilities revert to that local fund to 
which the members have been transferred ; if no such general transfer 
is made the residue is devoted to a purpose most akin to the object 
of the sick fund, the recipient being selected by the supervising 
government officials. 

The general financial administration of the sick funds is made as 
simple as possible; the dues are estimated to be sufficient to defray 
the current expenditures, though, to cover fluctuations, the funds 
(with the exception of the building funds) must accumulate a reserve 
equal to the average annual expenditures during the last 3 years. 
Expenditures may be made only for the benefits specified in the law 
and for administration, in addition to the necessary amounts set 
aside for the reserve. For the communal sickness insurance the 
regular dues are estimated to be sufficient to cover the expenditures, 
and any excess of receipts is used to form a reserve. 

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. 

On account of the localized nature of the administration of the 
sickness insurance, it is necessary to discuss each type of sick in- 
surance organization separately and explain the principal features of 
each. In the following pages are discussed: (1) The local sick 
funds {Ortskrankenkassen) ; (2) parish or communal sick insurance 
(Gemeinde- Krankenversicherung) ; (3) the establishment funds (Be- 
triebskrankenkassen) ; (4) the building trade funds {Baukrankenkas- 
sen); (5) the guild funds {Innungskrankenkassen) ; (6) the aid funds 
of both classes (Eingeschriehene Hilfskassen, LandesrecJitlicJie Hilfs- 
kassen); (7) the miners' funds (KnappscTiaftskassen) . 

LOCAL SICK FUNDS. 

The principal organizations for the administration of sickness insur- 
ance are the " local sick funds," or funds whose membership is 
selected on industrial or occupational lines. They are corporations 
with all the rights of legal persons and in general have the same struc- 
tural organization as other funds. Communes are authorized to estab- 
lish local funds whenever the number of persons to be included in the 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1193 

proposed fund is at least 100, and in case the number is less than 
this such funds may be established whenever the superior administra- 
tive authorities regard the financial stability of the fund as perfectly 
secure. As a rule, such funds are established upon the voluntary 
actions of the communes affected, though the above-named govern- 
ment ofiicials may compel the communes to create a local fund for 
any occupation or kind of establishment if the persons insured so 
request; in such cases all persons affected must be given an oppor- 
tunity to express their views and the number of persons making 
formal application must be not less than 100 and the persons apply- 
ing must be at least half of those engaged in the occupation or branch 
of industiy in the area affected. If the local fund is to include more 
than one occupation or kind of establishment, then the application 
must be signed by more than half of the persons employed in these 
groups with 100 as a minimum number. The decision of the 
superior administrative authorities in this matter can be appealed 
from by the communes to the central authorities of the Government. 
Any commune which does not comply with the order of the officials 
to establish such a fund loses the right to secure for the persons 
affected contributions for communal sick insurance. 

As a rule local sick funds are created for persons employed in one 
occupation or one class of establishment m a specific area. This class 
of fund therefore attempts to insure workers against sickness on in- 
dustrial lines. The insurance by occupations, however, can not always 
be adhered to; the communes may therefore combme several occupa- 
tions or classes of establishments, if each has less than 100 persons, 
into one fund. If each occupation or class of establishment employs 
more than 100 persons, the communes can combine these into 1 fund 
only after the persons affected have had an opportunity to express 
their views, and in case they oppose such a combination, only after 
the superior administrative authorities have given their consent. 
The territorial limits of the communes are frequently disregarded 
because the number of persons of the different occupations employed 
in the different classes of establishments is too small to form a finan- 
cially stable organization. The superior administrative authorities 
must summon the persons affected and give them an opportunity 
to express their views in regard to such a combmation, and in case 
of their opposition may decline to approve the same. The combina- 
tion of several communes into one local sick fund can also be forced 
upon the communes by the order of the superior administrative 
authorities, though the representatives of the persons affected must 
be heard in each case. In all of these cases the appeals against the 
orders of the superior administrative authorities may be made to the 
central authorities of the State if such an appeal is filed within 4 
weeks. 



1194 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The affairs of the local sick funds are regulated by a constitution 
which is drawn up by the communal officials, who must allow the 
persons affected to express their opinions on the various points 
included; the constitution must comply with the various points 
specified in the law and may not contain anything in conflict with 
the sickness insurance law, or which is not in harmony with the 
purposes of the fund, and must always be approved by the superior 
administrative authorities before being put into force; the latter 
may decline to approve the constitution only if it does not comply 
with the legal requirements or when the class of persons included 
conflicts with those insured in another fund. Appeals against the 
decision of the superior authorities in case of disapproval may be made 
according to the usual rules for such appeals. 

The general administration of the sick fund is carried on by a 
board of directors and a general meeting; the latter is composed either 
of all adult members in full possession of civil rights or of delegates 
elected by the members by secret ballot. In case the fund has 500 
or more members the general meeting is required to consist of dele- 
gates. The employer has a proportion of votes in the general meeting 
corresponding to the proportion of his dues, but such votes shall not 
in any case be more than one-third of the total number and may be 
cast by the manager or other official of the plant. The general 
meeting alone can approve the annual accounts, prosecute claims of 
the fund against members of the board of directors, and amend the 
constitution. The general meeting also elects the board of directors 
by a secret ballot in which the votes of the employers and of the 
members are taken separately. The employers are entitled to the 
same proportion of members in the board of directors as they have 
votes in the general meeting. The number of members of the board 
is to be specified by the constitution. In case the general meeting 
fails to elect a board, that body is appointed by the governmental 
officials. Members of the board receive no salary but are recom- 
pensed for cash expenditures on behaff of the fund; but in order to 
protect the workmen members of the fund, the constitution may 
provide that they may receive a specified sum for loss of time or 
loss of earnings due to attending to the business of the fund. Serv- 
ice on the board of directors is compulsory and can be refused 
only when the person elected already holds an office in the accident 
or invalidity insurance systems, or if he has already served for 2 years 
in an honorary office created by the sickness insurance law. In case 
of refusal, except for the grounds mentioned, the person declining 
office may be deprived of his vote in the general meeting by resolu- 
tion of that body. The chairman of the board of directors has the 
special duty of suspending any illegal or imconstitutional act of the 



CHAPTEE V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1195 

officials or executive bodies of the fund until the government authori- 
ties have time to act on the report which he is required to make in such 
matters. The local funds have the right to appoint as many em- 
ployees as are necessary to conduct their business, especially book- 
keepers and cashiers. The receipts and expenditures of the local fund 
must be kept separately from all receipts and expenditures which are 
foreign to the insurance purposes of the fund, and the money must be 
kept in separate places. The securities which belong to the assets of 
the fund must be deposited with the government ofHcials or in places 
specified by the latter. The cash balances may be deposited only in 
the public savings banks or invested in securities authorized for the 
investment of trust funds. The state officials, however, may grant 
special exceptions from this rule. Each fund must keep a reserve 
of not less than the average expenditure per year for the last 3 years, 
and to form this reserve a supplementary charge of 10 per cent on 
the dues must be made and must be continued whenever necessary 
to keep the reserve above the minimum amount. The form of book- 
keeping is to be specified by the government authorities and an annual 
report on blanks provided for that purpose must be made to these 
ofhcials. The bookkeepers and cashiers, as well as the members of 
the board of directors are responsible for the administration of their 
offices and liable to prosecution under the civil code in the same man- 
ner as are trustees or guardians. Aside from the prosecution just 
mentioned, officials of the fund who use its assets for their private 
benefit may be required by the government officials to pay interest 
on the amounts so disposed of. The administrative authorities may 
suspend bookkeepers and other officials, including members of the 
board of directors, from their office whenever a court renders a 
verdict depriving them of any of their civil rights or whenever they 
are guilty of acts which are prejudicial to the welfare of the fund. 
The supervision of the local sick funds in regard to compliance with 
the provisions of the sickness insurance law and of the constitution 
made in accordance therewith rests with the officials of the com- 
mune in case the latter has more than 10,000 inhabitants; in other 
cases with officials named by the government of the various States 
of the Empire. The final supervision of the fund rests in the hands 
of the superior administrative authorities. 

The superior administrative authorities are authorized either to 
close a fund or to approve of its dissolution. The dissolution of a 
fund may take place only when requested by the officials of the 
commune with the consent of the general meeting of the fund. In 
case the officials decline to dissolve the fund, appeals from their 
decision may be made to the next higher authority. The closing 
of a fund may be done only by the higher administrative authorities, 



1196 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

and such action does not require the consent either of the commune 
or of the general meeting. Closing of a fund is obligatory whenever 
the number of members falls permanently below 50 or w^hen the annual 
accounts show that the minimum benefits provided by the operation 
of the fund can not comply with the minimum specified in the law, even 
though the dues are raised to 4 per cent of the wages. Orders of admin- 
istrative authorities in such matters may be contested by appeals in the 
regular manner. Whenever a fund is closed or dissolved its members 
subject to compulsory insurance, are either to be added to another 
local fund or to be included in the communal sickness insurance, and 
to the organization to which the members are added is transferred any 
assets left after the payment of existing claims. If it is not necessary 
to transfer the members to another fund the existing assets may be 
used for a purpose in harmony with the purpose for which the fund 
was established. Appeals from the actions of the superior administra- 
tive authorities in this matter may be made within 4 weeks to the 
central authorities of the State. 

Because of the size and scope of its activities the local sick fund 
for Leipzig and surrounding territory is frequently used as an illus- 
tration of the method of operation of the sick funds. When the 
sickness insurance was introduced, in the year 1884, there were cre- 
ated for Leipzig 18 different local sick funds for various occupations, 
and the usual communal sickness insurance; at that time these 19 
funds, together, included 20,833 members. Even in the first year's 
operations it was made evident that a number of advantages could be 
secured by consolidating these 19 funds, and on the 1st of January, 
1887, such a consolidation was made, which included not only the 
municipality of Leipzig but also the surrounding territory comprised 
in a radius of about 6 kilometers and including about 42 local 
governments. 

In the year 1902 the membership of the fund was composed of 
141,000 persons in the service of about 20,000 employers, and the 
fund is at the present time the largest sick fund in Germany. This 
step of consolidation has not been taken in the other large cities 
of Germany; in 1902, for instance, there were in Berlin 54 local 
funds; in Breslau, 54; in Hamburg, 19; in Hanover, 10; in Magde- 
burg, 10, and in Stuttgart, 18, in each case the membership of the 
funds being based on occupations. 

To show the actual operations of the local type of sick fund it 
will be recalled that the business of the fund is administered by the 
general meeting and by the board of directors. The general meeting 
consists of two-thirds of representatives of the insured persons and 
one-third of representatives of those employers who have paid con- 
tributions for persons employed by them. The number of repre- 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1197 

sentatives in the general meeting of the Leipzig fund is at present 
450, and they are elected for 3-year terms. The board of directors 
is elected by the general meeting and consists of 18 persons, of whom 
12 represent the insured persons and 6 the employers. The term of 
ofFice of members is 3 years, and one-third of the membership is 
renewed each year as the terms of 2 employers and 4 insured persons 
expire each year. 

The benefits paid by the local sick fund of Leipzig consist of : 

1. From the beginning of the sickness on, free medical attendance, 
medicines, therapeutic appliances, etc. 

2. In case of disability a pecuniary benefit not to exceed 15 marks 
(S3. 57) per week, beginning with the second day of disability and 
continuing for 34 weeks. 

3. In place of the benefits specified under 1 and 2 above, the fund 
may grant free medical care and free maintenance in a hospital, a 
sanitarium or home for convalescents; and in addition, while the 
disabled wage-earner is in such an institution, a cash benefit to the 
family dependent upon the disabled person, equal to two-thirds 
of the cash benefit to which the member was entitled ; or if the member 
was unmarried a cash benefit equal to one-fourth of the ordinary 
cash benefit in case of sickness. 

4. A pecuniary benefit for a period of 6 weeks to female members in 
case of childbirth. 

5. A funeral benefit in case of the death of a member. 

6. A benefit to members of the family not gainfully employed 
who are living in the household of an insured person, consisting of 
the following: (a) In case of the sickness of the children, of the 
wife (or husband), parents, or grandparents, if these are not members 
of the fund, the benefits are free medical treatment and free medicines, 
but not including therapeutic appliances, for the duration of the 
sickness, but not to exceed 13 weeks, (b) In case of the death of the 
wife or of a child, if they were not themselves members of the fund, a 
funeral benefit is paid of 30 marks ($7.14) for the wife, and of 15 
marks ($3.57) for a child. 

As an illustration of how important the expenditures under the 
last-named class of benefits (those designated under 6) are to the 
members of the fund it may be stated that in the year 1902 free 
medical attendance and medicines were provided for 55,084 wives, 
125,540 children, and 5,323 other dependents of members, while funeral 
benefits were paid for the death of 376 wives and 3,279 children of 
members. The dues of the members are paid by the employer, who 
pays one-third at his own expense and deducts two-thirds from the 
wage payments of the insured persons. The dues are collected at the 
end of each month by 14 collectors employed for this purpose by 



1198 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



the fund; in case the dues are collected by the collector of the fund 
the latter must provide the employer with a receipt ; in other cases the 
emplo3^er must forward the amount of the dues within 1 week to the 
office of the fund. If proper payments are not made within 1 week 
the fund institutes proceedings against the employer in the manner 
prescribed by the law. 

Persons who are not subject to the compulsory insurance may 
become voluntary members of the fund, but in such case must 
themselves pay the full amount of the dues. 

The members are divided into 10 classes according to the amount 
of their daily earnings. The dues of the fund are based on the 
average amount of the wage in the class to which the member belongs, 
and are 3.5 per cent of this average amount while the cash benefits 
are based on the amount of dues paid. The following table shows 
the amount of the dues and the benefits by wage classes: 

WAGE CLASSES OF MEMBERS, WITH RATES OF DUES AND BENEFITS, OF THE LOCAL 
SICK FUND OF LEIPZIG AND SURROUNDING TERRITORY, IN 1902. 

[Source: Die Entwickelung und Tatigkeit der Ortskrankenkasse fur Leipzig und Umgegend.] 





Average daily earnings. 


Aver- 
daily 
wages. 


Weekly dues. 


Sick 
bene- 
fits, 
not 
in- 
clud- 
ing 
medi- 
cal 
atten- 
tion, 
medi- 
cines, 
etc. 






Adults. 


Young persons 
(14 to 16 years of age). 


Paid by- 


Total. 


Fu- 


Class. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


Work- 
man. 


Em- 
ploy- 
er. 


neral 
bene- 
fits. 


I 


$1.07 and over 
.95 to $1.07 
.84 to .95 
.78 to .83 
.60 to .77 
.002to .60 


$1.07 and over 
95 to $1.07 
.84 to .95 
.78 to .83 
.60 to .77 
.48 to .60 
.36 to .48 
.002 to .36 






$1.19 
1.07 
.95 
.83 
.71 
.60 
.48 
.36 
.24 
.14 


$0. 167 
.152 
.133 
.119 
.100 
.086 
.067 
.053 
.033 
.019 


$0,083 
.076 
.067 
.060 
.05C 
.043 
.033 
.026 
.017 
.010 


$0,250 
.228 
.200 
.179 
.150 
.129 
.100 
.079 
.050 
.029 


$3.57 
3.21 
2.86 
2.50 
2.14 
1.79 
1.43 
1.07 
.71 
.43 


$23. 80 


II 






21.42 


III 






19.04 


IV 






16.66 


V 






14.28 


VI 






11.90 


VTT 






9.52 


VIII 
IX 


$0,002 and over 


$0,002 and over 
.002 to $0.24. 


7.14 
4.76 


aX 






(b) 


2.86 











a Persons under 14 years of age of both sexes. 



h Not specified. 



In 1902 the local fund of Leipzig had 297 physicians in its service 
on the basis of contract, and of these 97 were specialists. The fund 
has therefore endeavored to solve the difficult question of the free 
choice of physicians by having a large number of physicians on its 
staff, who, as a matter of fact, formed 80 per cent of the registered 
physicians in the city. A member may select any physician whom 
he desires, but if the physician is required to visit the dwelling of the 
sick person to provide treatment he must use the services of the 
physician who dwells nearest to him. The physicians are paid a lump 



CHAPTER V. WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1199 

sum annually on the basis of the membership of the fund. The 
number of apothecaries who deliver medicines under contract to the 
fund is 43. In addition the fund has in its service, first, 3 physicians 
who act as officers of the fund and who make the examination of 
voluntary applicants for membership, and make the examination of 
disabled members after treatment by the regular fund physician; 
and second, the sickness controllers, who render advice as to methods 
of treatment, other technical questions, and similar problems. The 
supervision and control of the sick members is arranged as follows : If 
a sick member desires to draw pecuniary benefits, the attending phy- 
sician specifies, in accordance with the nature of the sickness, certain 
hours of the morning or afternoon during which the beneficiary may 
leave his home and in certain cases can specify that the beneficiary 
may not leave his home at all. If a sick member disregards the rules 
of the fund or disobeys the orders of the physician in regard to leav- 
ing his home, he may be penalized with fines not to exceed three times 
the amount of the daily sick benefit for each offense. To supervise 
the sick members 21 paid and 250 voluntary sickness controllers are 
employed. The area of the fund is divided into 31 districts for this 
purpose. For each district there is an agent who attends to the busi- 
ness of that district and manages the business of the members with 
the administration of the fund; each agent has a proper number of 
sick visitors or controllers in his service. The voluntary sickness con- 
tollers are members who perform their duties outside of their regu- 
lar working hours, but who receive no compensation whatever for 
such work. 

The fund has the use of 3 health resorts placed at its disposal 
as a gift, in which approximately 175 patients receive treatment 
annually. Besides these 3 resorts the fund has the use of a wooded 
park in the neighborhood of Leipzig on which are buildings, kitchens, 
etc., where in the summer persons suffering from lung diseases can 
be sent during the daytime and return to their homes in the evening. 
Patients who are directed to use this park are supplied with car fare 
and with a midday meal. 

The .problem of reducing the disability due to tuberculosis is re- 
garded as one of the most important fields of activity of the Leipzig 
fund and special care is provided for persons suffering from this 
disease. All of the fund physicians provide any member with full 
information in regard to the origin, the results, and the proper methods 
of treatment of tuberculosis, and members for whom treatment in a 
sanitarium is advisable are immediately provided with such treat- 
ment. All the officials of the fund are required to make immediate 
report of any case of tuberculosis among the members of which they 
obtain knowledge in order that treatment may begin at the earliest 
date possible. 



1200 



REPOET OF THE COMMISSIOaSTER OF LABOR. 



The following table shows the expenditures of the Leipzig fund for 
the year 1902 and for the period 1884 to 1902. 

AMOUNT AND PER CENT OF EXPENDITURES OF THE LOCAL SICK FUND OF LEIPZIG 
AND SURROUNDING TERRITORY, BY CLASS OF EXPENDITURE, 1902 AND 1884 TO 
1902. 



[Source: Die Entwickelung und Tatigkeit der Ortskrankenkasse fiir Leipzig und Umgegend.] 


Class of expenditure. 


Expenditure 
in 1902. 


Expenditure, 
1884 to 1902. 




Amount. 


Per cent. 


Amount. 


Per cent. 




$196, 523 
114,214 
364, 152 
13,046 
15,910 
25,617 
74,506 
78,149 
24,727 


21.7 
12.6 
40.2 
1.4 
1.8 
2.8 
8.2 
8.6 
2.7 


$1,877,949 
1,162,505 
3,917,860 
106,822 
146,945 
321,629 
742,860 
766,030 
266,958 


20.2 


Medicines, etc 


12 5 


Pecuniary benefits to members 


42.1 


Pecuniary benefits to dependents of members . 


1.2 




1.6 


Funeral benefits 


3.4 




8.0 


Costs of administration 


8.1 


All other expenditures 


2.9 






Total 


906,844 


100.0 


9,309,558 


100.0 







PARISH OR COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 

In the creation of the German sickness insurance system, efforts 
were made to organize the persons insured along trade or industrial 
lines as much as possible; it is obvious in many districts there would 
be large numbers of persons who would not fall within the scope 
either of a local fund, an establishment fund, a building trades fund, 
a guild fund, or a miners' fund, or one of the mutual aid funds pro- 
vided to conduct the insurance of its members. In Austria a special 
territorial organization was created for this purpose, but in Germany 
the communal or parish governments were directed to perform this 
work. It is therefore not a separate fund with an independent exist- 
ence, but only one of the duties of a commune or parish. This duty 
exists automatically whenever and as long as there are establishments 
located in any commune, the employees of which are subject to the 
insurance and do not belong to any of the 7 classes of fund authorized 
to conduct insurance. It is the duty of the commune to provide 
those persons subject to the compulsory insurance law with the regu- 
lar sick benefits whenever they become disabled. To defray these 
expenditures the commune assesses upon the insured persons the 
dues or contributions specified in the law. As a rule, these are assess- 
ments on the wages and are to be equal to IJ per cent of the customary 
daily rate of wages; in case this amount is insufficient it may be 
increased to 3 per cent of the customary daily wages of that locality; 
and in each case the employer pays one-third of the sum. 

A special account must be kept for the receipts and expenditures 
of this department of the communal government, and an annual 
report of the operations under this account must be made to the 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1201 

superior administrative authorities. The commune must administer 
the insurance without compensation and whenever the funds on hand 
are insufficient for tlie purposes of the insurance the commune must 
temporarily provide a loan to defray the deficit; this loan shall be 
repaid from the excess of receipts over expenditures at a later time, 
or may be repaid from the reserve of the fund, or may remain unpaid. 
In general, the area covered by the communal sickness insurance is 
that of one commune or parish; but a combination of several communes 
may form a federation of these bodies to conduct the insurance and 
such a federation may require adjoining communes to combine with 
it in order to increase the scope of their operations. In case the supe- 
rior administrative authorities deem proper, several communes may be 
forced to create such a federation. This action may be taken where 
federations of communes do not exist or it may be taken at the 
request of those communes in which, because of the small number of 
persons subject to insurance, or because, at the rate of 3 per cent of 
the customary daily wages, the receipts are not sufficient to defray 
the expenditures. An exception to this rule is made in the provision 
that communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants without their con- 
sent may not be combined with smaller communes unless the admin- 
istration of the combined communal sickness insurance is given to 
the large commune. Federations of this kind may be dissolved in the 
same manner as other organizations, but all actions in this regard 
must be approved by the superior administrative authorities. 

ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 

The establishment sick funds are organizations which had existed 
for many years previous to the introduction of compulsory insurance 
and were made one of the means of administering that system. 
While the local sick funds are to be created for specific branches of 
industry or specific kinds of establishments, and therefore include in 
their membership all the establishments of a certain kind in a certain 
district, the establishment funds on the other hand are sick funds 
created for the purpose of insuring the employees of a single estab- 
lishment or of several establishments of the same employer. An 
establishment fund may not be created for the establishments of 
several employers. The only exception to this rule occurs in cases 
when one of several establishments of an employer is sold or otherwise 
separated from the others, and in such cases at the request of the 
new proprietor the insurance of his employees may be continued with 
those of the former group of establishments. The separation of the 
insurance can take place only upon the application of the new employer. 

Under certain conditions, therefore, the employer is entitled to 
establish a sick .fund for his establishment and under certain other 
conditions ho may be required to do so by order of the superior 



1202 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

administrative officials. The latter provision applies especially in 
case of establishments where the employees are subjected to an unusu- 
ally high risk of sickness and in such cases the employer may be re- 
quired to establish a fund even if the number of his employees is less 
than 50, the minimum number required in all other cases. In this 
manner an effort is made to avoid unduly burdening the communal 
sickness insurance or the local sick fund with establishments where 
special risks are present. In addition, whenever an employer has 
more than 50 persons in his establishment the commune in which the 
establishment is located or the sick fund in which the persons em- 
ployed are insured may make application to have the employer 
establish such a fund. Before the order is issued in such cases the 
employer and the persons employed by him, or their representatives, 
and the commune are entitled to a hearing in order to express their 
views on this subject. In case the superior administrative officials 
issue such an order and the employer fails to comply therewith, the 
latter must at his own expense pay the dues not exceeding 5 per cent 
of the wages of the insured persons. The amount of these contribu- 
tions is determined by the superior administrative officials in con- 
sultation with the parish officials. 

In general, the administration of this type of fund follows that of 
the local sick funds. The constitution is drawn up by the employer 
or his representative in consultation with his employees or their 
representatives and must be approved by the superior administrative 
officials. The employer is entitled to representation in the board of 
directors and in the general meeting and may himself be the president 
of both bodies or appoint that official. He must himself keep the 
books and accounts and defray the cost thereof; in case at any time 
there is a deficit in the treasury of the fund, he must advance the 
amount necessary to supply the same and whenever the contribu- 
tions, even though they are equal to 4 per cent of the average wages 
of the employees, are not sufficient to provide the minimum benefit 
specified in the law the employer must at his own expense and without 
any claim for recompense supply the amount necessary. Of the 
current contributions he must pay one-third. Persons who have 
been members of an establishment fund and after leaving the employ 
of the firm desire to continue their membership may do so by con- 
tinuing the payment of full dues, but shall have no vote and may not 
hold office. In case the establishment temporarily shuts down or 
temporarily reduces the number of its employees below 50 the super- 
vising officials may continue the administration of the fund by install- 
ing a representative in office. This may not, however, be done for 
establishments which because of the nature of the industry in which 
they are engaged close down at regular intervals. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1203 

Establishment funds cease to exist either tlirough dissolution or 
tlirough an order to cease business. Both steps can be ordered by 
the superior administrative officials against which order the persons 
affected may file an appeal within 2 weeks to higher officials. A 
fund may be dissolved upon application of the employer with the 
approval of the general meeting of the insured members provided 
that the communal officials affected have had a chance to express their 
views in regard to the application. An establishment fund must be 
closed up whenever the establishment is dissolved for which the fund 
has been created, or in case the keeping of the books and accounts 
has been unsatisfactory, or in case of a permanent diminution in the 
number of members below 50 persons. 

In other respects the establishment funds follow closely the admin- 
istration of the rules and procedure of local sick funds. 

BUILDING TRADES FUNDS. 

A special type of establishment fund is found in the fund for insur- 
ance of persons employed in the building trades. As operations in 
the building industry frequently bring together large bodies of men 
for a short time and these men are exposed to an unusually high rate 
of sickness or other disability, it is often preferable to unite them into 
a special organization to provide sickness insurance. These funds 
are therefore another form of establishment fund, and are subjected to 
practically the same regulations as the last-named funds; they are 
not, however, required to accumulate reserves unless the authorities 
so require, and the constitution shall, in case of the dissolution or clos- 
ing of such a fund, state the use to which the assets are to be put. 

The creation of such funds may be made compulsory upon order 
of the superior administrative authorities for special excavation work 
or heavy building work in which a large number of workmen are 
employed. This order may be made to apply to several contractors 
engaged on one or more buildings or parts of buildings, or other con- 
struction work. If the employers do not comply with such an order, 
they must at their own expense pay all the benefits of the sickness 
insurance ^vithout deductions from the wages of their employees. In 
case the fund is closed by the above-named officials because the em- 
ployer does not properly conduct the accounting and other oper- 
ations of the fund the latter must provide the minimum benefits of the 
insurance at his o\\ti expense. The fund must also be closed in case 
the building or construction work is completed or the firm conducting 
the work is dissolved. The administrative authorities are authorized 
to settle controversies arising in regard to benefits to be paid to 
employees as well as claims of communes or other bodies against such 
funds. 



1204 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

GUILD FUNDS. 

The guild funds are one of the types of organization providing 
sickness insurance which existed at the time of the estabhshment of 
the compulsory system and were made part of the latter. These funds 
are created in accordance with certain provisions contained in the 
industrial code, but so long as these comply with the minimum stand- 
ards established for the compulsory funds they are regarded as parts 
of the compulsory system. According to article 73 of the sickness 
insurance law and article 90 of the industrial code the provisions of 
the sickness insurance apply to funds which the guilds have provided 
for the journeymen and the apprentices of their members in accord- 
ance with title 70 of the industrial code. As a matter of fact, the 
membership of these funds includes many persons in addition to the 
journeymen and apprentices; according to the law all persons in the 
employ of members of the guild who are subject to compulsory insur- 
ance, as for instance the unskilled workers, laborers, messen- 
gers, etc., are members of the guild sick fund. In such cases, of 
course, the employment must be in the establishment to which the 
workmen, who are members of the guild, belong. If, for instance, a 
guild member has a salesroom in which certain persons are exclusively 
employed without coming in contact with the workshop, the latter 
are, of course, not subject to the compulsory insurance. A person 
who becomes a compulsory member of a guild sick fund at that mo- 
ment ceases to be a member of all other compulsory sickness insurance 
funds, such as the communal sickness insurance, the local sick funds, or 
an establishment fund. In order to protect the local sick funds against 
sudden decreases of membership through the creation of guild funds 
the law provides that persons subject to compulsory insurance whose 
employers become members of the guild, may, after the creation of a 
guild sick fund, not begin their membership in the new sick fund 
of the guild until the beginning of the new fiscal year, and only after 
the employer has given 3 months' notice of his membership in the 
guild fund to the board of directors of the local fund to which he 
formerly belonged. For the same reason the time when a new guild 
sick fund may begin operations must be fixed by the superior govern- 
ment officials; in fact, according to article 85 of the industrial code 
the proposal for the creation of a guild sick fund must receive the 
approval of the superior government officials before such a fund can 
be established. 

In general the administration of guild sick funds resembles closely 
the administration of the local sick funds, though in one important 
feature the arrangements differ. The local sick funds are independ- 
ent legal persons with the right to acquire property and enter into 
obligations, to sue and to be sued, and for whose obligations only 
the property of the fund is liable. On the other hand, the guild sick 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1205 

funds are subsidiary features of the guild and the guild itself must 
fulfill the rights and duties of the sick fund. However, the receipts 
and expenditures of the guild fund must be accounted for separately 
and its asssets must be administered separately from the other 
assets of the guild. Whenever the minimum requirements pre- 
scribed in the law for these funds can not be met through the con- 
tributions of the members, provided that such contributions are 
already 4 per cent of the average daily wages or actual earnings of 
the members, then the necessary amount to defray tlie deficit must 
be paid for out of the assets of the guild. The administration of the 
property of the guild sick fund and the representation of the sick 
fund in legal and other matters is not performed by the directorate 
of the guild but by a special board of directors of the sick fund and a 
special general meeting of the same organization. The result of 
this duplication of the administrative bodies has not been entirely 
satisfactory" and many complaints have arisen in regard to this feature. 

AID FUNDS. 

In both the German and Austrian compulsory sickness insurance 
systems voluntary organizations of the workmen for insurance against 
sickness were allowed to continue their operations after the enact- 
ment of the compulsory insurance laws, with the provision that such 
funds must comply with certain minimum requirements as to benefits, 
rights of members, etc. 

At the present time the term "aid fund" or "mutual aid fund" 
in the German sickness insurance system is understood to include 
only the voluntary funds which provide benefits in case of sickness, 
accidental injury, death, etc. As already stated, in the earlier part 
of the nineteenth century man}^ of the communes or similar local gov- 
ernments established compulsory aid funds for their areas. The first 
general national regulation of these funds was contained in the 
industrial code of June 21, 1869, which provided that local regula- 
tions should continue to exist, except that journeymen, factory 
workers, and other workers should be exempt from obligatory mem- 
l^ership in such funds whenever they could show that they were 
members of a voluntary sick fund, aid fund, or death-benefit fund. 
The provisions of the law of 1869 were not, however, entirely clear in 
some respects and were repealed by the enactment of the law on aid 
funds of April 7, 1876, and the amendment to the industrial code of 
April 8, 1876. The law of 1876 on voluntary aid funds contained 
regulations applying to this class of funds and among other things 
specifying the amount of the benefits, the amount of the dues, pro- 
viding for specific officials of the funds, requiring a supervision of the 
funds by government officers, the prohibition of use of the assets of 
the funds for purposes other than those stated in the law, etc. Funds 



1206 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

which compHed with the regulations of the law of 1876 were allowed 
to designate themselves as ''registered aid funds/' and in return were 
given the rights of legal persons with the liability of the fund 
restricted to its assets. This privilege was not granted to those funds 
which did not comply with the law and apply for registry. The 
power to conduct sickness insurance under local compulsory sickness 
insurance regulations was granted only to the registered funds. 
Many of the funds, however, did not apply for registry, but retained 
their old status under existing state laws and still retain that status. 
In the statistics of sickness insurance these aid funds are referred to 
as registered aid funds and as aid funds acting under the authority of 
state laws. When the law of June 15, 1883, introducing general 
compulsory sickness insurance for the Empire was enacted, these two 
classes of voluntary aid funds were permitted to provide sickness 
insurance for their members by complying with the minimum require- 
ments of the law of 1883. On June 1, 1884, a law amending the law 
of April 7, 1876, was enacted which remains a part of the existing 
law on the subject of activities of these organizations. Under the 
provisions of this law certain requirements must be met by these vol- 
untary registered aid funds. 

They must bear a specified name which is clearly distinguished 
from the name of all other sick funds of the same locality, and this 
name must have added to it the words ''registered aid fund." The 
fund must have a constitution in which all the essential features 
required by the law are clearly specified; copies of this constitution 
must be supplied to the officials of the local government where the 
fund is located and the constitution must be approved by the admin- 
istrative authorities of the government before coming into force. 
Amendments to the constitution must also be approved before going 
into force. The ofiicers of the fund must forward to the proper gov- 
ernment officials regular statistical reports in regard to their opera- 
tions, and at any time the officials of the government have the right 
to inspect the books, accounts, and other records of the association. 
In case of violation of any of the provisions of the law fines not 
exceeding 100 marks ($23.80) may be imposed on the ofiicers of the 
fund. 

The general method of the administration of these funds follows 
closely that of the other sick funds. The official bodies of the aid 
fund are, first, the general meeting consisting either of adult members 
in full possession of civic rights or of delegates elected by such mem- 
bers, and, secondly, the board of directors. The general meeting is 
authorized to elect a supervisory committee also, which has the right 
to supervise the work of the board of directors and make reports to 
the general meeting. The law of June 1, 1884, authorizes the funds 
to create local branches with restricted rights and duties. The law 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1207 

also permits several registered aid funds to federate for the purpose 
of mutual assistance, and such federations are subject to the same 
supervision of the government oflicials as the funds composing it. 

The benefits provided by such aid funds may consist only of pecu- 
niary benefit, medical attendance, medicines, and other pharma- 
ceutical aids, maintenance and medical treatment in a hospital, con- 
valescent care, confinement benefits, medical benefits for the mem- 
bers of the family, and finally certain restricted benefits to survivors 
of deceased members. The claim of a member to benefits may not 
be seized by legal process or transferred. The dues and benefits 
must be the same for all members, but may be classified by sex, state 
of health, age, emplo^^ment, and locality. The income and expendi- 
tures for sickness relief must be kept separate from all purposes foreign 
to that of sickness insurance. At least one-tenth of the annual receipts 
from dues must be put into the reserve fund until the latter reaches 
the amount of annual expenditures based on the average expenditures 
for the last 5 years, and the reserve must be maintained at this 
amount. In case the receipts are insufiicient to cover the expendi- 
tures, including the maintenance of the reserve, the fund must then 
provide for an increase of the dues or a diminution of the benefits; in 
case such measures are not taken the supervisory government authori- 
ties have power to require tlie inauguration of such reforms. The 
dissolution of an aid fund may take place through a resolution of the 
general meeting passed by a majority of four-fifths of all votes, or 
under certain conditions the supervisory public authorities may order 
its dissolution. 

The enactment of the imperial sickness insurance law of June 15, 
1883, made but little change in the regulations concerning this class 
of funds, except to require them, in case they desired to act as part 
of the macliinery for the administration of the law, to comply with 
certain minimum standards; these were simply to provide mem- 
bers with the minimum benefits paid by the communal siclmess 
insurance of the commune where the said fund was located, or in 
case they did not provide free medical attention and free medicines, 
to pay their members a pecuniary sick benefit of not less than three- 
fourths of the customary wages for ordinary day labor of that 
locality. 

The activities of the aid funds in connection A^th the compulsory 
sickness insurance developed to an unexpected degree and caused 
some friction with the regular compulsory funds. In the opinion of 
many workmen these funds possessed advantages as against the 
other compulsory forms, among which may be mentioned the greater 
independence of the members, the freedom to go from one estab- 
lishment or industry to another, the absence of any right of the 
employer to act in the administration of the fund, the possibihty of 
46598°— 10 77 . 



1208 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

selecting their o^vn physician (which the aid funds could permit by 
providing a pecuniary benefit equal to three-fourths of the rate for 
ordinary day wages instead of providing medical treatment by the 
fund), the ease in excluding from membersliip persons who were poor 
risks, wliile in addition the worlanen found it easy to add other bene- 
fits to the fund besides those specified in the sickness insurance law. 
Some of the employers regarded the funds favorably because they 
were freed from compulsory contributions to the sickness insurance 
for employees who were members of these organizations. Gradually 
a semblance of competition between the aid funds and the local sick 
funds sprang up, principally because the former were allowed to pro- 
vide an increased sick wage instead of the benefit consisting of 
medical attendance, medicines, etc. In order to remove this unde- 
sirable competition between the two types of funds, the sickness 
insurance law of April 10, 1892, modified the benefit requirements 
which the aid funds must provide. Under the 1892 law an increased 
pecuniary benefit as a substitute for the benefits in the form of 
medical attendance, medicines, etc., can be given only if the workman 
is at the same time insured in a compulsory sick fund or included in 
the communal siclmess insurance. Otherwise the aid funds must pro- 
vide medicine and medical attendance in the same manner as the 
compulsory sick funds. In order to be allowed to act as a substitute 
for carrjang insurance under the compulsory sickness insurance, the 
fact that the benefits just described comply with the minimum 
standards of the sickness insurance law must be certified to by the 
government authorities. The aid funds subject only to the legisla- 
tion of state laws are entitled to act as agencies for the compulsory 
sickness insurance law only when their constitution has been approved 
by state authorities and the reserve is maintained at the same 
amount as for the local sick funds. Aid funds which comply with 
the minimum requirements of the siclaiess insurance law have, as 
well as the other funds, the right to require the accident associations 
to reimburse them for funeral benefits paid in case of persons injured 
by accident. Wherever the regular compulsory funds have a claim 
against the poor-law authorities or against third parties for benefits 
which the}^ have paid, the aid funds which comply with the law 
have a similar right. In other respects the aid funds have imposed 
on them the same duties as the compulsory funds, such, for instance, 
as reporting disability caused by accident, etc. In connection with 
the invalidity and old-age insurance, the law of 1899 permits the 
aid funds to participate in the election of representatives to the 
directorate of the invahdity insurance institute and the certificates 
of the registered funds and of the funds operating under state regu- 
lations are accepted as proving the duration of sickness in making 
claim for invalidit}^ pensions. (See page 1216 for the proposed 
reform of the aid societies.) 



CHAPTEE V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1209 

miners' funds. 

These funds constitute one of the oldest organizations for the insur- 
ance of workers against sickness, accident, and old age in Germany. 
When the compulsory sickness insurance system was created the miners' 
funds had reached such a high state of development and presented such 
a complicated system of rehef of various types that they were accepted 
in their existing form as part of the new insurance. We find, there- 
fore, that the funds provide rehef for sickness, invalidity, old age, 
and for the dependents of members, although their principal activity 
at the present time relates to the relief of sickness or temporary dis- 
ability. The regulations governing the funds are principally found 
in the mining codes of the various States of the Empire, though the 
general sickness insurance law provides that the funds shall maintain 
the minimum standard of benefits required for other industries. 

The history of these funds dates so far back that even the earliest 
mining codes known contain some reference to their operations; 
thus in the fourteenth century the mining regulations contain provi- 
sions relating to the relief to be provided through this means, although 
compulsorj' membership was not provided until 1854; in Prussia, for 
instance, the number of members included in the funds in 1854 v;as 
56,000 out of 68,000 persons employed in the industry. The Prussian 
\t,w of 1854 made the creation of such funds compulsory, regulated the 
proportion of dues to be paid by the employers and by the workmen, 
and specified that the funds were to be administered on the mutual 
plan. The revised mining code for Prussia of 1865 reformed the 
existing system by permitting greater freedom of movement from 
fund to fund. As already stated, the new sickness insurance law 
which was passed in 1883, covering the whole Empire, made practi- 
cally no changes in the existing funds, merely requiring them to 
make as liberal provision for the persons insured as in the case of 
other industries. 

As the majority of the funds and the largest number of miners are 
situated in the State of Prussia the regulations of that State ma}- be 
taken as typical of the methods pursued in complying with the 
minimum requirements established by the imperial insurance law. 
The law of Prussia of June 19, 1906, makes compulsory the creation 
of a miners' fund for workers m mines subject to the mining code of 
the State, workers in smelting establishments, in salt works, and in 
the accessory establishment J of these industries. A miners' fund is 
a corporation with all the rights and duties of legal persons and is in 
existence whenever its constitution and by-laws have been approved 
by the state mining office. The insurance provided b}' the miners' 
fund must be kept in two distinct classes, the sickness insurance and 
the invalidity insurance. The benefits provided by the sicloiess 



1210 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 

insurance must be not less than the benefits provided by the estab- 
lishment funds, but may be and usually are higher than the amounts 
required of the last-named funds. In addition the funds may pro- 
vide benefits for the dependents of members, but must charge special 
dues for that feature. Insurance may be continued by a miner who 
is dismissed from an establishment or leaves his employment for any 
other cause by continuing the payments, including both his own 
share and that of his employer. A person voluntarily insured must 
have been a member for at least 2 years, must remain in the territory 
of the German Empire, must not engage in an employment by virtue 
of which he will be entitled to insurance in another sick fund, and 
the full dues must be paid within the time required. Failure to pay 
dues for 2 successive dates of payments causes the insurance to 
lapse. The dues for both the sickness and pension insurance are 
defrayed one-half by the employer and one-half by the workman 
and are computed in the form of percentages of the wages or salary 
earned and in case the expenditures call for more than 4 per cent of 
the average wages of the persons insured in order to provide the 
minimum benefits, then the employer must provide the excess entirely 
at his own expense. 

Whenever the existence of the funds is endangered because of a 
diecrease in the number of members, or for other reasons, in such a 
manner that by increasing the dues or by decreasing the benefits the 
financial status can not be strengthened, the supervising officials may 
dissolve the fund and afiiliate the members with another fund or 
establish a new fund according to special principles. In addition the 
supervising officials must arrange for the dissolution of a fund when- 
ever the establishment or establishments for which the fund has been 
created is dissolved. 

The administrative bodies of the fund are the board of elders, the 
board of directors, and the general meeting. The board of elders is 
practically a supervising committee whose duty it is to protect the 
rights of members as against the board of directors and to act as 
representatives of the members in the general meeting. They are 
elected by the adult male members who are paying dues and who 
must be in the possession of all civil rights. The election takes place 
according to rules prescribed in the constitution. The board of 
directors, the real administrative body of the fund, consists of one- 
half of representatives of the employers and one-half of elders; this 
board selects its own chairman from the number of the employers. 
The directorate represents the fund in all legal and other matters, 
conducts the election of the elders, appoints the officials and phy- 
sicians of the funds, makes contracts with the latter, administers the 
assets, directs the bookkeeping, and in other respects administers the 
fund in general. The general meeting consists of the employers and 



CHAPTER V. — WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1211 

the elders of the fund ; it must hold a session at least once a year. 
It has power to amend the constitution, to elect the board of directors, 
to choose a committee for the examination and approval of the annual 
accounts, and to prosecute claims of the fund against officials or 
members. 

The general supervision of the miners' funds is exercised by the 
superior mining office of the State, which appoints inspectors for 
each fund. These inspectors are authorized to attend all sessions of 
the general meeting of the board of directors and of committees. 

Members who wish to appeal against acts of the board of directors 
must apply to the superior mining office and from there to the min- 
ister of commerce and industry. Decisions relating to claims for 
pensions, controversies in regard to membership, to dues, and to 
entrance fees of the pension fund can be settled by courts of arbi- 
tration, which are formed in the same manner as the arbitration 
courts of the compulsory insurance system; from the decision of such 
courts appeal may be made to a central court of arbitration for 
miners' fund, which has been established in Berlin. 

The above description applies to miners' funds in the Kingdom of 
Prussia; in other States the organization of miners' insurance follows 
along similar lines, except that in the Kingdom of Saxony two 
entirely different organizations administer the sickness insurance and 
pension insurance. 

PROPOSED REFORMS. 

The official plan for the reform of the workmen's insurance system 
introduced a number of important changes in the sickness insurance. 
Some of the administrative features have already been described in 
connection with the accident msurance on page 1052. 

The scope of the insurance, as far as the persons included is con- 
cerned, is changed materially. According to the new bill the insur- 
ance of persons against sickness is no longer dependent on the occu- 
pation or kind of establishment, but is to be extended practically to 
all persons who are engaged in work of a subordinate nature and who 
hohl subordinate positions. This definition approaches closely to the 
definition of persons included in the invalidity insurance. If adopted, 
it would mean that the compulsory sickness insurance would include 
workers engaged in agriculture and forestry, domestic servants in 
both cities and rural districts, transient workers, and persons engaged 
in itinerary occupations, also helpers and apprentices in pharmacies, 
persons engaged in theaters and as members of an orchestra, teachers 
and instructors (so far as their regular annual earnings are not more 
than 2,000 marks) (S476), and finally all persons engaged in w^ork 
done at home upon the order of outside parties. In addition, the 
federal council is authorized to extend the insurance for specific occu- 



1212 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOK^ER OF LABOR. 

pations, either for the whole Empire or in special districts, and, fur- 
thermore, to extend it to heads of establishments who do not regu- 
larly employ more than two persons subject to the insurance. 

The bill endeavors to reform the existing abuses arising from the 
fact that many of the sickness-insurance organizations are extremely 
small; it endeavors to do this in part by compulsory and voluntary 
consolidation of existing funds, and in part through preventing the 
creation of small funds in the future. 

The bill proposes to abolish entirely the communal sickness insur- 
ance system. 

The principal organizations for the administration of the insur- 
ance are to be local sick funds and rural sick funds. The ''rural" 
sick fund (Landlcranlcenkasse) is a new type of territorial sick 
fund and is intended primarily for the classes of persons newly sub- 
jected to compulsory insurance. Although called a rural fund, such 
funds are intended to be organized in cities as well as in the 
country districts. Working side by side with these are the estab- 
lishment sick funds, the guild funds, miners' funds, and under 
certain conditions the aid funds now permitted to conduct the in- 
surance. The bill proposes that there shall be no compulsion 
for the creation of establishment sick funds, and, as a rule, new 
establishment funds shall not be created with less than 500 mem- 
bers, though existing funds which have 250 members or more are 
to be permitted to remain. For building funds and guild funds a 
minimum number of members is not prescribed. In the case of the 
local funds the territorial restriction is to be more carefully applied 
in the future, and, as a rule, there must be one local fund for the district 
of each local insurance office. However, existing local funds for one 
or more branches of industr}^ or occupations are to be allowed to 
remain, under certain general conditions. The conditions required 
for the continuance of existing funds and the creation of new funds of 
all kinds which are to operate by the side of the local or rural sick 
funds are that their benefits shall be at least equal to that provided 
by the last-named funds. The same local boundaries apply for the 
rural sick funds as for the local sick funds. The rural sick funds are 
especially to make provision for persons engaged in agriculture, for 
domestic servants, for persons employed in itinerary trades, for per- 
sons engaged in work on the order of outside parties, and persons 
employed by the former. The bill permits a number of variations 
from the plan just described, such, for instance, as the omission of 
the rural sick fund and the insurance of persons supposed to belong to 
it in the local sick fund. In the bill special em]:)hasis is placed on the 
means for consolidating several single funds; this consolidation may 
take place upon the decision of the board representing the funds, and 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1213 

under certain cii'cumstances can be required to be made under direc- 
tion of the local insurance oflice and the imperial insurance office. 

An important change is made in regard to the admjjiistration of the 
sick funds and in the proportion of dues paid by the employer and 
the insured persons. In the future each party is to have the same 
influence in the administration and to pay. exactly the same amount 
of dues. The elections to the committee which in the future is to 
direct the operations of the fund, instead of the general meeting, are 
to be so conducted as to permit of proportional representation. 
These committees are to consist of not more than 50 employees and 50 
worlonen. The chairman of the board of directors in the local sick 
fund is to be elected by the members composing it from their own 
number, and the majority of each group must have voted for the same 
person; if an election does not take place, the local insurance office 
will appoint a temporary presiding officer, or a member of the board 
of directors will be temporarily authorized to conduct the business 
of the fund. In the case of the rural sick funds the presiding officer 
and the members of the board of directors are named by the proper 
communal or other body; if these funds do not elect a committee, as 
is permissible, the board of directors must consist of equal numbers 
of representatives of employee and of the insured persons. In the 
case of establishment sick funds the proprietor shall have one-half 
of the votes in the board of directors and in the committee and must 
act as chairman. For the guild sick funds practically the same rules 
apply as in the case of the local sick funds. 

As heretofore, the assets of the sick funds may be used only for 
the benefits specified in the constitution, for the reserve, and for costs 
of administration, except that it shall be permissible to make expendi- 
tures for measures of a general nature whose object is to prevent 
disease, while with the approval of the authorities the fund may bear 
the cost of participation in conventions, congresses, etc., whose object 
is to promote matters connected with the sickness insurance. 

The amount of the dues may be varied on the basis of the occupa- 
tion or branch of industry of the member if the variation corresponds 
to the difference in the risk of sickness. This measure was taken to 
permit the territorial funds to adjust themselves to the occupational 
differences in their membership. The funds may not charge en- 
trance fees. General regulations are also provided for the officials 
and employees of the sick fund. 

One of the most important features of the proposed insurance 
code is that including agricultural workers in the insurance. Under 
certain circumstances insured persons engaged in agricultural estab- 
lishments may be exempted from the insurance obligation upon the 
application of the employer, which must contain information show- 



1214 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

ing that the emplo3''ment contract continues for at least one year 
and that the payments in kind continue for at least the period during 
which pecuniary benefits must be paid by the employer. In addition, 
a reduction of the insurance dues and of the cash benefits of the 
insured persons may be made in certain cases. 

In the case of domestic servants the employer is permitted to count 
the continuation of payment of wages as a sick benefit, and under 
certain circumstances the so-called '' extended sick care" may also be 
counted. At the request of the employer the fund may be required 
to grant hospital care in cases of contagious diseases or of disability 
which makes greater demands for care or treatment than can be sup- 
plied in a household. The state governments may also exempt from 
the insurance domestic servants who are equally as well provided for 
by state laws or other regulations. 

The regulations concerning the insurance of transient or casual em- 
ployees provide that the fund shall contain an alphabetical list of such 
employees and that the latter must themselves announce whenever 
they are employed, but the ofiicials of the fund may themselves reg- 
ister such persons whenever they learn that employment has been 
secured by the latter. The insurance dues and benefits are to be 
regulated by special sections of the constitution, and the casual 
employees must themselves pay their own dues, while the share of the 
employer is to be paid by the local government and afterwards 
assessed by the latter on all employers, or more heavily on those 
employers who employ large numbers of casual workers or employ 
them for longer periods of time. Under certain circumstances the 
collection of dues on account of casual employees may be omitted; 
but in such cases the employees receive only medical treatment, and 
in case of death their survivors receive a funeral benefit of not more 
than 30 marks ($7.19). 

Persons employed in itinerant trades or itinerant occupations are 
to be registered by the employers with the rural sick fund of that 
locality from which the worker has received his itinerant certificate; 
only the number of such workers is to be reported to the funds, 
and the dues to be paid are for the period specified on the certificate 
of the worker unless the board of directors permits the use of a shorter 
period. The certificate of an itinerant worker shall be granted only 
when the worker presents a statement from the sick fund containing 
information showing the amount and the payments of the sickness 
dues. One-half of the amounts paid in by the emplo3^er may be 
deducted from the wages. Workers of this class are to receive only 
the usual benefits of the fund and the dues are to be correspondingly 
reduced. 

Persons engaged in domestic industries, by which is meant persons 
working at home upon order of outside parties, are to be insured by 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1215 

the rural sick fund in whose area they have their workshop. Such 
persons shall he registered with the rural sick fund in an alphahctical 
list, and shall he treated in the same way as casual workers. The 
dues are to be paid in part by the worker himself and by the persons 
employed by him and in part by the person giving the order, and 
always excluding the so-called intermediate person (Zwischenmeister) . 
The share of the dues to be paid by the person giving the order is to 
be independent of the amount paid by the worker and is to be com- 
puted on the basis of the sum paid for the order. The amount of this 
charge is to be the same for the whole Empire and until the end of 
the year 1914 is to be 2 per cent, and later shall be readjusted by the 
federal council for periods of 4 years each. The person giving the 
order must each month supply to the rural sick fund of the locality 
where the establishment is located a list of the persons employed 
during that time and for^vard with the list the contribution for his 
own share of the dues, and in case of workers who are in the service of 
one employer only the dues of the workers. Special features of this 
insurance relate to the benefits, wliicli consist of free medical attend- 
ance, etc., and a special pecuniary benefit. By means of local regu- 
lations the local governments may prescribe that they themselves 
shall pay the cost of the insurance of such domestic workers, except 
the share paid by the employer, so that the insured persons may pay 
no dues whatever and that in such cases the insured persons shall 
receive only sick care and a funeral benefit not to exceed 30 marks 
(S7.14). 

The regulation of the relations between the sick funds on the one 
side and the physicians' and pharmacists on the other seeks to remedy 
a number of conditions wliich have called for reform. The new bill 
does not provide for free choice of physicians. The sick funds are 
permitted to make contracts with specified physicians, hospitals, and 
pharmacists and, except in urgent cases, may dechne to pay for treat- 
ment by other than those persons or institutions with whom they have 
contracts. In case the regulations of the fund in this respect are 
not satisfactory to their members, the superior insurance office may 
make other arrangements after granting a hearing to the fund and 
to the arbitration committee attached to the local insurance office.* 
The funds may draw up medical regulations specifying the relations 
of the physicians to the fund, and these, too, may also provide arbitra- 
tion committees for the settlement of controversies and determina- 
tion of their mutual obligations. Careful regulations are made for 
the settlement of all controversies arising between the sick funds and 
the medical practitioners. 

The local insurance offices are as a rule to have the supervision 
of the sick funds, the latter having a right of appeal to the superior 
insurance office in case they object to any action of the local office.' 



1216 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

In urgent cases, such, for instance as the withdrawal of medical treat- 
ment or the necessity of amending the constitution, etc., an immedi- 
ate hearing by the superior insurance ofhce is provided for. 

The relation of the aid funds to the compulsor}^ sickness insurance 
is regulated with the ultimate view of eliminating these organiza- 
tions; those in existence at the time of the enactment of the law are 
to continue operations as substitutes for the compulsor}' sick funds, 
but in the future no more of these funds are to be allowed to act in that 
capacity. In the future the fact that a workman belongs to an aid 
fund will not exempt the employer from the duty of announcing 
the employment to the proper compulsory sick fund, but wiU only 
mean that the insured person shall have no rights and no obligations 
in relation to the compulsory fund. The aid funds must, within the 
scope of the membership prescribed by their constitutions, accept all 
persons who apply for membership, so that in the future member- 
ship may not be made dependent on age, sex, or condition of health. 
The benefits paid by such aid funds must be at least equal to the bene- 
fits paid by compulsory sick funds, and the fund must have not less 
than 1,000 members. 

STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS. 

SCOPE OF THE INSURANCE. 

The reports of operations under the sickness insurance law are pub- 
lished annually by the imperial statistical office in the series knouTi 
as ''Statistik des Deutschen Reichs" under the title ''Die Kranken- 
versicherung. " The year 1908 is the twenty-fourth year for which the 
statistics are available, and as they have been prepared by the same 
office during this time the data are comparable for the entire period. 
The statistics given in the foUowing discussion have been compiled 
from this source. Changes in the sickness insurance law in 1892 and 
1903 made it necessar}^ to alter the form of the tables in some respects. 

Owing to the special status of the minei^' funds (KnappscJiafis- 
kassen), the annual statistical report does not include these organiza- 
tions. It is therefore necessary to present the statistics of operations 
of the miners' funds separately, although a special study made in the 
year 1905 collected some data which were comparable with the sta- 
tistics of the other funds. The information relating to the miners' 
funds will be found on page 1251. 

For many of the tables here reproduced the data for 10 selected 
years are given instead of for each year of the period 1885 to 1908 ; the 
year 1885 is given as being the first year of the insurance; 1888 
because it is the first year for which reliable averages are available; 
1893 because it is the first 3^ear after the law of April 10, 1892, came 
into force; 1892 because it permits a comparison with 1893; 1904 
because it is the first year after the law of May 25, 1903, came into 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1217 



force; 1903 is given for comparison with 1904; 1898 because it is mid- 
way between 1893 and 1903 ; the last 6 years show recent operations. 

The extent of the national s^^stem of insurance against sickness, 
or rather against temporary disabihty, is show^l in the following 
table by comparing the insured persons with the total population 
of the Empire for the years 1885 to 1908: 

NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED AGAINST SICKNESS, COMPARED WITH THE POPULA- 
TION OF THE EMPIRE, iaS5 TO 1903. 



[Source 


Statistik dcr Arbeilcrversichening des Deutschen Reichs, 18S5 to lOOG] 




Year. 


Totnl number of persons insured 
(including miners' funds). 


Population of the Empire. 


Number 
of persona 
insured 
per 1 .000 
popula- 
tion. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


18S5 


3,882,156 
4,104,783 
4.3.30,097 
4,796,793 
5,350,104 
5,093,597 
5.922,789 
5,971,507 
6,014,916 
6, 138, 887 
6,305,815 
6,640,518 
6,968,971 
7,328,909 
7, CA5, 137 
7,941,700 
8,020,514 
8, 105, 940 
8,348.509 
8.716.816 
9.053,373 
9. 400, 149 


788,803 
839,429 
890,685 
993, 638 
1,207,172 
1,324,886 
1,420,1C9 
1,456,132 
1,560,026 
1,617,799 
1,699,982 
1,802,531 
1,896,714 
1,996,813 
2,097,122 
2,217,455 
2,299.050 
2,423,220 
2,500,719 
2,701.030 
2,8.50.421 
3,008,557 


4,070,959 
4,944,212 
5, 220, 782 
5,790,431 
0,557,330 
7,018.483 
7,342.958 
7.427,099 
7,574,942 
7.750,686 
8,005,797 
8,443,049 
8,805,685 
9,325,722 
9,742.259 
10,159,15.5 
10,319,564 
10. 529, 160 
10, 909, 2S8 
11,418.440 
11,903.794 
12,408.700 
112.945. 242 
013. 189. 599 


22,864,000 
23,074,000 
23,. 322, 000 
23,592,000 
23,871.000 
24,137,000 
24,400,000 
24,653,000 
24,899,000 
25,192,000 
25,523,000 
25,902,000 
26,316,000 
26,740,000 
27.108,000 
27,574,000 
27.985,000 
28,416,000 
28, 824, 000 
29.22.5,000 
29.72r.000 
30,149,000 


23,843,000 
24.0C)O,00O 
24,308,000 
24,570,000 
24,840,000 
25,104,000 
25,302,000 
25,013.000 
25,858,000 
26,147,000 
26,478,000 
26,851,000 
27,2.53,000 
27.0C)0,000 
28.080,000 
28, 472, 000 
28,880,000 
29, .330, 000 
29,752,000 
30,106,000 
30,593,000 
31,028,000 


40,707,000 i 100 


1880 


47.134,000 105 


1887 


47.030,000 1 110 


1888 


48,108,000 ; 120 


1SS9 

189!D 


48,717,000 1 135 
49.241,000 i 143 


1891 


49,702,000 
50,200,000 
50,757,000 
51,339,000 
52,001,000 
52,753,000 
53,. 509, 000 
54,406,000 
55,248,000 
50,040,000 
50,871,000 
57,740,000 
58,576,000 
59,391,000 
00,314,000 
01,177.000 
062,000,000 


148 


1892 


148 


1S93 


149 


1891 


151 


1895 


1.54 


1896 


100 


1897 


166 


1898 


171 


1809 


176 


1900 


181 


1901 

1902. 


181 
182 


19a3 


186 


1904 


192 


1905 


197 


1906 


203 


19<07 


O209 


190S ' i 






063,000,000 


6 209 


1 1 









a Froui Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1910. 



b Computed. 



In 1908 the total number of persons insured, including the miners, 
was 13,189,599, or 209 persons per 1,000 of the population; in 1885 
the number of persons insured was 4,670,959, or 100 persons per 1,000 
of the population, so that during the period covered by the table 
the proportion of the population insured has more than doubled. 
According to the industrial census of 1895 the number of persons 
insured per thousand wage-earners was 684 males and 448 females, or 
an average of 615 insured persons for each thousand wage-earners in 
the population. vSince 1895 the only data available as to the propor- 
tion of wage-earners insured are the estimates made by the officials 
of the imperial insurance office. According to these estimates in 
1906 the number of persons insured per thousand wage-earners was 
863 males and 671 females, or an average of 807 insured persons for 
each thousand wage-earners in the population. The statistics afford 
no indication as to the industries in which the insured persons are 
employed, except in the case of those miners insured in miners' funds 



1218 



EEPDET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



regulated by state laws and a part of the building trades workers. 
The situation may be summed up, therefore, by stating that of the 
wage-earners over 80 per cent are insured against temporary disa- 
bility and that of the males, who may be considered either the actual 
or potential heads of families, over 86 per cent are insured against 
temporary disability. 

The following table shows for all the funds epccept the miners' funds, 
the number of funds, by class, and the number of persons insured, 
by sex, for specified years, 1885 to 1908: 

NUMBER OF FUNDS AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED (NOT INCLUDING THE 
MINERS' FUNDS) IN THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 
1885 TO 1908. 



[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung. Prior to 1888 the 
figures are for the end of the year; beginning with 1888 they are averages for the year.] 





Communal sick insurance. 


Local sick funds. 


Year. 


Com- 
munes 
provid- 
ing in- 
surance. 


Persons insured. 


Funds. 


Persons insured. 




Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1885 


7,125 

6,874 
7,802 
7,847 
8,177 
8,219 
8,194 
8,045 
8,062 
8,003 
8,008 


462, 051 

602,883 

844,427 

871,681 

969, 179 

994, 187 

1,003,746 

1,007,702 

1,012,559 

1,023,103 

1,034,614 


124,533 
168, 076 
335,418 
365,055 
440,551 
505, 179 
512,043 
519,291 
527,927 
541,653 
553, 757 


586,584 
770, 959 
1,179,845 
1,236,736 
1, 409, 730 
1,499,366 
1,515,789 
1,526,993 
1,540,486 
1,564,756 
1,588,371 


3,700 
3,783 
4,220 
4,300 
4,568 
4,706 
4,692 
4,718 
4,731 
4,742 
4,752 


1,260,312 
1,812,904 
2,357,231 
2,522,607 
3,104,771 
3,598,079 
3,845,906 
4,034,170 
4,216,046 
4,321,474 
4,346,214 


274,576 
407,827 
641, 147 
717,764 
974, 187 
1,377,243 
1,492,061 


1,534,888 


1888 


2,220,731 


1892 


2, 998, 378 


1893 


3, 240, 371 


1898 


4,078,958 
4,975,322 


1903 


1904 


5.. 3.37. 967 


1905 


1,603,220 5,637,390 


1906 


1,734,141 5,950,187 


1907 


1,872,634 6,194,108 


1908 


1,973,404 6.319.618 











Establishment sick funds. 


Building sick funds. 


Year. 


Funds. 


Persons insured. 


Funds. 


Persons insured. 




Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1885 


5,500 
5,807 
6,257 
6,361 
7,040 
7,592 
7,601 
7,679 
7,718 
7,813 
7,873 


980,853 
1,119,421 
1,365,485 
1,391,627 
1,802,886 
2,0.35,453 
2,138,757 
2, 256, 551 
2,387,214 
2,529,070 
2,5.35,502 


280,347 
315,246 
377,353 
390,987 
477,765 
538, 168 
555,170 
579, 172 
604, 164 
627,151 
638, 758 


1,261,200 
1,434,667 
1,742,838 
1,782,614 
2,280,651 
2,573,621 
2,693,927 
2,835,723 
2,991,378 
3,156,221 
3,174,320 


101 
115 
103 
93 
74 
43 
41 
42 
41 
39 
38 


11,978 
28, 150 
29, 131 
30, 692 
17,406 
16, 157 
22,259 
24,709 
22,219 
19, 136 
23, 220 


137 

477 
612 
496 
694 
302 
453 
408 
487 
561 
661 


12,115 


1888 


28, 627 


1892 


29, 743 


1893 


31,188 


1898 


18,100 


1903 


10, 459 


1904 


22,712 


1905 


25, 177 


1906 


22, 706 


1907 


19. 697 


1908 


23,881 







CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1219 



NUMBER OF FUNDS AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED (NOT INCLUDING THE 
MINERS' FUNDS) IN THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 
1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 



Year. 



Guild sick funds. 



Funds. 



1885 i 

1888 i 

1892 

1893 

1898 

1903 

1904 1 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 1 



224 
392 
409 
472 
001 
062 
072 
099 
733 
753 
772 



Persons insured. 



Male. Female. Total 



24,277 
51,647 
72, 738 
84,099 
145, 190 
193,619 
205,482 
216.331 
224,558 
227, 261 
226,770 



C02 
3,781 
3, 673 
5,829 
13,964 
37, 183 
43,572 
47,456 
39.504 
37,343 
42,306 



24,879 
55,428 
76,411 
90,528 
159, 154 
230,802 
249, 054 
203, 787 
264, 122 
204, 004 
269.070 



Registered aid funds. 



Funds. 



1,818 
1,822 
1,697 
1,338 
1,415 
1,421 
1,368 
1,351 
1,327 
1,307 
1,300 



Persons insured. 



Male. 



661,057 
686, 176 
734, 134 
007,054 
098, 099 
800,005 
770, 793 
779,019 
803. 039 
822, 038 
831,330 



I 
Female. ' Total. 



69,005 
58, 995 
62, 206 
55, 306 
07,291 
81,065 
77, 104 
78,809 
80, 405 
81,522 
81,894 



7.30, 722 
745, 171 
790, 340 
002, 360 
765,990 
887, 1.30 
853,897 
858,428 
884, 104 
903,560 
913,242 





State registered aid funds. 


All funds. 


Year. 


Funds. 


Persons insured. 


Funds. 


Persons insured. 




Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1885 


474 


114.747 


29,038 


143,785 


18,942 
19,357 
19,715 
19, 254 
20,0(i5 
20,508 
20,897 
20, 981 
20,681 
20, 992 
21,302 
21,684 
22,000 
22, 130 
22,304 
22,508 
22,584 
22,747 
22,842 
22, 730 
22, 095 
22, 707 
22,808 
22,887 


3,515,275 778.898 


4,294,173 


18S0 . .. 


3, 740, 014 
3,901,730 
4,415,445 
4,948,537 
5,200,319 
5,471,790 
5,510,521 
5,557,379 
5,674,721 
5,835,198 
6,151,886 
6,450,124 
6,783,118 
7,068,610 
7,313,855 
7,353,472 
7,445,675 
7,077,617 
8,023,919 
8,349,779 
8,696,555 
8,972,210 
9,027,423 


829, 473 
880,496 
983,033 
1,195,662 
1,313,220 
1,408,131 
1,444,528 
1,549,425 
1,607,888 
1,690,326 
1,792,934 
1,886,995 
1,986,939 
2, 086, 900 

2, 206, 908 
2, 288, 270 
2,412,391 
2,540,080 
2,080,801 
2,834,097 
2,992,833 
3,100,756 

3, 290, 071 


4,570,087 
4,842,226 


1887 








1888 ... 


401 


114,264 


28,631 


142,895 


5, 398, 478 
6, 144, 199 


1889 


1890 1 








6,579,539 


1891 








0,879,921 


1892 

1893 

1894 


264 


107,375 
49,019 


24,119 
13,988 


131,494 
63,007 


6,955,049 
7, 106, 804 
7, 282. 609 


1895 








7,525,524 
7,944,820 


1890 








1897. 








8,337,119 


1898 


255 


44. 987 


12, 487 


57, 474 


8, 770, 057 


1899 


9,155,582 
9. 520, 763 
9,641,742 
9,8.58,066 
10,224,297 
10,710,720 
11,184,476 
11,689,388 
12.1,38.966 
12,324,094 


1900 








1901 








1902 , 








1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


1^ 

161 
1.55 
151 


34,057 
30, 976 
30, 697 
.30. 320 
30, 128 
29,713 


7,540 
6.398 
6,281 
0.085 
5.892 
5,891 


41,597 
37, 374 
36,978 
36, 405 
36,020 
35,604 



The number of funds of the 7 different Idnds here given has increased 
but little during the last 10 years, while the total number of persons 
included has increa.sed from 4,294,173 in 1885 to 12,324,094 in 1908, 
or 187 per cent. 

The most important fact presented by the table is the tendency 
of the membership of the funds to increase in the compulsory funds, 
while the membership of the voluntary funds has increased at a 
slower rate or actually decreased. The following table shows the 
proportion of insured persons in the different funds for the years 
1885 to 1908. 



1220 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



PER CENT OF TOTAL FUNDS AND OF TOTAL MEMBERSHIP IN EACH CLASS OF 

FUNDS, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229. Die Krankenversicherung. Prior to 1888 the 
percentage is based o;i the number at the end of the year; beginning with 1888 it is based on the aver- 
age for the year.] 





Per cent of total funds in each class. 


Year. 


Com- 
munal 
insur- 
ance. 


Local 

sick 

funds. 


Estab- 
lishment 
funds. 


Building 

funds. 


Guild 
funds. 


Regis- 
tered aid 
funds. 


State 
registered 
aid funds. 


Total. 


1885 


37. G 
37.0 
37.3 
38.4 
38.1 
37.9 
37.9 
38.2 
38.8 
38.5 
38.4 
38.2 
38.2 
37.6 
37.3 
37.0 
36.7 
36.7 
36.7 
36.7 
38.0 
36.0 
35.7 
35.5 


19.5 
19.4 
19.1 
19.0 
19.4 
19. 5 
19.6 
19.6 
20.4 
20.5 
20.3 
20.5 
20.2 
20.3 
20.2 
20.2 
20.3 
20.2 
20.2 
20.3 
20.5 
20.4 
20.5 
20.5 


29.1 
29.2 
29.2 
28.7 
28.6 
28.9 
29.0 
29.3 
30.3 
30.6 
30.8 
30.7 
31.0 
31.6 
32.1 
32.5 
32.8 
32.9 
32.9 
33.2 
33.6 
33.7 
34.0 
34.2 


0.5 
.7- 
.7 
.6 
.7 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.3 
.2 
2 
'.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 


1.2 
1.5 
1.8 
2.0 
2.0 
2.1 
2.2 
2.2 
2.3 
2.3 
2.5 
2.5 
2.7 
2.7 
2.7 
2.6 
2.7 
2.8 
2.9 
2.9 
3.1 
3.2 
3.3 
3.4 


9.6 
9.7 
9.5 
9.0 
9.0 
8.8 
8.6 
8.1 
6.4 
6.4 
6.3 
6.4 
6.3 
6.3 
6.3 
6.3 
6.2 
6.2 
6.2 
6.0 
5.9 
5.8 
5.7 
5.6 


2.5 
2.5 
2.4 
2.3 
2.2 
2.2 
2.1 
2.0 
1.3 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
.9 

.7 

.7 
.0 
.6 


100 


1886 


100 


1887 


100 


1888 


100 


1889 


100 


1890 


100 


1891 


100 


1892 


100 


1893 


100 


1894.. 


100 


1895 


100 


1896 


100 


1897 


100 


1898 


100 


1899 


100 


1900 


100 


1901 


100 


1902 


100 


1903 


100 


1904 


100 


1905 


100 


1906 


100 


1907 


100 


1908 


100 







Year. 



Per cent of total membership in each class of funds. 



Com- 
munal 
insur- 
ance. 



Local 
sick 

funds. 



Estab- 
lishment 
funds. 



Building 
funds. 


Guild 
funds. 


Regis- 
tered aid 
funds. 


State 
registered 
aid funds. 


0.3 


0.6 


17.0 


3.3 


.3 


.7 


16.0 


3.2 


.3 


.9 


15.0 


3.0 


.5 


.9 


13.6 


2.6 


.3 


.9 


13.1 


2.4 


2 


1.0 


12.9 


2.2 


.3 


1.0 


12.7 


2.1 


.3 


.9 


11.5 


1.8 


.3 


1.1 


9.8 


.9 


.3 


1.2 


9.4 


.8 


.2 


1.4 


9.2 


.8 


.1 


1.5 


9.1 


.8 


.2 


1.6 


9.1 


.7 


.1 


1.6 


9.1 


.7 


.1 


1.6 


9.3 


.5 


.2 


1.9 


9.3 


.5 


.1 


2.0 


9.5 


.5 


.1 


2.1 


9.6 


.5 


.1 


2.2 


8.4 


.4 


_ 2 


2.2 


8.2 


.4 


.2 


2.3 


7.8 


.3 


.1 


2.1 


7.7 


.3 


.1 


2.1 


7.6 


.3 


.1 


2.1 


7.7 


.3 



Total. 



1885 i 

1886 1 

1887 1 

1883 1 

1889 ! 

1890 1 

1891 i 

1892 i 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 



13.7 
13.8 
13.0 
16.0 
16.5 
16.7 
16.7 
16.9 
17.1 
16.8 
16.8 
16.5 
16.0 
15.6 
15 3 
14.8 
15.0 
14.8 
14.3 
13.7 
13.1 
12.6 
12.6 
12.7 



35.7 
37.2 
39.4 
39.9 
40.4 
40.4 
41.1 
42.6 
44.7 
44.8 
45.1 
45.2 
45.5 
45.9 
45.9 
40.3 
46.6 
47.1 
48.6 
49.4 
50.0 
50.7 
50.5 
51.1 



29.4 
28.8 
28.4 
26.5 
26.4 
26.6 
26.1 
25.0 
26.1 
26.7 
25.5 
26.8 
26.9 
27.0 
27.3 
27.0 
25.3 
25.8 
26.0 
25.9 
26.3 
26. 5 
26.8 
20. 



100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 



The proportion of funds during the period shows that but Httle 
change has taken phxce in the proportion of communal sickness insur- 
ance departments and in the proportion of local funds. The establish- 
ment funds show an increase, as do the guild funds, while the build- 
ing-trades funds and the two classes of mutual-aid funds show a 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1221 



tendency to decrease. Tlie proportion of members insured in the 
various types of funds is, however, a bettor index of the relative 
importance of the different methods of conducting the insurance. 
The most striking fact presented by the table is that over half of the 
persons insured (excluding miners) are members of the local type of 
sick fund, and that the proportion of persons insured has increased 
about 43 per cent during the period in question. The fund with the 
next highest proportion of membership is the establishment fund, 
or factory fund, which includes over one-fourth of the insured persons. 
Except for the first few years of the insurance the proportion of 
members in this type of fund has remained practically the same. 
The building-trades funds, which are a special form of establishment 
fund, are relatively unimportant. The proportion of members 
included in the communal sickness insurance increased up to the 
year 1893 and since then has tended to decrease, the years 190G to 
1908 showing the lowest proportion since the inauguration of the 
insurance. The guild funds show a comparatively rapid increase in 
the proportion of persons insured in them, but the absolute number 
of persons included is small. The 2 varieties of aid funds show a 
marked decrease in relative importance as compared with the other 
funds, though the actual number of persons insured by the registered 
aid funds has increased. 

The average size of fund of each type is a matter of importance as 
indicating the financial stability of each type of organization as well 
as determining the general methods of administration. The follow- 
ing table presents the data for the years 1885 to 1908: 

AVERAGE NUMBER OF MEMBERS PER SICK FUND OF EACH CLASS. 183.5 TO 1903. 
[Source: Statistik des I>eutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.] 



Year. 



I8SC 
18S7 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
ISBS 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 

I9a5 

1906 
1907 
1908 



Commu- 
nal sick 
insur- 
anc-e. 


Local 
sick 


EstaJ> 
Lisliment 


funds. 


funds. 


83.5 


415.6 


230.4 


87.7 


455.1 


234.1 


8.5.7 


508.5 


240.2 


112.2 


587.0 


247.1 


1.39. 9 


038.3 


262.0 


144.8 


675.7 


276.9 


150.9 


693.6 


280.8 


151.2 


710.5 


278.5 


1.57. 6 


752.5 


280.2 


158.6 


760.5 


283.7 


1.59.8 


774.5 


290.7 


1C4.0 


811.2 


302.8 


ir.<i. 1 


849.1 


314.0 


172.4 


892.9 


324.0 


17.5. 4 


929.6 


331.7 


170.7 


966.1 


339.0 


180. f. 


975.8 


333.8 


181.7 


1.003.1 


330. 5 


182.4 


l.a57.2 


339.0 


18.5.0 


1.137.7 


3.54.4 


189. 8 


1.194.9 


• 369.3 


191.1 


1,2.57.7 


387.6 


195.5 


1,306.2 


4(M.0 


198.3 


1,329.9 


403.2 



Building 
funds. 


Guild 
funds. 


Regis- 
tered aid 
funds. 


State 
regis- 
tered aid 
funds. 


146.0 


IILI 


404.8 


3a3.3 


122.8 


111.2 


397.1 


310.3 


176. 6 


119.1 


395.6 


307.7 


248.9 


141.4 


409.0 


310. 


300.1 


150. 6 


425.5 


312.9 


266.6 


166. 2 


441.4 


313.8 


248.1 


169. 


464.8 


311.4 


288.8 


162. 9 


409.3 


303.7 


335.4 


191.8 


495.0 


2.38. 7 


358. 2 


203.5 


488.7 


232.2 


298.5 


213.8 


487.8 


231. 1 


282.9 


235.9 


500.8 


229.4 


252.6 


248.8 


519. 2 


227.1 


244.6 


264.8 


541.3 


225. 4 


2.52. 9 


282.7 


560.1 


191.1 


300.0 


322.6 


586.4 


194.0 


277.0 


332.5 


604.5 


197.6 


3.34. 6 


343. 


631.5 


199.4 


382.8 


348.6 


024.3 


209.0 


554. 


370. 6 


624. 2 


222.5 


559.5 


377.4 


<3o.4 


229.7 


553.8 


360.3 


66<;. 2 


234. 9 


505.1 


351. 4 


69L3 


238. 5 


628. 4 


348.5 


702.5 


247.3 



Total. 



228.7 
237.6 
247.4 
280.4 
306.2 
319.9 
329.2 
331.5 
343. 6 
346.9 
352. 3 
3<i6.4 
379.0 
396.3 
409.4 
423. 
426. 9 
433. 4 
447.0 
471.1 
492.8 
51.3.4 
532.2 
5.38.5 



1222 



KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



For all the funds the average membership of an organization has 
increased from 228.7 in 1885 to 538.5 in 1908, an increase of 135.5 
per cent. Since 1885 the average size of each type of fund has 
increased, with the exception of the state registered aid funds. In 1 908 
the local funds had an average membership of over 1,300 persons per 
fund, which was greatly in excess of any of the other types. The 
local funds in some of the large cities have memberships ranging from 
50,000 to 100,000. The type of fund with the next highest member- 
ship is the registered aid fund, with 703 persons per fund in 1908. 
The building trades funds and the establishment funds average 628 
and 403 persons per fund, respectively, and rank next in size to the 
registered aid funds. In 1908 the average size of the guild funds was 
349 members and of the state registered aid funds was 247 members; 
the tendency in both Germany and Austria is to restrict the forma- 
tion or registration of funds with less than 500 members and the official 
plans for the revision of the insurance systems in each country con- 
template a normal fund with a membership of twice that number. 

The fluctuations in the number of persons insured from month to 
month are shown in the following table for the year 1907: 

FLUCTUATIONS IN MEMBERSHIP OF THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF SICK FUNDS DURING 
THE YEAR 1907, BY MONTHS. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, a'oL 194: Die Krankenversicherung.] 



Date. 



Jan.l 

Feb. 1.... 
Mar. 1 . . . . 
Apr.l.... 

May 1 

June 1 

July 1 - - - - 
Auj?. 1.... 
Sept. 1... 
OcL 1.... 
Nov. 1.... 

Dec. 1 

Average 

of year.. 

Dec. 31... 



Local 
funds. 



5,687,885 
5,751,811 
5,834,734 
6,015,214 
6,364,350 
6,445,803 
6,438,876 
6,437,780 
6,411,124 
6,365,232 
6,340,063 
6, 236, 343 

6,194,108 
5,915,114 



Estab- 
lish- 
ment 

funds. 



3,025,857 
3.055,596 
3 ',079- 541 
3,095,670 
3,177,164 
3,185,535 
3,178,981 
3,187,665 
3,181,049 
3,212,049 
3,252,383 
3,243,133 

3,156,221 
3,146,386 



Build- 
ing 
funds. 



11,509 
12,436 
13,676 
17,230 
22,456 
22,797 
22,531 
21,845 
22,243 
22,860 
23,799 
22,961 

19,697 
15,222 



Guild 
funds. 



236,947 
237,227 
243,945 
253,069 
268,717 
273,703 
277,822 
280.975 
281 ',948 
280. 065 
275, 029 
265, 786 

264, 604 
240,087 



Regis- 
tered 
aid 
funds. 



875,810 
877,098 
881,516 
907,317 
917,058 
922,863 
922,286 
922,013 
917,344 
902,181 
899,903 
897,289 

903,560 
893,330 



state 
regis- 
tered 
aid 
funds. 



35,828 
35,811 
35,730 
35,886 
36,002 
36,049 
36,045 
36, 100 
36,171 
36,141 
36,201 
36,263 

36.020 
36,168 



Total. 



9,873,836 
9,969,979 
10,089,142 
10,324.386 
10,785,747 
10,886,750 
10,876,541 
10,886,378 
10,849.879 
10,818,528 
10,827,378 
10,701,775 

10,574,210 
10,246,307 



Communal 
sick in- 
surance. 



1,434,466 

(a) 

(a) 
1,521,138 



1,683,402 

(a) 

(a) 
1,619,990 

(a) 
(a) 

1,564,756 
1,475,489 



Grand 
total. 



11,308,302 

(«) 

(«) 
11,845,524 

(«) 

(«) 
12,559,943 



12,438,518 
(a) 
(a) 

12,138,966 
11,721,796 



a Not reported. 

As the member usually ceases to pay dues when out of work, the 
fluctuations in the number of insured persons are an index of the 
relative state of employment from month to month. Thus in the 
preceding table, the 3 months of June, July, and August show the 
maximum number of persons insured, while the months of January, 
February, and March show the minimum number of persons. The 
last column in the table shows the largest number of insured persons 
for July 1, when it was 12,559,943, and the lowest on January 1, when 
it was 11,308,302, the difference between the highest and lowest 
number being 1,251,641. 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1223 



RECEIPTS. 

The receipts of the sickness insurance system (not including the 
miners' funds) are shown in the follo\\dng table by class of fund for 
specified years, 1885 to 1908: 

RECEIPTS OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, BY CLASS 

OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die KrankenversicherunR.) 

COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 



Year. 


Cash on 
hand at 
begin- 
ning of 
year. 


Interest 
on invest- 
ments of 
all kinds. 


Entrance 
fees. 


Dues of 
employers 

and 
workmen. 


With- 
drawn 
from re- 
serves 
and other 
capital. 


Loans 
paid in. 


All other 
receipts. 


Total 
receipts. 


1885 


$30,315 
143,398 
221,222 
209,868 
292,405 
353.482 
359,194 
431,956 
437,062 
W2,450 
581,507 


$836 
5,116 
12,877 
14,731 
22,972 
32,700 
33,607 
34,892 
38,975 
44,582 
51,356 




$954,439 
1,292,782 
1,977,783 
2,228,133 
2,687,184 
3,238,004 
3,871,616 
4,049,173 
4,248.078 
4,561,806 
4,659.340 




$2,708 
14,498 
53,923 
61,292 
48,961 
74,620 
98,511 
89,878 
84,836 
114,. ')52 
121,991 


$109,779 
151,052 
336,827 
387,921 
389,332 
526,714 
569,797 
428,388 
357,971 
367,566 
399,718 


$1,098,077 
1,648,678 


1888 





$41,832 
70,736 
76,031 
92,469 
139,996 
156,737 
176,741 
147,990 
190,003 
223,722 


1892 




2,673,368 
2,977,976 


1893 




1898 




3,533,323 


1903 




4,365,516 


1904 




5,089,462 
5,211,028 
5,314,918 
5,820.959 


1905 




1906 




1907 . . . . 




1908 




6,037, CCJ4 







LOCAL FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$411,256 


$35,989 


$157,332 


353,770 


99,771 


205,500 


488,133 


194,496 


204,803 


528, "^46 


210,392 


231,582 


975,202 


409,747 


282,306 


1,260,031 


597,781 


324,867 


1,438,394 


042,077 


330,872 


1,665,432 


682, 198 


340,531 


1,808,046 


765,397 


355,918 


2,266,281 


878,859 


356,942 


2,397,216 


953,383 


340,839 



$4,384,001 
7,009,222 




§16,648 


$93,206 
168,736 


8557,141 


34,057 


9,979,969 


856,636 


108,579 


278,625 


11,490,893 


961,815 


122,788 


362, 969 


16,164,368 


1,696.997 


138,062 


618,211 


22,818,673 


2,355,482 


280, 882 


1,044,646 


28,324,942 


3,01G,647 


367,166 


1,384,162 


30,994,484 


3,578,619 


458,874 


1,520,177 


34,465,292 


3,893,713 


308,963 


1,392,877 


37,365,892 


4,744,722 


508,044 


1,704,515 


39,359,006 


5,025,361 


847,378 


1,651,755 



$5,098,432 
8,428,197 
12,111,241 
13,914,785 
20,284,893 
28,682,362 
35,506,260 
39,240,315 
42,990,206 
47,825,255 
50,574,939 



ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$740,285 


S91,949 


$35,979 


653,879 


198,251 


33,045 


602,699 


329,493 


24,437 


599,653 


339,182 


23,065 


698,049 


456,8.55 


30,813 


878,865 


603,035 


35,510 


877,814 


6;}4,464 


33,324 


915,313 


661,687 


35,898 


1,007,998 


707,232 


42,031 


1,307.813 


791,971 


47,105 


1,303,193 


867,427 


36,163 



$4,830,698 
5,773,372 
7,397,591 
7,750,891 
10,973,069 
13,992,685 
16,270,655 
17,719,644 
20.026,217 
22,144,817 
22,797.196 





$5,505 
50,274 


$389,926 
385,765 


$345,284 


626,834 


80,830 


457,581 


776,986 


157,993 


539,790 


866,545 


167,757 


599,673 


1,244,746 


373,753 


792, 174 


1,383,194 


425,383 


898,766 


1,626,077 


479,174 


970,639 


1,440,872 


397.713 


1,044,692 


1,747,572 


509, 659 


1,160,922 


2,369,872 


699, 182 


1,223,118 



$6,094,342 
7,442,870 
9,519,465 
10,187,560 
13,792,761 
17,920,768 
20,523,600 
22,408.432 
24,666,755 
27,709.859 
29,296,151 



BUILDING FUNDS. 



1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$10,314 


$507 


$602 


25,862 


893 


2,140 


18,918 


2,022 


125 


16,224 


2,190 


292 


15,025 


1,577 


212 


9,161 


1,514 


409 


8,927 


1,403 


159 


14,817 


1,999 


48 


12,190 


2,134 


45 


11.749 


2,083 


69 


11,686 


3,019 


297 



$86,889 
134,237 
140,025 
155,743 
101,883 
101,072 
176,585 
182,069 
147,253 
147,191 
207,144 







$3,350 
10,515 


$2,007 


$827 


13,021 


1,279 


8,660 


22,226 


692 


9,597 


10,277 


690 


5,439 


1,983 


2,070 


20,802 


5,248 


516 


5,281 


10,956 


16,104 


4,283 


9,430 


16, 189 


3,368 


10,308 


1,008 


4,995 


37.823 


4,541 


6,215 



$101,662 
176,481 
184,040 
206,964 
135,103 
137,011 
198,119 
Z30,276 
190,609 
177,403 
270,725 



46598°— 10- 



-78 



1224 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



RECEIPTS OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, BY CLASS 
OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 

GUILD FUNDS. 



Year. 


Cash on 
hand at 
begin- 
ning of 
year. 


Interest 
on invest- 
ments of 
all kinds. 


Entrance 
fees. 


Dues of 
employers 

and 
workmen. 


With- 
drawn 
from re- 
serves 
and other 
capital. 


Loans 
paid in.. 


All other 
receipts. 


Total 
receipts. 


1885 


$5,668 
14,236 
20,563 
19,318 
44,959 
55,398 
61,935 
82,480 
87,870 
94,588 
93,736 


$589 

2,018 

4,884 

5,227 

14, 285 

22,493 

23,572 

25,358 

28,333 

32,706 

35,305 


$1,435 
3,924 
5,169 
5,398 
9,085 
14,578 
14,835 
15,327 
13, 680 
13,402 
15,924 


$64, 182 

151,741 

229,446 

289,240 

627,895 

1,041,250 

1,322,193 

1,477,340 

1,539,177 

1,593,232 

1,666,803 




$65 
3,975 
4,437 
6,504 
2,444 

14,145 
9,519 

12,870 
8,134 

18,501 

43,864 


$3,122 
3,136 
5,474 
10,184 
16,307 
36,370 
37,515 
40,912 
45,247 
47,953 
46,977 


$75,061 


1888 


$14,125 
27,956 
24,208 
58,310 
116,061 
158,398 
224,666 
230,328 
199,787 
268,724 


193, 155 


1892 


297,929 
360, 079 


1893...; 


1898 


773, 285 


1903 


1,300,295 
1,627,967 


1904 


1905 


1,878,953 
1,952,769 


1906 


1907 


2,000,169 
2,171,333 


1908 





i 

I 



REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$194, 592 


$33, 642 


$80, 697 


293,861 


53, 132 


57,227 


245, 286 


77, 602 


46, 215 


186,585 


66,973 


44,395 


219, 563 


110, 668 


46, 659 


247, 522 


123,316 


52, 212 


226, 846 


120,903 


53, 632 


226, 912 


124,065 


53,886 


246,953 


132,908 


51,688 


259,640 


146,946 


53,300 


273, 108 


156, 545 


47, 350 



$2,320,220 




$11,132 


$75,332 


2,669,288 


$130, 525 


5,481 


73, 221 


3,146,815 


496,940 


15, 266 


73,777 


2,803,020 


232,808 


14, 675 


106,587 


3,349,438 


274, 657 


19, 193 


108, 540 


4,151,505 


749, 075 


27, 307 


143,965 


4,198,092 


344, 152 


27, 851 


139, 297 


4,390,784 


452,631 


55,492 


162, 563 


4,609,254 


429, 703 


49,568 


147, 553 


4,820,237 


664,589 


57,726 


147,525 


5, 068, 311 


720,704 


76,455 


148,869 



$2, 715, 615 
3, 282, 735 
4,101,901 
3,455,043 
4, 128, 718 
5, 494, 902 
5,110,773 
5,466,333 
5,667,627 
6,149,962 
6,491,343 



STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$49, 104 


$31,713 


$11,253 


50, 413 


33,782 


7,277 


40, 337 


36, 120 


4,980 


22,099 


17,442 


3,386 


20,497 


17, 363 


2,601 


12,299 


15, 174 


1,418 


9,981 


14,621 


1,486 


9,168 


15,277 


1,447 


10,574 


14,627 


1,257 


12, 194 


15,636 


1,444 


11,201 


15, 010 


1,297 



$432, 422 
474, 335 
470, 780 
232, 771 
216, 593 
150, 709 
145, 844 
147,800 
147, 165 
151,453 
154,931 





$4, 777 


$19, 424 


$106, 140 


11, 014 


20,558 


109, 789 


9,777 


19,660 


57,215 


916 


12,464 


42,789 


492 


11,205 


37,741 


867 


8,698 


19,428 


783 


9,157 


23,220 


935 


9,645 


14,261 


884 


8,418 


15,097 


997 


8,199 


22, 262 


942 


7,862 



$548, 693 
703, 519 
691,443 
346,293 
311,540 
226,906 
201,300 
207,492 
197, 186 
205, 020 
213, 505 



ALL FUNDS. 



1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$1,441,535 
1,551,032 
1,685,678 
1,535,418 
1, 509, 403 
1,672,281 
1,578,923 
1,637,157 
1,582,093 
1,460,093 
1,881,819 
2,001,033 
2, 154, 822 
2, 265, 700 
2,430,947 
2, 365, 151 
2, 622, 758 
2, 635, 904 
2,816,757 
2, 983, 090 
3, 346, 078 
3,610,693 
4,494,715 
4.671.646 



$195,225 


$287,297 


260,276 


254, 221 


317, 453 


261,013 


392,963 


309,113 


485, 366 


335, 459 


553,852 


332, 222 


612, 603 


306,602 


657,495 


285,729 


656,137 


308, 120 


692, 456 


289, 046 


750, 453 


315, 566 


841,337 


328, 588 


938, 214 


355,812 


1,033,467 


371,676 


1,136,867 


376,295 


1,218,499 


394, 528 


1,292,899 


377, 791 


1,364,471 


399, 047 


1,396,014 


428, 994 


1,470,647 


434, 308 


1,545,476 


447, 137 


1,689,605 


464,620 


1,912,783 


472, 262 


2, 082, 044 


441,871 



$13,072,852 
14, 532, 372 
15, 752, 340 
17,504,977 
19, 728, 390 
21, 383, 039 
22,721,713 
23,342,408 
24, 956, 690 
26, 203, 357 
27, 571, 087 
29, 7.56, 636 
31,824,020 
34, 120, 429 
36, 353, 665 
39, 020, 649 
40, 287, 472 
42,497,935 
45, 493, 896 
54,309,927 
58,961,295 
65, 182, 437 
70, 784, 627 
73,912,731 





$40,834 


$694, 139 




102, 430 


665, 671 




99,637 


668, 810 


$1, 197, 053 


120, 128 


815,983 


1,363,686 


155, 733 


824,063 


2, 015, 726 


252,594 


1,055,165 


1,958,849 


299,854 


1,089,064 


2,201,913 


274, 091 


1,180,594 


2,151,290 


364, 859 


1,429,511 


2,003,616 


312, 261 


1,433,660 


2, 306, 297 


301,262 


1,546,432 


2,321,275 


346, 290 


1,487,581 


2, 563, 479 


343, 556 


1,758,891 


3, 042, 044 


377,600 


1,748,707 


3,513,537 


528, 577 


1,994,473 


3,835,847 


795,622 


2,259,151 


3, 672, 486 


873, 266 


2,351,527 


3, 885, 320 


643, 291 


2,394,777 


4,645,084 


773,644 


2,573,371 


5,085,804 


929, 729 


3,043,976 


6,092,909 


1,113,328 


3,136,606 


6,166,301 


866, 286 


3,000,128 


7,572,079 


1,210,487 


3,441,675 


8, 668, 469 


1,794,353 


3, 484, 515 



$15,731,882 
17, 366, 002 
18,784,931 
21,875,635 
24, 402, 100 
27, 264, 879 
28, 567, 608 
29,579,387 
31,448,700 
32, 394, 489 
34,672,916 
37,082,740 
39,938,794 
42,959,623 
46,334,361 
49,889,447 
51,478,199 
53,820,745 
58,127,760 
68,257,481 
74,642.829 
80, 980, 070 

89. 888. 628 

95. 055. 629 



CHAPTEE V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1225 



The total amount of receipts of the sickness insurance system (not 
including the miners' funds) increased from $15,731,882 in 1885 to 
$95,055,629 in 1908; the current receipts in the form of entrance fees 
and dues of the insured persons and their emj)loyers amounted in 
1908 to $74,354,602. The funds with the largest receipts of course 
are the local funds and the establishment funds. In 1908 the receipts 
of the local funds formed 53.21 per cent and the receipts of the estab- 
lishment funds formed 30.82 per cent of the total receipts included in 
the preceding table, leaving only 15.97 per cent of the receipts to the 
other five types of funds. The local and the establishment funds 
show a large percentage of increase in 1908 as compared with 1885; 
the state registered aid funds are the only funds showing a tendency 
to decrease during the period 1885 to 1908. The receipts indicate 
what has already been stated in connection with the financial admin- 
istration of the insurance, viz, that the current contributions of the 
insured persons and their employers are expected to defray practically 
all of the current expenditures, the receipts from interest, etc., being 
an unimportant part of the total. 

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES. 

The assets and liabilities of the sickness insurance funds are shown 
in the following table by class of fund for specified years, 1885 to 1908 : 

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE SICK FUNDS FOR EACH SPECIFIED YEAR, 

1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statlstik des Deutschen Relchs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.] 

COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 





Assets. 


Liabilities. 




Year. 


Permanent 
invest- 
ments. 


Reserve 
fund. 


Funds for 

current 

operations. 


Claims 
against 
employ- 
ers, sick 

funds, 
accident 

iiunds, 
etc. 


Total. 


Excess of 
assets. 


1885 


$4,594 
2,032 
821 
2,925 
3,478 
4,171 
4,223 
4,460 
4,597 
4,424 
4,208 


$86,024 

182, 134 

309,742 

331,047 

749, 763 

905,534 

945,631 

1,053,306 

1,182,427 

1,288.726 

1.389.775 


(a) (a) 
$210,677 $4,567 
262,531 4,590 
262,035 ' 3,021 
397,248 5,094 
490,038 7.. "1.55 


$399, 410 
577,684 
599, 028 
1,155,583 
1,407,298 
1,528,429 
1,626,089 
1,921,224 
2,095,721 
2,155,541 


$29*2,875 

686, 033 

810, 135 

926, 826 

1,366,136 

1,349,557 

1,346,002 

1,374,422 

1,429,347 

1,483,254 


$106,535 

6 108,349 

6 211,107 

228 757 


1888 


1892 

1893 

1898 


1903 


41,162 


1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


569,814 
559, 431 
724,695 
792,813 
750,671 


8,761 
8,892 
9,505 
9,758 
10,887 


178,872 
280,087 
546,802 
666, 374 
672, 287 



Not reported. 



b Excess of liabilities. 



1226 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. 



ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE SICK FUNDS FOR EACH SPECIFIED YEAR, 

1885 TO 1908— Continued. 

LOCAL FUNDS. 





Assets. 


Liabilities. 




Year. 


Permanent 
invest- 
ments. 


Reserve 
fund. 


Fimds for 

current 
operations. 


Claims 

against 
employ- 
ers, sick 

funds, 
accident 

fimds, 
etc. 


Total. 


Excess of 
assets. 


1885 


$87, 187 
74,769 
90,864 
89,368 
97,933 
95,822 
. 94,240 
95,113 
95,707 
98,055 
95,861 


$1,085,419 

3,499,733 

5,755,422 

6,142,067 

13,104,991 

17,025,198 

18,056,879 

19,498,358 

22,223,497 

23,863,121 

24,947,434 


(a) 

$518,308 

741, 445 

708, 111 

1,462,399 

1,908,270 

2, 225, 605 

2, 479, 646 

3,078,189 

3,159,393 

3,149,877 


(a) 

$11,447 

21,480 

23,718 

21,137 

69,586 

76, 102 

78,232 

90,290 

107,291 

128,004 


(a) 
$4,104,257 
6,609,211 
6,963,264 
14, 686, 460 
19,098,876 
20, 452, 826 
22,151,349 
25, 487, 683 
27,227,860 
28, 321, 176 


(a) 

$91,619 
141,992 
164,280 

77,918 
208,305 
297, 338 
304, 133 
261, 177 
371,391 
560,052 


(a) 
$4,012,638 
6,467,219 
6,798,984 
14,608,542 
18,890,571 
20,155,488 
21,847,216 
26,226,506 
26,856,469 
27,761,124 


1888 


1892 


1893 


1898 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 





ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$517,637 
369, 627 
355,810 
375,839 
382,610 
393,312 
393,896 
388,148 
383, 108 
384, 156 
385,746 



$2,680,537 


5,737,841 


8,931,210 


9,257,986 


13,564,316 


17,077,504 


17,927,069 


18,691,898 


20, 676, 439 


22,090,815 


23,651,885 



(a) 


(a) 


$888,337 


$13,358 


1,126,640 


10,127 


957,442 


10,921 


1,543,138 


9,692 


1,841,558 


15,881 


1,898,592 


20,008 


2,025,954 


17,078 


2, 385, 300 


18,744 


2,480,050 


23,429 


2,313,264 


25, 946 



(a) 
$7,009,163 
10,423.787 
10, 602, 188 
15,499,756 
19,328,255 
20,239,565 
21,123,078 
23,363,591 
24, 978, 450 
26,376,841 



(a) 


$53, 632 


89,279 


147,585 


120, 393 


238, 272 


293,936 


321,337 


251,084 


284,825 


407, 359 



(a) 
$6, 955, 531 
10,334,508 
10, 454, 603 
15, 379, 363 
19,089.983 
19,945,629 
20,801,741 
23, 112, 507 
24,693,625 
25,969,482 



BUILDING FUNDS. 



1885 


$2,812 


$15,579 
18,580 
45,619 
35,757 
33,679 
35,085 
41,838 
46,072 
45,716 
54, 103 
37,727 


(a) 

$47, 249 
29,940 
33,286 
37,602 
18,447 
28,642 
26,573 
26, 949 
33,363 
30,320 


(a) 

$650 

254 

79 

4 

25 

11 

151 

361 

159 

637 


$66,479 
75,813 
69, 122 
71,285 
53,557 
70,491 
72,796 
73,026 
87,625 
68,684 


(a) 
$4, 249 

2,362 

3,696 

423 

19,117 

6,857 

15,905 

543 

34, 623 

7,018 


(«) 


1888 


$62,230 


1892 




73,451 


1893 




65,426 
70, 862 


1898 




1903 




34,440 


1904 




63,634 


1905 




56,891 


1906 




72,483 


1907 




53,002 


1908 




61,666 









GUILD FUNDS. 



1885 .. 


$3,014 
4,598 
4,138 
3,955 
3,900 
8,718 
8,666 
8,664 
8,658 
8,407 
8,364 


$17,199 
73, 677 
145,209 
154,979 
487, 235 
633, 176 
688,464 
757,082 
873,565 
953,274 
1,017,479 


(a) 

$23,063 
27,608 
28,801 
87,907 
96,534 
113,845 
133,502 
141,311 
150,423 
152,721 


(a) 

$108 

446 

320 

260 

4,214 

3,701 

4,148 

3,710 

2,772 

2,898 


(a) 

$101,446 

177,401 

188,055 

579,302 

742,642 

814, 676 

903,396 

1,027,244 

1,114,876 

1,181,462 


(a) 
$2,315 

4,809 
'7,243 

3,844 
24,788 
16,448 
13,593 
10,529 
11,119 
35,618 


(a) 


1888 


$99, 131 


1892 


172,592 


1893 


180.812 


1898 ... 


575,458 


1903 


717,854 


1904 


798, 228 


1905 


889,803 


1906 


1,016,715 


1907 


1,103,757 


1908 


1,145,844 







a Not reported. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1227 



ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE SICK FUNDS FOR EACH SPECIFIED YEAR, 

1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 

REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 





Assets. 


Liabilities. 




Year. 


Permanent 
invest- 
ments. 


Reserve 
fund. 


Funds for 

current 

operations. 


Claims 

against 
employ- 
ers, sick 

fvmds, 
accident 

funds, 
etc. 


Total. 


Excess of 
assets. 


1885 


$276,080 
39,670 
21,252 
13,083 
31,878 
31,139 
28,658 
31,423 
31,340 
31,015 
31,157 


$719,486 
1,618,250 
2,056,808 
1,892.886 
3,306,799 
3,293,131 
3,424,557 
3,529,754 
3,865,902 
3,991,280 
4,007,330 


(«) 
$450,211 
411,365 
293,015 
458,958 
454,052 
452, (i53 
461,888 
504, 337 
496, 667 
476,356 


(«) 

$1,197 

343 

180 

730 

826 

1,564 

1,928 

1,476 

1,340 

1,605 


(a) 
$2,109,328 
2,489,768 
2,199,164 
3,798,365 
3,779,148 
3,907,432 
4,024,993 
4,403,055 
4,520,302 
4,516,448 


(«) 

$3,149 
13,461 
13,434 
9,708 
38,536 
31,891 
18,415 
11,404 
15,119 
19,204 


(0) 


1888 


$2, 100, 179 


1892 


2,476,307 


1893 


2,185,730 


1898 . .. 


3,788,657 


1903 

1904 


3, 740, 612 
3,875,541 


1905 


4,006,578 


1900 


4, 391, (-61 
4,5a5,183 


1907 


1908 


4,497,244 







STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885 


$381,205 
209,222 
206,523 
176,229 
187,550 
201,582 
212,094 
202,492 
202,fr45 
202,082 
205,863 


$379,566 
522,075 
533,791 
269,239 
300,567 
210,479 
196,387 
200,707 
199,745 
199,361 
190, 730 


(a) 
$213,337 
215,795 
28,387 
31,335 
21,409 
18,929 
19,355 
22,020 
21,001 
20, 708 


$754 

1,225 

9 

5 


$945,388 
957,334 
473,864 
519,457 
433,470 
427,410 
422,554 
424,410 
422,444 
417,301 


(«) 

$14,778 
23,595 
1,066 
443 
745 
822 
996 
786 
994 
612 


(a) 


1888 


$930, 610 


1892 


933, 739 


1893 


472,798 
519,014 
432,725 
426,588 
421,558 


1898 


1903 


1904 




1905 




1906 




423,624 


1907 . . 




421 450 


1908 




416,689 







ALL FUNDS. 



1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1890 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 



$1,272,529 
738, 105 
735,206 
699,918 
701,315 
676, 462 
690,109 
679,408 
661,399 
673,805 
690,860 
687.227 
688,290 
707,349 
699,566 
689,449 
700,442 
713, 7Z5 
734,744 
741,777 
730,300 
726,055 
728, 139 
731, 199 



$4,983,821 
6, 806, 338 
9, 168, 162 
11,652,291 
14,092,050 
15,665,253 
16,995,160 
17,777,801 
18,083,962 
19,942,599 
22,330,872 
25,669,886 
28,471,405 
31,547,350 
32,943,313 
.33,911,158 
35,611,109 
37,792,347 
39, 180, 107 
41,280.826 
43,777,177 
48,967,290 
52, 440, 679 
55,242,361 



(«) 
(a) 

(«) 
$2,351,180 
2,766,081 
2,685,218 
2,816,712 
2,815,324 
2,311,075 
2,824,181 
3,050,039 
3,402,330 
3,658,511 
4,018,587 
3,924,666 
4,129,972 
4,164,908 
4,505,186 
4,830,308 
5,308,078 
5,706,349 
6,882,802 
7,133,710 
6,893,917 



(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
$32,082 
31,624 
33,570 
47,409 
38,465 
38,249 
37,111 
36,448 
35,442 
39,112 
36,922 
46,723 
58, 580 
66,760 
72,662 
98,087 
110,148 
110, 429 
124,086 
144,750 
169,976 



(a) 

(«) 

(«) 

$14,735,471 
17,591,070 
19,060,503 
20,549,390 
21,310,998 
21,094,685 
23,477,696 
26,108,219 
29,794,885 
32,857,318 
36,310,208 
37,614,268 
38,789,165 
40,543,219 
43,083,920 
44,843,246 
47,440,829 
50,324,2.55 
56,700,233 
60,447,278 
63,037,453 



(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

S462, 616 

560,787 

741,024 

830,672 

961,531 

1,147,439 

1,032,953 

1,005,288 

1,051.786 

1,094,418 

1,1.39,555 

1,353,390 

1,568,585 

1,746,086 

1,804,599 

1,895,899 

1,996,850 

2,020,381 

1,909,944 

2,147,418 

2,513,117 



(°) 

(a) 

(a) 
$14,272,855 
17,030,283 
18,319,479 
19,718,718 
20,349,467 
19,947,246 
22,444,743 
25,042,931 
28,743,099 
31,762,900 
35,170,653 
36,260,878 
37,220,580 
38,797,133 
41,279,321 
42,947,347 
45,443,979 
48,303,874 
54, 790, 289 
58,299,860 
60,524,336 



a Not reported. 



The total a.ssets in 1888 were $14,735,471 as compared with 
$63,037,453 in 1908; by far the largest part of the total assets have 
always been composed of the item of reserve fund proper. The item 
designated as ''permanent investments" {Stammvermogen) refers 



1228 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOISrER OF LABOR. 



to assets or reserve of which the interest only may be used; the 
amount of the permanent investments is of minor importance except 
in the case of the state registered aid funds, where this item exceeds 
that of reserve proper. 

The total amount of the reserve fund proper for all the funds was 
$55,242,361 in 1908; for the same year the total receipts in the form 
of dues of insured persons and their employers and of entrance fees 
were $74,354,602, and the total expenditures (after deducting the 
item marked ^'investments of all kinds") were $79,355,626. The 
item in the preceding table designated as ^' funds for current oper- 
ations'' amounted in 1908 to $6,893,917; the working cash balance 
of the funds was therefore slightly less than 10 per cent of the expendi- 
tures (less the investments) for the year. 

The liabilities of the funds are unimportant except in the case of 
the communal sickness insurance. 

EXPENDITURES. 

The expenditures of the sickness insurance system (not including 
the miners' funds) are shown in the following table by class of fund 
for specified years, 1885 to 1908: 

EXPENDITURES OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 
BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Relchs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.] 
COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 







Invest- 










Expendi- 


ments of 










tures for 


all kinds. 


Adminis- 
tration. 


All other 


Total 


Year. 


sick and 


including 


expendi- 


expendi- 




other 


additions 


tures. 


tures. 




benefits. 


to reserve 
fund. 








1885 


$949, 702 
1,253,649 
2, 172, 616 
2,434,382 
2, 684, 826 




$4,213 


$31,294 

96,641 

195,256 

227 822 


$985,209 
1,457,846 
2,463,234 
2,771 644 


1888. . 


$107, 556 
88,616 
101,713 


1892 


6,746 

7,727 

26, 037 


1893 


1898 


205, 344 


304, 054 


3, 220, 261 
4,004,223 


1903 


3,438,764 


190, 928 


15,923 


358,608 


1904 


3, 963, 396 


213, 830 


16,078 


463, 545 


4, 656, 849 


1905 


4, 175, 670 


284,890 


16,545 


296, 604 


4, 773, 709 


1906 


4, 136, 275 


334, 871 


16, 833 


280,635 


4, 768, 614 


1907 


4,541,044 


342,279 


16, 556 


335, 796 


5, 235, 675 


1908 .... 


4,809,600 


327,071 


17,082 


348, 655 


5, 502, 408 







LOCAL FUNDS. 



1885. 



1893. 
1898. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



$3,508,001 
5,545,288 




$508,539 
729,234 


$140, 180 
162,370 


$1,612,669 


9,052,650 


1,166,621 


1,087,430 


270, 305 


10, 459, 804 


1,288,055 


1,308,447 


317,766 


13, 483, 148 


3, 523, 507 


1,620,215 


600,523 


20,447,932 


3, 342, 373 


2,378,721 


1,112,989 


25,303,616 


4,330,109 


2,768,691 


1,440,793 


27,516,260 


5, 244, 178 


2,924,087 


1,751,288 


29, 128, 570 


6,889,072 


3,173,991 


1,518,877 


33,141,040 


6, 985, 466 


3,481,261 


1,823,988 


36, 304, 814 


6, 102, 279 


3, 789, 968 


2,038,468 



156, 720 
049, 561 
577,012 
374,072 
227, 393 
282,015 
843,209 
435, 813 
710,510 
431.755 
235. 529 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEX S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1229 



EXPENDITURES OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 
BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908— Continued. 

ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 







Invest- 










Expendi- 


ments of 










tures for 


all kinds. 


• • 


All other 


Total 


Year. 


sick and 


includinK 


tration. 


expendi- 


expendi- 




other 


additions 


tures. 


tures. 




benefits. 


to reserve 
fund. 








1885 


$4,163,476 
5,005,138 




$52,090 
47,212 


$171,717 
240, 835 


$4, 387, 289 


1888 


$1,534,527 


6,827,712 


1892 


7,312,171 
8, 146, 856 


1,251,204 
1,085,638 


73,030 
124,024 


267,833 
339, 131 


8,904,238 


1893 


9, 695, 649 


1898 


.10,566,113 


2,025,151 


83, 173 


374, 479 


13,048,910 


1903 


14,081,739 
16,382,970 


2,173,579 
2, 330, 847 


126, 927 
164,941 


650,945 
7.32, 664 


17,033,190 


1904 


19,611.422 


1905 


17,945,762 


2, 533, 488 


145,770 


778, 760 


21 , 403, 780 


1906 


18, 724, 352 


3, 656, 223 


162, 864 


869,000 


23,412,439 


1907 


21,414,320 


3, 867. 980 


181,278 


963,827 


26, 427, 405 


1908 


22,982,012 


3,778,3.58 


196,799 


1,201,765 


28,158,934 







BUILDING FUNDS. 



1885 - - 


$67,593 
112,462 
136,549 
161,828 
95,932 
116,569 
157,572 
191,596 
134,298 
130.384 
195,569 




$1,248 
3,046 
2,202 
3,209 
1,875 
1,431 
1,332 
1,196 
1,297 
1,106 
2,367 


S4, 304 
11,189 
10, 644 
7,301 
5,405 
4,889 
4,731 
5,725 
21,085 
4,192 
38, 489 


S73, 145 


1888 


$22,281 
15,. 369 
16,682 
14,980 
4,816 
19,735 
19, 460 
22, 171 
28,393 
24, 123 


14S, 978 
164, 764 


1892 


1893 


189, 020 


1898 


118, 192 


1903 


127,7ft5 


1904 


183, 370 


19a5 


217,977 


190ti 


178,851 


1907 


164, 075 


1908 


260,548 







GUILD FUNDS. 



1892 
1893 
1898 
19a3 
1904 
19a5 
1906 
1907 



$50,270 


111,964 


202,254 


251,028 


475,934 


929,801 


1,152,293 


1,278,763 


1,267,572 


1,361,528 


1,496,110 



S43, 108 
36,464 
34, 130 
156, 734 
147,802 
211,485 
316,941 
375,633 
311,091 
339, 882 



$6,825 
17, 406 
31,078 
45,836 
76,8J0 
126,944 
141,708 
153,771 
162,853 
174,874 
185,263 



S2,941 


5,872 


7,531 


8,511 


12,901 


34, 464 


39,701 


40,652 


52,113 


58,838 


55,343 



$60, 036 

178,350 

277,327 

339, .505 

722,399 

1,239,011 

1,545,187 

1,790,127 

1,858,171 

1,906,331 

2,070,598 



REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
19a5 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$2, 139, 723 
2,2a5,563 
3,071,245 
2,. 582, 169 
2,9().5,910 
3,867,334 
3,8a3,.562 
4,009,868 
4,008.937 
4,442,899 
4,824,772 



$556,840 
.394,852 
4a3,379 
549,298 
4.39,772 
540,616 
638,876 
799, .306 
811,878 
720, 172 



$195,. 522 
2.32,961 
.304,. 527 
273,. 3.56 
333,5.50 
4.52,. 350 
4,55,011 
471,152 
495,331 
519, 469 
554, 492 



$53,663 
.34,803 
80,063 
35,820 
45,304 
504,251 
78,9.53 
100,321 
102, 458 
103,878 
129, 756 



$2,388,908 
3,a30,167 
3,850,687 
3,294,730 
3,894,062 
5,263,707 
4,878,142 
5,220,217 
5,406,032 
5,878,124 
6,229,192 



1230 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



EXPENDITUEES OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 
BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 

STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



Year. 


Expendi- 
tures for 
sick and 

other 
benefits. 


Invest- 
ments of 
all kinds, 
including 
additions 
to reserve 

fund. 


Adminis- 
tration. 


All other 
expendi- 
tures. 


Total 
expendi- 
tures. 


1885 


$402, 464 
417,570 
486, 007 
233,197 
205,781 
158,180 
152,279 
156, 126 
146,874 
154,012 
162,802 




$37,077 
41,921 
46,937 
24,273 
21,063 
13,760 
13,355 
13,314 
13,771 
13,699 
13,536 


$39,097 

48,984 

46,533 

35,549 

25,105 

20,753 

11,116 

9,530 

7,472 

8,444 

7,965 


$478,638 
660,453 
655,069 
327,857 
290,325 
215,543 
192 143 


1888.. 


$151,978 
75,592 
34,838 
38,376 
22,850 
15,393 
17,858 
16,828 
17,577 
17,506 


1892 


1893 


1898 


1903 


1904 


1905 


196,828 
184,945 
193, 732 
201,809 


1906 . 


1907 

1908 







ALL FUNDS. 



1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$11,281,229 




$805,520 


$443, 196 


12, 623, 782 




845, 167 


512, 477 


13,138,092 




910, 144 


486,010 


14,651,634 


$4,028,959 


1,071,780 


600, 694 


16,892,095 


4,004,899 


1,175,968 


627,558 


20,001,523 


3,603,406 


1,283,576 


779,939 


21,221,530 


3,379,907 


1,451,375 


847,602 


22,433,492 


3,028,718 


1,551,956 


878,165 


24 269,264 


2,964,435 


1,786,872 


971,906 


23,702,053 


3,963,991 


1,736,241 


1,106,370 


24,947,723 


4,876,855 


1,769,980 


1,100,717 


26,114,021 


5,822,950 


1,889,164 


1,093,219 


28, 676, 123 


5,787,870 


2,024,972 


1,176,573 


30,477,644 


6,513,390 


2,162,743 


1,367,771 


34,587,169 


5,466,068 


2,354,003 


1,543,337 


37,571,917 


5,255,524 


2,563,207 


1,873,672 


38,878,630 


5,232,556 


2,712,612 


2,021,099 


39,936,727 


6,143,226 


2,889,532 


1,999,192 


43,040,319 


6,322,120 


3,116,056 


2, 686, 899 


50,915,688 


7,662,015 


3,561,116 


2,771,503 


55,274,045 


9,055,691 


3,725,835 


2,982,880 


57,546,878 


12,094,104 


4,026,940 


2,851,640 


65,185,227 


12,364,664 


4,388,243 


3,298,963 


70, 775, 679 


11,309,391 


4,759,507 


3,820,441 



$12,529,945 
13,981,426 
14,534,246 
20,353,067 
22,700,520 
25, 668, 444 
26, 900, 414 
27,892,331 
29, 992, 477 
30,508,655 
32,695,275 
34,919,354 
37,665,538 
40,521,548 
43,950,577 
47,264,320 
48, 844, 897 
50,968,677 
55,165,394 
64,910,322 
71,038,451 
76,519,562 
85,237,097 
90,665,018 



The total amount of the expenditures of the sickness insurance 
(excluding the miners' funds) increased from $12,529,945 in 1885 to 
$90,665,018 in 1908; as the item of "investments of all kinds'' is 
merely a technical expenditure, the actual expenditures in 1908, less 
the investments, etc., were $79,355,626. 

The distribution of the expenditures among the different types of 
funds is about the same as in the case of the receipts; 53.20 per cent 
of the expenditures are made by the local funds and 31.06 per cent 
by the estabhshment funds. These two classes, of funds therefore 
make 84.26 per cent of the total expenditures. 

The cost of administering the insurance in 1908 was $4,759,508, or 
5.25 per cent of the total expenditures for that year. 



1 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1231 



EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS. 

In the preceding table the total amount expended for benefits is 
given. In the following table the items included in the totals for the 
specified years, 1885 to 1908, are stated: 

EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECI- 
FIED YEARS, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Dculschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenvcrsicherimg.] 

COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 





Medical 
treatment. 


Medicine 

and 
medical 
supplies. 


Pecuniary sick 
benefits. 


Benefits 
for con- 
finement 
cases. 


Death 
benefits. 


Medical 
treatment 
and main- 
tenance in 
hospitals. 


Care 
of 

con- 
vales- 
cents. 




Year. 


To 
mem- 
bers. 


To 

families 
of mem- 
bers. 


Total. 


1885 

1888 


$250,672 

364,480 

643,498 

692, 198 

783,048 

1,001,907 

1,175,554 

1,245,815 

1,290,305 

1,384,298 

1,456,474 


$147,081 
230,850 
421,407 
456, 154 
504, 464 
591,151 
649,064 
680,523 
682,340 
729,613 
789, 771 


$281,575 

389, 572 

663, 604 

786, 268 

767, 206 

1,047,138 

1,225,874 

1,287,038 

1,211,602 

1,392,1.38 

1,477,581 


$4,717 

4,916 

7,607 

7,925 

10,012 

16, 672 

19,516 

20, 305 

20, 753 

23,797 

24,810 


$649 


$190 


$264,818 
263, 831 
436, 500 
491,786 
619, 846 
781,767 
892, 860 
941,833 
930, 879 
1,010,789 
1,060,486 


"'khi' 

9 
123 
490 
67 
389 
385 
276 


$949, 702 
1,253,649 


1892 






2, 172, 616 


1893 






2, 434, 382 


1898 

1903 


30 
6 
8 
4 
7 
12 
29 


211 


2,084,826 
3, 438, 764 


1904 

1905 

1906 


30 
25 


3, 963, .396 
4,175,670 
4,136,275 


1907 

1908 


12 
173 


4,541,044 
4,809,600 



LOCAL FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$726,583 


1,138,490 


1,833,502 


2,056,725 


2,909,-350 


4,376,785 


5,. 321, 196 


5, 984, 258 


6,527,1.31 


7,190,031 


7,673,669 



$614,699 
999, 180 
1,676,432 
1,845,901 
2, 362, 468 
3,323,410 
3, 793, 218 
4,099,715 
4,322,565 
4, 848, 663 
5,271,879 



$1,510,257 
2, 267, 505 
3,774,588 
4,490,0(^6 
5,445,443 
8,528,723 
10,966,637 
11,676,427 
12,072,030 
14,232,019 
15,859,141 



$26, 469 


$63, 774 


$160,870 


46, 426 


93, 615 


222, 613 


78, 801 


140,089 


306, 980 


87, 765 


190, 296 


367,520 


130, 455 


293,685 


419,047 


243, 108 


401,518 


572,342 


328,374 


641,780 


672, 220 


356, 801 


698, 887 


732, 488 


394, 986 


793, 261 


753, 741 


448, 164 


876,097 


837, 244 


507,781 


957,091 


875, 605 



$405, 
777, 
1,242, 
1,415, 
1,909, 
2, 976, 
3, 555. 
3,938, 
4, 234, 
4, 672, 
5,115, 



349 




459 




258 




526 


$5, 945 


918 


12, 782 


088 


25, 958 


437 


24, 754 


937 


28, 747 


600 


30, 256 


237 


36, 585 


783 


43, 865 



$3,508,001 
5,545,288 
9, 0^2, 650 
10, 459, 804 
13, 483, 148 
20, 447, 932 
25, 303, 616 
27,516,260 
29,128,570 
33,141,040 
36,304,814 



ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 



1885 


$1,060,467 


$826, 750 


$1,705,332 


$21,431 


$86, 120 


$221,375 


$242,001 




$4, 163, 476 


1888 


1,274,618 


982,731 


2,029,272 


41,328 


95, 421 


247,643 


334, 125 




5,005,138 


1892 


1,753,538 


1,482,986 


3,001,898 


62, 756 


143, 867 


338, 494 


528, 632 




7,312,171 


1893 


1,865,980 


1,566,812 


3, 477, 248 


65,709 


198,382 


401,784 


567,647 


$3, 294 


8,146,856 


1898 


2,543,924 


1,912,791 


4,401,470 


102, 446 


259, 495 


446, 897 


891,476 


7,614 


10, .566, 113 


19a3 


3, 367, 463 


2, 370, .384 


6,031,959 


176, 139 


266, 778 


530,846 


1,327,907 


10,263 


14,081,739 


1904 


3, 853, .58.5 


2,585,045 


7,229,500 


219,383 


361,415 


578,568 


1,546,314 


9,160 


16,382,970 


1905 


4,248,1.54 


2, 783, 630 


7,953,908 


242,638 


371,786 


602, 033 


1,734,438 


9,175 


17,945,762 


1906 


4,631,540 


2,892,611 


7,964,9,34 


277,0.53 


396. .346 


620,649 


1,931,600 


9,619 


18, 724, 352 


1907 


5,201,974 


3,253,566 


9,321,0.=)8 


316,529 


416, 886 


670, 9.30 


2, 223, 340 


10, 037 


21,414,320 


1908 


5,593,423 


3,457,876 


10,040,330 


359, 265 


4.37,977 


712,682 


2, 370, 031 


9,828 


22,982,012 



BUILDING FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
19a5 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$16, 437 


24, 157 


31,278 


37,910 


25,076 


32,824 


37,093 


43,003 


26. 195 


33.331 


39,569 



$7,647 


14,265 


16,018 


18,031 


11,301 


11,331 


14, 407 


18,558 


11,525 


12,311 


17.949 



$21,887 


$438 


$50 


$1,827 


40,410 


1,217 


93 


2,536 


50,450 


808 


92 


1,740 


58,837 


1,578 


122 


3,145 


35, 143 


1,011 


218 


1,927 


42,214 


1,143 


58 


1,715 


70,232 


2,021 


126 


1,930 


87,856 


2,286 


177 


2,513 


61,644 


2,204 


302 


2, 103 


54.319 


2,241 


116 


1,905 


90,293 


2,979 


186 


2,735 



$19, 
29, 
36, 
42, 
21, 
27, 
31, 
37, 
30, 
26, 
41, 



307 
784 
163 
124 
256 
274 
744 
202 
324 
161 
858 


"■$8i" 
■■"io' 

19 

1 
1 



$67, 593 
112,462 
136, .549 
161,828 
9.5,932 
116.569 
157,, 572 
191,596 
134,298 
1.30.. 384 
195,569 



1232 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECI- 
FIED YEARS, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 

GUILD FUNDS. 





Medical 
treatment. 


Medicine 

and 
medical 
supplies. 


Pecuniary sick 
benefits. 


Benefits 
for con- 
finement 
cases. 


Death 
benefits. 


Medical 
treatment 
and main- 
tenance in 
hospitals. 


Care 
of 

con- 
vales- 
cents. 




Year. 


To 
mem- 
bers. 


To 
families 
of mem- 
bers. 


Total. 


1885 

1888 

1892 

1893 

1898 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


• $8,340 

22,751 

39,388 

50,082 

106, 468 

193, 442 

237,373 

262,699 

263, 695 

288,858 

307, 630 


S5,926 
16,250 
30,043 
35, 105 
67,995 
127,367 
148, 452 
163,931 
159, 907 
167, 666 
109,069 


$22,590 

41,182 

75, 997 

97, 598 

174, 137 

354,827 

463,141 

512,283 

502,096 

546,434 

612,306 


$297 

784 

2,410 

2,827 

5,861 

12,922 

16,778 

17,682 

20, 467 

21,376 

23,515 


$70 

887 

819 

997 

2,063 

6,333 

11,115 

13,399 

9,318 

8,397 

9,170 


$2, 599 

4,406 

6,512 

8,793 

14,400 

24, 638 

26,986 

31,425 

30,982 

31,856 

31,919 


$10, 448 

25,704 

47, 085 

55, 513 

104,892 

210,023 

247,906 

276,951 

280, 424 

296,216 

321,742 


"iiis' 

118 
249 
542 
393 

683 
725 
759 


$50,270 

111,964 

202,254 

251,028 

475,934 

929, 801 

1,152,293 

1,278,763 

1,267,572 

1,361,528 

1,496,110 



REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$72,734 
127, 844 
201,489 
363,272 
524, 728 
698,378 
747, 776 
824, 563 
865, 022 
940,315 
1,006,279 



$60,061 
99,039 
160, 685 
258,832 
347, 907 
430, 132 
433, 595 
470,906 
479,328 
520,271 
564, 677 



$1,795,959 
1,725,041 
2,374,788 
1,671,156 
1,742,775 
2,262,408 
2,147,085 
2,199,446 
2,129,734 
2, 424, 554 
2, 659, 481 



$3,309 


$5,567 


$97,124 


8,634 


2,040 


109,643 


12,094 


2,366 


145, 235 


13,348 


2,130 


104,602 


24,063 


2,558 


112,210 


34, 130 


3,755 


138,323 


33,605 


5,344 


127,408 


39,697 


5,339 


130,914 


39, 722 


5,314 


133,048 


42,171 


5,746 


141,827 


48,983 


6,205 


145, 574 



$104,969 




133,322 




174, 588 




168,595 


$234 


211,414 


255 


299,372 


836 


308,212 


537 


338,275 


728 


356,057 


712 


367,096 


919 


392,323 


1,250 



$2,139,723 
2,205,563 
3,071,245 
2, 582, 169 
2,965,910 
3,867,334 
3,803,562 
4,009,868 
4,008,937 
4,442,899 
4,824,772 



STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$21,271 
28,237 
35, 702 
32, 712 
35,077 
31,438 
31,067 
32, 435 
31,866 
32, 729 
33,662 



$20, 975 
24, 996 
29,795 
30, 136 
31,739 
25,808 
25,383 
25,684 
24,892 
25, 454 
26, 464 



$307, 

305, 

354, 

133, 

103, 

77, 

73, 

73, 

66, 

71, 

76, 



137 


$827 


$625 


$36,866 


416 


959 


1,309 


38, 067 


752 


1,198 


1,676 


46, 947 


402 


834 


85 


23,792 


790 


1,122 


364 


19, 595 


338 


333 


174 


14,694 


772 


449 


167 


12,509 


573 


440 


185 


12,055 


516 


356 


145 


11,489 


829 


407 


152 


11,344 


293 


321 


141 


11,635 



$14, 763 




18,586 




15,937 




12,223 


$13 


14,046 


48 


8,372 


23 


8,790 


142 


11,690 


64 


11,593 


17 


12,057 


40 


14.236 


50 



$402, 464 
417, 570 
486,007 
233, 197 
205, 781 
158,180 
152, 279 
156, 126 
146, 874 
1.54, 012 
162, 802 



ALL FUNDS. 



1885 


82,156,504 


81,683,139 


$5,644,737 


$57,488 


$156,855 


$520,851 


$1,061,655 




811,281,229 


1886 


2, 459, 855 


1,934,559 


6, 129, 332 


74,038 


168.353 


586,839 


1,270,806 




12,623,782 


1887 


2,623,502 


2, 044, 689 


6,238,766 


85, 106 


176,825 


590, 589 


1,378,615 




13.138,092 


1888 


2, 980, 577 


2,367,311 


6,798,398 


104,264 


193,365 


624,908 


1,582,811 




14,651,634 


1889 


3, 477, 563 


2,802,530 


7,695,348 


125, 436 


217, 637 


688, 285 


1,885,296 




16, 892, 095 


1890 


3,994,462 


3,376,563 


9,350,339 


141,980 


241,358 


780, 642 


2,116,179 




20,001.523 


1891 


4,250.611 


3,544,789 


9,797.022 


165,288 


279,222 


787,514 


2.397,084 




21,221,530 


1892 


4,538,395 


3,817,366 


10,296,077 


165, 674 


288,909 


845, 908 


2,481,163 




22, 433, 492 


1893 


5,098,879 


4,211,031 


10, 714, 575 


179, 986 


392, 012 


909,636 


2,753,414 


$9, 731 


24,269,264 


1894 


5,285,954 


4,147,604 


9,955,299 


183,373 


423, 172 


864, 996 


2.824,785 


16,870 


23,702,053 


1895 


5, 507, 582 


4,315,965 


10, 598, 923 


195,860 


433, 641 


883,844 


2,999,778 


12, 130 


24,947,723 


1896 


5,905,551 


4, 500, 460 


10,842,267 


215,848 


480, 188 


921,774 


3,230.859 


17,074 


26,114,021 


1897 


6, 405, 589 


4,926,555 


12,068,375 


243, 589 


516,633 


975, 734 


3,523,549 


16,099 


28, 676, 123 


1898 


6,927,671 


5,238,665 


12,669,964 


274,970 


558,413 


1,014,287 


3,772,848 


20,826 


30, 477, 644 


1899 


7,596,523 


5,845,911 


14,802,341 


324, 555 


581,637 


1,154,946 


4,256.335 


24,921 


34, 587. 169 


1900 


8,170,865 


6,186,960 


16,291,366 


358,053 


607,967 


1,262,026 


4,666,664 


28,016 


37,571,917 


1901 


8,481,370 


6,234,407 


16,971,456 


400,877 


622, 518 


1,224,200 


4,912,598 


31,204 


38,878,630 


1902 


8,9^4,836 


6,325,2.32 


17,259,625 


443,648 


645, 590 


1,223.985 


5,079,630 


34,181 


39,936,727 


1903 


9,702,237 


6,879,.')83 


18,344,607 


484, 447 


678,622 


1,282,558 


5,630,803 


37, 462 


43,040,319 


1904 


11,403,644 


7,649,164 


22,176,241 


620, 126 


1,019,955 


1,419,651 


6,591,263 


35, 644 


50,915,688 


1905 


12,640,927 


8,242,947 


23,790,531 


679, 909 


1,089,777 


1,511,453 


7,279,326 


39.175 


55,274,045 


1906 


13,635,754 


8,573,168 


24.008,556 


755,541 


1,204.693 


1,552,012 


7, 775, 477 


41,677 


57,546,878 


1907 


15,071,5.36 


9, 557, 544 


28,042,351 


854, 685 


1,. 307, 406 


1,695,118 


8,607,896 


48,691 


65,185,227 


1908 


16,110.706 


10,317,685 


30,815,425 


967,654 


1,410,799 


1,780,323 


9,317,059 


56,028 


70,775,679 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1233 



In the preceding table some of the changes in amount of expendi- 
ture are due to changes in the laws; thus part of the increases in the 
years 1893 and 1904 are due to changes made in the law in 1892 and 
1903. 

PER CAPITA RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. 

While the figures given in the three preceding tables are of interest 
as showing the extent of the financial operations, the tendencies 
which the data sliow become more evident when presented in the form 
of per capita tables. 

The following table shows the receipts and expenditures of the sick- 
ness insurance system in the form of per capita statements, by class 
of fund, for specified years, 1885 to 1908: 

AVERAGE RECEIPTS PER MEMBER AND EXPENDITURES PER MEMBER OF THE SICK- 
NESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.] 

COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 





Average receipts and expenditures per member. 


Average ex- 
penditures for 




Dues, 

en- 
trance 
fees, 
and 
supple- 
men- 
tary 
dues. 


Cost of relief of sickness. 


Cost of 
admin- 
istra- 
tion. 


relief of sick- 
ness. 


Year. 


Med- 
ical 
service. 


Medi- 
cine. 


Pecu- 
niary 
bene- 
fits. 


Hospi- 

etc, ex- 
penses. 


Other 

ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Total. 


Per 
case of 
sick- 
ness. 


Per 
day of 
sick- 
ness. 


1885 


$1.68 


(«) 

$0.47 
.54 
.56 
.55 
.67 
.78 
.81 
.84 
.89 
.92 


(a) 
$0.30 
.36 
.37 
.36 
.39 
.43 
.44 
.44 
.47 
.50 


(a) 
$0.51 
.57 
.64 
.55 
.71 
.82 
.86 
.80 
.90 
.94 


(a) 

(«>) 

$0.40 
.44 
.52 
.59 
.62 
.60 
.64 
.67 


cS .35 
C.37 

'^ 
i? 


(a) 
$1.63 
1.84 
1.97 
1.90 
2.29 
2.62 
2.73 
2.G8 
2.90 
3.03 




$4.59 
6.44 
6.97 
0.84 
7.99 
8.95 
9.94 
10.22 
10.86 
11.07 
11.22 


$0.37 


1888 - .. 


.40 


1892 

1893 

1898 


1.68 
1.80 
1.91 
2.16 
2.56 
2.65 
2.76 
2.92 
2.93 


.42 
.42 
.46 


1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


.50 
.50 
.51 
.54 
.55 
.55 











LOCAL FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



(« 


(«) 


(«) 


(«) 


«) 


(«) 


(«) 


(«) 


$5.76 


$3.25 


$0.51 


$0.45 


$1.04 


(«>) 


C$0.50 


$2.50 


$0.33 


7.93 


3.40 


.61 


.56 


1.29 


C) 


C.56 


3.02 


.34 


8.51 


3.62 


.64 


.57 


1.41 


$0.44 


.17 


3.23 


.36 


8.21 


4.04 


.71 


.58 


1.37 


.47 


.18 


3.31 


.35 


9.74 


4.66 


.88 


.67 


1.76 


.60 


.20 


4.11 


.43 


10.96 


5.38 


1.00 


.71 


2.11 


.67 


.25 


4.74 


.47 


11.81 


5.57 


1.06 


.73 


2.13 


.70 


.26 


4.88 


.46 


12.17 


5.86 


1.10 


.73 


2.09 


.71 


.27 


4.90 


.48 


12.80 


6.10 


1.16 


.79 


2.37 


.75 


.28 


5.35 


.51 


13. 01 


6.30 


1.21 


.84 


2.59 


.81 


.30 


5.75 


.54 


13.35 



o Not reported. 

6 Included in other expenditures. 



c Including hospital, etc., expenses. 
d Less than 0.01 mark (0.2 cent). 



$0.41 
.47 
.49 

.48 
.53 
.56 
.57 
.59 
.62 
.63 
.64 



1234 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



AVERAGE RECEIPTS PER MEMBER AND EXPENDITURES PER MEMBER OF THE SICK- 
NESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1885 TO 1908— Continued. 

ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 



Year. 



1885. 
1888. 
1892. 
1893. 
1898. 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



Average receipts and expenditures per member. 



Dues, 

en- 
trance 
fee?, 
and 
supple- 
men- 
tary 
dues. 



(a) 

$4.05 
4.26 
4.37 
4.84 
5.47 
'6.07 
6.29 
6.74 
7.06 
7.23 



Cost of relief of sickness. 



Med- 
ical 
service. 



(a) 

so. 89 
1.01 
1.04 
1.12 
1.31 
1.43 
1.50 
1.55 
1.65 
1.76 



Medi- 
cine. 



(a) 
$0.69 
.85 
.88 
.84 
.92 



.97 
1.03 
1.09 



Pecu- 
niary 
bene- 
fits. 



Hospi- 
1 tal, 
etc., ex- 



(a) 
$1.44 
1.76 
1.99 
1.97 
2.41 
2.77 
2.89 
2.76 
3.05 
3.27 



(a) 

(&) 

(^) 

80.32 
.39 
.52 
.57 
.61 
.64 
.71 
.75 



Other 

®-^',. ! Total, 
pendi- 

tures. 



Cost of 
admin- 
istra- 
tion. 



Average ex- 
penditin-e for 
relief of sick- 
ness. 



Per 

case of 

siek- 



(a) 
SO. 47 
C.58 
.34 
.31 
.31 
.35 
.35 
.34 
.35 
.37 



(a) 


(«) 


$3.49 


$0.03 


4.20 


.04 


4.57 


.06 


4.63 


.03 


5.47 


.04 


6.08 


.05 


6.33 


.05 


6.26 


.05 


6.79 


.05 


7.24 


.05 



$6.47 
9.28 
10.52 
9.99 
11.21 
12.70 
13.04 
13.38 
13.83 
13.96 
14.75 



BUILDING FUNDS. 



1885. 
1888. 
1892. 
1893, 
1898, 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 



(a) 


(a) 


(a). 


(a) 


(a) 


(«) 


(a) 


(a) 


86.87 


$4.76 


$0.85 


$0.50 


$1.45 


(^) 


C$1.13 


$3.93 


$0.11 


6.01 


4.71 


1.05 


.54 


1.72 


(b) 


cl.28 


4.59 


.07 


9.92 


5.06 


1.21 


.58 


1.94 


$1.35 


.11 


5.19 


.10 


9.32 


5.64 


1.38 


.62 


2.00 


1.18 


.12 


5.30 


.10 


9.81 


6.17 


1.99 


.69 


2.63 


1.66 


.11 


7.08 


.09 


10.90 


7.78 


1.63 


.64 


3.18 


1.40 


.09 


6.94 


.06 


9.16 


7.23 


1.70 


.74 


3.58 


1.48 


.11 


7.61 


.05 


9.84 


6.49 


1.15 


.51 


2.81 


1.33 


.11 


5.91 


.05 


10.22 


7.48 


1.69 


.63 


2.87 


1.33 


.10 


6.62 


.05 


10.84 


8.69 


1.66 


.75 


3.91 


1'.75 


.12 


8.19 


.10 


10.65 



GUILD FUNDS. 



1885. 
1888. 
1892. 
1893. 
1898. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


$3.60 


$2.81 


80.41 


80.29 


$0.76 


(&) 


C80.56 


$2.02 


$0.31 


7.53 


3.07 


.52 


.39 


1.03 


if>) 


C.71 


2.65 


.38 


7.93 


3.26 


.55 


.39 


1.11 


$0.61 


.11 


2.77 


.43 


7.68 


4.01 


.67 


.43 


1.13 


.66 


.10 


2.99 


.42 


9.45 


4.58 


.84 


.55 


1.59 


.91 


.14 


4.03 


.50 


11.37 


5.37 


.95 


.60 


1.93 


1.00 


.15 


4.63 


.53 


11.86 


5.66 


1.00 


.62 


2.01 


1.05 


.17 


4.85 


.54 


12.84 


5.89 


1.00 


.61 


1.98 


1.06 


.15 


4.80 


.57 


13.12 


6.08 


1.09 


.63 


2.15 


1.12 


.16 


5.15 


.01 


13.54 


6.26 


1.14 


.70 


2.36 


1.20 


.16 


5.56 


.64 


13.61 



REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885. 
1888. 
1892, 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



(a) 


(a 


(a) 


(a 


(a) 


(a 


(a) 


(a) 


$7.87 


$3.66 


$0.17 


$0.13 


$2.33 


W 


c.$0.33 


$2.96 


$0.31 


8.69 


4.01 


.25 


.20 


3.00 


(f>) 


C.41 


3.80 


.38 


9.45 


4.31 


.55 


.39 


2.54 


80.26 


.16 


3.90 


.41 


9.32 


4.46 


.68 


.45 


2.31 


.28 


.15 


3.87 


.44 


11.28 


4.79 


.79 


.48 


2.59 


.34 


.16 


4.36 


.51 


12.10 


5.03 


.88 


.51 


2.55 


.36 


.16 


4.40 


.53 


12.42 


5.23 


.96 


.55 


2.61 


.39 


.16 


4.67 


.55 


12.96 


5.33 


.98 


.54 


2.45 


.40 


.16 


4.53 


.56 


13.68 


5.45 


1.04 


.58 


2.73 


.41 


.16 


4.92 


.58 


13.05 


5.66 


1.10 


.62 


2.97 


.43 


.17 


5.29 


.61 


13.47 



o Not reported. 

b Included in other expenditures. 



c Including hospital, etc., expenses. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1235 

AVERAGE RECEIPTS PER MEMBER AND EXPENDITURES PER MEMBER OF THE SICK- 
NESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 

STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 







Average receipts and ex 


penditures per member. 




Average ex- 
penditure for 




Dues, 

en- 
trance 
fees, 
and 
supple- 
men- 
tary 
dues. 


Cost of relief of sickness. 


Cost of 
admin- 
istra- 
tion. 


relief of sick- 
ness. 


Year. 


Med- 
ical 
service. 


Medi- 
cine. 


Pecu- 
niary 
bene- 
fits. 


Hospi- 
tal, 
etc., ex- 
penses. 


Other 

ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 


Total. 


Per 
case of 
sick- 
ness. 


Per 
day of 
sick- 
ness. 


1885 


(«) 
$3.37 
3.62 
3.76 
3.82 
3.67 
3.95 
4.05 
4.09 
4.26 
4.40 


f0.20 
.27 
.52 
.61 
.75 
.83 
.88 
.87 
.91 
.95 


.23 
.48 
.55 
.62 
.68 
.69 
.68 
.71 
.74 


(a) 
$2.14 
2.71 
2.13 
1.83 
1.87 
1.99 
2.00 
1.84 
2.01 
2.15 


(a) 
C) 

$0.19 
.24 
.20 
.23 
.32 
.32 
.33 
.40 


C$0.40 
f.49 
.38 
.35 
.36 
.34 
.33 
.32 
.32 
.33 


(a) 
$2.92 
3.70 
3.70 
3.58 
3.80 
4.07 
4.22 
4.03 
4.28 
4.57 


& 

.30 
.39 
.37 
.33 
.36 
.36 
.38 
.38 
.38 


$9.63 
10.10 
11.06 
10.60 
12.54 
13.06 
13.50 
14.04 
14.63 
13.64 
12.80 


$0.41 


188vS . . . . 


.45 


1892 


.52 


1893 


.54 


1898 - ... 


.59 


1903 


.63 


1904 


.65 


1905 


.67 


1906 


.71 


1907 


.69 


1908 


.70 







ALL FUNDS. 



1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



' («) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(") 


(a) 


(a) 


(0) 


$0.29 


ffi 


(«) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


7.38 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(«) 


(a) 


7.56 


$3.30 


$0.55 


$0.44 


$1.28 


C) 


C$0.44 


$2.71 


$0.20 


8.31 


3.28 


.56 


.46 


1.27 


W 
C) 


C.46 


2.75 


.19 


8.27 


3.30 


.61 


.51 


1.44 


C.48 


3.04 


.20 


8.26 


3.35 


.62 


.51 


1.45 


W 


C.50 


3.08 


.20 


8.85 


3.40 


.65 


.55 


1.50 


C) 


C.52 


3.22 


.21 


9.05 


3.56 


.72 


.59 


1.53 


$0.39 


.19 


3.42 


.23 


8.69 


3.64 


.72 


.57 


1.39 


.39 


.18 


3.25 


.21 


9.51 


3.71 


.73 


.57 


1.44 


.40 


.18 


3.32 


.21 


9.23 


3.79 


.74 


.57 


1.39 


.41 


.18 


3.29 


.21 


9.45 


3.87 


.77 


.59 


1.48 


.42 


.18 


3.44 


.22 


9.67 


3.94 


.79 


.60 


1.47 


.43 


.18 


3.47 


.22 


10.15 


4.02 


.83 


.64 


1.65 


.47 


.19 


3.78 


.23 


9.95 


4.15 


.86 


.65 


1.75' 


.49 


.20 


3.95 


.24 


10.21 


4.23 


.88 


.65 


1.80 


.51 


.19 


4.03 


.25 


10.75 


4.36 


.91 


.64 


1.80 


.51 


.19 


4.05 


.26 


11.10 


4.51 


.95 


.67 


1.84 


.55 


.20 


4.21 


.28 


11.38 


5.13 


1.06 


.71 


2.13 


.62 


.23 


4.75 


.30 


12.04 


5.33 


1.13 


.74 


2.19 


.65 


.23 


4.94 


.30 


12.42 


5.63 


1.17 


.73 


2.12 


.66 


.24 


4.92 


.31 


13.01 


5.89 


1.24 


.79 


2.38 


.71 


.25 


5.37 


.33 


13. 15 


6.05 


1.31 


.83 


2.58 


.76 


.26 


5.74 


.35 


13.59 



$0.45 



a Not reported. 

^ Included in other expenditures. 



c Including hospital, etc., expenses. 



The average receipts per insured person have shown an almost 
uninterrupted increase since the beginning of the system, and the 
average for 1908 was 83.3 per cent greater than for 1888. For 1908, 
the estabUshment funds and the aUied type — the building trades 
funds — show the highest rate of receipts per member in the form of 
dues, etc.; the local funds and the guild funds ranked next, the two 
having approximately the same average receipts. The communes 
conducting sickness insurance, which do not have the same benefit 
obligations as the other funds, show average receipts of about one- 
half of the total for all funds. 



1236 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The most important item in the table is the average amount 
expended per case and per day of sickness. The average amount 
expended per case of sickness (or rather per case of disabihty) has 
increased rapidly, and in 1908 was more than twice the amount 
expended in 1885. The average amount expended per day of dis- 
ability is shown in the last column of the table ; while the per cent of 
increase in the expenditures per day of disability is not as large as 
the increase in the average expenditure per case of disability, there 
has been a constant growth in the latter since 1885, and in 1908 it 
was approximately 50 per cent greater than in 1885. The cost of 
relief of sickness per insured person increased from $2.71 in 1888 to 
$5.74 in 1908, a growth of over 100 per cent. The largest item is of 
course that for pecuniary benefits, which has increased from $1.28 
in 1888 to $2.58 in 1908. The expenditures for medical service 
shows the most rapid rate of increase, being $0.55 in 1888 and $1.31 
in 1908. 

The different types of funds show considerable fluctuations from 
the average for all funds. The communal insurance naturally shows 
the lowest averages, since the communes as a rule provide only the 
minimum benefits. The establishment funds, with .an average of 
$14.75 per case of disability in 1908, show the highest expenditure per 
case, while the local funds, which include the largest number of 
insured persons, had an average expenditure of $13.35 per case in 
1908. The average amount expended per day of sickness was highest 
in the case of the establishment funds, which had an average of $0.81 
per day in 1908; the local funds in 1908 averaged $0.64 per day for 
this purpose, as compared with $0.41 in 1885. 

The average amount per member paid for the relief of disability 
in 1908 fluctuated between $8.19 per insured person in the case of 
the building funds and $3.03 per insured person for the com- 
munal sickness insurance; the local funds in 1908 had an average 
of $5.75 per insured person as compared with $2.50 in 1888. The 
average amount paid for pecuniary benefits also shows a wide varia- 
tion; the lowest expenditure for this purpose in 1908 was shown by 
the communal sickness insurance, with an average of $0.94 per 
insured person; the building funds has the highest expenditures in 
1908, the average per insured person being $3.91. The local funds 
are of importance because of the large proportion of the insured per- 
sons enrolled in them; in these the expenditure per insured person 
for pecuniary benefits has increased from $1.04 in 1888 to $2.59 in 
1908, a growth of 149 per cent. 

The expenditures per insured person for medical service show 
an increase of over 138 per cent. The expenditures per member 
for medicines, etc., also show a rapid increase. The amount paid 
out for hospital treatment and institutional care is given separately 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1237 



for the period beginning with the year 1893; the building trades 
funds show the highest expenditure per member for this item, the 
amount in 1908 being more than double the average for all funds. 

.The column showing the cost of administration per person insured 
reflects the conditions prevailing in each type of fund; the average 
cost per member for all the funds was $0.20 in 1888 and $0.35 in 
1908. The cost of administration of the communal insurance is of 
course defrayed entirely by the communes, while the employer bears 
almost all the expense of conducting the establishment and the 
building trades funds. The local funds, which are important because 
of their large membership, had a per capita cost of administration 
of $0.33 in 1888 and $0.54 in 1908, an increase of approximately 
64 per cent. 

PROPORTION OF FUNDS CHARGING SPECIFIED RATES OF DUES AND 
PROVIDING SPECIFIED RATES OF BENEFITS. 

The proportion of the funds charging the different rates of dues 
and the proportion providing the different rates of pecuniary benefits 
are shown in the following table: 

RELATION OF DUES AND PECUNIARY BENEFITS TO WAGES, BY CLASS OF FUND, 

1888 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.] 

COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 





Num- 
ber of 
funds. 


Percentage of funds with dues equal to 
specified percentage of wages. 


Percentage of funds with pecuni- 
ary benefits equal to specified 
percentage of wages. 


Year. 


liper 
cent 
and 

under. 


Over 

lito2 

per 

cent. 


Over 

2 to 3 

per 

cent. 


Over 

3to4i 

per 

cent. 


Over 

4ito6 

per 

cent. 


50 per 
cent. 


Over 

50 to 66§ 

per 

cent. 


Over 

66Jto75 

per 

cent. 


Over 
75 per 
cent. 


1888 


7,852 
7,926 
8,011 
8,145 
8,253 
8,234 
8,302 
8,449 
8,451 
8,587 
8,512 
8,521 
8,512 
8,457 
8,528 
8,M8 
8,513 
8.333 
8,366 
8,290 
8,237 


93.6 
91.4 
90.3 
88.4 
85.8 
83.2 
80.6 
79.4 
76.6 
74.3 
73.0 
72.0 
72.1 
71.0 
69.7 
69.1 
62.0 
58.8 
57.1 
54.3 
52.3 


6.4 
8.6 
9.7 
11.6 
14.2 
16.8 
19.4 
20.6 
23.4 
• 25.7 
27.0 
28.0 
27.9 
29.0 
30.3 
30.9 
26.1 
25.4 
24.4 
25.1 
25.1 


(a) 






100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
100.0 
99.9 
99.9 
100.0 
99.9 
99 9 
99.9 
90.8 
99.7 
99.8 
99.8 
99.8 
99.8 
99.9 
99.9 
99.9 
99.8 
99.9 


(«) 
(«) 

(a) 

(«) 
0.1 
.1 

.1 
.1 
.1 
.1 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.1 

.1 
.2 
.1 


(a) 
(«) 




1889 








1890 


(«) 






(«) 


1891 






1892 


(*») 










1893 






(«) 
(«) 
(«) 
(«) 

.1 

(«) 




1894 










1895 










1896 










1897 










1898 










1899 










1900 










1901 










1902 










1903 










1904 


11.9 
15.8 
18.5 
20.6 
22.6 








1905 










1906 










1907 






(«) 




1908 



















a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent . 



1238 



REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



RELATION OF DUES AND PECUNIARY BENEFITS TO WAGES, BY CLASS OF FUND, 

1888 TO 1908— Continued. 

LOCAL. SICK FUNDS. 



Year. 



Num- 


ber of 


'nnds. 


3,893 


4,030 


4,119 


4,219 


4,243 


4,328 


4,410 


4,475 


4,523 


4,548 


4,585 


4,623 


4,655 


4,677 


4,699 


4,715 


4,709 


4,740 


4,741 


4,757 


4,768 



Percentage of funds with dues equal to 
specified percentage of wages. 



Uper 


Over 


Over 


Over 


cent 


l^to2 


2 to 3 


3 to 4^ 


and 


per 


per 


per 


under. 


cent. 


cent 


cent. 


11.8 


38.9 


46.1 


3.2 


10.9 


39.1 


46.9 


3.1 


10.1 


37.1 


49.6 


3.2 


9.5 


35.7 


51.2 


3.6 


8.1 


34.1 


53.1 


4.7 


6.5 


3L9 


55.7 


5.9 


5.2 


29.0 


58.1 


7.7 


5.0 


27.1 


59.5 


8.4 


4.6 


26.2 


60.3 


8.9 


4.4 


26.5 


60.2 


8.9 


4.5 


26.2 


60.4 


8.9 


4.5 


25.9 


61.0 


8.6 


4.3 


25.0 


61.5 


9.2 


3.7 


24.0 


62.5 


9.8 


3.5 


24.1 


62.1 


10.3 


3.5 


22.7 


62.3 


11.5 


2.3 


15.3 


62.5 


19.6 


1.9 


14.1 


59.6 


23.9 


1.8 


12.8 


57.9 


26.5 


1.9 


n.3 


56.9 


28.8 


1.5 


10.4 


55.3 


31.3 



Over 

4ito 6 

per 

cent. 



Percentage of funds with pecuni- 
ary benefits equal to specified 
percentage of wages. 





Over 


Over 


50 per 


50 to 662 


66i to 75 


cent. 


per 


per 




cent. 


cent. 


92.1 


5.7 


2.2 


91.0 


6.3 


2.6 


90.0 


6.9 


3.0 


89.9 


7.2 


2.9 


89.7 


7.3 


3.0 


89.5 


7.6 


2.9 


89.7 


7.6 


2.7 


89.7 


7.7 


2.6 


89.4 


7.9 


2.7 


88.4 


8.7 


2.9 


87.1 


10.0 


2.9 


85.6 


11.3 


3.1 


85.0 


11.7 


3.3 


84.7 


11.9 


3.4 


84.9 


12.1 


3.0 


84.7 


12.4 


2.9 


84.9 


12.4 


2.7 


84.9 


12.6 


2.5 


84.2 


13.4 


2.4 


83.5 


13.9 


2.6 


83.2 


14.3 


2.5 



Over 
75 per 
cent. 



1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895 
1896. 
1897. 
1898, 
1899. 
1900 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905 
1906, 
1907 
IWOS 



0.3 
.5 
LO 
LI 
1.5 



ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 



1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



5,868 
5,958 
6,124 
6,244 
6,316 
6,434 
6,591 
6,770 
6,796 
6,974 
7,139 
7,344 
7,487 
7,563 
7,626 
7,655 
7,695 
7,774 
7,823 
7,914 
7,954 



18.3 

19.1 

19.7 

19.9 

20.1 

18.7 

17.3 

17.4 

17.6 

17.6 

17.3 

16.9 

15.9 

14.7 

14.2 

13.1 

8.9 

8.4 

7.9 

7.5 

7.0 



24.0 
23.8 
23.8 



24.0 
23.5 
21.4 
2L1 
20.5 
20.9 
20.6 
20.6 
20.6 
20.2 
20.0 
19.7 
19.3 
16.2 
15.1 
14.5 
13.9 
12.8 



54.4 
53.7 
53.1 
52.6 
52.8 
55.1 
55.7 
55.9 
55.0 
55.4 
55.4 
55.7 
56.1 
56.4 
56.6 
57.3 
57.5 
56.4 
55.7 
54.4 
53.6 



3.3 
3.4 
3.4 
3.5 
3.6 
4.8 
5.9 
6.2 
6.5 
6.4 
6.7 
6.8 
7.8 
8.9 
9.5 
10.3 
16.8 
19.3 
20.8 
22.9 
25.0 



1.1 
1.3 

1.6 



85, 

84, 

84, 

84, 

84, 

84, 

83, 

82 

82 

81.9 

81.7 

81.6 

81.6 

81.9 

81.9 

81.4 

81.2 

80.7 



7.5 
7.8 
9.1 
10.2 
10.5 
11.4 
11.3 
11.5 
11.8 
12.4 
12.7 
13.0 
13.5 
13.8 
13.8 
14.0 
14.3 
14.3 
14.7 
14.8 
15.4 



2.6 
3.2 
3.9 
4.5 
4.9 
4.5 
4.4 
4.4 
4.2 
4.4 
4.6 
4.6 
4.6 
4.5 
4.6 
4.4 
3.8 
3.8 
3.9 
4.0 
3.9 



BUILDING FUNDS. 



1888 


135 

150 

130 

132 

123 

115 

106 

102 

103 

92 

84 

90 

79 

64 

52 

46 

45 

44 

46 

41 

42 


8.2 
15.3 
13.9 
12.9 
11.4 
10.4 
10.4 
10.8 
10.7 
10.9 
14.3 
14.5 
15.2 
12.5 
21.2 
15.2 
6.7 
4.5 
10.9 
14.6 
11.9 


17.0 
16.0 
14.6 
12.9 
18.7 
15.7 
12.3 
16.6 
16.5 
19.6 
17.9 
18.9 
17.7 
20.3 
19.2 
17.4 
13.3 
11.4 
10.9 
12.2 
9.5 


70.4 
64.0 
69.2 
71.2 
63.4 
67.8 
62.2 
65.7 
67.0 
64.1 
60.7 
62.2 
62.0 
64.1 
57.7 
63.0 
7L1 
72.7 
67.4 
03.4 
64.3 


4.4 
4.7 
2.3 
3.0 
6.5 
6.1 

15.1 
6.9 
5.8 
5.4 
7.1 
4.4 
5.1 
3.1 
1.9 
4.4 
6.7 
9.1 
8.7 
7.3 

14.3 


2.2 
2.3 
2.1 
2.5 


96.3 
96.7 
93.9 
96.2 
96.8 
94.8 
93.4 
94.2 
92.2 
92.4 
92.8 
93.4 
92.4 
89.1 
86.5 
93.5 
97.8 
97.7 
95.6 
92.7 
90.5 


0.7 
1.3 
2.3 
1.5 
.8 
2.6 
3.8 
2.9 
3.9 
3.3 
3.6 
3.3 
5.1 
6.2 
7.7 
2.2 

'""2.2' 
4.9 
7.1 


3.0 
2.0 
3.8 
2.3 
2.4 
2.6 
2.8 
2.9 
3.9 
4.3 
3.6 
3.3 
2.5 
4.7 
5.8 
4.3 
2.2 
2.3 
2.2 
2.4 
2.4 




1889 




1890 




1891 




1892 




1893 




1894 




1895 




1896 




1897 




1898 




1899 




1900 




1901 




1902 




1903 




1904 




1905 




1906. 




1907 




1908. 









CHAPTER V. WOKKMEN S IXSURAXCE IX GERMANY. 



1239 



RELATION OF DUES AND PECUNIARY BENEFITS TO WAGES, BY CLASS OF FUND, 

1S88 TO 1908— Concluded. 

GUILD FUNDS. 





Num- 
ber of 
funds. 


Percentage of funds with dues equal to 
specified percentage of wages. 


Percentage of funds witli 
ary l)onerits equal to s 
percentage of wages. 


I)eruni- 
pecified 


Year. 


IJper 
cent 
and 

under. 


Over 

lito2 

per 

cent. 


Over 

2 to 3 

per 

cent. 


Over 

3 to 4i 

per 

cent. 


Over 

4itoG 

per 

cent. 


50 per 
cent. 


Over 

50 to GOJ 
per 
cent. 


Over 

G;i§to75 

per 

cent. 


Over 
75 per 
cent. 


1888 


401 
425 
452 
467 
471 
483 
507 
545 
566 
593 
606 
612 
601 
636 
639 
667 
681 
710 
744 
761 
784 


41.9 
40.7 
39.8 
39.4 
39.1 
30.0 
24.8 
23.5 
22.9 
22.1 
21.1 
20.6 
20.3 
20.6 
18.3 
17.1 
13.4 
12.0 
10.8 
10.0 
8.4 


37.2 
39.3 
40.0 
39.0 
38.6 
45.8 
46.2 
44.8 
42.6 
42.1 
42.2 
42.5 
41.3 
41.2 
40.4 
40.5 
34.2 
31.0 
30.0 
28.2 
26.8 


20.4 
19.5 
19.5 
21.0 
21.4 
22.1 
26.4 
30.1 
32.0 
34.1 
35.2 
34.6 
35.4 
34.4 
37.1 
37.9 
40.1 
41.5 
42.3 
43.8 
44.8 


0.5 
.5 
. 7 
.6 
.9 
2.1 
2.6 
2.6 
2.5 
1.7 
1.5 
2.3 
3.0 
3.8 
4.2 
4.5 
12.0 
14.8 
16.5 
17.5 
19.0 


"'"o.Y 

. 5 
1.0 


86.0 
85. 2 
84.7 
82.9 
82.8 
85.7 
83.0 
84.2 
83.0 
82.6 
82.2 
80.5 
78.0 
79.1 
80.6 
79.5 
79.9 
81.0 
81.7 
81.2 
81.0 


lU.O 
10.6 
10.8 
11.8 
12.3 
10.6 
1.3.6 
11.6 
13.6 
14.2 
13.9 
16.2 
18.8 
17.8 
16.3 
16.8 
15.6 
15.6 
15.1 
15.4 
15.2 


3.0 
4.0 
3.8 
5.3 
4.9 
3.7 
3.4 
4.2 
3.4 
3.2 
3.9 
3.3 
3.2 
3.1 
3.1 
3.7 
4.5 
3.4 
3.2 
3.4 
3.8 


1.0 


ISS'J 


.2 


1890 


.7 


1891 




1892 




1893 




1894 




1895 




189<) 




1897 




1898 




1899 




1900. 




1901 




1902 




1903 




1904 




1905 




1906 




1907. 




1908 









The term ^'dues" used in the preceding table means the dues of 
both employer and insured person; thus dues of 1| per cent consist 
of 1 per cent paid by the insured person and ^ per cent paid by the 
employer. 

The table indicates that there is a tendency for the communal 
insurance to restrict their operations to the minimum dues and 
minimum benefits; since the enactment of the law of 1903 the 
tendency has been for the funds to charge higher dues, as the com- 
pulsory increase in the period of benefit payments from 13 to 26 weeks 
called for an increase of income. In the case of the local sick funds 
the tendency to charge higher dues is clearly marked; in fact this 
class of fund shows the highest rates of dues of any of those included in 
the table. 

In general, there is a well-defined tendency for the payment of 
benefits of 50 to 66§ per cent to increase, except in the case of the 
communal insurance. The proportion of funds with a benefit of 66| 
per cent to 75 per cent has alwa3"s been small and shows no tendency 
to increase. 

PERIOD FOR WHICH BENEFIT.S ARE PAID. 

The law prescribes a minimum period for which benefits must be 
provided, but permits the funds to make extensions of the minimum 
period if they desire. Frequently the additional benefits provided are 

46598'^— 10 79 



1240 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, 



of lower amounts than those granted during the compulsory period. 
The following table shows the periods for which benefits were paid 
from 1885 to 1908: 

LENGTH OF TIME FOR WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID, BY CLASS OF FUND, 18S5 

TO 1908. 

[Source: Statlatik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankeaversicherung.] 

COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 





Number of funds paying benefits for— 






Minimum 

period, 13 

weeks. 


Over 13 to 26 weeks. 


Over 26 to 52 weeks. 


Over 52 weeks. 


Total 


Year. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 

full bene- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 

full bene- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 
full bene- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


number 
of funds. 


isas 


7,125 















7,125 


1888. 


7,852 
S.253 


1 


1 






7 852 


1892 






1 







8, 253 


1893 ' 8,233 


1 

4 

73 


1 

4 

■ 72 


1 







8.234 


1898 1 8,508 










8,512 


1903 8, 475 











8 548 


1904 a 8, 513 










8,513 


1905 . . o 8, 333 














8 333 


1906 1 a 8, 366 














8,366 


1907 . . ! a 8. 289 






61 









8,290 


1908 a 8. 237 












8.237 










! 









LOCAL FUNDS. 



1885 


2,842 
3.115 
3,461 
3,506 
3,087 
3, 447 

a 4,597 
a 4, 034 
o4,030 
a 4, 647 
a 4, 652 


734 
050 
657 
710 
782 
1, 151 




123 

127 

125 

112 

116 

117 

r 6 47 

\ C6.5 

/ 6 43 

\ c63 

f 6 45 

\ c60 

/ 6 50 

\ c60 

/ 6 52 

\ C63 




1 
1 




3 70-3 


1888 


581 
589 
039 
708 
1,072 


8.5 

95 

82 

88 

88 

6 31 

c52 

6 29 

C51 

6 34 

C48 

6 30 

C49 

6 38 

C49 




3^893 


1892 




4 243 


1893 






4.328 


1898 






4 585 


1903 . 






4, 715 


1904 


} 




4 799 


1905 






I 




4 740 


1908 






I 




4 741 


1907 






1 

\ 




4 757 


1908..; 






i 

} ' 




4,708 













ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 



1&S5 


4,3.32 
4,003 
4,393 
4.418 
4,809 
4,705 

<J 7,223 
» 7,. 301 
a 7, 3.50 
a 7,430 
rt 7,470 


897 
1,153 
1,311 
1,510 
1,811 
2,430 




265 

644 

612 

500 

519 

514 

/ 6 114 

1 c 3.58 

/ 6 117 

\ C356 

/ 6 117 

\ C356 

/ 6 122 

\ C362 

/ 6 130 

\ C354 






8 




5,500 


1888 


925 
1,059 
1,290 
1,558 
2,179 


307 

289 

296 

304 

305 

6&3 

C206 

6 84 

c202 

6 80 

C202 

685 

C204 

6 90 

C198 


2 


5, SOS 


1892 


6,316 


1893 






0.434 


1898 






7,139 


1903 






7.655 


1901 






7.695 


1905 






7.774 


1900 










7,823 


1907 










7.914 


1908 










7,954 















o 26 weeks. 



b Over 26 to 39 weeks. 



c Over 39 to 52 weeks. 



CHAPTER V 



-WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1241 



LENGTH OF TIME FOR WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID. BY CLASS OF FUND, 18S5 

TO 1908— Continued. 

BUILDING FUNDS. 





Number of funds paying benefits for— 






Minimum 

period, 13 

weeks. 


Over 13 to 26 weeks. 


Over 20 fo 52 weeks. 


Over 52 weeks. 


Total 


Year. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 

full bene- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 

full bone- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


Nuir.bor. 


Number 
payinR 

full boiio- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


number 
of funds. 


1885 101 














101 


1888 


131 

11R 


4 


3 










135 


1892 


bl 
61 
61 

M 
61 


4 
4 
3 

61 

61 






123 


1893 1 ins 


2 

1 
4 


2 
1 
3 






115 


1898 


79 
41 


. 




84 


1903 






40 


1904 1 44 






45 


1905 ' a 43 










44 


I90() ' a 45 










40 


1907 ' a 40 











41 


190S 


a 41 











42 















GUILD FUNDS. 



1885. 
1888. 
1892. 
1893. 
1898. 
1903. 

1904. 
1905. 
190.:.. 
1907. 
19(>S. 



172 
312 
372 



4G1 
432 

a 073 
1700 
a 733 

a 749 
a 770 



42 
79 
90 
101 
134 
224 



75 
85 
94 
122 
205 



10 . 

'?! 

11 I 

62 ! 
c7 : 
63 
c8 
^^ i 
c8| 
64 i 
c9 
65 



224 
401 
471 
483 
60G 
667 

G81 
710 



701 
784 



REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



18S.5 582 

1SS8 016 

1892 ' 037 

1893 ' 035 

1898 015 

1903 534 

1904 ' al,159 

1905 1 al,152 

1900 1 al,133 

1907 ! al,119 

lOOS fll.llS 



001 
090 
655 
480 
546 
651 



396 
333 
385 
503 



101 
113 

84 
100 

99 
cI8 
6 72 
cl9 
6 05 
cl9 
6 08 
cl9 
6 08 
<-16 
6 09 



105 
110 
37 
10 
9 
12 

11 
11 
11 
10 
12 



1,818 
1.853 
1,739 
1,301 
1,422 
1,436 

1,380 
1,3G4 
1 , 339 
1,318 
1,310 



a 20 weeks. 



b Over aa to 52 weeks. 



cOvCT20to39 weeks. 



1242 



KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



LENGTH OF TIME FOR WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 

TO 1908— Concluded. 

STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 





Number of funds paying benefits for— 






Minimum 

period, 13 

weeks. 


Over 13 to 26 weeks. Over 26 to 52 weeks. 


Over 52 weeks. 


Total 
number 
of funds. 


Year. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 

full bene- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 

full bene- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


Number. 


Number 
paying 

full bene- 
fits for 
whole 
period. 


1885 


95 
100 
102 

77 
77 
62 

.1,3 

a 114 
a 111 
a 106 


142 
130 
128 
90 
90 
75 




181 
185 
180 
90 
78 
55 
/ &3 


47 
50 
24 
23 
16 


56 
51 
33 

u 

14 
12 

} ^ 

> 5 

} ^ 




474 


1888 


73 
70 
60 
59 
54 


10 
2 

1 
1 
1 


466 


1892 


443 


1893 


271 


1898 


259 


1903 . . . 


204 










1 C45 
f b-o 
\ c36 
/ 66 
\ c33 
/ bo 
\ c35 
f 55 
\ C32 


cl4 

b2 
cl2 

61 
cl2 

61 
cl4 

61 
cl3 




1905 








162 


1906 








155 


1907 








151 


1908 


a 105 








145 













ALL FUNDS. 



1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 

1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



15, 249 


2,476 




1,049 




168 




15,116 


2,723 


2,076 


1,268 


602 


250 


63 


15, 650 


2,654 


2,077 


1,169 


556 


242 


47 


16, 189 


2,706 


2,066 


1,397 


547 


176 


32 


16, 620 


2, 746 


2,080 


1,323 


512 


133 


14 


16, 875 


2,853 


2,212 


1,330 


556 


115 


9 


17,130 


2,899 


2,231 


1,389 


554 


80 


7 


17, 336 


2,841 


2,199 


1,341 


558 


70 


5 


17,354 


2,900 


2,425 


948 


493 


24 


1 


17, 629 


2,952 


2,454 


943 


488 


28 


3 


17,975 


3,022 


2,515 


969 


524 


26 


1 


18, 128 


3,036 


2,508 


925 


486 


22 


1 


18,299 


3,181 


2,664 


973 


518 


24 


2 


18,236 


3,368 


2,837 


980 


526 


•23 


1 


18, 336 


3,501 


2,941 


1,007 


549 


28 


2 


18,331 


3,663 


3,101 


998 


539 


29 


3 


18, 271 


3,767 


3,207 


998 


537 


28 


3 


18, 356 


3,862 


3,288 


969 


534 




2 


17, 696 


4,614 


4,088 


937 


518 


24 


1 


a 22, 322 






f 6 213 
\ C638 


6 137 
C346 


} ao 


i 








a 22, 277 






/ 6 213 
\ c 618 


6 139 
c332 


} - 










a 22, 374 






f 6 216 
\ C60G 


6 146 
C332 


} ^^ 










« 22, 380 






/ 6 225 

\ con 


6 147 
C337 


} - 










« 22, 393 






f 6 234 
\ C597 


6 152 
C332 


} ^^ 











18, 942 
19,357 
19, 715 
20,468 
20, 822 
21,173 
21,498 
21,588 
21,226 
21,552 
21,992 
22,111 
22, 477 
22,607 
22, 872 
23,021 
23,064 
23,214 
23, 271 

23, 193 
23,127 
23, 214 
23, 232 
23, 240 



a 26 weeks. 



6 Over 26 to 39 weeks. 



c Over 39 to 52 weeks. 



During the period 1885 to 1903, inclusive, the time for wliich benefits 
were required to be paid was 13 weeks; the data given in the table 
indicate that the great majority of the funds were content to provide 
the legal minimum of benefits. There was a steady increase m the 
number of funds which provided benefits for from 13 to 26 weeks; 
the funds giving additional benefits from 26 to 52 weeks showed a 
tendency to increase up to the time of the enactment of the law of 
1892, and since that date have changed in number but slightly. The 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1243 



number of funds which provided benefits for more than 52 weeks 
decreased steadily until the year 1892, and since then has fluctuated 
but Httle. The data for the different classes of funds indicate that 
among the compulsory organizations there has been a tendency to 
provide only the minimum benefits prescribed by the law; the volun- 
tary funds, such as the establishment, the guild, and the aid funds, 
have shown a tendency to make additions to the benefits required by 
the law. 

STATISTICS OF SICKNESS. 

As already stated, the disability for which benefits are provided by 
the sick funds includes not only disability due to sickness, but also 
that due to injury by accident; in the following tables the word 
"sickness" is used to describe these two classes of disability. 

The number of cases of sickness reheved by the sick funds in the 
period 1885 to 1908 is shown in the following table: 

NUMBER OF CASES OF SICKNESS AND CASES OF SICKNESS PER 100 MEMBERS, BY SEX, 

1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die KrankenversicheranL'.] 



Year. 



Number of cases of sickness. 



Cases of sickness per 100 
members. 



1 
Male. I Female. 



Total. 



Male. 



1885(a) 
188(i(a) 
1887(a) 



1891. 
1892. 



1894. 
1895. 
189G. 



1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



1,488, 
1,425, 
1,453, 
1,479, 
1,69(), 
2,007, 
1,903, 
2, 028, 
2, 259, 
2,017, 
2,175, 
2, 220, 
2,371, 
2, 395, 
2,7S1, 
2,942, 
2,878, 
2,817, 
2, 943, 
3,278, 
3,458, 
3,424, 
3, S30, 
3,999, 



316, 
287, 
285, 
282, 
345, 
415, 
434, 
449, 
534, 
474, 
527, 
543, 
593, 
607, 
694, 
736, 
738, 
761, 
839, 
951, 
993, 
999, 
1,126, 
1,200, 



709 i 

651 I 

507 I 

822 I 

701 

211 I 

120 

409 

892 

722 

641 

714 

340 

541 

145 

848 ; 

143 I 

120 

198 

047 I 

136 

020 ' 

114 ; 

616 j 



1,804,829 
1,712,654 
1,738,906 
1,762,520 
2, 042, 082 
2, 422, 350 
2, 397, 820 
2,478,237 
2,794,027 
2,492,309 
2,703,632 
2, 763, 757 
2,964,937 
3,002,593 
3, 476, 067 
3, 679, 285 
3,617,022 
3,578,410 
3,782,620 
4,229,177 
4,451,448 
4, 423, 75() 
4,956,388 
5,206,148 



42.3 
38.1 
36.7 
33.5 
34.3 
38.1 
35.9 
36.8 
40.7 
35.6 
37.3 
36.1 
36.8 
35.3 
39.4 
40.2 
39.1 
37.8 
38.3 
40.9 
41.4 
39.4 
42.7 
44.3 



Female. 



40.7 
34.7 
32.4 
28.8 
28.9 
31.6 
30.8 
31.1 
34.5 
29.5 
31.2 
30.3 
31.4 
30.6 
33.3 
33.4 
32.3 
31.6 
33.0 
35.4 
35.0 
33.4 
35.0 
36.6 



Total. 



42.0 
37.5 
35.9 
32.6 
33.2 
36.8 
34.9 
35.6 
39.3 
34.2 
35.9 
34.8 
35.6 
34.2 
38.0 
38.0 
37.5 
36.3 
37.0 
39.5 
39.8 
37.8 
40.8 
42.2 



o For the years 1885, 1886, and 1887 computation of the number of cases of sickness per 100 members was 
based on the number of members on December 31; for the years beginning with 1888 the average number 
of members during the year was used. 

The important figures in the preceding table are the rates per 100 
insured persons. According to the rates here given, there was a 
tendency to a decrease during the first 4 years, but since then the 
tendency has been for the number of cases of sickness to increase 
gradually. The number of cases of sickness per 100 insured males is 
much higher than the number of cases per 100 insured females; the 
higher disability rates of the males are due in part to the higher 
average age of the males, and in part to the fact that the males are 



1244 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



exposed to greater accident risk because they predominate in the 
hazardous occupations. The difference in the duration of the cases 
of disabihty of the sexes is shown below. 

The following table shows the number of cases of sickness and the 
number of days of sickness for each of the different types of funds for 
specified years, 1885 to 1908: 

NUMBER AND DURATION OF CASES OF SICKNESS IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 18S.5 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 194 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.] 

COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. 





Cases of sickness. 


Days of sickness. 


Average number of days of 
sickness per case. 


Year. 


Number. 


Average 

number 

per 100 

members . 


Number, 


Average 

number 

per 100 

members . 


Male. 


Female. 


All 
members. 


1885... 


20G, 079 
194, 615 
311,531 
355,837 
336, 123 
384, 136 
398, 617 
408,669 
381,013 
410,276 
428,673 


a 35. 1 
25.2 
26.4 
28.8 
23.8 
25.6 
26.3 
26.8 
24.7 
26.2 
27.0 


2.540.016 
3.048,449 
5,117,405 
5,771,461 
5, 790, 420 
6,924,531 
7,935,817 
8,240,391 
7,729,556 
8,348,528 
8,732,943 


a 433. 
395. 4 
433. 7 
4G6.7 
410.7 
481.8 
523.5 
539. 6 
501.8 
533. 5 
549.8 


12.6 
15.3 
16.1 
15.9 
16.5 
17.1 
18.8 
19.1 
18.8 
19.0 
19.0 


11.2 
17.2 
17.3 
17.1 
19.2 
20.3 
22.4 
22.7 
23.7 
23. 5 
23.5 


12.3 


1888 


15.7 


1892 


16.4 


1893 


16 2 


1898 


17.2 


1903 


18 


1904 


19.9 


1905 


20 2 


1906 


20.3 


1907 


20 3 


1908 


2X4 







LOCAL FUNDS. 



188.5 
1888 
1892 
1S93 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



617,088 


a 40. 2 


699, 704 


31.5 


1,063,691 


35.5 


1,273,932 


39.3 


1.384,514 


33.9 


1.86.5,458 


37.5 


2,142,616 


40.1 


2,261.651 


40.1 


2,276.050 


38.3 


2.547,886 


41.1 


2,720,081 


43.0 



8,677,928 
11,796,929 
18,630,823 
21,703,451 
25,637.786 
36, 599. 777 
44, 123. 156 
46,601,4.35 
47,298,109 
52,661,622 
57,075,666 



a 565. 4 


13.8 


16.2 


531.2 


16.6 


18.4 


621. 4 


17.1 


19.3 


669.8 


16.6 


19.0 


628.5 


17.6 


21.6 


735.6 


18.4 


23.1 


826.6 


19.3 


24.3 


82G. 6 


19.3 


24.4 


794.9 


19.2 


25.1 


850.2 


19.3 


24.2 


903. 2 


19.6 


24.4 



14.2 
16.9 



17. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

20. 

20.8 

20.7 

21.0 



ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 



1885 
1888 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



643,346 


a 51.0 


539. 539 


37.6 


694,891 


39.9 


815. 140 


45.7 


942,554 


41.3 


1.108,719 


43.1 


1,256,162 


46.6 


1,341,603 


47.3 


1.353,790 


45.3 


1,533.798 


48.6 


1,558,110 


49.1 



8,035.990 
8,417,511 
11,236,269 
12, 808, 730 
15,494,370 
19,927,583 
22,830,888 
24,638,448 
24, 286, 030 
27,253,754 
28, 474, 287 



a 637. 2 


12.5 


12.5 


586.7 


15.5 


16.2 


644.7 


16.0 


16.7 


718.5 


15.6 


16.3 


679.4 


16.0 


18.2 


774.3 


17.6 


19.7 


847.5 


17.5 


21,1 


868.9 


17.7 


21.5 


811.9 


17.1 


21.8 


863. 5 


17.0 


21.5 


897.0 


17.6 


21.3 



12.5 
15.6 
16.2 
15.7 
16.4 
18.0 
18.2 
18.4 
17.9 
17.8 
18.3 







BUILDING FUNDS 


• 








1885 


10.431 
18,099 
13,761 
17.354 
9,782 
10,691 
17,205 
19,463 
13.1.34 
12.032 
18,371 


a 86.1 
65.3 
46.3 
55.6 
54.0 
65.0 
75.8 
77.3 
57.8 
61.1 
76.9 


144,313 
238, 140 
229,350 
269,563 
154, 492 
167,640 
290,981 
311,698 
224,853 
203,949 
319,611 


al,191.2 

831.9 

771.1 

864.3 

853.5 

1,018.5 

1.081,2 

1,238.0 

990.3 

1,03.5.4 

1,338.3 


14.7 
12.7 
16.7 
15.5 
15.8 
15.6 
16.8 
15.9 
17.0 
16.9 
17,3 


20.3 
17.4 
15.4 
15.9 
16.0 
24.3 
21.9 
26.4 
23.3 
20.1 
21.7 


14.7 


1888 


12.7 


1892 


16.7 


1893 


15.5 


1898 


15.8 


1903 


15.7 


1904 


16.9 


1905 


16.0 


1906 


17.1 


1907 


17.0 


1908 


17.4 







o Computed on number of members on December 31. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1245 

NUMBER AND DURATION OF CASES OF SICKNESS IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1SS5 TO 1903— 

Concluded. 
GUILD FUNDS. 





Cases of sickness. 


Days of sickness. 


Average number of days of 
sickness per case. 


Year. 


Number. 


Average 

number 

per 100 

members. 


Number. 


Average 

number 

per 100 

members. 


Male. 


Female. 


All 
mem b CIS. 


18S5 


13.173 
14,870 
25,487 
32,703 
50.373 
81,793 
97,155 
99.548 
96. 592 
100. 5.57 
109,900 


a 52.0 
20.8 
33.4 
30.1 
31.7 
35.4 
39.0 
37.7 
36.6 
38.0 
40.8 


120.015 

232.472 

403,067 

496,822 

. 823,037 

1,577.763 

1.912.524 

2.067,624 

1.957.177 

2.0.34,699 

2,238,753 


a 482. 4 
419.4 
527.5 
548.8 
517.1 
683.6 
767.9 
783.8 
741.0 
709.0 
832.0 


8.7 
1.5.1 
15.2 
14.7 
15.9 
18.3 
18.6 
19.3 
19.5 
19.7 
19.8 


11.5 
27.2 
31.0 
24.9 
22.5 
25.3 
25.0 
27.9 
25.5 
24.1 
212 


8 3 


188« 


15.6 


1892 . 


15 8 


1J593 


15 2 


m98 


16.3 


1903 


19 3 


1904 


19.7 


1905 


20 8 


1900 


20 3 


1907 


20 2 


19C^ 


20 4 







REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



18S,-) 
188'^ 
1892 
1893 
1898 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



272. SOI 
253.748 
324,930 
277.058 
262.8.30 
319.714 
306.141 
309.397 
293.139 
340.. 549 
358,293 



37.3 


34.1 


40.8 


41.8 


Si. 3 


36.0 


35.9 


36.0 


33.2 


37.7 


39.2 



4.801,276 


4,870,591 


6,202,069 


4,715,217 


4,954,155 


0,276,993 


5,931,578 


5,989,741 


5,742,438 


6.423.770 


6,820,973 



n 657. 1 


653.6 


778.8 


711.9 


&40.8 


707.6 


694. 6 


697.8 


649.5 


710.9 


746.9 



17.6 
19.1 
19.0 
10.9 
18.8 
19. 5 
19.2 
19.2 
19.3 
18.7 
18.9 



17.2 


20.5 


20.1 


18.5 


19.7 


20.8 


21.0 


21.4 


22.4 


21.2 


20.6 



STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. 



1885 

1888.... 


41.911 
41,345 
43,940 
22,003 
16,417 
12.109 
11,281 
11.117 
10.038 
11,290 
12,720 


29.1 
28.9 
33.4 
34.9 
23.6 
29.1 
30.2 
30.1 
27.6 
31.3 
3.5.7 


- 981,040 
924,078 
937,043 
434,192 
346,913 
252,311 
235,023 
232,959 
206, 442 
222,458 
232,006 


o 682. 7 
647.1 
712.0 
689. 1 
603.0 
606.6 
628. 8 
6.30.0 
567.1 
617.6 
651.8 


24.0 
22.4 
21.3 
20.7 
21.7 
21.5 
21.3 
21.2 
21.2 
20.7 
19.3 


21.4 
2-2.1 
21. 5 
16.3 
18.7 
18.1 
18.9 
19.8 
17.5 
15.2 
13.6 


23.5 
22.4 


1892 


21.3 


1893 


19.7 


1898 


21.1 


1903 . . . . 


20 8 


1904 


20.8 


1905 


21 


1900 


20.6 


1907 

1908 


19.7 
18.2 



ALL FUNDS. 



1885 


1.804.829 
1.712,654 
1.738,900 
1,702,520 
2.042.082 
2.422,3.50 
2.397,820 
2.478.2.37 
2.794.027 
2.492.309 
2,7a3,632 
2.703,757 
2,9r>4,937 
3,002.593 


a 42. 
a 37. 5 
35.9 
32.6 
33.2 
36.8 
34.9 
35.6 
39.3 
34.2 
35.9 
34.8 
35.6 
34.2 
38.0 
38.6 
37.5 
36.3 
37.0 
39.5 
39.8 
37.8 
40.8 
42.2 


25,301,178 
26,281.437 
27,112,705 
29,528,770 
33,428,682 
39,176,089 
40,798.020 
42,750,020 
46.199.4.36 
43.686,440 
46,470,023 
47,608,226 
51,513,783 
53,201,173 
60.406.683 
64,916,827 
66.652.488 
67.377.057 
71.720.598 
83,259.967 
88.082.290 
87.444.605 
97.148.780 
103,894.299 


a 589. 2 
a 575. 1 
a 559. 9 
547.0 
544.1 
595. 4 
593.0 
014.7 
650.1 
599.9 
617.5 
599.2 
617.9 
606.6 
6.59. 8 
681.8 
691.3 
&S3.5 
701.5 
777.4 
787.5 
748.1 
800.3 
843.0 


14.1 
15 4 
15.5 
16.6 
16.1 
16.0 
16.8 
17.0 
16.2 
17.1 
16.8 
16.8 
16.9 
17.1 
16.7 
17.0 
17.8 
18.2 
18.1 
18.7 
18.7 
18.5 
18.5 
n. 9 


14.1 
1.5.3 
16.0 
17.7 
17.5 
17.2 
18.2 
18.3 
17.8 
19.4 
18.9 
19.1 
19.4 
20.2 
19.9 
20.1 
20.9 
21.3 
21.9 
23.2 
23. 5 
24.1 
23.4 
23.5 


14.1 


18S6 


15 4 


1887 


15 6 


1888 


16 8 


1889 


16 4 


1890 


16.2 


1891 


17 


1892 


17.3 


1893 


16 5 


1894 


17.5 


1895 

1896 . . . 


17.2 
17 2 


1897 

1898 


17.4 
17 7 


1899 


3 476 007 


17 4 


1900 

1901 


3,679.285 
3,617,022 


17.6 
18 4 


1902 


3 578 410 


18 8 


1903 ... . 


3,782,620 


19 


1904 


4,229,177 
4.451.448 
4.423.750 
4.956,388 
5,206,148 


19.7 


1905 


19.8 


1906 


19.8 


1907 


19 6 


1908 


20 







a Computed on number of members on December 31. 



1246 



KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



The number of days of sickness as given in the preceding table 
includes only the days for which pecuniary benefits or hospital treat- 
ment were provided; the table therefore does not include the days 
of disability due to industrial accident lasting more than 13 weeks 
nor, in the case of persons included in the invalidity insurance, cases 
of sickness lasting more than 26 weeks, nor the days of sickness of 
persons whose disability continues beyond the period for which 
benefits are paid and who are not included in the invalidity insurance. 

While the cases of sickness per 100 insured persons have increased 
but slightly, the number of days of sickness per 100 members has 
shown a constant tendency to increase since the creation of the insur- 
ance system. The official reports offer no explanation of the con- 
stant increase during the 23-year period; for the increase since 1903 
the changes made in the law in 1902 offer a partial explanation, as 
these changes increased the length of time for which benefits were 
required to be paid from 13 to 26 weeks and included disability due 
to sexual diseases. 

The following table shows the number of days of disability (for 
which benefits were paid) per 100 males and per 100 females: 

NUMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS PER 100 INSURED PERSONS, BY SEX, 1885 TO 1908. 
[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.] 



Year. 


Males. 


Females. 


Year. 


Males. 


Females. 


1885 


593. 2 
585. 
568. 9 
555. 6 
553.0 
608.4 
601.5 
626. 6 
659.8 
607.9 
625.2 
604.8 


571.1 
530.1 
519. 4 
508.3 
507.0 
543.4 
559. 9 
569.7 
615.1 
571.7 
591.0 
580. 2 


1897 


620.1 
603.4 
658.8 
685.1 
696. 5 
687. 6 
695.3 
762.1 
775.9 
728.6 
788.7 
836.6 


610.5 


1886 


1898.. 


617 5 


1887 


1899 


663. 2 


1888 


1900 -. 


671 


18S9 


1901 


674.5 


1S90 


1902- 


670 8 


1S9] 


1903 


720.4 


1892 


1904 


822 9 


1893 


1905 


821.9 


1894 


1906 


804.7 


1895 


1907 


833.1 


1896 


1908 


800.7 









According to this table the number of days of sickness per 100 per- 
sons was, except for the two years 1898 and 1899, higher in the case 
of the males than in the case of the females up to the year 1903; 
the law extending the period of benefit payments from 13 to 26 weeks 
caused an increase in the number of days for which benefits were paid, 
but the increase benefited the female insured persons to a greater 
extent than the males. The official reports on the sickness insur- 
ance call attention to two studies in medical statistics in which the 
relative duration of the cases of sickness of males and females is 
discussed. According to Heym (°), per 100 cases of sickness, the 
number of cases lasting over 1 3 weeks is as follows : 

a Heym, Anzahl und Daiier der Krankheiten in Vermischter Bevolkenmg. 
Zweite Auflage Leipzig, 1884, page 30, as cited in Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, 
vol. 104. Die Krankenversicherung in 1907, p. 14. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1247 
PROPORTION OF CASES OF SICKNESS LASTING OVER 13 WEEKS, BY SEX. 





Duration of sickness. 


Per 100 cases of 
sickness. 




Males. 


Females. 


14 to 25 weeks 


3.-) 
2.3 


5.7 


2() weeks and over 


2.8 







In commentinf^; on this tabic Prinzing is quoted as stating ^'Tlie 
cases of sickness of brief duration are almost twice as numerous for 
the males as for the females; the cases of sickness of longer duration 
(those lasting longer than 3 weeks) show the contrary/' Attention 
is also called to the experience of a Swiss sick fund at Berne, which 
showed the following results of increasing the period of benefit pay- 
ments, the period of 13 weeks being used as the basis: 

RESULTS OF INCREASING THE PERIOD OF BENEFIT PAYMENTS IN THE CANTONAL 
SICK FUND OF BERNE, 1884 TO 1893. 

(Source: Stalistik dos Deutschen Reichs, vol. 194: Die Krankenversicherung in 1907, p. 14.] 





Maximum period of benefit payments. 


Number of daj's of 
sickness for wliich 
benefits were paid. 




Males. 


Females. 


13 weeks 


100 
105.1 
108.7 
111.8 


100 


17 weeks. . 


106 8 




. 


111.5 


2G weeks ... . ...... 


115.9 







According to the preceding table, an increase in the period of 
benefit payments afi'ects the females to a much greater degree than 
the males; the table on page 1246 indicates that the increase in the 
period of benefit payments required by the 1903 law has shown similar 
results. 

The rapid increase in the rate for females in Germany since 1904 is 
not explained by the official reports, though they suggest that there 
may have been an increase in the average age of the women workers 
included in the insurance. The question is made only more difficult 
of explanation by the improvement in the death rate during the years 
1903 to 1908, as stated on page 1250. The last column of the table 
on pages 1244 and 1245 shows the average duration of a case of dis- 
ability for all insured persons and for the two sexes separately; the 
average for all the funds shows that the tendency has been for the 
duration of a case to increase, both for the males and for the females, 
and also that the tendency is for the number of days ])er case to 
increase more rapidly among the females than among the males. The 
average duration of a case of disability under varying periods of 



1248 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



benefit payments has also been computed on the basis of the experi- 
ence of the Leipzig Local Sick Fund; a statement of the results of 
these computations is given on page 1267. 

The amount which the sickness insurance costs per person insured 
is sho^vn in the following table for the 3'ears 1888 to 1908: 

AVERAGE ANNUAL AMOUNT PER INSURED PERSON PAID AS DUES, SUPPLEMEN- 
TARY DUES, (a) AND ENTRANCE FEES, 18SS TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutsclien Reichs, vols. 170 and 223: Die Krankenversicherung.] 



Year. 



Commu- 
nal sick 
insur- 
ance. 


Local 

funds. 


Estab- 
lishment 
funds. 


Building 
fimds. 


Guild 
funds. 


Regis- 
tered aid 
funds. 


state reg- 
istered 
aid 

funds. 


81.68 


S3. 25 


S4.04 


S4. 76 


S2.81 


$3.66 


S3. 37 


1.64 


3.26 


4.08 


5.13 


2.83 


3.71 


3.42 


1.64 


3.27 


4.17 


4.74 


2.88 


3.82 


3.49 


1.64 


3.34 


4.22 


4.70 


2.99 


3.91 


3.54 


1.68 


3.40 


4.26 


4.71 


3.07 


4.01 


3.62 


1.80 


3.62 


4.37 


5.06 


3.26 


4.31 


3.76 


1.82 


3.72 


4.45 


5.42 


3.52 


4.39 


3.84 


1.85 


3.80 


4.53 


5.45 


3.68 


4.44 


3.80 


1.87 


3.91 


4.62 


5.30 


3.80 


4.44 


3.80 


1.90 


3.98 


4.71 


5.07 


3.90 


4.43 


3.79 


1.91 


4.04 


4.84 


5.64 


4.01 


4.46 


3.82 


1.92 


4.11 


4.96 


5.52 


3.95 


4.52 


3.53 


1.93 


4.23 


5.13 


5.86 


4.20 


4.57 


3.59 


2.01 


4.32 


5.22 


5.26 


4.19 


4.67 


3.55 


2.15 


4.48 


5.34 


5.61 


4.36 


4.74 


3.66 


2.16 


4.66 


5.47 


6.17 


4.58 


4.79 


3.67 


2.56 


5.38 


6.07 


7.78 


5.37 


5.03 


3.95 


2.6.5 


5.57 


6.29 


7.23 


5.66 


5.23 


4.05 


2.76 


5.86 


6.74 


6.49 


5.89 


5.33 


4.09 


2.92 


6.10 


7.06 


7.48 


6.08 


5.45 


4.26 


2.93 


6.30 


7.23 


8.69 


6.26 


5.66 


4.40 



All classes 
of funds. 



1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1890 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 



$3. 30 
3.27 
3.30 
3.35 
3.40 
3.56 
3.64 
3.71 
3.79 
3.87 
3.94 
4.02 
4.15 
4.23 
4.36 
4.51 
5.13 
5.33 
5.63 
5.89 
6.05 



a Supplementary dues since 1892. 

The items in the preceding table include, first, the regular dues 
(both the share of the employer and of the insured person) ; second, 
the supplementarv dues to provide benefits in addition to those pre- 
scribed by the law but collected only after the law of 1892 came into 
force, and, third, the entrance fees. 

The average for all the funds shows an uninterrupted increase since 
1888 and the average for 1908 is 83.3 per cent higher than that for 
1888. The different classes of funds show the same tendency. The 
smallest increase since 1888 occurred m the case of the state regis- 
tered aid funds, where it was 30.6 per cent, and the largest increase 
took place in the case of the guild funds, where it was 122.8 per cent. 

The total amount of the benefits provided for normal childbirth^ 
the minor ailments of pregnancy, etc., is shown in the follorwing table 
for the period 1892 to 1908 for 6 classes of funds: 



f^ 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1249 



RELIEF PROVIDED IN CASES OF CHILDBIRTH, ETC., BY CLASS OF FUND, 1892 TO 1903. 
[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reiclis, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenverskherung.) 





Local funds. 


Establishment funds. 


Building funds. 


Year. 


Average 
number of 

female 
members. 


Amount, 
of relief. 


Relief 

per 
female 
mem- 
ber. 


Average 
number of 

female 
members. 


Amount 
of relief. 


Relief 

per 
female 
mem- 
ber. 


Average 
number 
of female 
members. 


Amount 
of relief. 


Relief 

per 
female 
mem- 
ber. 


1892 

18D3 

1894 

1895 

1896 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 


641,147 

717,764 

748,603 

792,656 

849,946 

910,438 

974,187 

1.038,055 

1,122,810 

1.179,472 

1,269.104 

1.377,243 

1,492,061 

1,603,220 

1.734,141 

1.872.634 

1,973,404 


$140,089 
190.206 
206.008 
219.159 
244.625 
2()S. 447 
233.685 
312,760 
332,716 
350.815 
370,907 
401.518 
641.780 
698.887 
793,261 
876,097 
957,091 


$0,218 
.265 
.275 
.276 
.288 
.295 
.301 
.301 
.296 
.297 
.292 
.292 
.430 
.436 
.457 
.468 
.486 


377,353 
390.987 
406,281 
421,812 
443,216 
460,325 
477.765 
494.374 
511.012 
514.536 
523.877 
538.168 
555,170 
579,172 
604,164 
627.151 
638,758 


$143,867 
198.383 
212.511 
210.661 
231,205 
243,374 
259,495 
264,124 
268,936 
265,120 
266,251 
266.778 
361.415 
371,786 
396.346 
416.886 
437,977 


SO. 381 
.507 
.523 
.499 

:529 
.543 
.534 
.526 
.515 
.508 
.496 
.651 
.642 
.656 
.66.5 
.68.5 


612 
496 
560 
558 
562 
500 
094 
592 
468 
302 
305 
302 
453 
468 
487 
561 
661 


$92 

122 

- 536 

319 

171 

193 

218 

293 

107 

95 

65 

59 

125 

302 
116 
186 


SO. 150 
.246 
.9-57 
.572 
.304 
.380 
.314 
.495 
.229 
.262 
.213 


1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


.195 
.276 
.378 
.620 
.207 
.281 





Guild funds. 


Registered aid funds. 


State registered aid funds. 


Year. 


Average 
number of 

female 
members. 


1 Relief 
Amount ' r„SfJi« 

1 b«. 


Average 
number of 

female 
members. 


Amount 
of relief. 


Relief 

per 
female 
mem- 
ber. 


Average 

number 

of female 

members. 


Amount 
of relief. 


Relief 

per 
female 
mem- 
ber. 


1892 

1893 


3,673 
5,829 
7,939 
8,681 
10,861 
13,134 
13,964 
15,133 
17,931 
21.984 
30.379 
37,183 
43,572 
47.456 
39.564 
37.343 
42,306 


$819 
997 
1,179 
1,228 
1,619 
1,884 
2,063 
1,697 
1.990 
2,479 
4.234 
6,333 
11,115 
13,399 
9,317 
8,397 
9,170 


$0,223 
.171 
.149 
.141 
.149 
.143 
.148 
.112 
.111 
.113 
.139 
.170 
.255 
.282 
.235 
. 225 
.217 


02,206 
55.306 
55,613 
58,541 
60.757 
64,024 
67,291 
73,827 
79.298 
80,873 
86,321 
81,065 
77.104 
78.809 
80.46.5 
81,522 
81,894 


$2,366 
2.130 
2.841 
2.109 
2.271 
2,461 
2,558 
2,587 
4,027 
3,838 
3,980 
3,755 
5,344 
5,339 
5,314 
5.746 
6, 205 


SO. 0.38 
.039 
.051 
.036 
.037 
.038 
.038 
.035 
.051 
.047 
.046 
.046 
.069 
.068 
.066 
.070 
.076 


24,119 
13,988 
13,724 
13,701 
13,08.5 
12.839 
12,487 
8,014 
7.964 
7,975 
7,529 
7.540 
6,398 
6.281 
6.085 
5.892 
5.891 


SI. 676 
84 
71 
158 
297 
274 
364 
177 
1S9 
168 
146 
174 
168 
186 
145 
152 
141 


SO. 069 
.006 


1894 

1895 

1896 


.005 
.012 
.023 


1897 


.021 


1898 


.029 


1399 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

190«3 


.022 
.024 
.021 
.019 
.023 
.026 
.0.30 
.024 


1907 


.026 


1908 


.024 











The communes conducting sickness insurance are not required to 
pro\'ide the confinement benefit. The table also shows the number 
of female membere in each class of fund and the average amount 
expended per female member for this benefit. The amount expended 
by the local funds is of importance because they have by far the 
largest number of female members of any of the funds; the average 
amount expended per female member by the local funds since the 
enactment of the law of 1903 has shown a tendency to increase and 
for the year 1908 was the highest on record. The establishment 
funds show the highest average expenditure per female member, 
with an apparent tendency' for the amount to increase. The small 
number of female members in the other classes of funds makes their 



1250 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



experience in this field of minor importance. The funds included 
in the preceding table had a total female membership of 2,742,914 
and the total amount expended by these funds in 1908 for the con- 
finement benefit was $1,410,770 (see page 1232). 

The number of deaths for. which the funds paid benefits is given in 
the following table for the years 1888 to 1908, by sex: 

NUMBER AND RATIO OF DEATHS, BY CLASS OF FUNDS, 1888 TO 1908. 
[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversichening.] 

MALES. 





Local sick 
funds. 


Establish- 
ment funds. 


Building 
funds. 


Guild funds. RjflSs^ 


State regis- 
tered aid 
funds. 


Total. 


Year. 




Per 




Per 




Per 




Per 




Per 




Per 




Per 




Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 




ber. 


mem- 
bers. 


ber. 


mem- 
bers. 


ber. 


mem- 
bers. 


ber. 


mem- 
bers. 


ber. 


mem- 
bers. 


ber. 


mem- 
bers. 


ber. 


mem- 
bers. 


1888.... 


1G,9G1 


0.94 


11, 521 


1.03 


236 


0.84 


312 


0.60 


7,286 


1.06 


1,926 


1. 68 


38, 242 


1.00 


1889.... 


19,610 


.96 


12,110 


1.00 


339 


.93 


421 


.72 


7,454 


1.03 


1,819 


1.57 


41,753 


1.00 


1890.... 


22,074 


1.01 


14,058 


1.07 


224 


.79 


500 


.72 


7,845 


1.05 


1,950 


1.67 


46, 651 


1.05 


1891.... 


22, 152 


.97 


13,608 


1.00 


236 


.89 


483 


.65 


7, 773 


1.00 


1,799 


1.60 


46, 051 


.99 


1892.... 


22,628 


.96 


14, 255 


1.04 


233 


.80 


506 


.70 


8, 660 


1.18 


1,974 


1..84 


48, 256 


1.03 


1893.... 


25,731 


1.02 


14,571 


1.05 


254 


.83 


613 


.72 


6,227 


1.03 


925 


1.89 


48,321 


1.03 


1894.... 


24,334 


.94 


13,709 


.95 


252 


.80 


665 


.72 


5,936 


.98 


864 


1.86 


45,760 


.95 


1895.... 


24,392 


.92 


14,108 


.95 


221 


.85 


720 


.68 


6,051 


.99 


895 


1.91 


46,387 


.94 


1896.... 


25,576 


.91 


14, 592 


.91 


203 


.84 


858 


.71 


6,028 


.95 


898 


1.94 


48,155 


.92 


1897.... 


26,783 


.91 


15, 156 


.89 


177 


.91 


886 


.67 


6,329 


.95 


869 


1.90 


50,200 


.91 


1898.-.. 


27,163 


.87 


15,400 


.85 


151 


.87 


973 


.67 


6,304 


.90 


860 


1.91 


50,851 


.87 


1899.... 


30,784 


.95 


17,017 


.89 


134 


.70 


1,220 


.79 


7,003 


.96 


687 


1.87 


56,845 


.93 


1900.... 


32,004 


.95 


18,024 


.90 


153 


.77 


1,284 


.75 


7,642 


1.00 


704 


1.87 


59,811 


.94 


1901.... 


30,229 


.90 


16,996 


.86 


115 


.75 


1,251 


.69 


7.243 


.92 


651 


1.76 


56, 485 


.89 


1902.... 


30,474 


.89 


16,655 


.85 


132 


.86 


1,.381 


.74 


7,335 


.90 


658 


1.78 


56, 635 


.88 


1903.... 


31,365 


.87 


16,544 


.81 


136 


.84 


1,404 


.73 


7,170 


.89 


638 


1.87 


57,257 


.86 


1904.... 


33,198 


.86 


17, 263 


.81 


151 


.68 


1,452 


.71 


6,537 


.84 


556 


1.79 


59, 157 


.84 


1905.... 


35,794 


.89 


18,249 


.81 


179 


.72 


1,609 


.74 


6,693 


.86 


526 


1.71 


63,050 


.86 


1906.... 


3i.,326 


.84 


18,212 


.76 


150 


.68 


1,567 


.70 


6,669 


.83 


444 


1.46 


62, 308 


.81 


1907.... 


37,992 


.88 


19,319 


.76 


124 


.65 


1,630 


.72 


6, 961 


.85 


478 


1.59 


66,504 


.84 


1908.... 


38, 160 


.88 


19, 524 


.77 


175 


.75 


1,514 


.67 


6,948 


.84 


503 


1.69 


66, 824 


.84 



FEMALES. 



1888.... 


2,853 


0.70 


2,. 366 


0.75 


2 


0.42 


34 


0.90 


636 


1.08 


367 


1.28 


6,258 


0.77 


1889.... 


3,292 


.66 


2,342 


.69 


3 


.44 


20 


.45 


617 


1.03 


361 


1.26 


6,635 


.71 


1890.... 


3,794 


.68 


2,745 


.76 


2 


.32 


21 


.44 


717 


1.16 


357 


1.29 


7,636 


.75 


1891.... 


4,142 


.68 


2,712 


.73 


3 


.40 


23 


.59 


665 


1.04 


406 


1.55 


7,951 


.74 


1892.... 


4,362 


.68 


2,701 


.72 


1 


.16 


32 


.87 


715 


1.15 


346 


1.43 


8,157 


.74 


1893.... 


5,066 


.71 


3,003 


.77 


5 


1.01 


43 


.74 


611 


1.10 


246 


1.76 


8,974 


.76 


1894.... 


4,795 


.64 


3,068 


.76 


1 


.18 


37 


.47 


498 


.90 


184 


1.34 


8,583 


.70 


1895. . . . 


5,069 


.64 


2,998 


.71 


5 


.90 


47 


.54 


574 


.98 


234 


1.71 


8,927 


.69 


1896. . . . 


5,210 


.61 


2,849 


.64 


4 


.71 


41 


.38 


581 


.96 


160 


1.22 


8,845 


.64 


1897.... 


5,459 


.60 


2,924 


.64 


4 


.80 


65 


.49 


587 


.92 


193 


1.50 


9,232 


.63 


1898.... 


5,737 


.59 


2,958 


.62 


4 


.58 


69 


.49 


565 


.84 


150 


1.20 


9,483 


.61 


1899.... 


6,623 


.64 


3,250 


.66 


1 


.17 


63 


.42 


607 


.82 


161 


2.01 


10,705 


.66 


1900.... 


7,215 


.64 


3,392 


.66 


3 


.64 


73 


.41 


694 


.88 


161 


2.02 


11,538 


.66 


1901.... 


7.285 


.62 


3,135 


.61 


2 


.55 


111 


.50 


696 


.86 


175 


2.19 


11,404 


.63 


1902.... 


7,790 


.61 


3,268 


.62 


1 


.33 


149 


.49 


655 


.76 


126 


1.67 


11,969 


.63 


1903.... 


8,348 


.61 


3,2.35 


.60 


1 


.33 


166 


.45 


640 


.79 


138 


1.83 


12,528 


.61 


1904 


9,756 


.65 


3,429 


.62 






216 


.50 


550 


.71 


103 


1.61 


14,064 


.65 


1905 


10,254 
10,512 


.64 


3, 737 
3,487 


.65 






246 


.52 


560 


.71 


118 


1.88 


14,915 


.64 


1906.... 


.61 


..58 


2 


.41 


199 


.50 


558 


.69 


111 


1.82 


14,869 


.60 


1907.... 


11,519 


.62 


3, 594 


.57 


1 


.18 


178 


.48 


578 


.71 


112 


1.90 


15,982 


.61 


1908.... 


12, 175 


.62 


3, 748 


.59 


2 


.30 


192 


.45 


542 


.66 


111 


1.88 


16,770 


.61 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1251 



NUMBER AND RATIO OF DEATHS, BY CLASS OF FUNDS, 1SS8 TO 1908-Concluded. 

BOTH SEXES. 





Local sick Establish- 
funds. ment funds. 

1 


Building 
funds. 


r.ui Id funds. 


Rofristcrod 
aid funds. 


State regis- 
tered aid 
funds. 


Total. 


Year. 




Per 




Per 




Per 




Per 




Per 


Per 





Per 




Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num. 


100 


Num- 


100 


Num- 100 


Num- 


100 




ber. 


mem- bcr. 


mem- 


ber. 


mem- 


ber. 


mem- 


ber. 


mem- 


bcr. raem- 


ber. 


mem- 






bers. 


bers. 




bers. 




bers. 




bers. 


, bers. 




bers. 


1888.... 


19.814 


0.89 |l3,887 


0.91 


238 


0.83 


340 


0.62 


7,922 


1.00 


2,293 


1.60 


44,500 


0.96 


1889.... 


22.902 


.90 14.452 


.94 


342 


.92 


441 


.70 


8,071 


1.03 


2,180 


1.50 


48,388 


.95 


1890.... 


25.8(38 


.94 10.803 


1.00 


220 


.78 


521 


.70 


8,602 


LOG 


2, 307 


1.59 


54, 287 


.99 


1891.... 


20,294 


.91 110.320 


.94 


239 


.88 


500 


.05 


8.438 


1.01 


2, '205 


1.59 


54,002 


.95 


1892.... 


26,990 


.90 |10.9.>0 


.97 


234 


.79 


538 


.70 


9,375 


1.18 


2,320 


1.76 


50, 413 


.98 


1893.... 


30. 797 


.95 17,574 


.99 


2.59 


.83 


0.50 


.72 


0,8:38 


1.03 


1,171 


1.80 


57,295 


.98 


1894.... 


•29,129 


.88 10,777 


.91 


253 


.79 


702 


.70 


6,434 


.97 


1,048 


1.74 


54,343 


.90 


1895.... 


29,401 


.85 |17,106 


.89 


220 


.85 


707 


.07 


6, 025 


.99 


1,129 


1.86 


55,314 


.89 


189G. . . . 


30, 780 


.84 


17.441 


.80 


207 


.84 


899 


.08 


0,009 


.95 


1,058 


1.78 


.57,000 


.86 


1897.... 


32,242 


.84 


18,080 


.84 


181 


.91 


951 


.05 


0,910 


.95 


l,0(i2 


1.81 


59,432 


.85 


1898. . . . 


32.900 


.81 


18,358 


.80 


155 


.86 


1,042 


.05 


0,8(19 


.90 


1,010 


1.76 


60,334 


.82 


1899.... 


37,407 


.87 


20,207 


.84 


135 


.08 


1,283 


.70 


7,010 


.94 


848 


1.90 


07,5.50 


.87 


1900.... 


39,219 


.88 


21,410 


.80 


156 


.70 


1,357 


.72 


8,330 


.99 


805 


1.90 


71,349 


.88 


leoi.... 


37.514 


.82 


•20, 131 


.81 


117 


.74 


1,302 


.07 


7.939 


.92 


826 


1.83 


07,889 


.83 


1902.... 


38,2l>4 


.81 


19,923 


.80 


133 


.85 


1,530 


.70 


7.990 


.88 


784 


1.76 


68,624 


.82 


1903.... 


39,713 


.80 


19,779 


.77 


137 


.83 


1,570 


.08 


7,810 


.88 


776 


1.87 


69,785 


.80 


1904.... 


42,954 


.80 


20,692 


.77 


151 


.00 


1,608 


.67 


7,087 


.83 


659 


1.76 


73,211 


.80 


1905.... 


46,048 


.82 


21,986 


.78 


179 


.71 


1,855 


.70 


7,253 


.84 


644 


1.74 


77,965 


.81 


1900.... 


45,838 


.77 


21,699 


.73 


152 


.07 


1,706 


.07 


7,227 


.82 


555 


1.52 


77,237 


.76 


1907.... 


49,511 


.80 ;22,913 


.73 


125 


.03 


1,808 


.08 


7,. 539 


.83 


590 


1.64 


82,486 


.78 


1908.... 


50,335 


.80 23,272 


.73 


177 


.74 


1,706 


.03 


7,490 


.82 


014 


1.72 


83,594 


.78 



The general tendency has been for the death rates to decrease, 
both among the males and the females. The death rates in the 
diirerent funds show considerable variation, with an exceptionally 
high rate in the state registered aid funds; the official reports suggest 
that the rate may be due to the higher average age of the members 
of these funds, many of which have been in existence for a long time. 
The fluctuations in the rate for female members in the building trades 
funds, the guild funds, and the state registered aid funds are due to 
the small number of female members. The low rates for the males 
in the guild funds and the building trades funds are probably due 
to the younger age grouping of the male members of these funds. 

MINERS' INSURANCE. 

The statistics of the operations of the miners' funds (Knapp- 
schaftsJcassen) are published each year in one of the issues of the 
Vierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs (the quarterly 
publication of the imperial statistical office). The regular report 
of the imperial statistical office on the sickness insurance for 1904 
contained a summary of the data relating to the miners' funds for 
the period 1885 to 1904, but refrained from making any combination 
of the data with the figures for the rest of the insurance S3^stem. 

In the following table are stated the number of funds, the number 
of members, the cases of sickness or disability, and the days of 
sickness or disability, for the period 1885 to 1908. 



1252 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF MINERS^ FUNDS, MEMBERSHIP, CASES OF SICKNESS, AND DAYS OF 

SICKNESS, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 170: Die Krankenversicherung; Vierteljahrshefte zur Sta- 

tistik des Deutschen Reichs, 1910.] 







Average 


number of active 


Cases of . 


sickness 


of active 


Days of sickness 


3f active 




Num- 


members 




members 




members 




Year. 


ber of 
funds. 






















1 






















Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1885 


195 


366, 881 


9,905 


376, 786 


149,845 


1,961 


151,800 


2, 530, 813 


32, 235 


2,563,048 


1886 


196 


364, 169 


9,956 


374, 125 


159, 734 


1,914 


161,648 2,650,372 


31,118 


2,681,490 


1887 


196 


368, 367 


10,189 


378, 556 


154, 363 


1,771 


156, 134 


2,448,301 


29,448 


2, 477, 749 


1888 


197 


381, 348 


10, 605 


391,953 


159,212 


1,822 


161,034 


2, 5.55, .337 


32, 003 


2,587,340 


1889 


198 


401,627 


11,510 


413, 137 


167,582 


1,953 


169,535 


2, 694, 505 


32, 498 


2,727,003 


1890 


198 


427,278 


11,666 


438,944 


202, 776 


1,998 


204, 774 


2, 793, 2&3 


32,863 


2,826,140 


1891 


198 


450,999 


12, 038 


463,037 


216, 550 


2,057 


218,607 


3, 113, 476 


36,857 


3,150,3-33 


1892 


197 


461,046 


11,604 


472,650 


218,783 


2,071 


220,854 


3,611,3&5 


38,063 


3,649,448 


1893 


197 


457, 537 


10, 601 


468, 138 


241,264 


2,081 


243,345 


3,881,953 


38,693 


3,920,046 


1894 


196 


464, 166 


9,911 


474,077 


225, 217 


1,649 


226,866 


3,660,529 


33,561 


3,694,090 


1895 


195 


470,617 


9,658 


480, 273 


237, 782 


1,745 


2.39,527] 3,794,67^ 


36,938 


3,8.31,617 


189)3 


195 


488,632 


9,597 


498,229 


2.36,040 


1,887 


237,9271 3,811,999 


41,626 


3,8.53,625 


1897 


195 


518, 847 


9,719 


528, 566 


254,035 


1,830 


255,865 4,025,070 


38, 234 


4, 063, 304 


1898 


195 


545, 791 


9,874 


555, 665 


2.57,681 


1,920 


259,601', 4,105,115 


41,705 


4,146,820 


1899 


18C 


576, 521 


10, 156 


586, 677 


301,552 


3,192 


3l^, 744 


4.727,810 


63,978 


4,791,788 


1900 


189 


627,845 


10,547 


638,392 


340, 680 


3,456 


344,136 


5,164,153 


66,011 


5, 230, 164 


1901 


186 


667,042 


10, 780 


677, 822 


363, 204 


3,672 


356,876 


5,723,744 


69,914 


5,793,658 


1902 


186 


660, 265 


10,829 


671,094 


348, 692 


3,537 


352,229 


5,676,011 


71,461 


5, 747, 472 


1903 


177 


670,952 


14,039 


684,991 


389,884 


4,776 


394,660 


5,779,875 


97,017 


5,876,892 


1904 


176 


692, 897 


14,829 


707, 726 


408,368 


5,134 


413,502 


6, 683, 476 


108,0*37 


6,791,543 


1905 


173 


703, 594 


15, 724 


719,318 


391,578 


5,584 


397, 162 


6, 515, 473 


117,450 


6,632,923 


1908 


168 


(«) 


(a) 


761,795 


(a) 


(«) 


410,352 


(") 


(a) 


7,128,722 


1907 


168 


794, 152 


12,124 


808,276 


445, 573 


4,115 


449,6881 7,645,849 


88, 377 


7,734.226 


1908 


170 


853,118 


12,387 


865,505 


491,903 


3,129 


495.032' 7,959,947 

i 


70,408 


8,030,355 



a Not separately reported. 

The number of funds has tended to decrease during the period 
stated in the table, while the number of persons insured has increased 
to such an extent that the number in 1908 was over twice what it 
was in 1885. The increase both in actual numbers and relativeh'' has 
been greater among the males than among the females. 

The total number of cases of siclaiess (or disability) as well as of 
the number of days of sickness show a tendency to increase more 
rapidly than the number of members. 

STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS. 



The receipts of the miners' funds for the period 1885 to 1908 are 
shov/n in the following table: 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1253 



RECEIPTS OF MINERS' FUNDS, 1885 TO 190S. 

[Source: Statistik dcs Dcutschcn Roichs, vol. 170: Die Krankcnvcrsichcning; Vicrloljahrshofle ziir Sta- 
tist ik des Deutschon Rcichs, 1910.) 



Year. 



1885 
188,-, 
18S7 
1888 
188 J 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189;i 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1909 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
190) 
1907 
1908 



Receipts from inpHihors 



Conlri- 
InitioM:;. 



(") 
(") 
(°) 
{<•■) 
{<■') 
{") 
(") 
(") 
(") 
C) 

{") 

7c.3,115 
887, 251 
981,181 
255, 470 
411,793 
401,409 
055, 400 
871,055 
295,0(,1 

1.3S.028 
577,723 



En- 




trance 




fi^o^;. 




niar- 


Vhv.'<. 


riaK'> 




foes. 




etc. 




(") 


n 


C) 


(") 


(«) 


C) 


(«) 


(") 


(°) 


(") 


(«) 


{<•) 


C^) 


(") 


C) 


(") 


(°) 


C) 


(") 


(«) 


(°) 


(") 


(°) 


SI, 914 


86,846 


2, 207 


6,329 


3,382 


9,759 


5,411 


11,802 


4,342 


14,255 


3, 257 


14,2(;3 


3,751 


22,987 


4,190 


24, 270 


3,003 


20,610 


(0) 


(«) 


4,8>0 


21,574 


2,197 


22,512 



Total. 



?818,216 
930.052 
975, 893 
1,010,388 
1,045,074 
1,214,563 
1,354,901 
1,431,997 
1,514,774 
1,540,790 
1,538,138 
1,609,599 
1,771,875 
1,895,847 
1,994,322 
2, 272, 089 
2,400,390 
2,478,989 
2, 082, 204 
2,899,521 
3,319,280 

(°) 
4,104,402 
4,602,432 



Receipts fro!:i mine owners. 



oiitri- 


Fir--, 1 


ilians. 




(") 


(a) 


(") 


(«) 


(«) 


(«) 


(") 


(°) 


(«) 


(«) 


(°) 


(°) 


C) 


i") 


C) 


(") 


s 


\:\ 


s 


(«) 


(°) 


300,112 


?1,187 


405, 404 


216 


533, 200 


4 


747,574 




801,148 


77 


915,329 


11 


081,4.53 


23 


237, .594 


5 


589,309 


4 


(a) 


i") 


352, 449 


70 


452,907 


97 



Total. 



Jo82, a80 

7.i9,213 

800,914 

821,574 

841,708 

972, 4.55 

1,079,072 

1,114,948 

1,181,300 

1,185,840 

1,177,485 

1,225,041 

1,331,299 

1,405,080 

1,533,210 

1,747,574 

1,891,225 

1,915,340 

2,081,470 

2, 237, 599 

2,589,373 

• («) 

3,3.52,-525 

4,453,004 



Inter- 
est and 
mi.:cel- 
lar.O'it::; 
i:icj'.:'.c. 



$28,080 
32, .520 
49,. 573 
45, 770 
51,395 
.55, 5S1 
73,025 
73,207 
121,109 
104, .582 
105,093 
108, 800 
119,724 
124, 137 
334,90.i 
424,519 
480,914 
497,075 
4.53,905 
517,229 
489,318 
178,023 
191,. 502 
332,445 



Tcjlal 
receipts. 



.?1,.529,770 
1,731,791 
1,832,380 
1,883,738 
1,9.38,777 
2, 242,. 509 
2,. 508, 258 
2,020,1.52 
2,817,273 
2,831,212 
2,820,714 
2,944,040 
3,2.52,898 
3.485,004 
3,802,438 
4,444.782 
4,8;i2,529 
4.891,404 
5,217,045 
5, 054, 349 
0,397,971 
0,9.32,4.59 
7,708,489 
9,387,881 



a Not separately reported. 

Tlie total amount of receipts shows a rapid increase during the 
period included in the table, and the total for 1908 is oA^er 6 times the 
total for 1885. The receipts consist principally of the dues or contri- 
butions of the members and their employers. 

The amount of the expenditures and the reserve are shown in the 
following table for the years 1885 to 1908: 

EXPENDITTRES AND RESERVE OF THE MINERS' FUNDS, 1SS.5 TO 19CS. 

[Source: Statistik dos DetUschen Reichs, vol. 170: Die Krankenversichernng; Vierteljahrshefte zur Sta- 
tistik des Deutschen Reichs, 1910.] 





Expenditures. 


Reserve at 


Year. 


Benefits. 


AdminL'^- 
tration. 


Another. 


Total. 


close of 
year. 


1885 


$1,275,381 
1.419,379 
1,431,661 
1,512,741 
1,. 579, 073 
1.831,021 
2,087,880 
2,314,550 
2,414,141 
2. 302. 754 
2,4.30,5r).5 
2. 422, 172 
2.072,107 
2,849,3W 


$02,809 
64.349 
69,795 
08.598 
08.771 
75,461 
94,902 
78,747 
84,147 
84.3.50 
84,004 
87,407 
92. 108 
95,2.59 


$19,879 
18,550 
35.470 
20, 109 
24.009 
29,031 
30, 123 
34.223 
28.224 
24,374 
24,240 
20,241 
29, 381 
35,695 


$1.3.58,009 
1.502.278 
1.5.30.932 
1.6f)1.508 
1,671.913 
1,935.513 
2,212.911 
2.427.520 
2.520.512 
2.411,478 
2,5.39.409 
2,5.3.5,880 
2,793,716 
2,930,318 


81.358,009 


188«i 


1.358.009 


1887 


1,4.30,173 


1888 


1,40.5,700 


18S9 


1.540,906 


1890 


1,003,4.51 
1,730.312 


1891 


1892 


1,940,112 


1893 

1894 

1895 

1890 

1897 

1898 


2,191.984 
2.388.983 
2,4.55,172 
2,492.40)6 
3,092.757 
3,294,543 



1254 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

EXPENDITURES AND RESERVE OF THE MINERS' FUNDS, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. 





Expenditures. 


Reserve at 


Year. 


Benefits. 


Adminis- 
tration. 


All other. 


Total. 


close of 
year. 


1899 


$3,366,811 
3,842,954 
4,524,980 
4,341,357 
4,749,090 
5,161,911 
5,607,209 
5,892,744 
6,523,333 
7,600,342 


$104, 492 
128,066 
143,823 
180, 117 
156,244 
167,570 
193, 191 
214,632 
247,458 
315, 181 


$77,342 
78, 298 
93,812 

100,574 
97, 297 

116,751 

124,501 
36,490 
39,017 
50, 087 


$3,548,615 
4,049,318 
4,762,615 
4,622,048 
5,002,631 
5,446,232 
5,924,901 
6,143,866 
6,809,808 
7,965,610 


$4,219,672 
4,808,853 
5,624,424 
6,182,326 
4,941,552 
5,211,990 
5,509,471 
5,725,768 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


6 014 148 


1908 


3 190 254 







The total expenditures, like the total receipts, show a rapid growth 
during the period; the expenditures for benefits form by far the largest 
item. The amount of the reserve in 1908 was about 40 per cent of 
the expenditures for the year ; the decrease in the reserve from about 
$6,000,000 in 1907 to about $3,000,000 in 1908 is due to changes in 
the methods of accounting introduced in the Prussian funds by the 
law of 1906. 

In the following table the expenditures for the various forms of 
benefits are shown for the period 1885 to 1908: 

EXPENDITURES OF MINERS' FUNDS FOR BENEFITS, 1885 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistilc des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 170: Die Krankenversicherung ; Vierteljalirshefte zur 
Statistik des Deutsciien Reichs, 1910.] 





Benefits in the form of— 


Year. 


Physicians' 
services. 


Medi- 
cines, ap- 
pliances, 
etc. 


Sick bene- 
fits to mem- 
bers. 


Sick bene- 
fits t of am- 
iUes of 
members 
in insti- 
tutions. 


Hospital 
and other 
institu- 
tional treat- 
ment. 


Funeral 
benefits. 


Benefits 
in case 

of child- 
birth. 


Total. 


1885 


$221,098 
235,839 
242,593 
256, 692 
262,061 
288,716 
320,353 
329,482 
346,592 
348, 923 
355,490 
368, 741 
388,394 
410,424 
459,064 
504,086 
560,018 
586, 121 
663, 655 
741,298 
890, 296 
914,379 
1,005,779 
1,119,427 


$244, 730 
252,394 
252,502 
273,009 
290, 985 
344, 167 
369, 738 
390, 767 
407, 621 
384, 217 
401,291 
401,306 
438, 948 
449,453 
521,931 
578, 094 
637,416 
658,284 
723,744 
762,363 
764,658 
732, 349 
758,860 
866,620 


$598,436 

715,458 

690, 420 

730, 313 

753,453 

892, 164 

1,041,493 

1,213,706 

1,262,751 

1,178,391 

1,236,854 

1,213,020 

1,368,142 

1,447,239 

1,781,273 

2,087,655 

2,578,286 

2,286,129 

2,343,062 

2,647,515 

2,886,724 

2,936,742 

3,312,034 

3,697,619 


$1,826 

2,421 

2,642 

2,817 

3,178 

3,233 

3,895 

4,513 

5,694 

5,9G8 

6,263 

6,848 

7,805 

7,888 

10, 240 

11,857 

14,444 

15, 705 

18,297 

19,892 

22,513 

29,114 

31,610 

49,162 


$161,822 
170,789 
197,261 
202, 187 
218,595 
241,884 
289, 038 
308,405 
311,187 
314,946 
.354. 937 
356, 643 
385, 962 
451,197 
500, 702 
555,723 
625,473 
681,767 
862, 363 
850,946 
896,897 
1,127,933 
1.260.409 
1,641,972 


$46, 968 
41,930 
45,357 
47,025 
50,058 
60,164 
62,715 
67,065 
79, 644 
69, 670 
75,022 
74,987 
82,098 
82,394 
92,830 
104,652 
108, 460 
112,634 
137,115 
139,041 
155,197 
150, 841 
153, 155 
224,665 


$502 
548 
886 
698 
743 
693 
654 
618 
652 
639 
708 
627 
818 
769 
771 
887 
883 
717 
855 
856 
924 
1,386 
1,486 
877 


$1,275,382 


1886 


1,419,379 


1887 


1,431,661 


1888 


1,512,741 


1889 


1,579,073 


1890 


1,831,021 


1891 


2,087,886 


1892 


2,314,556 


1893 


2,414,141 


1894 


2,302,754 


1895 


2,430,565 


1896 

1897 


2,422,172 
2, 672, 167 


1898 


2,849,364 


1899 


3,366,811 


1900 


3.842,954 


1901 


4,524,980 


1902 


4.341,357 


1903 


4,749,091 


1904 


5,161,911 


1905 


5,607,209 


1906 


5,892,744 


1907 


6.523,333 


1908 


7,600,342 







CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1255 

The most important item of expenditures for benefits is that for 
sick benefits to members; the amount has increased more rapidly 
than the number of members, and in 1908 was $3,697,619, or approx- 
imately 6 times the amount in 1885. A high rate of increase occurred 
in expenditures for hospital and institutional treatment, which in 
1908 amounted to $1,641,972, or 21.6 per cent of the expenditures 
for benefits in that year. The amounts paid to dependents of mem- 
bers while the members were in hospitals, etc., also shows a rapid 
increase during the periods included in the table, tliough tlie amount 
formed only an unimportant part of the total. 

SICKNESS STATISTICS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND. (a) 

The regular annual reports on the sickness-insurance system pre- 
sent rather the statistics of operations than what is usually included 
under statistics of morbidity. A number of special studies have 
been made in the endeavor to find the sickness rates of persons sub- 
ject to the insurance; but until recently these special reports were 
lacking in certain respects, which detracted from their value for any 
purpose except that of the funds covered by the information. The 
first investigation was that of the year 1888 (published in vol. 46 of 
the Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, Neue Folge), in which an at- 
tempt was made to secure data relating to the sickness and death 
rates of the establishment funds and of the guild funds, with the 
membership classified according to occupation, and the investiga- 
tion was continued in the following years as a part of the annual 
report on the operation of the sickness insurance. 

The investigation of 1890 (published in vol. 65 of the Statistik des 
Deutschen Reichs, Neue Folge) was extended to include informa- 
tion for the local sick funds and the two types of registered aid funds. 
In this investigation the principal emphasis was placed on the num- 
ber of days of sickness of the members for which benefits were paid. 
This limitation on the data, as well as the fact that insured persons 
were not classified by age, greatly lessened the value of the statistics. 
It was, for instance, impossible to tell whether the difference in 
sickness rates for the various industries was due to trade influence 
or due to the different age composition of the group of insured per- 
sons. Principally for the last-named reason the compilation of these 
statistics was discontinued in the year 1892. 

A careful study was next made of the records of a number of sick 
funds, especially those in Berlin, for the purpose of ascertaining 

"The title of the report from which the information in this section was obtained is: 
" Krankheits-und Sterblichkeitsverhaltnlsse in dcr Ortskrankenkasse fur Leipzig und 
Umgegend. Untersuchungen iiber den Einfiuss von Geschlecht, Alter und Beruf. 
Bearbeitet im Kaieerlichen Statistischen Amte. 4 Bande. Berlin, 1910. 
46598°— 10 80 



1256 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

whether the records contain information sufficient to form the basis 
for a study of sickness rates according to occupation. The only 
fund of sufficient size which had records adequate for this purpose 
was found to be the local sick fund for the city of Leipzig and sub- 
urbs. This fund includes all persons subject to compulsory insur- 
ance residing in the city of Leipzig and the adjoining industrial 
areas, and is described briefly on page 1196. The records of this fund 
were found to have been kept in such form that they supplied the 
information desired for the period from January 1, 1887, to April 30, 
1905. 

The statistical information compiled in this study proved so ex- 
tensive that only selected parts of it could be published. In the 
four volumes published in the year 1910 information is given for the 
period already mentioned, showing (1) the various facts relating to 
the sickness of the compulsory and voluntary members, grouped by 
ages and class of disease; (2) the same data for the compulsory 
members, classified by groups of occupations; (3) the same data for 
the same class of members, classified by subgroups of occupations; 
(4) the voluntary members of selected subgroups of occupations. 
A special discussion is given of the diseases of men classified as 
regular users of alcoholic drinks, and in the last volume a special 
discussion is given of the maternity cases. 

The insured persons were not classified according to the estab- 
lishment or branch of industry in which the employer was engaged, but 
according to the individual occupations in which they were engaged. 
Since an individual at times would change his occupation, the in- 
sured person is credited with as many days as he is engaged in a 
specific occupation, and if he changes to a second occupation he is 
likewise credited with the number of days in which he is engaged in 
the second. 

In the statistics of the number of persons included, the data do 
not refer to actual persons, but are computations ; thus the columns 
entitled '^ Persons under observation one year" mean the total num- 
ber of days one person was insured, divided by 365. Throughout 
the study this statistical computation is used instead of the actual 
number of persons on the membership list. 

The list of occupations and the list of diseases used in this study 
are given at the close of this section in order to make clear what is 
included under these groups. 

NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED. 

The number of persons included in the investigation is, as already 
explained, the number of days one person was insured, divided by 
365, and is referred to in the tables as ' ' Number of persons under 
observation one year." This number is as follows: 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1257 



NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED IN THE INVESTIGATION 
SICK FUND DURING THE PERIOD 1887 TO 1905, BY SEX 


OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL 
AND AGE GROUPS. 




Males. 


Females. 


Age group. 


Compul- 
sory 
mem- 
bers. 


Volun- 
tary 

mem- 
bers. 


Compul- 
sory 
mem- 
bers. 


Volun- 
tary 

mem- 
bers. 




11,733 

184,209 

170,409 

109,021 

125,010 

94,799 

09,382 

48,424 

32,535 

20,023 

11,507 

5,589 

2,134 

039 


49 
977 
1,448 
4,575 
0,494 
0,805 
0,209 
5,008 
3,817 
3,018 
2,142 
1,577 
1,022 
570 


3,192 

82,405 

81,998 

37,013 

18,503 

11,853 

8,399 

5,942 

4,150 

2,715 

1,563 

788 

302 

99 


42 


15 to 19 years 


2,497 


20 to 24 years 


5,408 




4,609 


30 to 34 years . . 


3,376 




2,976 


40 to 44 years 


2,078 




2,425 


60 to 54 years 


1,720 


55 to 59 years 


1,232 


60 to 04 years 


765 


65 to 09 years . 


452 




199 


75 years and oyer 


110 






Total 


952,074 


43, 771 


259,582 


28,549 







The investigation included, therefore, 996,445 males and 288,131 
females, or a total of 1,284,576 persons. 

COMPULSORY AND VOLUNTARY MEMBERS. 

Under certain conditions, as described on page 1198, persons may 
voluntarily insure themselves in the Leipzig sick fund. Throughout 
the study the members are carefully divided into these two classes, 
namely, members subject to compulsor}^ insurance, and members who 
have voluntarily insured themselves. It is generally agreed that the 
persons who voluntarily insure themselves will, as a rule, be what is 
known as the less desirable risks from the insurance point of view. 

AGE GROUPS. 

As already stated, the first compilations of statistics of sickness 
were discontinued because information regarding the age composi- 
tion of the groups "of persons included was lacking. Throughout 
the special study of the statistics of sickness based on the experience 
of the Leipzig fund, special emphasis is placed on the importance of 
the age grouping. It is pointed out that unless information concern- 
ing the age grouping of the total number of persons forming the basis 
of the statistics is known serious errors are likely to occur in comput- 
ing sickness and other rates. The report uses the following example 
as showing the possibility of mistakes in this connection: 

If nothing more is known except that in two occupations, A and B, 
occupation A has 12,000 cases of sickness and that 600, or 5 per cent, 
of these cases are due to tuberculosis, and that in occupation B, out 
of 3,000 cases of sickness, 200, or 6§ per cent, are due to tuberculosis, 
then it would appear that occupation B is relatively more subject to 



1258 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



this disease than occupation A. This conclusion, however, is changed 
at once as soon as it is known that occupation A contains 30,000 per- 
sons, while occupation B contains 10,000 persons. Knowing the 
total number of persons included in the occupation groups, it is seen 
at once that the 600 and 200 cases of tuberculosis are each exactly 2 
per cent of the number of persons, and one would be likely to con- 
clude that persons in occupation A and in occupation B are both sub- 
ject to tuberculosis in the same degree. 

This conclusion is likewise unsafe, for in spite of the fact that the 
rates just given are identical, occupation B may be much more favor- 
ably situated than occupation A as regards tuberculosis. Thus, for 
instance, for each 100 members in occupation A of the age class 20 to 
30 years, there are 1.5 cases of tuberculosis; in occupation B there 
are only IJ cases. In the age group 30 to 40 years occupation A 
shows 2 cases and occupation B If cases per 100 members. In the 
age group 40 to 50 occupation A shows 3 cases and occupation B 2J 
cases, and in the age groups over 50 years occupation A shows 5^^ 
cases and occupation B only 5 cases. In each age class, therefore, 
occupation B shows a smaller number of cases of sickness per 100 
members, due to tuberculosis, than occupation A. These facts are 
brought out clearly in the following table : 

COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL SICKNESS RATES IN TWO OCCUPATIONS, SHOWING 
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSITION OF THE AGE GROUPS. 





Occupation A. 


Occupation B. 


Age group. 


Number 
of work- 
men. 


Cases of 
tubercu- 
losis. 


Cases per 
100 work- 
men. 


Number 
of work- 
men. 


Cases of 
tubercu- 
losis. 


Cases per 
100 work- 
men. 


20 to 30 years 


15,000 

10.000 

4,000 

1,000 


225 
200 
120 
55 


f 

3 

5i 


4,000 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 


45 
50 
55 
50 


14 


3^1 to 40 years 


l| 


41 to 50 years 


4 


Over 50 years 


5* 






Total 


30.000 


600 


2 


10,000 


200 


2 







The data in the above table show that while the averages for the 
entire group are identical, occupation B is in every case more favor- 
ably situated than occupation A, and tliis fact can be brought out 
only by showing the age grouping of the total number of persons in 
each occupation. 

The writers of the report on the Leipzig fund have therefore fol- 
lowed the rule that to obtain trustworthy rates of sickness not only 
the age grouping of the persons included in the cases of sickness or 
days of sickness must be known, but also the age grouping of the 
total number of persons included in the occupation or industry. 

The age distribution of the membership of the Leipzig sick fund, 
compared with the age grouping of the whole population of the 
Empire, is shown in the following table: 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1259 



AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PERSONS INSURED IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 
1887 TO 1905, COMPARED WITH THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION OF 
THE EMPIRE ON DECEMBER 1, 1900. 



Age group. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years .... 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 39 years 

40 to 44 years. . . . 
45 to 49 years .... 
50 to 54 years .... 
55 to 59 years .... 
60 to C4 years .... 

65 to 69 years 

70 to 74 years 

75 years and over . 



TotaL 



Per cent of total in each age group. 



Males. 



Gennan 
Empire. 



14.9 
14.2 
12.4 
11.0 
9.5 
8.4 
7.0 
6.2 
5.3 
4.2 
3.1 
2.0 
1.8 



100.0 



I..eipzig. 



Compul- 
sory 
mem- 
bers. 



1.2 

19.3 

18.5 

17.8 

1.3.2 

10.0 

7.3 

5.1 

3.4 

2.1 

1.2 

.6 

2 

A 



100.0 



Volun- 
tary 

mem- 
bers. 



Females. 



Gennan 
Empire. 



0.1 

2.2 

3.3 

10.5 

14.8 

15.0 

14.3 

11.5 

8.7 

6.9 

4.9 

3.6 

2.3 

1.3 



14.1 
13.6 
11.9 
10.6 
9.2 
8.4 
7.1 
6.6 
5.7 
4.7 
3.5 
2.4 
2.2 



100.0 



100.0 



Leipzig. 



Compul- 
sory 
mem- 
bers. 



1.2 

31. 7 

31.6 

14.5 

7.2 

4.6 

3.2 

2.3 

1.6 

1.1 

.6 

.3 

.1 



Volun- 
tary 

mem- 
bers. 



0.1 

8.8 

18.9 

1«. 4 

11.8 

10.4 

9.4 

8.5 

tj. 

4.3 

2.7 

1.6 

.7 

.4 



100.0 



The data contained in the table on page 1257, giving the absohite 
number of male compulsory members, show that the persons included 
in the age group from 15 to 19 are approximately 184,000 persons. 
The next higher age group, that of 20 to 24, shows, however, only 
176,000 persons, or a decrease of about 8,000. A comparison of the 
age groups 20 to 24 and 25 to 29 shows a decrease of approximately 
7,000. A comparison of the age groups 25 to 29 and 30 to 34 shows a 
still more marked decrease, being approximately 44,000 persons. This 
decrease, with increasing age, is due in part to the fact that a number 
of workmen make themselves independent upon arriving at the higher 
age. For instance, a number of them become independent hand 
workers or home workers or otherwise set up in business for them- 
selves. The principal reason, however, for this change in the size 
of the age groups is found in the manner in which the figures were 
obtained. It will be remembered that the total number of male 
persons, namely, nearly 1,000,000, was not present at the same time 
in any one year, but was composed of persons coming within the 
scope of the insurance fund from year to year during the period 
under observation, and for this reason the younger age groups are 
higher, because the newcomers are principally young persons. The 
percentages given in the preceding table indicate clearly that volun- 
tary members have a higher average age than the compulsory mem- 
bers. Thus the male compulsory members over 25 years of age form 
61 per cent of the total, while the male voluntary members over 25 
form 94.4 per cent of all voluntary members. 



1260 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



In the discussion of the statistics frequent use is made of the age 
group 25 to 34 for purposes of comparison. In this age group is 
inckided 31 per cent of the male compulsory members and 21.7 per 
cent of the female compulsory members. This group has the advan- 
tage of containing members who have been exposed to the risks of 
the occupation for a number of years, while, as compared with the 
older age groups, it has the advantage of containing a much larger 
number of persons. 

CASES OF SICKNESS. 

The total number of cases of sickness of all the persons included 
in the investigation is shown in the first of the following tables, 
while the second gives the number of cases due to each group of 
diseases per 10,000 cases of sickness and the number of cases per 
10,000 insured persons: 

NUMBER OF CASES OF SICKNESS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1885 TO 1905, BY 
SEX AND GROUPS OF DISEASES. 



Group of diseases. 



Number of cases of sickness. 



Males. 



Compul- 
sory 
mem- 
bers. 



Females. 



Volun- Compul- 

tary sory 

mem- I mem- 
bers, bers. 



Volun- 
tary 

mem- 
bers. 



Total. 



Developmental diseases (7-19) (o) 

Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67) 

General diseases, other than developmental and in- 
fectious and parasitic (68-95) 

Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98) 

Growths and swellings, benign (99-100) 

Diseases of the nervous system (101-139) 

Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168) 

Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190) 

Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229) 

Diseases of the geni to-urinary organs (230-261) 

Diseases of the external tissues (262-280) 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294) 

Diseases of the ear (295-299) 

Diseases of the eye (300-316) 

Injuries and other external influences (317-334) 

All other diseases, including indefinite diagnoses (335). 



20 
47,711 

8,568 

454 

676 

12, 680 

53, 596 

9,633 
57,373 

4,661 
34, 450 
46, 777 

1,859 

7,913 
88, 435 

2,003 



24 
4,762 

1,025 

149 

74 

2,356 

6,585 

1,315 

4,609 

575 

2,123 

5,763 

129 

690 

3,976 

215 



3,132 
13,594 

18, 199 

111 

261 

3,637 

12,491 

2,814 

22, 749 

6,620 

7,588 

7,119 

447 

1,825 

7,382 

555 



1,403 
2,328 

2,638 

52 

52 

1,090 

2,570 

779 

2,952 

1,310 

925 

1,745 

64 

274 

706 

97 



4,639 
68, 395 

30,430 
766 

1,063 
19, 763 
75,242 
14,541 
87,683 
13, 166 
45,086 
61,404 

2,499 

10, 702 

100,559 

2,870 



a For males, includes senile debility (7) only. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1261 



FREQUENCY OF CASES OF SICKNESS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 
1905, BY SEX AND GROUPS OF DISEASES. 





Males. 


Females. 


Total ( 
case 




Compulsory 


Voluntary 


Compulsory 


Voluntary 


f!r 




members 


members 


members 


members 


sickness and 




(376,809 


cases of 


(34,370 cases of 


(108,524 cases of 


(19,105 


cases of 


1,284,570 mem- 
bers). 




sickness 


sickness 


sickness 


sickness 




and 952,674 


and 43,771 


and 259,582 


and 28,549 






Group of diseases. 


members). 


members). 


members). 


members). 






Cases 


Cases 


Casp,s 


Cases 


Cases 


Cases 


Cases 


Cases 


Cases 


Cases 




per 
10,000 


if.OOO 
in- 


per 
10,000 


per 

10,000 

in- 


per 
10,000 


10,000 
in- 


per 
10,000 


lolooo 

in- 


10,000 


10,000 
in- 




cases of 
sick- 


sured 


cases of 
sick- 


sured 


cases of 
sick- 


sured 


cases of 
sick- 


sured 


cases of 
sick- 


sured 




ness. 


per- 
sons. 


ness. 


per- 
sons. 


ness. 


per- 
sons. 


ness. 


per- 
sons. 


ness. 


per- 
sons. 


Developmental diseases 






















1.7-19) (a) 


0.5 


0.2 


7.0 


5.5 


288.6 


120.7 


765.8 


512.4 


86.1 


30.1 


Infectious and parasitic 






















diseases (20-07) 


1,260.2 


500.8 


1,385.5 


1,087.9 


1,252.6 


523.7 


1,218.5 


815.4 


1,269.4 


532.4 


General diseases, other 






















than developmental 






















and Infectious and 






















parasitic (68-95) 

Growths and swellings, 


227.4 


89.9 


298.2 


234.2 


1,677.0 


701.1 


1,380.8 


924.0 


504.8 


236.9 






















malignant (915-98) 


12.0 


4.8 


43.4 


34.0 


10.2 


4.3 


27.2 


18.2 


14.2 


6.0 


Growths and swellings, 






















benign r99-100) 

Diseases or the ner\^ous 


17.9 


7.1 


21.5 


16.9 


24.0 


10.1 


27.2 


18.2 


19.7 


8.3 






















svstem (101-139) 


336.5 


133.1 


685.5 


538.3 


335.1 


140.1 


570.5 


381.8 


366.8 


153.8 


Diseases of the organs 






















of respiration (140- 






















1(J8) 


1,422.4 


562.6 


1,915.9 


1,504.4 


1,151.0 


481.2 


1,345.2 


900.2 


1,396.5 


585.7 


Diseases of the organs 




















of circulation (109- 






















190) 


255.6 


101.1 


382.6 


300.4 


259.3 


108.4 


407.7 


272.9 


269.9 


113.2 


Diseases of the organs 






















of digestion (191-229). 


1,522.6 


602.2 


1,341.0 


1,053.0 


2,096.2 


876.4 


1,545.1 


1,034.0 


1,627.4 


682.6 


Diseases of the genito- 






















urinary organs (230- 






















261) 


123.7 


48.9 


167.3 


131.4 


610.0 


255. 


685.7 


458.9 


244.4 


102.5 


Diseases of the external 




















tissues (262-280) 


914.3 


361.6 


617.7 


485.0 


699.2 


292.3 


484.2 


324.0 


836.8 


351.0 


Diseases of the organs 






















of locomotion (281- 






















294) 


1,241.4 


491.0 


1,676.8 


1,316.6 


656.0 


274.2 


913.4 


611.2 


1,139.6 


478.0 


Diseases of the ear (295^ 




















299) 


49.3 


19.5 


37.5 


29.5 


41.2 


17.2 


33.5 


22.4 


46.4 


19.5 


Diseases of the eye (300- 






















316) 


210.0 


83.1 


200.8 


157.6 


168.2 


' 70.3 


143.4 


96.0 


198.6 


83.3 


Injuries and other ex- 






















ternal Influences 






















(317-334) 


2,346.9 


928.3 


1,156.8 


908.4 


680.2 


284.4 


400.9 


268.3 


1,866.3 


782.8 


All other diseases, in- 






















cluding indefmite di- 






















agnoses (335) 


53.2 


21.0 


62.6 


49.1 


51.1 


21.4 


50.8 


34.0 


53.3 


22.3 







a For males, includes senile debility (7) only. 

In the preceding table the data relating to the cases of sickness due 
to each group of diseases per 10,000 cases of sickness of all kinds are 
of less value than the rates relating to the cases of sickness per 10,000 
persons. The number of cases per 10,000 persons depends on the 
kind and character of persons affected, and the number of persons 
is therefore the most trustworthy basis on which to compute the 
various rates derived from the sickness data. In the preceding table, 
for instance, the rate for male voluntary members for infectious and 
parasitic diseases, based on the number of cases due to these dis- 



1262 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



eases per 10,000 insured persons, is approximately double the rate 
for the male compulsory members, or per 10,000 persons the rate for 
voluntary members is 1,088 and for compulsory members 501; while 
per 10,000 cases of sickness the difference is very much smaller, for 
per 10,000 cases of sickness the male voluntary members have a rate 
of 1,386 in this class of diseases, while the male compulsory members 
have a not very different rate of 1,266 cases. Throughout the pre- 
ceding table the rates for the voluntary members are considerably in 
excess of the rates for the compulsory members, and this holds true 
for the rates when arranged by sexes, though an exception is found 
in the case of injuries and other external influences, where both the 
male and female compulsory members have higher rates than the 
voluntary members. 

Marked differences are shown in the number of the cases of diseases 
when the two sexes are compared. The males exceed the females 
in the number of cases per ten thousand persons in case of injuries, 
diseases of the organs of locomotion, diseases of the external' tissues, 
diseases of the eyes, and diseases of the respiratory organs, while the 
females exceed the males to a marked degree in the case of develop- 
mental diseases. 

NUMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS. 

Throughout the report emphasis is placed on the number of days 
of sickness rather than upon the number of cases of sickness, though 
ample data regarding the latter are presented. In the period 1887 
to 1905 the number of days of sickness for ah persons included is as 
follows : 





Males. 


Females. 


Total. 




8,144,721 
1,251,936 


2,674,568 
696,300 


10,819,289 


Days of sickness of voluntary members. . .. 


1,948,236 






Total. 


9,396,657 


3,370,868 


12, 767, 525 







Stated in relative form, per 100 persons of all age classes, there 
were in the case of the compulsory members 855 days of sickness for 
the males and 1,030 days for the females, and in the case of the 
voluntary members 2,860 days for the males and 2,439 days for the 
females. 

In the age group 25 to 34 years of age the number of days of sickness 
per 100 persons is as follows: 



Days of sickness per 100 compulsory members. 
Days of sickness per 100 voluntary members.. 



Males. 



753 
2,213 



Females. 



1,268 
2,476 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1263 



These figures at once sliow the sharp contrast between the vohui- 
tary and compulsory members in the case of the males, and show 
that in the case of the females the number of days of sickness of the 
voluntary members is also much greater, though here the data are 
influenced by the fact that the greatest number of maternity cases 
occurs in the ages 25 to 34. 

In the following table the number of days of sickness per 100 
members, arranged by sex and age groups, is shown for the compul- 
sory and the voluntary members for the period 1887 to 1905: 

NUMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS PER 100 MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL 
SICK FUND, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, FOR COMPULSORY AND VOLUNTARY 
MEMBERS, 1887 to 1905. 



Age group. 



Number of da j's of sickness per 100 iiiem- 
bers of each class. 



Compulsory mem- 
bers. 



Voluntary mem- 
bers. 



Males. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 39 years 

40 to 44 years 

45 to 49 years 

50 to 54 years 

55 to 59 years 

60 to G4 years 

65 to 69 years 

70 to 74 years 

75 years and over . 



595 

617 

657 

708 

814 

941 

1,088 

1,243 

1,456 

1,705 

2,069 

2, 700 

3,450 

4,043 



Females. 


Males. 1 


533 


1,639 


754 


2,837 


955 


4,233 


1,205 


2,353 


1,395 


2,115 


1,465 


2,294 


1,453 


2,498 


1,496 


2,893 


1,490 


3,142 


1,486 


3.642 


1,632 


4,149 


2,373 


4,358 


2,531 


4,517 


2,512 


4,560 



Females. 



1,498 
2,375 
2,389 
2,367 
2,027 
2,453 
2,323 
2,027 
2,334 
2.C68 
3.155 
3,153 
3,595 
4,575 



As sho^vn in the preceding table, the number of days of sickness 
per person included increases steadily with advancing age in the case 
of the male compulsory members. In the case of female compulsory 
members the rate shows some fluctuations, but on the whole shows 
a decided tendency to increase with age. For the male voluntary 
members the rate shows the effect of the presence of the less desira- 
ble insurance risks; the number of days of sickness increases rapidly 
up to the twenty-fourth year of age, when there is a sharp decrease. 
In the text of the report tliis is explained as follows: Practically 
all the male population, including the weaker and those who are 
physically less valuable, are sent to work in the earlier ages; in a 
few years, however, the weaker persons must give up the occupations 
in which they are engaged, but realizing their need for insurance, 
continue their membership as voluntary members. In the higher 
ages the voluntary members are also below standard physically, but 
the fact that they have been engaged in industrial occupations for 
a number of years proves that they are physically somewhat stronger 
than the voluntary membership composed of the younger age classes. 



1264 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Ill the preceding table a comparison of the sickness rates of the 
male and female compulsory members shows that the females over 
15 years of age have higher rates of sickness than the males up to 
and including the age group 50 to 54 years; but from that age on 
the rates are higher for the males. It is interesting to note that the 
high rate of the male voluntary members in the age group 20 to 24 
years is also evident in the high death rate for the whole Empire in 
the same ages. Thus, the general mortality table for Germany (see 
Viertelj ahrshef te zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, 1908, III, pp. 
120 and 121) gives the following rates as the probability of death for 
the years mentioned: 

PROBABILITY OF DEATH AT CERTAIN AGES. 

17 years of age 0. 00438 

18 years of age 00497 

19 years of age 00544 

24 years of age 00575 

25 years of age 00593 

26 years of age 00602 

For these ages the rates show a steady increase, but for the 4 years 
between 19 and 24 the rates are irregular, namely: 

PROBABILITY OP DEATH AT CERTAIN AGES. 

20 years of age .0. 00577 

21 years of age 00592 

22 years of age 00592 

23 years of age 00585 

STATISTICS OF SICKNESS, BY DAYS OF SICKNESS. 

The statistics showing the number of days of sickness and the num- 
ber of days of sickness per 1,000 members, with the data classified 
by occupations and age groups, will be found in the table on page 
1281 and following pages. 

Throughout this study, the technical meaning of the term ' ' days of 
sickness" must be kept in mind. In the report it is stated that the 
number of days of sickness was obtained by copying from the mem- 
ber's card the dates indicated as those on which he was unable to work 
because of sickness. The statement of the number of days of sickness 
includes only those days during which the insured person was entitled 
to benefits; in the period 1887 to 1896 this period was twenty-six 
weeks, while after July 1, 1896, the period was thirty-four weeks. 
By consulting the table on page 1267 it will be seen that the number 
of days of sickness compensated would be but slightly less than the 
actual number of days of disability. 

As already stated, the importance of any disease or group of 
diseases to a system of sickness insurance is most accurately indi- 
cated by the number of days of sickness caused by it. In the Leipzig 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1265 



fund, the number of days of sickness of the compulsory members and 
the distribution of the (hiys of sickness among the different groups of 
diseases (including injuries caused by accidents of all kinds), are 
shown in the following table : 

DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS OF COMPULSORY MEM- 
BERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AMONG THE CLASSES OF DISEASES, BY 
SEX, 1887 TO 1905. 



Class of diseases. 



Developmental diseases (7-19) (o) 

Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-C7) 

General diseiises, other than developmental and infec 

tious and parasitic (68-95) 

Growths and swellings, malignant (9C)-98) 

Growths and swellings, benign (99-100) 

Diseases of the nervous system (101-139) 

Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168) 

Diseases of the organs of circulation (109-190) 

Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229) 

Diseases of the geni to-urinary organs (230-2G1) , 

Diseases of the external tissues (202-280) 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294) 

Diseases of the ear (295-299) 

Diseases of the eye (300-310) 

Injuries and other external influences (317-334) 

All other diseases, including indefinite diagnoses (335). 

All diseases 



Days of sickness. 



Males (compulsory 
members). 



Number. 



740 
1,356,298 

253, 129 

36. 667 

14, 720 

434, 989 

1, 418, 498 

296, 981 

873, 746 

122, 379 

555, 623 

948, 197 

35, 707 
145, 772 

1,614,888 

36, 387 



8,144,721 



Per cent. 



0.01 
16.65 

3.11 

.45 

.18 

5.34 

17.41 

3.65 

10.73 

1.50 

6.82 

11.64 

.44 

1.79 

19.83 

.45 



100. 00 



Females (compulsory 
members). 



Number. 



86. 558 
396, 958 

477, 380 

10, 568 

9,849 

108, 793 

361, 900 

95, 757 
408,917 
185,411 
153, 521 
170, 481 
9,588 

40,878 
146, 261 

11,688 



2, 674, 568 



Per cent. 



3.24 
14.84 

17.85 

.39 

.37 

4.07 

13.53 

3.58 

15.29 

6.93 

5.74 

6.r7 

. oo 

1.53 

5.47 

.44 



100.00 



o For males, includes senile debility (7) only. 

For the male compulsory members the group of diseases causing the 
largest number of days of sickness was the group designated as 
injuries and other external influences, with 19.83 per cent of the 
total days of sickness compensated; this was followed by the group 
of diseases of the organs of respiration, with 17.41 per cent; the 
group of infectious and parasitic diseases, with 16.65 per cent; the 
group of diseases of the organs of locomotion, with 11.64 per cent; 
and by the group of diseases of the organs of digestion, with 10.73 
per cent of the total days of sickness compensated. These are the 
only groups of diseases each causing over 10 per cent of the days of 
disability to males. For the female compulsory members the cause 
responsible for the greatest proportion of days of disability was that 
designated as general diseases other than developmental, infectious, 
and parasitic, with 17.85 per cent of the total. This group was fol- 
lowed by diseases of the organs of digestion, with 15.29 per cent; by 
the group of infectious and parasitic diseases, with 14.84 per cent; 
and by the group of diseases of the organs of respiration, with 13.53 
per cent of the total days of sickness compensated. These four 
groups are the only ones causing over 10 per cent of the days of 
disability of the female compulsory members compensated. 



1266 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



There is great variation in the degree to which persons of different 
ages are incapacitated by the different classes of diseases. The fol- 
lowing table shows for the male and female members the number of 
days of sickness per 1,000 persons, caused by the principal groups of 
diseases: 



NUMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS PER 1,000 MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK 
FUND DURING THE PERIOD 1S87 TO 1905, BY AGE GROUPS AND GROUPS OF 
DISEASES. 





Days of sickness per 1,000 persons in specified age groups. 


Group of diseases. 


Males (compulsory members). 


Females (compulsory members). 




15 to 

24 
years. 


25 to 
34 

vears. 


35 to 45 to 

44 54 
years, years. 

1 


55 to 

64 
years. 


65 to 

74 
years. 


15 to 

24 
years. 


25 to 

34 
years. 


35 to 

44 
years. 


45 to 

54 
years. 


55 to 

64 
years. 


65 to 

74 
years. 


Infectious and parasitic 
diseases ( '^0-67 ) . . 


1,162 
517 
975 
190 
705 

1,522 
258 
105 
539 


1,407 
823 

1,310 
391 
900 

1,424 
234 
125 
453 


i 
1,691 1 814 


2,068 
2,867 
4,189 
1,199 

1,748 
2,670 

857 

274 

1,126 


2,842 
4,242 
8,134 
2,412 
2,766 
3,119 
1,834 
463 
1 7Q4. 


1,315 

400 

1,018 

285 
1,320 
494 
279 
•511 
451 


1,872 
746 

1,875 
569 

1,949 
553 
416 

1,210 
618 


1,980 
1,371 
2,219 

840 
2,279 

702 

693 
1,153 

974 


1,979 
1,973 
2,357 

2,150 
958 
659 
839 

1,431 


2,100 

2,418 

3,005 

640 

1,900 

1,258 

854 

310 

1,482 


3,617 
3,196 
5,572 

668 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294) 

Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168) 

Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139) . ... 


1,370 

1,661 

714 

1,000 

1,924 

315 

121 

609 


2,016 

2,438 

925 

1,253 

2,377 

476 

179 

857 


Diseases of the organs of 

digestion (191-229) 

Injuries and other external 

influences (317-334) 

Diseases of the organs of 

circulation (169-190) 

Diseases of the genito-uri- 

nary organs (230-261) 

Diseases of the external 

tissues (262-280) 


2,689 
2,438 
1,407 
108 
2,372 








The general ten( 
given group of c 
there are some vai 

AVERA( 


ienc 
isea 
riati< 

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y is ; 
ses 
Dus : 

►URA 


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to ii 
Tom 

TION 


le n 

Qcrej 

this 

OF 


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ise 
rul( 

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with 
3 for 

ASE 


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inc 
the 

OF 


^s of 
re as 
you 

SICK 


disa 
ing 
ngei 

NESS 


bnit 
age, 
• age 


y in any 
though 
groups. 



The experience of the Leipzig fund shows a marked difference in 
the average duration of a case of sickness of compulsory members 
as compared with voluntary members. The averages for males and 
females for these two groups are as follows: 



Average duration of a case of sickness among compulsory members, days. 
Average duration of a case of sickness among voluntary members, days... 



Males. 



21.6 
36.4 



Fe- 
males. 



24.6 

36.5 



For all of the female compulsory members the average duration 
of a case of sickness is 3 days longer than in the case of males. For 
all of the voluntary members there is practically no difference in the 
average for males and for females. As compared mth the com- 
pulsory members, the average duration of a case of sickness of the 
voluntary members is approximately 69 per cent higher for the males 
and 48 per cent higher for the females. 



CHAPTEK V. WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN GEEMANV. 1267 

The statistics showing the average duration of a case of sickness, 
with the data classified by occupations and age groups, are inchided 
in the table on page 1281 and following pages. 

AVERAGE DURATION OF A CASE OF SICKNESS WHEN THE PERIOD OF 
BENEFIT PAYMENTS VARIES. 

As stated above, the average number of days of sickness per case 
of sickness for compulsory members of all age groups was 21.6 days 
for males and 24.6 days for females. In any system of sickness 
insurance it is of importance to know what the average duration of 
a case of sickness will be with a given period of benefit payments. 
The following table gives a computation of what the average duration 
of a case of sickness would be if the period of benefit payments is 
from 1 day to 34 weeks, based on the experience of the Leipzig 
fund in the period 1887 to 1905. 

AVERAGE DURATION OF A CASE OF SICKNESS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG 
LOCAL SICK FUND DURING THE PERIOD 1887 TO 1905, BY DURATION OF BENEFIT 
PAYMENTS AND AGE GROUPS. 



Average days of sickness per case of sickness of members in specified age groups. 



Duration of 
benefit pay- 
ments. 



1 day . . . . 

2 days... 

3 days... 

4 days... 

5 days... 

6 days... 

7 days . . . 

2 weeks. 

3 weeks. . 

4 weeks., 

5 weeks., 
C weeks., 

7 weeks., 

8 weeks. , 

9 weeks. , 

10 weeks. 

11 weeks. 

12 weeks. 

13 weeks. 

14 weeks. 

15 weeks, 

16 weeks. 

17 weeks, 

18 weeks 

19 weeks 

20 weeks 

21 weeks 

22 weeks 

23 weeks 

24 weeks 

25 weeks 

26 weeks 

27 weeks 

28 weeks 

29 weeks 

30 weeks 

31 weeks 

32 weeks 

33 weeks 

34 weeks 



Males (compulsory members). 



15 to 24 
years. 



1.00 
1.99 
2.98 
3.94 
4.85 
5.66 
6.37 
9.85 
11.74 
12.96 
13.81 
14.43 
14.92 
15.31 
15.63 
15.90 
16.13 
16.33 
16.50 
16.65 
16. 78 
16.90 
17.00 
17.10 
17.18 
17.26 
17.33 
17.40 
17.46 
17.51 
17.56 
17.61 
17.65 
17.69 
17.73 
17.77 
17.80 
17.83 
17.86 
17.89 



25 to 34 
years. 



1.00 
1.99 
2.98 
3.96 
4.88 
5.72 
6.47 
10.32 
12. CO 
14.13 
15. 23 
16.07 
16.75 
17.29 
17.75 
18.14 
18.48 
18.78 
19.04 
19.27 
19.47 
19. C5 
19.80 
19.95 
20.08 
20.20 
20.31 
20.41 
20.51 
20.59 
20.67 
20.74 
20.81 
20.87 
20.92 
20.97 
21.02 
21.07 
21.11 
21.15 



35 to 44 

years 



1.00 
1.99 
2.98 
3.96 
4.90 
5.77 
6.56 
10.79 
13.45 
15.30 
10.66 
17.71 
18.57 
19.28 
19.88 
20.40 
20.86 
21.26 
21.62 
21.94 

22. 22 
2-1 61 
22.70 
22.94 
23.10 

23. 28 
23. 45 
23.60 
23.74 
23.87 
24.00 
24.11 
24.22 
24.32 
24.42 
24.51 
24.59 
24.67 
24.75 
24.81 



45 to 54 
years. 



LOO 
L99 

2.98 
3.96 
4.91 
5.81 
6.64 
11.32 
14.45 
16.71 
18. 39 
19.71 
20.78 
21.66 
22.42 
23.08 
23.66 
24.17 
24.62 
25.02 
25.38 
25.71 
26.01 
26. 28 
26.54 
26.77 
26.99 
27.19 
27.37 
27.54 
27.75 
27.84 
27.97 
28.10 
28.22 
28.34 
28.45 
28.56 
28.66 
28.75 



55 to 64 
years. 



1.00 

2.00 

2.99 

3.97 

4.93 

5.85 

6.72 

n.85 

15.50 

18.20 

20.28 

21.95 

23.33 

24.49 

25.51 

26.41 

27.20 

27.91 

28.55 

29.11 

29.62 

30.08 

30.50 

30.90 

31.27 

31.02 

i 31.95 

32.26 

! 32.55 

! 32.82 

i 33.07 

33.30 

33. 52 
33.73 
33. 92 

34. 11 
34.30 
34.47 
34.65 
34.82 



65 to 74 
years. 



LOO 
2.00 
2.99 
3.98 
4.95 
5.90 
6.81 
12.43 
16.73 
20.08 
22.76 
24.95 
26.78 
28.35 
29.70 
30.91 
31.98 
32. 96 
33.85 
34.67 
35.41 
36. 11 
3(). 75 
37.35 
37.93 
38.47 
38.98 
39.46 
39.91 
40.34 
40.74 
41.12 
41.49 
41.83 
42. 16 
42.48 
42.80 
43.10 
43.39 
43.66 



Females (compulsory members). 



15 to 24 
years. 



LOO 
1.99 

2.98 
3.97 
4.91 
5.81 
6.63 
11.16 
14.03 
15.99 
17.34 
18.34 
19.09 
19. 67 
20.14 
20.52 
20.84 
21.11 
21.33 
21.52 
21.68 
21.81 
21.94 
22. 05 
22.14 
22.23 
22.31 
22.37 
22.44 
22.49 
22.54 
22.59 
22.64 
22. 67 
22.71 
22.75 
22.78 
22.80 
22.83 
22.86 



25 to 34 

years. 



LOO 
L99 
2.99 
3.97 
4.93 
5.85 
6.71 
11.65 
14.97 
17.31 
19.01 
20.30 
21.31 
22.13 
22.79 
23.34 
23.81 
24.21 
24.56 
24.84 
25.09 
25.31 
25.52 
25.70 
25.87 
26. 02 
26.15 
26.28 
26. 39 
26.50 
26.59 
26.68 
26.76 
26.84 
26. 92 
26. 99 
27.05 
27.12 
27.17 
27.23 



35 to 44 

years. 



1.00 
2.00 
2.99 
3.98 
4.94 
5.87 
6.73 
11.80 
15.22 
17.64 
19.40 
20.75 
21.83 
22.71 
23.45 
24.06 
24.58 
25.04 
25.44 
25.88 
26.09 
26.36 
26.01 
26.84 
27.05 
27.23 
27.40 
27.56 
27.71 
27.85 
27.98 
28.10 
28.21 
28. 32 
28.41 
28.51 
28. (iO 
28.68 
28.75 
28.83 



45 to 54 

years 



1.00 
2.00 
2.99 
3.98 
4.96 
5.89 
6.77 
11.89 
15.35 
17.77 
19.51 
20.85 
21.95 
22.84 
23.58 
24.23 
24.78 
25.27 
25.71 
26.09 
26.43 
26. 74 
27.02 
27.27 
27.50 
27.71 
27.91 
28.07 
28.24 
28.41 
28.51 
28.71 
28.85 
29.01 
29.16 
29.30 
29. 43 
29.57 
29.70 
29.83 



55 to 64 
years. 



1.00 
2.00 
2.99 
3.99 
4.97 
5.93 
6.84 
12.33 
16.26 
19.09 
21.18 
22.73 
24.01 
25.08 
25.99 
26.74 
27.42 
28.02 
28.55 
29.00 
29.41 
29.76 
30. 06 
30. 33 
30.59 
30. 83 
31.07 
31.29 
31.51 
31.70 
31.89 
32.05 
.32. 20 
32.34 
32. 46 
32.58 
32.70 
32.81 
32.93 
33.05 



65 to 74 
years. 



1.00 
1.99 
2.98 
3.97 
4.95 
5.89 
6.79 
12.46 
16.88 
20.27 
22.85 
24.93 
26.60 
27.97 
29.21 
30.33 
31.34 
32.25 
33.11 
33.88 
34.59 
35.27 
35.94 
36.59 
37.20 
37.74 
38.22 
38.68 
39.12 
39.55 
39.96 
40.36 
40.75 
41.13 
41.48 
41.78 
42.08 
42.38 
42.66 
42.94 



1268 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



The preceding table is of value in giving the basis for the cost of the 
insurance with any specified period of benefit payments. Thus, if the 
period of benefit payments is 5 weeks, the average duration of a case 
of sickness will be 15.23 days for males 25 to 34 years of age. If the 
period of benefit payments is made 10 weeks instead of 5. weeks, the 
average duration of a case of sickness for the same persons will be 
18.14 days instead of 15.23 days. In other words, by doubling the 
period of benefit paj'ments the average duration of a case of sickness 
for the persons already mentioned would be increased only one-fifth. 

CASES OF DEATH. 

The total number of cases of death included in the returns for the 
whole period of investigation, 1887 to 1905, is as folio w^s: 



Females. 



Total. 



of death of compulsory membsers 
of death of voluntary member . . . 

Total 



7,288 
1,426 



8, 714 



1,380 
450 



1,830 



1,876 



10, 544 



If the above figures are arranged in the form of a relative state- 
ment, the rates are: 



Males. 



Females. 



Cases of death per hundred compulsory members . 
Cases of death per hundred voluntary members . . 



0.77 
3.26 



0.53 
1.58 



The more favorable death rates shown in each case by the female 
members are due to the fact that the females, on the whole, belong 
to the younger age groups. 

In order to show the mortality rates for the persons insured in the 
Leipzig fund, the following table gives the number of cases of death 
per hundred thousand persons under observation for one year. 



CHAPTER V 



WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY 



1269 



NUMBER OF CASES OF DEATH PER 100,000 PERSONS UNDER OBSERVATION ONE YEAR 
IN- THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905. 





Number of deaths per 1 00,000 
persons. 


Ape group. 


Males. 


Females. 


Excess of 
deaths 

of males 
com- 
pared 
with 

deaths of 

females. 


UdcIct lo vpurs 


94 

274 

403 

492 

587 

850 

1.12G 

1,421 

2,032 

2.622 

3,589 

5,475 

6,656 

9.546 


94 

307 

493 

601 

657 

666 

726 

993 

1,229 

1,094 

1,919 

3,299 

4,907 

5.0.51 




15 to 19 vci^rs 


o33 


20 to 24 years 


a 30 


25 to 29 years ... 


ol09 


30 to 34 years , 


o70 


35 to 39 years 


+ 184 


40 to 44 years 


+ 400 




+ 428 


50 to 54 years 


+ 803 




4- 928 


60 to G4 years 


+ 1,070 


65 to 69 years 


+ 2,176 


70 to 74 years ... 


+ 1,687 


75 years'and oyer 


+4,495 




1 





a Number of deaths of males less than those of females. 

Beginning with a death rate in the age group under 15 of 94 per 
per hundred thousand persons for both males and females, the rate 
for females increases more rapidly up to the age of 34, after which 
the rate for males is uniformly higher and increases with greater 
rapidity. In order to afford comparison with the preceding table, 
the following figures show the death rates for the total population of 
Germany as given in the general mortality table, the rates being 
deaths per hundred thousand persons : 



Age group. 



Males. 



25 to 29 years 
30 to 34 years 



608 

715 



634 
736 



For the ages between 25 and 34 the death rates for both males and 
females are higher in the case of the total ])opulation tlian for the 
insured persons. 

The absolute number of deaths due to each of the groups of diseases 
is shown in the table following. 



1270 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SEX AND GROUPS OF 

DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905. 



Group 
number. 



7- 19 
20- 67 
68- 95 

96- 98 

99-100 

101-139 

140-168 

169-190 

191-229 

230-247, 261 

262-280 

281-294 

295-299 

300-316 

317-334 

335 



Group of diseases. 



I. Developmental diseases (o) 

II. Infectious and parasitic diseases 

III. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and 

parasitic diseases 

Ill A. Growths and swellings, maUgnant 

III B, Growths and swellings, benign 

IV A. Diseases of the nervous system 

IV B. Diseases of the organs of respiration 

IV C. Diseases of the organs of circulation 

IV D. Diseases of the organs of digestion 

IV E. Diseases of the genito-urinary organs 

IV F. Diseases of the external tissues 

IV G. Diseases of the organs of locomotion 

IV H. Diseases of the ear 

IV J. Diseases of the eye 

IV K. Injuries and other external influences 

V. All other diseases, including indefinite diagnoses 

Total 



Number of deaths 


(compulsory mem- 


bers). 


Males. 


Females. 


7 


26 


2,626 


650 


135 


40 


232 


55 


12 


6 


443 


40 


1,439 


194 


618 


104 


562 


118 


150 


47 


21 


7 


102 


11 





5 


3 


1 


499 


29 


434 


47 



1,380 



a For males, includes senile debility (7) only. 

For males the absolute number of deaths is greatest in the case of 
the group designated as infectious and parasitic diseases, which is 
followed by the group diseases of the organs of respiration. For 
females the number of deaths is much smaller, but the same causes 
produce the greatest number of deaths. 

The statistics showing the number of deaths and the death rates, 
with the data classified by occupations and age groups, are included in 
the table on page 1281 and following pages. 



ACCIDENTS. 

In the investigation disability caused by accident was treated like 
other causes of disability, and under this heading the term accident is 
used to include industrial accidents as well as other accidents. The 
part which accidents of all kinds played in the sickness insurance of 
Leipzig is shown by the following table : 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF CASES OF SICKNESS DUE TO ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS 
AND TO INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 
TO 1905. 



Sex and class of members. 


All cases 
of sick- 
ness. 


Accidents of all 
kinds. 


Industrial acci- 
dents. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Male: 

Compulsory members .... 


376,809 
34,370 

108,524 
19, 105 


92,862 
4,108 

7,473 
745 


24.6 
12.0 

6.9 
3.9 


39,793 
802 

2,270 

28 


10.6 




2.3 


Female: 


2.1 


Voluntary members 


.2 






Total 


538,808 


105, 188 


19.5 


42,893 


8.0 







CHAPTEE V. WORKMEN S INSXJEANCE IN GERMANY. 



1271 



About one-fourth of the cases of sickness or disabihty of male 
compulsory members were due to industrial and other accidents, and 
for the female compulsory members about 7 per cent were due to 
industrial and other accidents, and for the total membership of the 
fund about one-fifth of all the cases of disability were caused by 
accidents of all kinds. 

It is of especial interest to compare the figures for all accidents with 
the figures showing the proportion of cases of disability caused by 
industrial accidents. 

For the male compulsory members approximately one-tenth of all 
cases of disability are caused by industrial accidents, meaning thereby 
accidents occurring in the course of the employment and entitled to 
compensation under the accident insurance laws. The female com- 
pulsory members have but 2 per cent of the cases of disability caused 
by industrial accidents, and for all persons included in the Leipzig 
fund the proportion of cases of disability due to industrial accidents 
was 8 per cent. 

It is also of interest to compare the total number of days of sickness 
with the number of days caused by industrial accidents. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF DAYS OF SICKNESS DUE TO INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN 
THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND. 


Sex and class of members. 


Total days 
of sick- 
ness. 


Days of sickness from 
industrial accidents. 




Number. 


Percent. 


Male: 

Compulsory members 


8,144,721 
1,251,936 

2,674,568 
696,300 


893,846 
30,319 

58,112 
979 


11.0 


Voluntary members 


2.4 


Female: 

C/Ompulsory members 


2.2 




.1 






Total 


12,767,525 


983,256 


7.7 







On the basis of membership, the number of cases of industrial 
accidents and of days of sickness due to industrial accidents per thou- 
sand persons under observation are as follows: 

CASES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND DAYS OF SICKNESS DUE TO SUCH ACCIDENTS 
PER 1,000 PERSONS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 1905. 







Days of 




Cases of in- 


sickness 




dustrial 


due to in- 


Sex and class of members. 


accidents 


dustrial 




per 1,000 


accidents 




persons. 


per 1,000 
persons. 


Male: 






Compulsory members . . 


41.8 


938 


Voluntary members 


18.3 


(.93 


Female: 






Compulsory members. . . 


8.7 


224 


Voluntary members 


LO 


34 






Total.... . ... 


33.4 


765 







46598°— 10- 



-81 



1272 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

Out of the total of 12,767,525 days of sickness above mentioned, the 
proportion of days of sickness due to accidents of all kinds was 15.5 
per cent, and the proportion due to industrial accidents alone was 
7.7 per cent. 

It should be mentioned that the number of industrial accidents as 
above reported is not entirely accurate, because the accident insur- 
ance law of 1900 requires the reporting of only those accidents which 
cause complete or partial disability for more than 3 days, so that 
industrial accidents which disable insured persons for 3 days or 
less are not classed as industrial accidents, because of the rule just 
mentioned. A second reason for believing that the reporting of 
industrial accidents is defective arises from the fact that the law 
requires an industrial accident to be reported by the employer to the 
local police officials, so that many cases arise in which the fund is not 
certain whether a case of brief duration is really an industrial accident 
or other accident. A third reason for failure to get a complete count 
of industrial accidents is due to the fact that when a case of disability 
due to industrial accident lasts longer than 4 weeks, the benefits paid 
are increased at the expense of the employer, beginning with the fifth 
week of disability. Since the determination of disability in such cases 
requires a certain amount of clerical labor on the part of the employer, 
the latter frequently neglects to report accidents which they know 
will be of less than 4 weeks' duration, in order to avoid the annoyance 
of filling out the official reports. It is believed, however, that indus- 
trial accidents of more than 4 weeks' duration are accurately reported, 
on account of the increase in benefits to which the injured person is 
then entitled. 

INFLUENCE OF AGE ON DEGREE OF DISABILITY CAUSED BY ACCIDENT. 

The influence of age is evident in the extent to which the more 
severe accidents appear in the higher ages, the more severe accidents 
being those of over 4 weeks and those of over 13 weeks. The follow- 
ing table shows this fact by dividing the accidents into 3 classes, 
namely, those causing disability for more than 4 weeks, for more than 
13 weeks, and accidents causing death. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY 



1273 



NUMBER OF CASES AND DURATION OF DISABILITY IN CASES OF SERIOUS INDUS- 
TRIAL ACCIDENTS TO MALE COMPULSORY MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL 
SICK FUND, BY AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905. 





Number of industrial accidents per 100,000 male compulsory members causing— 




Disability of over 28 days. 


Disability of over 
13 weeks. 


Death. 


Age group. 


Cases. 


Days. 


Cases. 


Number. 


Increase 
in each 
age group 
compared 
with pre- 
ceding 
group. 




Number. 


Increase 
in each 
age group 
compared 
with pre- 
ceding 
group. 


Number. 


Increase 
in each 
age group 
compared 
with pre- 
ceding 
group. 


Number. 


Increase 
in each 
age group 
compared 
with pre- 
ceding 
group. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


1,057 
731 
813 
1,213 
1,016 
1,786 
1,774 
2,034 




55, 433 

36, 744 

45,925 

72,000 

99, 770 

111,782 

119, 7a5 

140,219 




179 
84 
166 
285 
456 
561 
647 
939 








a 326 
82 
400 
403 
170 
ol2 
260 


o 18, 689 
9,181 
26,075 
27,770 
12,012 
8,003 
20,434 


a 95 
82 
119 
171 
105 
86 
292 


15 
17 
39 
53 
67 
104 




25 to 34 years 


2 


35 to 44 years 


22 


45 to 54 years 


14 
14 


65 to 74 years 


37 


75 years and over 









a Decrease. 



The rates for industrial accidents given in the preceding table show 
a tendency to increase in each 10-year age period in practically all 
classes of accidents and for practically every age group. The only 
important exception from the rule occurs in the case of boys under 
15 years of age, where there is both an unusually high number of 
cases of accidents and an unusually high number of days of dis- 
ability caused by these accidents. In the age group under 15 natu- 
rally would be found the qualities of carelessness and lack of skill, as 
well as lack of muscular development, which would readily account 
for the high rates shown in the table. The regular increase in the 
rates with age, as is shown above, is due in part to the fact that the 
more responsible and more dangerous work is given to the older and 
more experienced workers; but at the same time, such workers fre- 
quently experience the weakness due to increasing age and the 
accompanying loss of muscular control. 

ACCIDENT RATES. 



The table following shows the number and proportion of accidents, 
by sex and age groups, for all of the persons included in the Leipzig 
fund. 



1274 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL 
SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1906. 

MALES (COMPULSORY MEMBERS). 





Num- 
ber of 
persons 
under 
obser- 
vation 
one 
year. 


Num- 
ber of 

cases of 
sickness 
(includ- 
ing acci- 
dents 
of all 
kinds). 


Num- 
ber 
of in- 
dus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents. 


Days 
of sick- 
ness 
caused 
by in- 
dustrial 
acci- 
dents. 


Num- 
ber 
of in- 
dus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents 
caus- 
ing 
dis- 
abil- 
ity 
for 28 
days 
or 
less. 


Num- 
ber 
of in- 
dus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents 
caus- 
ing 
dis- 
abil- 
ity 
for 
more 
than 

28 
days. 


Num- 
ber 
of in- 
dus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents 
caus- 
ing 
dis- 
abil- 
ity 
for 
more 
than 

13 
weeks 


Fatal 
in- 
dus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents. 


Number of industrial ac- 
cidents per 100,000 in- 
sured persons causing— 


Age group. 


Dis- 
abil- 
ity 
for 28 
days 
or 
less. 


Dis- 
abil- 
ity 
for 
more 
than 

28 
days. 


Dis- 
abil- 

'}^ 
for 

more 

than 

13 

weeks 


Death 


Under 15 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

26 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

36 to 39 years 

40 to 44 years 

46 to 49 years 

60 to 54 years 

66 to 69 years 

60 to 64 years 

65 to 69 years 

70 to 74 years 

75 years and over... 


11,733 

184,269 

176, 409 

169,621 

126,610 

94,799 

69,382 

48,424 

32,535 

20,023 

11,607 

6,689 

2,134 

639 


4,443 

68,727 

62,598 

60,226 

48,325 

38,698 

30,665 

22,873 

16,639 

10, 780 

6,895 

3,854 

1,655 

631 


671 

8,266 

6,384 

6,481 

6,038 

4,162 

3,164 

2,315 

1,537 

957 

511 

249 

61 

17 


13,507 

152,607 

122, 713 

131,894 

112,726 

102,298 

83,368 

66, 732 

47,625 

30,806 

16,863 

9,467 

2,279 

972 


647 

6,804 

5,201 

6,202 

3,916 

3,077 

2,247 

1,630 

1,014 

602 

303 

136 

37 

4 


124 

1,452 

1,183 

1,279 

1,122 

1,086 

907 

786 

523 

355 

208 

113 

24 

13 


21 

138 

164 

237 

252 

265 

203 

205 

164 

116 

61 

40 

10 

6 


"'■23' 

31 

28 

21 

31 

33 

19 

24 

12 

9 

6 

2 


4,662 
3,692 
2,948 
3,067 
3,118 
3,246 
3,239 
3,160 
3,117 
3,007 
2,633 
2,433 
1,734 
626 


1,067 

788 

671 

764 

893 

1,116 

1,307 

1,621 

1,607 

1,773 

1,808 

2,022 

1,126 

2,034 


179 
75 
93 
140 
201 
280 
293 
423 
504 
679 
530 
716 
469 
939 


""12 
18 
17 
17 
33 
48 
39 
74 
60 
78 
107 
94 


Total 


962,674 


376,809 


39,793 


893,846 


30,620 


9,173 


1,882 


239 


3,214 


963 


198 


25 



FEMALES (COMPULSORY MEMBERS). 



Under 15 years 

15 to 19 years 

20 to 24 years 

25 to 29 years 

30 to 34 years 

35 to 39 years 

40 to 44 years 

45 to 49 years 

50 to 54 years 

55 to 69 years 

60 to 64 years 

65 to 69 years 

70 to 74 years 

75 years and over... 


3,192 

82,405 

81,998 

37,613 

18,663 

11,853 

8,399 

5,942 

4,160 

2,715 

1,563 

788 

302 

99 


914 

29,175 

33, 160 

17,409 

9,396 

6,149 

4,354 

3,073 

2,161 

1,271 

772 

462 

186 

63 


30 

806 

667 

264 

171 

106 

73 

49 

47 

28 

22 

14 

1 

3 


755 

17,703 

16,497 

7,465 

5,173 

3,113 

2,097 

1,773 

1,558 

1,056 

1,095 

738 

8 

82 


22 

613 

492 

173 

106 

67 

62 

28 

29 

15 

9 

7 

1 

1 


8 

192 
166 
91 
65 
39 
21 
21 
18 
13 
13 
7 


1 

14 

17 

22 

6 

6 

4 

4 

2 

3 

4 

3 


...... 

' i 

"""i" 



689 
744 
600 
460 
671 
666 
619 
471 
699 
652 
576 
888 
331 
1,010 


251 
233 
201 
242 
350 
329 
250 
353 
434 
479 
832 
888 


31 
17 
21 

58 

32 

51 

48 

67 

48 

110 

256 

381 


i 

5 

■"■37 


2 






2,020 














Total.... 


259,582 


108,624 


2,270 


68,112 


1,615 


655 


86 


3 


622 


252 


33 


1 







The most interesting data shown in the preceding table are those 
contained in the last four columns. For males the industrial accident 
rate in the case of accidents causing disability for 28 days or less, was 
3,214 per 100,000 insured persons; in case of accidents causing dis- 
ability for more than 28 days the rate was 963 per 100,000 insured 
persons. In other words, the rate for accidents causing disability for 
4 weeks or under was over three times the rate for accidents causing 
disability for over 4 weeks. The accidents causing disability for more 
than 13 weeks had a rate of 198 per 100,000 insured persons, or a rate 
of about one-sixteenth of the rate for accidents causing disability for 
4 weeks or less. The influence of age on the duration of the disa- 



CHAPTEK V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1275 



bility is evident in the higher rates for the more serious accidents 
which are shown for the older men. 

In the preceding table the data are given for all of the insured 
persons. In the following table the same data are given, classified by 
industries, only those industries being given in which the number of 
persons included was large enough to form an adequate basis for the 
computation of rates: 

NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL 
SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 18S7 TO 1905. 







(A) BUILDING TRADES: 


Males. 










Number 
of per- 
sons im- 
der obser- 
vation 
one year. 


Number 
of cases of 
disability 
(sickness 
and acci- 


Industrial accidents. 


Number per 1,000 insured persons of— 


Age group. 


Cases of 


Days of 
disability 
compen- 
sated by 
sick fund. 


Cases of industrial accidents 
causing disability for— 


Fatal in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 




all kinds), accidents. 


28 days or 
under. 


Over 28 
days. 


Over 13 

weeks. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


1,041 

45,081 

52,992 

36,430 

20,484 

7,745 

1,.550 

66 


464 

20, 142 

24,528 

18,825 

12,006 

4,967 

1,194 

83 


63 

2,320 

2,680 

2,109 

1,379 

527 

116 

3 


1,066 
42, 159 
59,872 
57,163 
42,765 
17,302 

4,445 
243 


53.8 
43.0 
39.4 
41.0 
43.4 
41.3 
42.6 
15.2 


6.7 
8.4 
11.2 
16.9 
23.9 
26.7 
32.3 
30.3 


1.9 
1.5 
3.1 
4.9 
7.5 
8.8 
12.3 
15.2 




0.53 


25 to 34 years 


.43 


35 to 44 years 


.69 


45 to 54 years 


.83 


55 to 64 years 


1.29 


65 to 74 years 


3.23 


75 years'and over 






Total 


165,389 


82,209 


9,197 


225,005 


41.4 


14.2 


4.0 


.63 







(B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Males. 



Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years . . 


513 

15,278 

8,178 

2,921 

996 

323 

92 

11 


118 

4,046 

2,233 

951 

415 

162 

50 

5 


7 

219 

90 

39 

12 

1 

1 


105 

3,613 

1,803 

800 

339 

8 

14 


13.7 

12.3 
8.8 

10.6 
9.0 
3.1 

in Q 








2.0 

2.2 
2.7 
3.0 


0.2 
.2 

2.1 




25 to 34 years 


0.24 


35 to 44 years 




45 to 54 years 


1.00 


55 to 64 years 




65 to 74 years 






75 years and over 












1 






Total 


28,312 7,980 


369 


6,682 i 10.9 2.1 


.3 


.11 



(B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Females. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over. 

Total 



314 


54 


22,405 


5,736 


6,925 


2,290 


1,871 


766 


1,077 


456 


477 


220 


64 


29 


8 


5 


33, 141 


9,556 



28 

1,936 

691 

438 

210 

94 



125 



3,397 



C.4 
2.9 
3.0 
4.8 
3.7 
2.1 



3.1 



0.5 
1.0 
1.6 
1.9 
2.1 



0.5 



.03 



(C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Males. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over. 

Total 



228 

12,980 

8,997 

3,569 

1,437 

594 

182 

32 



28,019 



38 

3,301 

2,446 

1,150 

509 

292 

93 

24 



2 
110 



7,853 



207 



100 
1,862 
1,092 

700 
37 

109 

107 



7.5 
5.2 
4.5 
2.1 
8.4 
5.5 



4,007 



3.0 



1.0 
1.4 
2.0 



1.7 
11.0 



0.4 



0.70 



.04 



1276 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK 
FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905-Cont'd. 





(C) CLOTHING AND 


CLEANING: Females. 








Number 
of per- 
sons un- 
der obser- 
vation 
one year. 


Number 
of cases of 
disability 
(sickness 
and acci- 
dents of 
all kinds). 


Industrial accidents. 


Number per 1,000 insured persons of— 


Age group. 


Cases of 
industrial 
accidents. 


Days of 
disability 
compen- 
sated by 
sick fund. 


Cases of industrial accidents 
causing disability for— 


Fatal in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 




28 days or 
imder. 


Over 28 
days. 


Over 13 
weeks. 


Under 15 years 


544 1 160 

35,251 ; 11,619 

11,402 1 4,511 

3,540 ! 1,450 

1,561 1 658 


3 

93 
35 
12 

2 


148 
1,699 
961 
329 
176 
130 
91 


1.8 
2.2 
2.1 
2.3 


3.7 
.5 
1.0 
1.1 
1.3 
2.9 
5.9 


1.8 
.1 
.4 




15 to 24 years 




25 to 34 years 




35 to 44 years 




45 to 54 years 






55 to 64 j^ears 


685 271 i 3 


1.5 






65 to 74 years 


170 
2 


66 


1 


5.9 




75 years and over 




















Total 


53,155 


18,735 


149 


3,534 


2.1 


.7 


.2 









(D) CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES: Males. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



18 
1,235 
1,872 i 
1,140 i 
652 I 
228 i 
53 1 
4 



5,202 



4 
518 
839 
563 
351 
112 
22 

4 



2,413 



122 

76 

37 

13 

3 



320 



1,385 

2,696 

1,875 

966 

278 

128 



7,328 



44.5 
50.8 
50.9 
41.4 
48.3 
37.7 



47.7 



11.3 
14.4 
15.8 
15.3 

8.8 
18.9 



1.6 
2.1 
4.4 
3.1 



18.9 



2.7 



19 



(E) HIDES, LEATHER, RAGS, ETC.: Males. 



Under 15 years. . 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



62 

2,478 

2,745 

2,242 

1,208 

409 

89 

4 



),237 



25 
756 



506 
212 



3,324 



181 



16 
,236 
749 
889 
534 
310 



91 



3,825 



32.3 
19.4 
17.5 
13.4 
14.1 
7.3 



16.0 



4.0 
1.5 
4.0 
4.1 
9.8 



250.0 



3.6 



2.0 
.4 
1.8 
1.7 
2.4 



250.0 



1.5 



2.44 



(G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Males. 



Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


128 
4,771 
3,502 
2,418 
1,758 
1,583 


14 
1,091 
1,170 
1,135 
1,101 
1,115 
561 

80 


1 
92 
115 
111 
74 
84 
27 
2 


17 
1,875 
2,800 
3,140 
1,834 
2,875 
1,109 
113 


7.8 
14.7 
24.6 
31.0 
31.9 
30.3 
19.6 
13.5 


1 




4.6 
8.3 
14.9 
10.2 
22.7 
21.1 
13.5 


0.6 
1.7 
5.0 
2.3 
8.8 
3.0 
13.5 




25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years. . 




0.83 


45 to 54 years. 

55 to 64 years . 


.57 
.63 


65 to 74 years 




75 years and over 






Total 


14,897 


6,267 


506 


13,763 


23.5 


10.5 


2.8 


.27 







(G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Females. 



Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


65 
3,352 
2,515 
2,568 
2,071 
1,278 
473 

64 


13 

888 

1,314 

1,562 

1,172- 

682 

311 

37 














28 

32 

18 

6 

2 


252 
881 
593 
965 
674 
244 
53 


3.6 
4.8 
9.0 

10.1 
7.0 
8.5 

15.6 


0.6 
4.8 
2.0 
5.3 
7.0 
4.2 
15.6 


0.3 




25 to 34 years 






.4 
1.5 

.8 
2.1 




45 to 54 years 




55 to ()4 j^ears 


0.78 


65 to 74 years 




75 years and over 








Total 


12,386 


5,979 


124 


3,662 


6.6 


3.4 


.6 


.08 







CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1277 



NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK 
FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905— Cont'd. 

(J) GLASS, PORCELAIN, POTTERY: Males. 





Number 
of per- 
sons un- 
der obser- 
vation 
one year. 


Number 
of cases of 
disability 
(sickness 
and acci- 
dents of 
all kinds). 


Industrial accidents. 


Number per 1,000 insured persons of— 


Age group. 


Cases of 
industrial 
accidents. 


Days of 
disability 
compen- 
sated by 
sick fund. 


Cases of industrial accidents 
causing disability for— 


Fatal in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 




28 days or 
under. 


Over 28 
days. 


Over 13 
weeks. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


178 

3,874 

3,307 

1,953 

962 

331 

47 

2 


67 

1,280 

1,186 

869 

474 

185 

37 

2 


6 
126 
103 
65 
22 
9 


71 
2,248 


33.7 
27.1 








5.4 

8.2 
8.2 
9.4 
6.0 


0.5 
2.7 
.5 
2.1 
3.0 




25 to 34 years 


2,521 23.0 

1,523 25.1 

711 13.5 

313 21.2 








45 to 54 years . 








65 to 74 years 




75 years and oyer 






















Total 


10,654 


4,100 


331 


7,387 24.0 


7.0 


1.4 



















(K) WOOD AND CUT 


MATERIALS: Males. 






Under 15 j^ears 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 


673 

22,083 

22,543 

13,171 

6,665 

2,097 

572 

56 


275 
8,899 
8,515 
5,108 
3,134 
1,145 

378 
49 


44 

1,058 

1,023 

534 

293 

105 

18 

1 


670 

20,579 

22,352 

14,680 

8,441 

3,279 

920 

53 


56.5 
38.5 
35.1 
27.2 
29.4 
30.5 
14.0 


8.9 
9.4 
10.3 
13.4 
14.6 
19.6 






0.6 
1.3 
2.7 
3.9 
6.2 


0.05 
.13 




.23 


45 to 54 years . 


.45 




.48 


65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 


17.5 
17.9 


7.0 


1.75 


1 









Total 


67,860 


27,503 


3,076 


70,974 


34.0 


11.4 1 1.8 


.18 



(M) LEATHER AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS: Males. 



(L) MANUFACTURE OF MUSICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL, ETC., INSTRUMENTS: Males 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


399 

11,331 

7,111 

3,398 

1,857 

903 

227 

37 


150 

4,387 

2,226 

1,076 

640 

377 

109 

33 


24 

568 

232 

104 

59 

31 

4 

1 


363 

10,741 

5,044 

2,432 

1,669 

1,084 

190 

30 


52.6 
40.7 
25.3 
22.7 
23.2 
22.2 
4.4 


7.5 
9.4 
7.3 
8.0 
8.6 
12.2 
13.2 
27.0 






0.8 
1.0 
.6 
3.2 
5.5 
4.4 




25 to 34 years 




35 to 44 years 


0.59 


45 to 54 years 




55 to 64 years 




65 to 74 years 




75 years and over 












Total 


25,263 


8,998 


1,023 


21,553 


31.8 


8.7 


1.2 


.08 







Underl5 years 

15 to 24 years 


450 


128 


20 


661 


28.9 
18.7 
18.0 
15.3 
17.2 
2.5 
7.9 


15.6 
4.9 
2.8 
6.6 
4.1 
7.5 


4.4 
.6 
.2 

1.2 




8,112 2,750 

5,378 1,820 

2,413 910 

987 410 

402 1 232 

126 1 78 

18 10 


192 3. 987 


0.25 


25 to 34 years 


112 
53 
21 

4 

1 


2,061 

1,302 

428 

163 

10 




35 to 44 years 




45 to 54 years . 


1 01 








65 to 74 years. . . 






75 years and over 




















Total 


17,886 


6,338 


403 


8,612 


17.8 


4.8 


.6 


17 











(N) METAL WORKING: 


Males. 








Under 15 years 


2,307 

64,722 

47,282 

23,835 

10,071 

3,023 

518 

25 


1,381 

32,608 

21,096 

11,815 

5,547 

2,051 

471 

13 


342 

5,796 

3,201 

1,616 

651 

181 

34 


7,386 

106, 716 

65,505 

36,688 

18,028 

5,348 

1,090 


116.2 
73.6 
54.5 
51.7 
43.4 
41.7 
38.6 


32.1 
16.0 
13.2 
16.1 
21.3 
18.2 
27.0 


4.8 
1.4 
2.2 
2.5 
4.8 
5.3 
5.8 




15 to 24 years 


0.14 


25 to .34 years 


.08 




.21 


45 to 54 years.... 


.60 


55 to 64 years 


.33 




1.93 


75 years "and over 

















Total 


151,783 


74,982 


11,821 


240,761 


62.1 


15.8 


2.2 


.17 







1278 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK 
FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905— Cont'd. 

(O) FOODS AND DRINKS: Males. 





Number 
of per- 
sons un- 
der obser- 
vation 
one year. 


Number 
of cases of 
disability 
(sickness 
and acci- 
dents of 
all kinds). 


Industrial accidents. 


Number per 1,000 insured persons of— 


Age group. 


Cases of 
industrial 
accidents. 


Days of 
disability 
compen- 
sated by 
sick fund. 


Cases of industrial accidents 
causing disability for— 


Fatal in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 




28 days or 
under. 


Over 28 
days. 


Over 13 
weeks. 


Under 15 years 


553 

17,242 

9,365 

3,797 

1,897 

827 

192 

21 


146 

5,032 

3,313 

1,648 

900 

440 

160 

13 


16 
733 
503 
196 
83 
27 
6 


364 

14, 329 

9,077 

4,870 

2,333 

924 

287 


23.5 
34.4 
44.6 
38.7 
30.6 
19.4 
10.4 


5.4 
8.1 
9.1 
12.9 
13.2 
13.3 
20.8 


3.6 
.9 
1.5 
4.2 
2.6 
6.1 
5.2 




15 to 24 years 


0.06 


25 to 34 years . . 


.21 


35 to 44 years 


.26 


45 to 54 years . 




55 to 64 years 




65 to 74 years . . 




75 years and over 




1 










Total 


33, 894 


11,652 


1,564 


32,184 


36.8 


9.4 


1.7 


.12 







(P) PAPER: Males. 



Under 15 years. . . 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over, 

Total 



693 

13,699 

10,036 

5,153 

2,348 

885 

222 

15 



33,051 



337 

5,605 

3,600 

2,028 

1.037 

536 

185 

9 



13,337 



34 

470 

256 

178 

71 

25 

5 

1 



1,040 



584 

9,536 

5,709 

4,310 

2,148 

425 

159 

37 



22, 



41.9 
27.5 
20.2 
25.0 
19.6 
24.9 
18.0 



24.5 



7.2 
6.9 
5.3 
9.5 

10.7 
3.4 
4.5 

66.7 



7.0 



0.7 
1.4 
1.9 
3.4 
1.1 
4.5 



1.3 



0.07 
".'i9 



2.26 



.12 



(P) PAPER: Females. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



516 


21, 192 


7,261 


2,549 


864 


173 


35 


2 


32, 592 



169 

9,973 

4,229 

1.406 

485 

81 

19 



16,362 



5 

301 

67 

26 

4 

1 

1 



405 



97 
7,019 

1,962 

606 

78 

61 

139 



7.8 
10.4 
5.7 
6.7 
3.5 



1.9 
3.8 
3.6 
3.5 
1.2 
5.8 
28.6 



9,962 ! 



0.1 

.4 



.2 



(Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Males. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

65 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



1,416 

31,587 

22, 737 

11,988 

5,542 

2,222 

617 

54 



76,163 



509 

11,535 

7,282 

3,886 

1,949 

952 

323 

37 



26,473 



53 

798 

238 

101 

48 

20 

4 

1 



1,263 



1,160 

16, 872 

4,976 

2,247 

1,099 

516 

145 

16 



27,031 



29.7 
20.2 
8.2 
6.8 
6.7 
5.9 
3.2 
18.5 



13.1 



5.1 
2.3 
1.7 
2.0 
3.2 
3.2 



3.5 



2.1 



.5 
1.6 



0.03 

■".'is 



.03 



(Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Females. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over. 

Total 



497 

18,260 

5,152 

1,509 

601 

126 

6 



26, 151 



161 

8,127 

2,615 

760 

304 

51 

3 



12,021 



10 

302 

45 

14 

3 

3 



377 



204 

7,428 

1,392 

365 

127 

68 



9,584 



16.1 
11.9 
5.1 
6.6 
3.3 
15.9 



10.1 



4.0 
4.7 
3.7 
2.7 
1.7 
7.9 



4.3 



0.5 
.4 



0.05 
.19 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1279 



NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK 
FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905-Contd. 







(R) STONE WORKERS: 


Males. 












Industrial accidents. 


Number per 1,000 insured persons of— 


Age group. 


Days of 
Cases of : disability 


Cases of industrial accidents 
causing disability for— 


Fatal in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 




one year. 


dents of 
allkinds). 


accidents. 


sated by 
sick fund. 


28 days or 
under. 


Over 28 
days. 


Over 13 
weeks. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


86 
2,852 
2,913 


48 
1,450 

1.441 


8 
200 
151 
71 
43 
25 
2 


146 
3,024 
3,017 
1.726 
1.216 

596 
20 


81.4 
63.1 
42.2 
32.4 
45.1 
92.6 
48.8 


11.6 
7.0 
9.6 
11.0 
17.5 
23.2 




i.i 


25 to 34 years 


2.8 
2.5 
5.8 
4.6 




36 to 44 vears 


1.634 Q!il 




46 to 54 vears 


687 

216 

41 

3 


449 
IW 
39 


55 to 64 vears 




65 to 74 vears 




75 years and over 




1 








|. . . . 


Total 


8,432 


4,543 


500 


9,745 


49.3 


10.0 


2.4 









(S) TEXTILES: Males. 



Under 15 years 

15 to 24 vears 

25 to 34 vears 


145 


55 


5 
313 
147 
111 

76 
33 

1 


65 


34.5 


! 




5,494 

3,853 

3,000 

1.803 

625 

103 

4 


2,149 

1.514 

1,215 

811 

354 

70 

4 


6.445 
3,615 
3,050 
2,667 
1,091 
91 


44.6 
29.1 
24.7 
23.3 
28.8 


i2.4 1 i.(V 

9.1 1-6 


0.18 


35 to 44 years 


12.3 

18.9 

24.0 

9.7 


1.7 
5.0 
6.4 
9.7 


.07 


55 to 64 vears... 




66 to 74 vears 




75 years and over 












i 1 




Total 


15,027 


6,172 


686 


17,024 1 33.0 j 12.6 1 2.3 


.20 



(S) TEXTILES: Females. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over. 

Total 



336 

15,586 

7,169 

2,933 

1,496 

576 

97 



28,193 



99 

7,744 

4,858 

2,049 

926 

362 

68 



16,046 



3 

262 

131 

45 

27 

14 

4 



486 



111 

6,279 

3,9.36 

1,564 

815 

690 

84 



13,479 



6.0 
12.0 
11.3 

7.8 
10.0 
10.4 
30.9 



3.0 
4.8 
7.0 
7.5 
8.0 
13.9 
10.3 



11.2 



0.0 



0.4 
1.7 
1.0 
1.3 
5.2 







(T) TRANSPORTATION: 


Males. 








Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 


i 
12 6 


1 
393 
1,095 
794 
409 
151 
22 


14 

7,248 

25, 189 

20.772 

13,012 

5,793 

778 


83.3 
50.6 
54.0 
01.8 
64.8 
51.1 
40.3 


. i. J 


6,359 
15,338 
9,348 
3,979 
1.547 
323 


2,200 
5,599 
4,188 
2,314 
1,036 
249 


11.2 
17.4 
23.1 
38.0 
46.5 
27.9 


1.9 
4.1 
5.9 
11.6 
15.5 
12.4 


1.42 
.72 


35 to 44 vears 


.86 




1.01 


55 to 64 vears .. 


1.94 


65 to 74 years 


3.10 


75 years and over 


9 j 11 








. . 






Total 


30,915 ir^.em 


2,865 


72,806 


50.3 


21.3 5 5 


.98 















(U) CEMENT AND LIME INDUSTRY: Males. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 ve'ars 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

66 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



37 


11 


2,333 


1,327 


3,740 


2,129 


2,337 


1,5.37 


1,079 


804 


489 


334 


126 


1.36 


7 


8 


10, 148 


6,286 



2 


97 


137 


2, mi 


209 


4,401 


103 


4,170 


70 


2,193 


29 


1..546 


/ 


375 


1 


14 


618 


15,403 



27.0 
48.4 
44.9 
52.2 
40.8 
28.6 
15.9 
142.9 



27.0 
10.3 
11.0 
17.5 
24.1 
.30.7 
39.7 



45.8 



27.0 
.9 

3.2 
5.1 
8.3 
14.3 
23.8 



4.5 







0.27 
.43 
.93 

2.04 



,39 



1280 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK 
FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905-Conc'd. 

(V) OFFICE, ETC., EMPLOYEES, SALESMEN, ETC.: Males. 





Number 
of per- 
sons un- 
der obser- 
vation 
one year. 


Number 
of cases of 
disability 
(sickness 
and acci- 
dents of 
all kinds). 


Industrial accidents. 


Number per 1,000 insured persons of— 


Age group. 


Cases of 
industrial 
accidents. 


Days of 
disability 
compen- 
sated by 
sick fund. 


Cases of industrial accidents 
causing disability for— 


Fatal in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 




28 days or 
under. 


Over 28 
days. 


Over 13 
weeks. 


Under 15 vears 


1,080 
50,680 
29, 371 
10, 499 
4,568 
1,855 
472 
66 


208 

10, 247 

5,611 

2,272 

1,225 

561 

190 

26 


9 
130 
46 
29 

15 
11 

1 


180 
2,121 

919 
1,095 

496 

289 
33 


6.5 
2.2 
1.3 
1.4 
2.2 
4.3 


1.9 
.4 
.3 
1.3 
1.1 
1.6 
2.1 






15 to 24 years 


0.02 
.03 
.6 
.4 
.5 


0.04 


25 to 34 years 




35 to 44 years . 








55 to 64 vears 




65 to 74 years 




75 years and over 






















Total 


98, 591 


20,340 


241 


5,133 


1.9 


.6 


.1 


.02 







(V) OFI 


^ICE, ETC., EMPLOYEES, 


SALESWOMEN, 


ETC.: Females. 




Under 15 years 


242 

24, 943 

7,299 

1,356 

291 

81 

49 

1 


57 

7,066 

1,936 

290 

53 

17 

17 

1 
















22 
4 


270 

82 


0.8 


0.04 
.1 






25 to 34 years 






35 to 44 years 






45 to 54 years 














55 to 64 years . . 














65 to 74 years 














75 years and over 


























Total 


34,262 


9,437 


26 


352 


.7 


.1 













(W) ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN IN ESTABLISHMENTS OF ALL KINDS: Males. 



Under 15 years 


! 










1 


15 to 24 years 


287 

2,103 

2,588 

1,447 

558 

128 

1 


96 
656 
847 
511 
236 

80 
1 


17 
105 
124 
84 
28 
9 


383 

2,261 

3,515 

2,173 

895 

346 


48.8 
39.5 
30.1 
40.8 
28.7 
31.3 


10.5 
10.5 
17.8 
17.3 
21.5 
39.1 




3.5 
1.4 
3.5 
4.2 
1.8 
15.6 




25 to 34 years 




35 to 44 years . . 


1.93 




3.46 


55 to 64 years . 




65 to 74 years 




75 years and over .... 
















Total 


7,112 


2,427 


367 


9,573 


35.7 


15.9 


3.1 


1.41 







(X) SUBSIDIARY OCCUPATIONS CONNECTED WITH COMMERCE: Males. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


1,631 

33, 177 

21,971 

12, 965 

6,590 

2,751 

696 

67 


428 
9,843 
5,843 
3,784 
2,105 
1,025 

355 
43 


31 

593 

441 

307 

124 

50 

10 

2 


439 
11,787 
8,382 
6,989 
3,433 
1,367 
510 
120 


17.8 
14.6 
16.4 
18.6 
12.8 
12.0 
8.6 


1.2 
3.3 
3.7 
5.1 
6.1 
6.2 
5.8 
29.9 






0.6 

.5 

.9 

1.4 

1.8 

4.3 

14.9 


0.03 


25 to 34 years... 


.05 


35 to 44 years 


.23 


45 to 54 years 


.15 


55 to 64 years 








75 years and over 








Total.... 


79, 848 


23,426 


1,558 


33,027 


15.5 


4.0 


.8 


.08 







(Y) MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS: Males. 



Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


70 
4,115 
7,584 
5,540 
3,062 
1,635 
649 

61 


23 
1,592 
3,181 
2,847 
1,802 
1,077 
664 

64 














180 

354 

321 

204 

93 

35 

4 


3,231 
7,021 
8,400 
6,432 
2,969 
978 
255 


36.5 
38.5 
41.3 
43.4 
33.0 
37.0 


7.3 
8.2 
16.6 
23.2 
23.9 
17.0 
65.6 


1.0 

2.4 
4.2 
6.9 
5.5 
6.2 
32.8 


0.49 


25 to 34 years 


.26 


35 to 44 years 


.90 




.33 


55 to 64 years 


.61 


65 to 74 years 




75 years and over 








Total 


22,716 


11,250 


1,191 


29, 286 


38.8 


13.6 


3.6 


.48 







CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1281 



SICKNESS RATES, BY INDUSTRIES. 

The greater part of the four volumes givmg the results of the study 
of the Leipzig fund is devoted to the presentation of the sickness data 
by groups of industries. Under each industry the information is 
presented by sex, age groups, and classes of diseases (including 
traumatic injuries of all kinds), together with selected specific diseases. 
The diseases included in each class are stated on pages 1350 to 1354. 

The following is a summary of the information contained in the 
report : 

SUMMARY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE SPECIAL STUDY OF THE 
LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 1905. 

COMPULSORY MEMBERS. 



Age 
group. 



Number of persons 
under observation 1 
year. 



Males. 



Fe- 
males. 



Total. 



Sickness (Including accidents of all kinds). 



Number of cases of 
sickness. 



Males 



Fe- 



Total. 



Number of days of disa- 
bility. 



Males. 



Females. Total. 



Number of deaths 
from all causes. 



Males. 



Fe- 
males, 



iTotal. 



Under 15. 
15 to 19... 
20 to 24... 
25 to 29... 
30 to 34... 
35 to 39... 
40 to 44... 
45 to 49... 
50 to 54... 
55 to 59... 
60 to 64... 
65 to 69... 
70 to 74... 
75 and 
over 



11.733 

184.269 
176,409 
169,621 
125,610 
94,799 
69,382 
48, 424 
32,535 
20,023 
11,507 
5,589 
2,134 



3,192 

82,405 

81,998 

37,613 

18,563 

11,853 

8,399 

5,942 

4,150 

2,715 

1,563 

788 

302 



14,925 

266,674 

258, 407 

207,234 

144, 173 

106,652 

77,781 

54,366 

36,685 

22,738 

13,070 

6,377 

2,436 

738 



4,443 

68,727 

62,598 

60,226 

48,325 

38, 698 

30,665 

22,873 

16,539 

10,780 

6,895 

3,854 

1,655 

531 



914 

29, 175 

33, 160 

17,409 

9,396 

6,149 

4,354 

3,073 

2,151 

1,271 

772 

452 

185 

63 



5,357 

97,902 

95,758 

77,635 

57,721 

44,847 

35.019 

25,946 

18,690 

12,051 

7.667 

4,306 

1,840 

594 



69,814 
137,737 
159. 154 
200,070 
022,005 
891,922 
754, 956 
602,104 
473, 756 
341,323 
238,042 
154,246 

73,758 

25,834 



17,024 

621,0151 

783,006 

453,390 

258.974 

173,672 

122.050 

88,886 

61,827 

40,332 

25,504 

18,699 

7,642 

2,487 



Total. 952, 674 259, 582 1, 212, 256 376, 809 108, 524 485, 3.33 8, 144, 721 



2,674,568 



86,838 

1,758,752 

1,942,220 

1,653,460 

1,280.979 

1,065,594 

877,006 

690, 990 

535,583 

381,655 

263,540 

172, 945 

81,400 

28,321 



11 
505 
817 
835 
737 
806 
781 
688 
661 
525 
413 
306 
142 

61 



10,819,289 7,288 1,380 8,668 



14 

758 
1,221 
1,061 
859 
885 
842 
747 
712 
571 
443 
332 
157 

66 



VOLUNTARY MEMBERS. 



Under 15. 


49 


42 


91 


32 


24 


56 


803 


629 


1,432 




1 


1 


15 to 19... 


977 


2.497 


3,474 


986 


1,692 


2,678 


27,721 


59,304 


87,025 


24 


35 


59 


20 to 24... 


1,448 


5,408 


6,856 


2.010 


3,651 


5,661 


61,289 


129,216 


190,505 


60 


82 


142 


25 to 29... 


4,575 


4,669 


9.244 


3,584 


3,036 


6,620 


107,630 


110.526 


218, 156 


71 


66 


1.37 


30 to 34... 


6,494 


3.376 


9,870 


4,368 


2,375 


6,743 


137,366 


88,688 


226,054 


129 


44 


173 


35 to 39... 


6,805 


2.976 


9,781 


4,661 


2,018 


6,679 


156,071 


73,003 


229,074 


137 


34 


171 


40 to 44... 


6,269 


2,678 


8,947 


4,487 


1,797 


6,284 


156,586 


62,200 


218,786 


172 


22 


194 


45 to 49... 


5,008 


2,425 


7,433 


3,871 


1,442 


5,313 


144,860 


49, 146 


194,006 


169 


35 


204 


50 to 54... 


3,817 


1,720 


5,537 


3.148 


1,059 


4,207 


119,920 


40, 151 


160,071 


115 


29 


144 


55 to 59... 


3.018 


1,232 


4,250 


2,538 


820 


3,358 


109,922 


32,863 


142,785 


127 


28 


155 


60 to 64... 


2,142 


705 


2,907 


1,860 


579 


2,439 


88,881 


24, 136 


113,017 


145 


22 


167 


65 to 69... 


1.577 


452 


2,029 


1,402 


365 


1,767 


68,727 


14,253 


82.980 


111 


25 


136 


70 to 74... 


1.022 


199 


1,221 


905 


157 


1,062 


46. 167 


7,153 


53.320 


86 


12 


98 


75 and 
over.... 


570 


110 


680 


518 


90 


608 


25,993 


5,032 


31,025 


80 


15 


95 


Total. 


43,771 


28,549 


72,320 


34,370 


19,105 


53,475 


1,251,936 


696,300 


1,948,236 


1,426 


450 


1,876 


Grand 


























total... 


996,445 


288, 131 


1,284,576 


411,179 


127,629 


538,808 


9,396,657 


3,370,868 


12,767,525 


8,714 


1,830 


10,544 



The preceding table includes sickness cases as well as cases of acci- 
dent of all kinds. The data for industrial accidents have been given 
on page 1274 and following pages. 

The table following shows the data by industry grouj)s and by 
groups of diseases. 



1282 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905. 

(A) BUILDING TRADES: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 



Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 



Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 



Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 



Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 



Deaths. 



Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 



Cases of 
sickness. 



Days of 
sickness. 



Deaths. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



1,041 
45,081 
52,992 
36,430 
20,484 
7,745 
1,550 



464 

20, 142 

24,528 

18,825 

12,006 

4,967 

1,194 

83 



6,258 
317,289 
465,648 
424,501 
313,374 
155,808 
42, 597 

3,741 



13.5 
15.8 
19.0 
22.5 
26.1 
31.4 
35.7 
45.1 



134 
236 
306 
329 
188 
70 



445.7 
446.8 
462.9 
516.7 
586.1 
641.3 
770.3 
,257.6 



6,012 
7,038 
8,787 
11,653 
15,298 
20, 117 
27, 482 
56,682 



165,389 



82,209 



1,729,216 



21.0 



1,271 



497.1 



10,455 



2.97 
4.45 
8.40 
16.06 
24.27 
45.16 
121.21 



Sickness Rates, by Groups of -Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 
of 

sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and 
parasitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years, 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years, 

Total.. 



44.0 
51.5 
51.1 
51.8 
54.6 
73.6 



978 
1,283 
1,528 
1,545 
1,818 
2,349 



1.02 
1.92 
2.66 
3.22 
4.13 
7.10 



22.2 
24.9 
29.9 
29.9 
33.3 
31.9 



9.7 
11.9 
10.8 
11.0 

8.5 
14.8 



206 
306 
313 
399 
513 
335 



0.04 
.11 
.22 
.44 
.65 



21.3 
25.7 
29.1 
36.3 
60.2 
22.6 



0.04 
.20 
.40 
1.80 
3.50 
5.20 



0.2 

19 

37 
128 
323 
468 



0.02 
.22 



1.81 
3.23 



5.5 
85.2 
83.1 
72.6 
92.7 
90.8 



49.7 



1,319 



2.16 



26. ( 



10. 



302 



18 



27.9 



,06 



50 



.29 



80.6 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs 
of respiration (140-168). 



0.8 

.7 

.7 

1.1 

.7 

.7 



.8 



20 


0.02 


16 




15 




32 


.10 


15 




14 




19 


.02 



24.1 
22.3 
20.4 
28.2 
23.6 
21.0 



23.5 



7.2 


171 


0.13 


11.6 


348 


.09 


19.4 


642 


.41 


23.0 


787 


.93 


23.6 


928 


2.19 


34.2 


1,426 


1.94 


14.3 


454 


.39 



23.8 
30.1 
33.1 
34.2 
39.3 
41.7 



58.3 
63.1 
73.0 
90.5 
116.7 
154.2 



31.9 



70.6 



1,065 


0.22 


1,408 


.81 


1,912 


1.45 


2,814 


3.32 


4,180 


6.58 


6,651 


18.06 


1.778 


1.54 



18.3 
22.3 
26.2 
31.1 
35.8 
43.1 

25.2 



Diseases of the organs 
of circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-201). 



9.5 


220 


0.18 


9.3 


234 


.15 


9.9 


295 


.69 


12.6 


443 


1..32 


16.5 


774 


2.07 


23.9 


912 


4.52 


10.4 


302 


.55 



23.8 
25.2 
29.7 
35.0 
46.8 
38.2 



68.2 
70.2 
63.2 
71.5 
78.0 
97.4 



29.2 69.0 1,080 

i 



788 
1,030 
1,076 
1,459 
1,758 
3,074 



0.31 
.25 
.52 
1.81 
2.58 
3.23 



11.5 
14.7 
17.0 
20.4 
22.5 
31.6 



4.5 
4.6 
4.5 
3.8 
5.3 
7.7 



67 15.6 



4.5 



92 


0.04 


108 


.08 


123 


.16 


163 


.24 


225 


.13 


168 




119 


.11 



20.6 
23.7 
27.5 
43.3 
42.6 
21.7 



26.! 



CHAPTEB V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1283 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(A) BUILDING TRADES: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Diseases of the external 


Diseases of the organs of 


Diseases of the ear 


tissues (262-280). 


locomotion (281-294), 


(295-299). 


Number, per 1,000 


Av- 


Number, per 1,000 


Av- 


Number per 1,000 


Av- 


j)ersons, of— 


erage 


persons, of— 


erage 


persons, of— 


erage 




days 
of du- 




days 
of du- 




days 
of du- 


























ration 








ration 








ration 


Cases 
of 

sick- 


Days 
of 

sick- 


D'tbs. 


of 

each 

case 

of 

sick- 


Cases 
of 

sick- 


Days 

of 
sick- 


D'ths. 


of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 


Cases 

of 
sick- 


Days 

of 
sick- 


D'ths. 


of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 


ness. 


ness. 




ness. 


ness. 




ness. 


ness. 










ness. 








ness. 








ness. 


48.1 


603 




12.5 


52.6 


753 


0.02 


14.3 


2.7 


41 




15.3 


37.1 


548 


0.04 


14.8 


75.2 


1,248 


.04 


16.6 


1,9 


33 




17.3 


42.5 


833 


.05 


19.6 


96.4 


1,882 


.16 


19.5 


1.8 


34 




19.0 


43.0 


1,039 




24.2 


115.2 


2,602 


.64 


21.7 


1.8 


60 




33.9 


44.7 


1,466 




32.8 


136.9 


3,877 


.90 


28.3 


1.4 


41 




28.7 


51.0 


1,800 




35.3 


149.7 


4,856 


1.29 


32.4 


1.9 


38 




19.7 


42.6 


743 


.02 


17.4 


82.0 


1,564 


.18 


19.1 


2.1 


39 




19.0 


Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Inj uries and other ex ter- 
nal influences (317-334). 


All other diseases, in- 
cluding indefinite diag- 
noses (335). 


9.4 


137 




14.6 


128.5 


1,912 


0.71 


14.9 


3.4 


47 


0.27 


14.1 


8.2 


133 




16.2 


113.7 


2,005 


.81 


17.6 


3.7 


67 


.13 


18.1 


8.1 


150 




18.5 


131.6 


2,758 


1.10 


21.0 


3.4 


54 


.74 


15.9 


11.2 


275 




24.5 


144.7 


3,592 


1.76 


24.8 


3.3 


61 


1.42 


18.8 


10.9 


396 




36.5 


1.35. 8 


3,648 


1.94 


26.9 


4.1 


151 


1.29 


36.6 


11.6 


624 




53.7 


141.9 


4,731 


5.16 


33.3 


.7 


14 




22.0 


9.1 


175 




19.2 


127.2 


2,449 


1.05 


19.3 


3.5 


61 


.51 


17.7 


Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 
291). 


3.2 


216 


0.71 


68.5 


6.1 


165 


0.18 


27.2 


39.0 


517 




13.3 


6.8 


502 


1.55 


73.5 


6.4 


160 


.15 


29.5 


58.6 


966 


0.04 


16.5 


7.2 


655 


2.33 


91.1 


5.1 


185 


.66 


36.1 


80.7 


1,566 


.11 


19.4 


7.1 


629 


2.44 


88.3 


6.2 


275 


1.22 


44,4 


98.8 


2,084 


.49 


21.1 


8.7 


634 


3.62 


73.3 


9.8 


516 


1.81 


52.6 


117.0 


3,167 


.77 


27.1 


16.8 


912 


5.16 


54.3 


15.5 


637 


4.52 


41.1 


128.4 


4,392 


1.29 


34.2 


6.1 


4,823 


1.74 


79.0 


5.9 


202 


.52 


34.2 


66.3 


1,249 


.15 


18.9 


Poisoning (92-95). 






7.5 


160 


0.02 


21.4 


















9.3 


253 


.06 


27.1 


















6.3 


208 


.03 


32.9 


















5.0 


209 


.15 


41.9 


















4.1 


299 


.26 


72.5 


















5.8 


104 




17.9 


















7.3 


212 


.06 


29.0 



















1284 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


513 

15,278 

8,178 

2,921 

996 

323 

92 

11 


118 

4,046 

2,233 

951 

415 

162 

50 

5 


2,104 

84,159 

51,584 

25,618 

12,883 

4,710 

2,332 

141 


17.8 
20.8 
23.1 
26.9 
31.0 
29.1 
46.6 
28.2 




230.0 
264.8 
273.1 
325.6 
416.7 
501.6 
543.5 
454.6 


4,101 

5,509 

6,308 

8,770 

12,935 

14, 582 

25,349 

12,818 




40 
52 
44 
23 
14 
3 


2.62 


25 to 34 years 


6.36 


35 to 44 years 


15.06 




23.09 


55 to 64 years 


43.34 




32.61 


75 years and over 








Total 


28,312 


7,980 


183, 531 


23.0 


176 


281.9 


6,482 


6.22 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



40.7 
45.6 
4L8 
44.2 
52.6 
43.5 



42.1 



Days 

of 
sick- 



1,161 
1,455 
1,644 
2,287 
2,062 



1,333 



D'ths. 



0.92 
3.06 
6.16 
7.03 
3.10 
10.87 



2.33 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
-of 
sick- 
ness. 



28.6 
31.9 
39.4 
51.8 
39.2 
18.5 



3L7 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.5 

.4 

1.0 

1.0 



3.3 

6.7 
16 
13 



5.9 



7.3 
18.3 
15.7 
13.0 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



7.7 


207 


0.20 


11.0 


309 


.49 


9.2 


358 


.68 


18.1 


609 


4.02 


27.9 


892 


3.10 








9.3 


271 


.49 



26.9 
28.1 
38.7 
33.7 
32.0 



29. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
Infectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



4.3 
5.3 



15.1 
2L7 



5.7 



Days 

of 
sick- 



131 
129 
248 
315 
768 



156 



D'ths 



18 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



30.7 
24.6 
25.9 
20.9 
35.4 



27.2 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



5.2 


143 




8.6 


258 


0.49 


11.6 


487 


.68 


16.1 


402 




27.9 


613 


6.19 


21.7 


2,717 




7.5 


233 


.28 



27.3 
30.1 
41.8 
25.0 
22.0 
125.0 



31.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



29.9 


437 


0.13 


36. 3 


556 


.12 


43.8 


1,021 


1.71 


41.2 


841 


1.00 


52.6 


1,232 


6.19 


43.5 


1,826 




33.9 


561 


.39 



14.6 
15.3 
23.3 
20.4 
23.4 
42.0 

16.5 



Growths and swellings, 
maUgnant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



0.1 
1.0 
5.0 



2L7 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



19 

54 

516 



3,065 



D'ths, 



0.12 

.68 

3.01 



10.87 



39 . 25 100. 7 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



154.0 
52.7 
102.8 



141.0 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



29.2 
37.3 
49.3 
60.2 
102.2 
217.4 



35.9 



- 751 


0.46 


1,040 


.86 


1,325 


2.74 


1,884 


2.01 


4,350 


12.38 


10, 446 


10.87 


997 


1.02 



25.7 
27.9 
26.9 
31.3 
42.6 
48.1 



27.8 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



7.6 


164 




8.7 


227 


0.37 


5.8 


251 


1.37 


14.1 


532 


2.01 


12.4 


446 


6.19 


21.7 


554 




8.0 


206 


.39 



21.7 
26.2 
43.1 
37.9 
36.0 
25.5 

25.9 



I 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1285 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



46.9 
30.2 
30.8 
38.2 
40.3 
65.2 



40.4 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



714 
531 
631 

1,365 
567 

2,913 



D'ths. 



days 
of du- 
ration 

of 

eacti 

case 

of 

sick- 



Av- 



15.2 
17.6 
20.5 
35.8 
14.1 
44.7 



17.0 



of the eye (300- 
316). 



4.7 
4.9 

11.3 
4.0 
3.1 

10.9 



5.4 



131 


0.07 


126 




262 




79 




43 




152 




139 


.04 



28.2 
25.8 
23.2 
19.8 
14.0 
14.0 



25. 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



3.7 
6.0 
11.6 
10.0 
9.3 



5.4 



279 

402 

1,123 

1,451 

1,142 



0.72 
2.81 
6.16 
5.02 
3.10 



2.50 



76.1 
67.1 
96.4 
144.5 
123.0 



83.2 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.3 
.7 
.7 



5.4 



0.12 
.34 



20.5 
34.8 
10.0 



,07 j 25. 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



28.2 
38.3 
54.4 
94.4 
105.3 
65.2 



37.0 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



673 
874 
1,410 
2,831 
2,108 
2,457 



907 



D'ths 



0.12 



.04 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



23.9 
22.8 
25.9 
30.0 
20.0 
37.7 



24.5 



Injuries and other ex- 
ternal influences (317- 
334). 



55.8 


907 


0.26 


43.2 


706 


.49 


54.1 


1,015 


.34 


65.3 


1,259 


LOO 


52.6 


1,449 




32.6 


413 




52.3 


874 


.35 



16.2 
16.3 
18.8 
19.3 
27.5 
12.7 



16.7 



Diseases of the heart (169- 
181). 



3.9 

6.6 

6.2 

13.1 

21.7 



119 
227 
287 
459 
681 



184 



0.20 
.49 



4.02 
3.10 



49 



30.2 
34.4 
46.6 
35.2 
3L4 



Diseases of the ear (295- 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



2.0 
1.7 
.3 



1.0 



Davs 

sick- 
ness. 



41 
46 
3.4 



39 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 

days 
of du- 
ration 
of 

each 

case 
of 

sick- 



21.0 
26.9 
10.0 



23.7 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



2.3 
1.6 
1.4 



3.1 



0.52 

.12 

.34 
1.00 
6.19 1 



19.6 
15.1 
32.5 



,46 



19.4 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



17.5 


382 




29.8 


719 


0.12 


45.9 


1,201 




76.3 


2,280 




92.9 


1,808 




43.5 


1,207 




26.9 


652 


.04 



2L9 
24.1 
26.2 
29.9 
19.5 
27.8 



24.2 



1286 



KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Females. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


314 

22,405 

6,925 

1,871 

1,077 

477 

64 

8 


54 

5,736 

2,290 

766 

456 

220 

29 

5 


1,019 

157,047 

65,009 

22,893 

14,552 

9,075 

1,294 

266 


18.9 
27.4 
28.4 
29.9 
31.9 
41.3 
44.6 
5.3.2 




172.0 
256.0 
330.7 
409.4 
423.4 
461.2 
453.1 
625.0 


3,245 
7,009 
9,388 
12,236 
13,512 
19,025 
20,219 
33,250 




76 
25 

8 
16 
10 

4 


3 39 


25 to 34 years . 


3 61 




4 28 


45 to 54 years 


14.86 




20 96 


65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 


62.50 






Total 


.33, 141 


9,556 


271, 155 


28.4 


139 


288.3 


8,182 


4 19 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years. 

Total . . 



Developmental 
(7-19). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



3.7 
9.2 
10.7 



5.0 



Days 
of 

sick- 



294 
406 



144 



D'ths, 



0.14 
.53 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



24.1 
31.8 
38.0 



28.8 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



0.1 



5.6 
2.1 
46.9 



2.5 



423 

161 

3,750 



25 



2.79 
3i.'25' 



28.5 



76.0 
77.0 
80.0 



69.2 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



18.4 


581 


0.31 


36.1 


1,206 


.87 


36.3 


1,072 


.53 


52.9 


2,046 


1.86 


81.8 


3,996 


8.39 


93.8 


2,406 


15.63 


25.2 


835 


.63 



31.5 
33.4 
29.5 
38.7 
48.9 
25.7 



33.1 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



38.7 
39.7 
42.2 
57.6 
58.7 
62.5 



39.9 



Days 

of 
sick- 



1,367 
1,230 
1,168 
1,636 
2,029 
2,344 



1,338 



D'ths 



L25 
1.30 
.53 
4.64 
4.19 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



35.4 
3L0 
27,7 
28.4 
34.6 
37.5 



33. ( 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.4 

.6 

.5 

2.8 

8.4 



11 

14 

106 

994 



i.2 



26 



2.10 



,03 



23.0 
19.5 
26.0 
38.0 
118.5 



43.8 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



7.2 


310 


0.45 


11.7 


394 


.14 


18.7 


884 


.53 


17.6 


818 


.93 


2L0 


1,465 




46.9 


2,672 




9.4 


398 


.39 



43.2 
33.7 
47.3 
46.4 
69.9 
57.0 



42.6 



General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
infectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



25.2 
29.5 
27.3 
17.6 
21.0 
15.6 



25.7 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



822 
857 
691 
526 
568 
203 



801 



D'ths. 



0.09 
.14 



,09 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



32.7 
29.1 
25.4 
29.8 
27.1 
13.0 



31.2 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



6.3 
11.0 
17.6 
18.6 
10.5 



8.4 



205 
382 
795 
535 
304 



0.18 
.14 
.53 



18 



32.4 
34.8 
45.1 
28.8 
29.0 



34.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 






846 


0.58 


4 


1,423 


.29 


1 


1,771 


.53 


1 


1,476 


.93 


4 
5 


1,491 
1,359 


4.19 


1 


1,045 


.57 



21.7 
26.1 
27.6 
28.9 

28.4 
21.8 



23.7 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1287 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Coutiiiued. 

(B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Females-Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Diseases of tlie genito-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 
sick- 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



16.8 
27.2 
27.8 
13.9 
8.4 



19.3 



885 

1,219 

500 

126 



0.09 
.29 
.53 

1.86 



29.1 
32.6 
43.8 
35. 9 
15.0 



43.9 
45.5 
57.7 
67.8 
52.4 



934 
1,129 
1,7U 
2,166 
2,650 



0.93 



21.3 
24.8 
29.6 
32.0 
50.6 



23.9 

31.8 

58.3 i 

61.3 

98.5 

46.9 



604 



31.4 



45. 



1,082 



,03 



23.6 



29. 



649 
902 
1,489 
1,786 
3,824 
4,000 



0.93 



27.1 
28.4 
25.6 
29.2 
38.8 
85.3 



833 



.03 



28.1 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 



0.9 
1.2 
2.7 
1.9 



29 



35.4 
13.9 
21.0 
25.0 



3.3 
3.3 

4.8 
6.5 
2.1 



27.8 



3.6 



113 
72 
180 
134 
42 



34.2 
21.7 
37.4 
20.6 
20.0 



26.5 
26.7 
35.8 
45.5 
39.8 
62.5 



31.3 



28.1 



519 

522 

712 

1,250 

1,281 

2,078 



570 



0.22 
14 
53 



.21 



19.6 
19.5 
19.9 
27.5 
32.2 
33.3 



20.3 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



Anemia (68). 



15 to 24 years, 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total . . 



1.9 
2.9 
4.8 
2.8 
4.2 
15.6 



2.4 



44 


0.22 


64 


.14 


68 




61 




94 


2.10 


1,406 


15.63 


53 


.24 



23.5 
22.1 
14.2 
22.0 
22.5 
90.0 



22.6 



2.3 


158 


0.89 


2.2 


138 


.87 


1.6 


157 


.53 


4.6 


271 


3.71 


4.2 


417 


2.10 








2.3 


159 


.97 



63.5 
98.0 
58.4 
99.5 



24.4 
28.6 
24.6 
15.8 
21.0 
15.6 



69.4 



24.8 



843 
654 
403 
568 
203 



781 



0.04 



33.0 
29.5 
26.6 
25.5 
27.1 
13.0 



03 31.5 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291) 



Poisoning (92-95). 



4.0 


215 


0.45 


5.7 


226 




8.0 


424 


.53 


4.6 


317 


.93 


4.2 


298 




31.3 


531 




4.6 


232 


.36 



54.1 
40.2 
52.9 
68.2 
71.0 
17.0 



13.3 

21.7 
51.8 
53.9 
83.9 
46.9 



50.6 



19.5 



371 




661 




1,350 




1,602 


6.93 


2,935 




4,000 




567 


.03 



27.8 
30.5 
26.0 
29.7 
35.0 
85.3 



0.3 
.3 



G.2 
2.6 



29.1 



0.04 
.14 



19.7 
9.0 



46598°— 10- 



-82 



1288 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 



Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion! 
year. 



Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 



Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 



Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 



Deaths. 



Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 



Cases of 
sickness. 



Days of 
sickness. 



Deaths. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



228 

12,980 

8,997 

3,569 

1,437 

594 

182 

32 



38 

3,301 

2,446 

1,150 

509 

292 

93 

24 



471 
67, 896 
59, 225 
30, 767 
18,500 
10, 680 
4,583 
1,749 



12,4 
20.6 
24.2 
26.8 
36.3 
36.6 
49.3 
72.9 



166.7 
254.3 
271.9 
322.2 
354.2 
491.6 
511.0 
750.0 



2,066 
5,231 
6,583 
8,621 
12, 874 
17,980 
25, 181 
54,656 



28,019 



7,853 



193,871 



24.7 



213 



280.3 



6,919 



4.01 
7.34 
11.21 
18.09 

38.72 
21.98 
62.50 



7.60 



Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



40.3 
47.1 
47.4 
50.8 
70.7 
22.0 



44. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



1,149 
1,738 
1,597 
2,142 
2,404 
643 



1,463 



D'ths, 



2.47 
4.22 
4.76 
7.65 
6.73 
5.49 



3.1 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



28.5 
36.9 
33.7 
42.2 
34.0 
29.3 



33.1 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.2 
.8 

1.4 
.7 

L7 
11.0 



2.i 
11 
17 
2.! 
91 
753 



14 



19.0 
14.1 

12.4 

4.0 

54.0 

68.5 



21.! 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



11.3 


384 


0.31 


10.0 


298 


.67 


8.7 


298 


.56 


20.2 


1,139 


.70 


20.2 


695 


10.10 


27.5 


1,440 




11.3 


406 


.71 



33.9 
29.7 
34.4 
56.4 
34.4 
52.4 



36.0 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



6.1 
5.5 
7.3 
U.3 
37.0 
5.5 



7.0 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



165 
166 
211 
564 
606 
104 



200 



D'ths, 



1.68 



.04 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



27.2 
30.5 
28.9 
47.6 
16.4 
19.0 



28.7 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



6.9 


208 




10.7 


363 


0.44 


23.0 


1,127 


.56 


27.8 


1,878 


2.09 


26.9 


1,837 


3.37 


60.4 


3,165 




12.1 


519 


.39 



29.9 
34.0 
49.0 

67.5 
68.2 
52.4 



42. 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



43.1 


673 


0.46 


52.6 


836 


.11 


52.1 


780 


.56 


47.3 


1,208 


1.39 


42.1 


1,559 


3.37 


38.5 


2,302 


5.49 


47.4 


793 


.50 



15.6 
15.9 
15.0 
25.5 
37.0 
59.9 



10. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



0.1 
.1 



L4 
6.7 



.4 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



3.3 
6.1 
49 
64 
439 



22 



D'ths. 



0.08 



.28 

.70 

3.37 



.18 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



43.0 
55.0 
58.0 
46.0 
65.3 



56.8 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168), 



37.8 
48.6 
67.7 
64.0 
97.6 
109.9 



47.0 



914 
1,297 
2,049 
2,411 
5,061 
5,835 



1,408 



0.39 
.67 
L12 
2.78 
10.10 
5.49 



24.2 
26.7 
35.5 
37.7 
51.8 
53.1 



29.9 



Diseases of the genito-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 



4,5 


86 




5.8 


194 


0.22 


6.2 


131 


.28 


4.2 


154 


.70 


101 


273 




22.0 


2,022 


5.49 


5.3 


146 


.18 



19.3 
33.5 
21.3 
36.8 
27.0 
92.0 



27.6 



CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1289 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Coutinued. 

(C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (202-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ttis. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years- 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years - 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



35.4 
23.1 
25.2 
29.9 
16.8 
22.0 



463 
384 
4G8 
550 
318 
632 



0.15 



13.1 
16.6 
18.6 
18.4 
18.9 
28.8 



20.3 
29.2 
46.5 
61.9 
92.6 
115.4 



435 

615 

1,037 

1,573 

2,689 
4,363 



21.4 
21.0 
22.3 
25.4 
29.0 
37.8 



1.5 
1.7 
2.0 
.7 
1.7 



21.2 
23.3 
15.9 
12.0 
33.0 



29.3 



440 



15.0 



30.7 



701 



22.8 



33 



2L1 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 



All other diseases, including 
indefinite diagnoses (335). 



.9.2 
7.6 

10.7 
4.9 

13.5 

11.0 



167 
171 
178 
164 
224 
473 



173 



18.0 
22.6 
16.7 
33.7 
16.6 
43.0 



19.7 



35.7 


520 




28.0 


441 


0.50 


32.5 


634 


.84 


25.8 


955 


.70 


50.5 


1,498 




55.0 


2,390 




32.8 


566 


.32 



14.6 
15.7 
19.5 
37.1 
29.7 
43.5 



17.2 



2.0 


28 


0.15 


1.2 


24 


.44 


.8 


12 


1.96 


2.8 


62 


.70 


3.4 


231 




11.0 


1,060 




1.7 


37 


.50 



14.1 
19.5 
14.3 

22.3 
68.5 
96.5 



21.! 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



7.1 


455 


2.31 


13.0 


1,052 


3.89 


11.5 


888 


4.20 


20.2 


1,557 


6.96 


13. 5 


882 


5.05 


5.5 


170 


5.49 


10.3 


761 


3.35 



64.2 
80.9 
77.3 
77.1 
65.5 
31.0 



74.1 



9.1 


327 


0.31 


6.8 


225 


.67 


4.8 


237 


.56 


11.8 


817 


.70 


18.5 


685 


10.10 


5.5 


418 




8.1 


324 


.71 



35.9 
33.1 
49.7 
69.1 
37.0 
76.0 



15.5 

22.8 
39.0 
52.2 
82.5 
104.4 



24.0 



270 
433 
859 
386 
158 
077 



520 



17.4 
19.0 
22.0 
26.5 
26.2 
39.1 



21.1 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.2 

.1 

.3 

2.1 

1.7 



3.2 
2.8 
2.8 

38 

12 



4.9 



13.7 
25.0 
10.0 
18.3 
7.0 



15.3 



1290 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICE FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Females. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


644 

35,251 

11,402 

3,540 

1,561 

685 

170 

2 


160 

11,619 

4,511 

1,450 

658 

271 

66 


3,740 

274,812 

126,216 

43,861 

22, 459 

9,622 

3,636 


23.4 
23.7 
28.0 
30.2 
34.1 
35.5 
55.1 




294.1 
329.6 
395.6 
409.6 
421.5 
395.6 
388.2 


6,875 
7,796 
11,070 
12.390 
14,388 
14,047 
21,388 




- 141 
78 
27 
15 
16 
5 


4.10 


25 to 34 years . 


6 84 




7.63 


45 to 54 years 


9.61 
23.36 




29.41 


75 years and over 


















Total .. .. 


53,155 


18,735 


484,346 


25.9 


282 


352.5 


9,112 


5.31 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
65 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



Developmental diseases 
(7-19). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



6.0 

15.4 

6.8 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



162 
465 
186 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 64 years 
65 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



220 



D'ths. 



0.09 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



27.2 
30.2 
27.5 



28.5 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



0.1 


1.8 




.4 


44 


0.18 


1.1 


241 


1.13 


2.6 


329 


.64 


2.9 


164 


2.92 








.3 


38 


.17 



21.3 
124.0 
213.3 
128.3 

56.0 



119.9 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



36.1 


1,014 


0.57 


49.2 


1,585 


.96 


70.9 


2,153 


.56 


64.1 


2,004 


.64 


75.9 


2,264 


4.38 


105.9 


5,571 


11.76 


42.5 


1,264 


.73 



28.1 
32.2 
30.4 
31.3 
29.8 
52.6 



29.7 



Infectious and parasitic 
(20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



49.5 
52.3 
53.2 
54.0 
52.9 



43.2 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



1,099 
1,711 
1,725 
1,873 
2,320 
2,324 



1,317 



D'ths. 



2.21 
3.68 
3.67 
2.56 
4.38 
11.76 



2.67 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



27.8 
34.6 
33.0 
35.2 
42.9 
43.9 



30.5 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.4 
1.2 



1.9 
4.4 
5.9 



8.3 
45 



101 

88 

371 



.64 



.06 



52.7 
20.0 
63.0 



32.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



8.3 


271 


0.26 


11.6 


359 


.26 


12.2 


525 


1.13 


14.1 


529 


1.28 


8.8 


912 


4.38 


11.8 


359 




9.5 


322 


.40 



32.5 
31.0 
43.2 
37.5 
104.2 
30.5 



34.0 



General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
infectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



54.8 
30.8 
11.7 



78.1 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



2,385 
2,050 
1,687 
1,060 
550 



2,193 



D'ths. 



0.26 
.53 



28 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



27.5 
29.5 
30.8 
34.5 
47.1 



28.1 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



9.4 
18.2 
29.1 
34.6 
14.6 

5.9 



13.3 



246 
581 
1,113 
1,474 
702 
665 



417 



0.03 
.09 

.28 



26.2 
32.0 
38.3 
42.6 
48.1 
113.0 



31.3 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



72.0 
82.0 
68.6 
82.0 
70.1 
64.7 



74.3 



1,197 
1,677 
1,524 
1,876 
1,689 
2,024 



1,356 



0.23 
.44 
.56 
1.92 
4.38 
5.88 



.41 



16.6 
20.4 
22.2 
22.9 
24.1 
40.5 



18.2 



CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1291 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Females— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to G4 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



15 to 24 years... 
25 to 34 years... 
35 to 44 years... 
45 to 64 years. . . 
55 to 64 years... 
65 to 74 years... 



Total. 



15 to 24 years.. 
25 to 34 years.. 
35 to 44 years.. 
45 to 54 years.. 
55 to 64 years.. 
65 to 74 years.. 



Total. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total . . 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



14.7 
32.4 
23.7 
25.6 
7.3 



19.1 



Davs 

sick- 
ness. 



393 
1,025 

949 
1,350 

501 



590 



D'ths 



0.06 
.35 



1.28 
1.46 



.17 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



26.8 
31.7 
40.0 
52.7 
68.6 



30.9 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



1.9 
3.0 
1.4 



2.0 



47 



0.09 



,02 



22.2 
26.3 
20.2 
46.0 



23.6 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (2G2-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



17.8 
17.5 
23.2 
38.4 
48.1 
47.1 



19.2 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



259 

323 

601 

1.570 

1,698 

4,571 



366 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
davs 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



14.5 
18.4 
20.0 
40.9 
35.2 
97.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



12.7 
22.7 
36.2 
48.7 
43.8 
04.7 



19.1 I 18.0 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



7.9 


149 




5.9 


176 




9.0 


379 




9.0 


186 




11.7 


266 




5.9 


218 




7.6 


173 





18.9 
29.9 
41.9 
20.7 
22.8 
37.0 



22.7 



Days 
sick- 



298 

571 

914 

1,609 

1,578 

3,129 



463 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



0.09 

'.'04' 



.04 



23.4 
25.2 
25.3 
33.0 
36.0 
48.4 



25.7 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



14.2 
15.0 
18.4 
14.1 
35.0 
23.5 



15.1 



226 
322 
319 
336 
1,045 
1,559 



275 



0.03 



.02 



15.9 
21.4 
17.4 
23.8 
29.8 
66.3 



18.2 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



Anemia (68). 



1.7 


45 


2.2 


58 


2.0 


45 


1.9 


63 


7.3 


270 



0.28 
".'28' 



26.8 
2G.6 
23.0 
32.7 
37.0 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



5.7 


209 


0.23 


8.1 


295 


.26 


9.9 


486 


1.13 


10.3 


368 


1.28 


4.4 


190 


2.92 


5.9 


94 




6.6 


248 


.36 



36.7 
36.5 
49.1 
35.9 
43.3 
16.0 



5.3 
8.9 
10.7 
8.3 
8.8 



401 
725 



697 
518 



515 



2.13 
2.89 
3.39 
2.56 
1.46 



2.35 



75. 6 I 80. 2 



81.8 
82.6 
83.7 
59.2 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



8.5 
18.3 
29.9 
44.2 
40.9 
64.7 



37.7 i 13.6 



175 

422 

726 

1,410 

1,537 

3,129 



326 



O.M 



.02 



20.6 
23.0 
24.2 
31.9 
37.6 
48.4 



24.0 



67.8 
51.4 
28.2 
11.7 



2,361 

1.977 

1,608 

985 

550 



2,1.j4 



0.14 
.35 



27.4 
29.2 
31.3 
35.0 
47.1 



28.0 



Poisoning (92-9.5). 



0.1 
.3 



1.0 
3.4 



0.03 



1.4 



.02 



9.0 
13.0 



10.7 



1292 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(D) CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 


Number 
of cases 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Number 
of deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


of 

sickness. 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years . . 


18 

1,235 

1,872 

1,140 

652 

228 

53 

4 


518 
839 
563 
351 
112 
22 
4 


112 

7,836 

15,140 

12,234 

8,885 

3,807 

1,100 

157 


28.0 
15.1 
18.0 
21.7 
25.3 
34.0 
50.0 
39.3 




222. 2 
419.4 
448.2 
493.9 
538.3 
491.2 
415.1 
1,000.0 


6,222 
6,345 
8,088 
10,732 
13,627 
16,697 
20,755 
39,250 




5 

9 

4 

15 

5 
5 
1 


4.05 




4.81 


35 to 44 years... 


3.51 




23.01 


55 to 64 years 


21.93 


65 to 74 years . . 


94.34 


75 years and over 


250.00 


Total 


5,202 


2,413 


49,271 


20.4 


44 


463.9 


9,472 


8.46 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 


General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
infectiovis and parasitic 

(68-95). . 


Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 


Age group. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 




Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 




43.7 
50.8 
70.2 
49.1 
79.0 
18.9 


744 
1,071 
2,097 
1,248 
1,943 
1,679 


1.62 
1.07 
L75 

is.'ie' 


17.0 
21.1 
29.9 
25.4 
24.6 
89.0 


4.9 

9.1 

14.9 

24.5 


41 
140 
293 
614 


'i.'53' 


8.5 
15.5 
19.6 
25.0 


0.8 
1.1 


23 
103 


"6.' 53' 


29.0 


25 to 34 years 


96.0 






45 to 54 years . . 


4.6 


218 


3.07 


47.3 






65 to 74 years . 


37.7 


698 




18.5 


37.7 


4,283 


37.74 


113.5 






Total 


53.8 


1,280 


L73 


23.8 


11.2 


209 


.19 


18.7 


L5 


113 


.96 


73.8 








Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 


Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 


Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 


15 to 24 vears 










7.3 

8.0 

23.7 

35.3 

39.5 


113 

163 

898 

1,196 

2,570 


0.81 
1.07 
.88 
7.67 
4.39 
18.87 


15.4 
20.4 
37.9 
33.9 
65.1 


48.6 
62.0 
71.1 
118.1 
105.3 
75.5 


979 
1,284 
1,952 
3,095 
4,917 
6,472 


0.81 
4.60 

is.' §7' 


20.2 


25 to 34 years 


1.1 


1.2 




n.5 


20.7 


35 to 44 vears 


27.5 












26.2 


55 to 64 years 










46.7 


65 to 74 years 










85.5 


















Total 


.4 


4.4 




11.5 


16.0 


545 


2.11 


34.2 


70.0 


1,816 


1.35 


26.0 








Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 


Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 


Diseases of the genito-vu-i- 
nary organs (230-261). 


15 to 24 years 


7.3 
5.3 
14.0 
16.9 


211 
163 
388 
952 


'3.' 07' 


28.9 
30.6 
27.6 
56.5 


87.5 
83.9 
60.5 
64.4 
70.2 
56.6 


1,015 

1,073 

886 

948 

3,197 

415 


'6.' 53' 

■4.'39' 


11.6 
12.8 
14.6 
14.7 
45.6 
7.3 


5.7 
2.1 
2.6 
3.1 


130 
54 

27 
78 




23.0 


25 to 34 years 


25.3 


35 to 44 years.. 


10.3 


45 to 54 years 


25.5 


55 to 64 vears 






56.6 


3,698 


18.87 


65.3 




















Total 


9.4 


351 


.58 


37.2 


76.7 


1,101 


.38 


14.4 


3.1 


66 




21.5 







CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1293 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(D) CEIEMICAL INDUSTRY: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Dap 
sick- 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
davs 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

TotaL. 



•15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



TotaL 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



50.2 
39.0 
41.2 
36.8 
48.3 
18.9 



541 
575 
744 
906 
,149 
113 



10.8 
14.8 
18.0 
24.6 
23.8 
6.0 



653 
1,103 
1,052 
1,767 

772 
1,415 



0.53 



17.1 
18.1 
15.8 
21.3 
17.6 
25.0 



0.8 
2.1 
3.5 
3.1 



13.0 



14.5 
12.5 



41. 



664 



15. 



58. ( 



1,060 



18.1 



2.1 



Diseases of the eye (300- 
316). 



Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



8.6 
14.0 
13.8 



10.4 



125 
123 
152 
525 
373 



14.0 
14.4 
10.8 
38.0 
42.5 



115.0 
112.7 
109.7 
85.9 
96.5 
56.6 



18.2 



107.7 



1,760 
2,108 
2,155 
2,041 
1,776 
1,981 



2,005 



0.81 
.53 



15.3 
18.7 
19.7 
23.8 
18.4 
35.0 



0.8 
L6 
L8 



18. 



1.2 



0.8 
53 
37 



0.53 
3.' 67' 



,58 



LO 
33.3 
2L0 



23. 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



Diseases of the heart (169- 

181). 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 
291). 



2.7 
10.5 

4.6 
8.8 



4.6 



297 
788 
508 
553 



0.81 
L07 
L75 



13.16 



L54 



53.0 
111.2 

74.8 
110.3 

63.0 



6.5 
3.2 
4.4 
12.3 



37.7 



84.0 



201 
101 
176 



264 



233 



3.07 



18.87 



.58 



3L0 
31.5 
40.2 
70.1 



7.0 



33.2 
46.5 
50.0 
72.1 
43.9 
56.6 



4L8 



47.3 



542 
799 
810 

1,486 
772 

1,415 



16.3 
17.2 
16.2 
20.6 
17.6 
25.0 



17.7 



Poisoning (92-95). 



l.G 
6.4 
7.9 
12.3 



37.7 



102.0 
108.0 
268.0 



103.0 



5.5 
15.8 
13.7 
21.9 



18.5 
16.2 



1294 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(E) HIDES, LEATHER, BAGS, ETC.: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 3-1 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



Number 
of persons 

under 
observa 

tion 1 

year. 



62 
2,478 
2,745 
2,242 
1,208 
409 



9,237 



Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 



25 
756 
961 
806 
506 
212 

49 



3,324 



Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 



391 
12,705 
18,354 
17, 174 
13,482 
6,227 
2,162 
385 



70,880 



Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 



15.6 
16.8 
19.1 
21.3 
26.6 
29.4 
44.1 
42.8 



21.3 



Deaths. 



91 



Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 



Cases of 
sickness. 



403.2 
305.1 
350.1 
359.5 
418.9 
518. 3 
550.6 
2,250.0 



359.9 



Days of 
sickness. 



6,306 
5,127 

6,686 
7,660 
11,161 
15,225 
24,292 
96,250 



.673 



Deaths. 



4.04 

5.10 

8.03 

23.18 

44.01 

22.47 

250. GO 



9.85 



Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years . 
25 to 34 years . 
35 to 44 years . 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years . 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years . 
25 to 34 years . 
35 to 44 years . 
45 to 54 years . 
65 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years . 

Total.. 



34.7 
60.5 
52.2 
64.6 
68.5 
89.9 



1,119 
1,482 
1.288 
2,027 
2,269 
5,798 



1.61 
2.91 
4.01 
5.79 
4.89 



32.2 
24.5 
24.7 
31.4 
33.1 
64.5 



3.6 
6.9 
4.9 

14.1 
7.3 

11.2 



42 
174 

51 

333 

521 

2,674 



11.4 
25.1 
10.4 
23.6 
71.0 
238.0 



3.3 
7.3 



201 
447 



0.83 
9.78 



61.0 



52.6 



1,479 



3.25 



28.1 



3.7 



173 



25. 



,54 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs 
of respiration (140-168). 



0.7 
.5 



L8 



281 



13.5 
4.0 



4.0 

7.7 

n.6 

20.7 
17.1 
33.7 



14.0 



10.1 



131 

242 

322 

709 

1,406 

1,876 



362 



0.36 



32.5 
31.6 
27.8 
34.3 
82.1 
55.7 



48.0 
66.3 
69.6 
106.0 
156.5 
78.7 



36.0 



1,494 
2,006 
3,325 
4,455 
2,112 



0.81 
.73 



5.79 
22.00 



1,834 I 2.17 



18.1 
22.5 
28.8 
3L4 
28.5 
26.9 



25. ( 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



8.1 
8.0 
8.5 
8.3 
12.2 



i.Z 



197 
187 
225 
335 
428 



228 



0.40 



.89 

.83 

2.44 

11.24 

.65 



24.5 
23.3 
26.6 
40.5 
35.0 



27.3 



50.0 


515 


0.40 


58. 3 


888 


.73 


59. 3 


1,216 


1.78 


48. 8 


1,115 


4.97 


66.0 


1,829 




33.7 


1,404 


11.24 


55.1 


942 


1.62 



10.3 
15.2 
20.5 
22.8 
27.7 
41.7 

17.1 



4.4 
4.7 
3.1 
4.1 
4.9 



71 
101 
33 

77 



0.83 



.11 



16.1 
21.4 
10.7 
18.6 
20.0 



CHAPTEK V. WORKMEN S INSUKANCE TN GERMANY. 



1295 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(E) HIDES, LEATHER, RAGS, ETC.: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 


Dap 

Sick- 




of 

sick- 


D'ths. 


ness. 


ness. 




49.6 


525 




41.5 


029 




38.8 


583 




31.5 


669 




46.5 


839 




191.0 


4,629 





44.0 


665 





Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
eacii 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years . 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years . 

Total.. 



10.6 
15.1 
15.0 
21.3 
18.1 
24.2 



27.4 
32.4 
43.7 
67.1 
70.9 
67.4 



363 

490 

729 

1,272 

1,562 

5,045 



13.2 
15.1 
16.7 
19.0 
22.0 
74.8 



15.1 



40.3 



705 



17.5 



of the eye (300- 
316). 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influence (317-334). 



5.7 
8.7 
7.1 
7.5 



11.2 



151 

106 

230 

93 



146 



141 



26.8 
12.1 
32.2 
12.4 



13.0 



67.0 
51.7 
59.3 
42.2 
58.7 
22.5 



20.4 



57.2 



1,117 

818 

907 

1,000 

1,352 

326 



975 



0.36 
.45 
.83 

2.44 



,43 



16.7 
15.8 
15.3 
23.7 
23.0 
14.5 



17.1 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years . 
25 to 34 years . 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



5.7 


509 


1.61 


9.8 


663 


2.55 


7.6 


638 


3.12 


10.8 


879 


4.97 


12.2 


1,320 


4.89 


56.2 


5,213 




8.8 


712 


2.81 



90.1 
67.4 
84.2 
81.7 
108.0 
92.8 



5.7 
5.5 
4.9 
5.0 
9.8 



81.2 



5.4 



119 
106 
175 
261 
401 



158 



54 





21.0 




19.5 


0.89 


35.6 


.83 


52.5 


2.44 


41.0 


11.24 





29.1 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.4 
1.1 
1.5 



2.4 



222 



4.0 
16.0 
7.0 



91.0 



40.0 



1.6 
1.5 
.5 

.8 



22 
52 
65 
4.1 



13.5 

36.0 

145.0 

5.0 



LI 



38 



34.8 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses(335) 



0.8 
1.1 
.5 



2.4 



14 
2.7 



20 



7.2 



0.81 



1.66 
2.44 



7.0 
12.7 
6.0 



8.0 



.76 



9.4 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



19.4 


256 




24.8 


404 




35.2 


563 




57.1 


1,109 




63.6 


1,433 




56.2 


4,056 




32.1 


574 





13.2 
16.3 
10.0 
19.4 
22.5 
72.2 



17.9 



1296 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(F) INDUSTRY OF FATS, OILS, VARNISHES, ETC.: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 



Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 



Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 



Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 



Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 



Deaths. 



Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 



of 
sickness. 



Days of 
sickness. 



Deaths. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



13 
692 
1,097 
822 
432 
161 



314 
436 
341 
133 

46 

7 
2 



67 
5,147 
7,177 
7,510 
3,296 
1,395 
147 



16.4 
16.5 
22.0 
24.8 
30.3 
21.0 
4.5 



615.4 
453.8 
397.5 
414.8 
307.9 
285.7 
250.0 
1,000.0 



3,247 



1,287 



24, 748 



19. 



22 



396.4 



5,154 
7,438 
6,542 
9,136 
7,630 
8,665 
5,250 
4,500 



2.89 


6.08 
20.83 
24.84 
7L43 



7,622 



.78 



Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 


General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 


Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 


Age group. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 




Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 


59.3 
53.8 
68.1 
41.7 
55.9 
35.7 


951 

1,384 

1,636 

1,100 

689 

214 


1.45 

'i.'22' 
6.94 


16.0 
25.7 
24.0 
26.4 
12.3 
6.0 


5.8 
8.2 
6.1 
2.3 
6.2 


314 
172 
642 
118 
12 


'2." 43" 


54.3 
21.0 
105.6 
51.0 
2.0 










25 to 34 years 










35 to 44 years... 










45 to 54 years 










55 to 64 years. . . 


18.6 


640 


6.21 


34.3 


65 to 74 years 






















Total 


56.7 


1,267 


1.54 


22.4 


6.2 


304 


.62 


49.4 


.9 


32 


.31 


34.3 








Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 


Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 


Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 


15 to 24 years . 


2.9 


75 




26.0 


10.1 
13.7 
13; 4 

18.5 


87 
341 
719 
444 


"i'si' 


8.6 
24.9 
53.7 
24.0 


62.1 
33.7 
52.3 
46.3 
62.1 
71.4 


697 
457 
1,015 
1,856 
3,143 
2,786 


'i.22' 
4.63 

35.' 7i' 


11.2 




13.5 


35 to 44 years 










19.4 




2.3 


35 




15.0 


40.1 


65 to 64 years . 


50.6 












35.7 


429 




12.0 


39.0 














Total 


.9 


21 




22.3 


12.9 


379 


.31 


29.3 


47.7 


986 


1.23 


20.7 








Diseases of organs of cir- 
culation (169-190). 


Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 


Diseases of the genito-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 


13.0 
4.6 
6.1 
2.3 

18.6 


374 
28 

179 
12 

441 




28.8 
6.2 

29.4 
5.0 

23.7 


78.0 
83.9 
68.1 
25.5 
24.8 
35.7 


775 
1,046 
1,343 
593 
913 
714 


1.45 

'6.'2i" 
35.71 


9.9 
12.5 
19.7 
23.3 
36.8 
20.0 


4.3 
1.8 
2.4 
2.3 


127 

57 

140 

278 


'i.'22' 
2.31 


29.3 
31.5 
57.5 
120.0 


55 to 64 years 
































Total 


7.1 


158 




22.3 


68.1 


992 


.92 


14.0 


2.5 


119 


.62 


48.3 







CHAPTEK V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1297 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(F) INDUSTRY OF FATS, OILS, VARNISHES, ETC.; Males-Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 


Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness- 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dys 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 


53.5 
25.5 
23.1 
27.8 
12.4 
35.7 


1,176 
331 
465 
644 
404 
714 




22.0 
13.0 
20.1 
23.2 
32.5 
20.0 


34.7 
45.6 
54.7 
46.3 
55.9 


364 
693 
797 
609 
1,143 




10.5 
15.2 
14. 6 
13.2 
20.4 


1.5 
5.5 
1.2 


32 
107 
7.3 




22 


25 to 34 years 


19.5 


35 to 44 years. . 


6.0 


45 to 54 years 




55 to 64 years 










65 to 74 years 


:::::::::::;;: 






















Total 


30.8 


594 





19.3 


45.6 


651 




14.3 


2.5 


45 




18 1 








Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 


All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 


15 to 24 years 


5.8 
10.9 
6.1 
4.6 


117 
89 

106 
69 




20.3 
8.2 
17.4 
15.0 


122.8 
108.5 
111.9 
88.0 
31.1 
35.7 


2,350 
1,827 
2,082 
1,873 
1,280 
393 




19.1 
16.8 
18.6 
21.3 
41.2 
11.0 










25 to 34 years . 


1.8 
1.2 


10 
6.1 


"4.'63' 
6.21 


5 5 


35 to 44 years 


5.0 


45 to 54 years 




55 to 64 years 










































Total 


7.4 


92 




12.5 


106.3 


1,979 




18.6 


.9 


4.9 


.92 


5.3 








Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (2 82 and 
291). 


15 to 24 years... . 


7.2 

3.7 

7.3 

18.5 


198 
405 
622 
681 


1.45 

.91 

1.22 

6.94 


27.4 
111.0 
85.2 
36.8 


4.3 

.9 

3.7 

2.3 


91 
4.7 
130 
12 




21.0 
5.0 

35.7 
5.0 


24.6 
35.6 
48.7 
41.7 
43.5 


184 
525 
695 
530 
876 




7 5 


25 to 34 years 


14 8 




14.3 


45 to 54 years 


12 7 


55 to ()4 years 


20.1 


65 to 74 years. . . 














































Total 


7.1 


427 


1.85 


60.3 


2.5 


55 




22.5 


37.3 


506 




13.6 








Poisoning (92-95). 






15 to 24 years 


1.5 
5.5 
1.2 


27 
139 
24 




19.0 
25.5 
20.0 


















25 to 34 years... 




35 to 44 years 




45 to 54 years 




55 to 64 years 












65 to 74 years 






, 


















Total 


2.5 


59 




24.0 









1298 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths, 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 


128 
4,771 
3,502 
2,418 
1,758 
1,583 

663 
74 


14 
1,091 
1,170 
1,135 
1,101 
1,115 
561 
80 


228 
17,866 
21,004 
24,718 
26, 770 
37, 455 
20,384 
3,497 


16.3 
16.4 
18.0 
21.8 
24.3 
33.6 
36.3 
43.7 




109.4 
228.7 
334.1 
469.4 
626.3 
704.4 
846.2 
1,081.1 


1,781 
3,745 
5,998 
10,223 
15,228 
23,661 
30, 745 
47,257 




15 to 24 vears 


10 
14 
29 
38 
65 
37 
7 


2 10 


25 to 34 years 


4 00 


35 to 44 years 


11 99 




21.62 


55 to 64 years 


41 06 


65 to 74 years... 


55.81 


75 years and over 


94.59 


Total 


14, 897 


6,267 


151,922 


24.2 


200 


420.7 


10, 198 


13.43 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases, 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years, 
55 to 64 years, 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years, 
45 to 54 years, 
55 to 64 years, 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
65 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



28.5 
42.3 
57.5 
64.9 
68.2 
78.4 



47.7 



Days 

of 
sick- 



603 
1,026 
1,480 
2,269 
2,046 
2,649 



1,311 



D'ths 



0.84 
2.00 
2.89 
6.83 
3.16 
3.02 



2.62 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



21.1 
24.3 
25.7 
35.0 
30.0 
33.8 



27.5 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.6 


13 


0.21 


.6 


6.6 




,4 


4.1 




2.3 


22 




1.9 


24 




1.6 


243 




.9 


22 


.07 



2L3 
11.5 
10.0 

9.8 
12.7 
161.0 



23. 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



95 

85 

393 

422 

932 

1,282 



0.21 



.41 
1.14 
4.42 
7.54 



327 1.07 



28.4 
10.5 
41.3 
33.7 
54.7 
38.6 



36.9 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95), 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



L3 
1.7 
L7 
4.0 
3.8 
L5 



2.1 



Days 

of 
sick- 



50 
43 

186 
48 

128 



60 



D'ths. 



0.63 



.07 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



20.7 
29.0 
25.8 
46.7 
12.7 
85.0 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



5.7 


92 




8.0 


142 




16.5 


501 


0.83 


23.9 


795 


1.14 


29.7 


1,172 


1.90 


31.7 


1,279 


9.05 


13.9 


427 


.87 



16.3 
17.8 
30.3 
33.3 
39.5 
40.4 



30. 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



28.3 


346 




55. 1 


651 


0.57 


61.6 


930 


.41 


75.7 


1,225 


1.71 


97.9 


3,112 


5.69 


111.6 


2, 869 


4.52 


57.3 


1,059 


1.34 



12.2 
11.8 
15.1 
10.2 
31.8 
25.7 



18.5 



Growths and swellings 
'malignant (96-98), 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



0.4 
2,3 
L9 
7,5 



Days 

of 
sick- 



38 
192 

95 
501 



61 



D'ths. 



0.57 
LOO 
3.02 



.40 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



9L0 
84.3 
50.3 
66.4 



70.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



30.0 


504 


0.42 


45.7 


905 


,86 


72.0 


1,799 


4.14 


117.2 


3,181 


6.83 


158.6 


5,791 


13.27 


221.7 


9,748 


22.62 


74.2 


2,187 


4.43 



16.8 
19.8 
2.5.0 
27.2 
36.5 
44.0 



29.5 



Diseases of the genito-uri- 
nary organs (230—261). 



2,1 


46 


0.21 


6.0 


188 




2.5 


144 




5.7 


203 


.57 


8.2 


227 


.63 


10.6 


345 


L51 


5.0 


161 


.27 



22.0 
31.4 
58.0 
35.6 
27.6 
32.7 



32.0 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1299 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years, 
35 to 44 years, 
45 to 54 years, 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years, 
45 to 54 years, 
55 to 64 years, 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
65 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
sons, of— 



Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



38.2 
34.6 
38.1 
60.3 
53.7 
70.9 



43.2 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



468 

536 

742 

1,651 

2,107 

3,217 



971 



D'ths 



0.41 
.57 
.63 



.20 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



41.8 



22.5 



Diseases of the eye (300- 
316). 



7.1 


121 


4.9 


105 


7.9 


270 


6.3 


123 


10.7 


176 


19.6 


454 


7.5 


161 



16.9 
21.6 
34.4 
19.7 
16.4 
23.2 

21.5 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



1.7 


105 


0.63 


3.7 


270 


1.14 


7.4 


642 


2.48 


16.5 


1,345 


6.26 


5.1 


414 


2.53 


7.5 


805 




5.6 


452 


1.95 



62.6 
72.8 
86.3 
81.5 
82.0 
106.8 



80.2 



Poisoning (92-95). 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 
sick- 
ness. 



26.2 
45.7 
79.8 
126.9 
129.5 
140.3 



67.7 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



402 
782 
1,334 
2,218 
4,334 
3,992 



1,439 



D'ths. 



0.57 
3.16 



.40 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



21.3 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



55.5 


962 


0.21 


80.5 


1,455 


.29 


117.9 


2,473 


1.65 


121.7 


2,651 


1.71 


120.7 


3,548 


1.26 


110.1 


4,023 


3.02 


88.7 


1,947 


.87 



17.3 
18.1 
21.0 

21.8 
29.4 
36.5 



21. 



Diseases of the heart (169- 
181). 



L5 


72 


0.21 


2.0 


31 




5.8 


345 


.41 


6.8 


171 


1.14 


12.0 


784 


3.79 


22.6 


876 


7.54 


5.2 


235 


LOl 



49.3 
15.4 
59.5 
25.1 
65.3 
38.7 



Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



0.4 
2.0 
1.2 
1.1 
1.3 



1.1 



Davs 

sick- 
ness. 



7.3 
43 

38 
48 
32 



28 



D'ths. 



0.63 



,07 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



17.5 
21. i 
30.7 
42.5 
25.5 



25.8 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



L5 
2.0 

2.5 
1.7 
1.3 



1.7 



37 



0.29 
L24 



3.79 
1.51 



74 



40.7 
12.3 
13.3 
23.7 
13.0 



2L9 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 
291). 



17.0 
32.3 
61.0 
111.5 
103.0 
125.2 



45. 53. 2 



291 
524 
1,024 
1,969 
3,403 
3,575 



144 



0.57 
2.53 



.34 



17.1 
16.2 
16.6 
17.7 
33.0 
28.6 



21.5 



0.3 



4.6 



1.1 



16.0 



10.0 



1300 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Females. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 


65 
3,352 
2,515 
2,568 
2,671 
1,278 
473 

64 


13 

888 

1,314 

1,562 

1,172 

682 

311 

37 


306 
16,546 
27, 446 
36, 426 
29,250 
20,574 
11,560 
1,383 


23.5 
18.6 
20.9 
23.3 
25.0 
30.2 
37.2 
37.4 




200.0 
264.9 
522.5 
608.3 
565.9 
533.7 
657.5 
578.1 


4,708 
4,936 
10,913 
14, 185 
14, 124 
16,099 
24,440 
21,609 




15 to 24 years 


9 
14 
14 
12 
20 
18 

2 


2.68 


25 to 34 years 


5.57 


35 to 44 years 


5.45 


45 to 54 years . 


5.79 


55 to 64 years 


15.65 


65 to 74 years 


38.05 


75 years and over 


31.25 


Total 


12,386 


5,979 


143, 491 


24.0 


89 


482.7 


11,585 


7.19 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

TotaL. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

TotaL. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

TotaL. 



Developmental diseases 
(7-19). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



7.5 
27.8 
21.4 

L5 



12.4 



Days 

of 
sick- 



144 

791 

782 

35 



367 



D'ths. 



2.11 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



19.3 
28.4 
36.5 
24.0 



29.7 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



1.2 
1.0 

7.8 
4.2 



1.4 



151 
230 
819 
334 



167 



0.39 129.0 

.48 238.0 

3.91 104.7 

4. 23 79. 



,73 121.6 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



31.9 


583 




62.8 


1,412 


0.40 


80.6 


2,449 


1.56 


86.0 


2,328 


.97 


90.8 


2,654 


3.13 


126.9 


5,404 


14.80 


67.5 


1,844 


1.53 



18.3 
22.5 
30.4 
27.1 
29.2 
42.6 



27.3 



Infectious and parasitic 
(20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



28.0 
62.4 
78.3 
74.8 
77.5 
76.1 



60.2 



Days 
of 

sick- 



756 
1,540 
1,649 
1,751 
2,466 
4,592 



1,589 



D'ths. 



1.19 
2.39 
1.95 
1.93 
3.13 
6.34 



2.10 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



27.0 
24.7 
21.1 
23.4 
31.8 
60.3 



26.4 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.6 

.4 



2.4 
1.6 



1.0 



16 
9.! 
18 
35 
59 



22 



0.40 



27.0 
25.0 
23.0 
14.6 
38.0 



22.8 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



3.0 


90 


0.60 


8.8 


161 


.40 


13.2 


433 


.78 


16.4 


621 


.48 


16.4 


488 


1.56 


33.8 


1,118 


4.23 


11.1 


344 


.81 



30.2 
18.4 
32.7 
37.9 
29.7 
33.1 



31.1 



General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
infectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



19.7 
13.9 
11.3 
9.7 
3.1 
14.8 



13.2 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



556 
268 
193 
386 
107 
319 



345 



D'ths 



0.30 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



28.3 
19.3 
17.1 
40.0 
34.3 
21.6 



26.2 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



6.0 


84 




16.7 


363 


0.40 


21.8 


525 




15.0 


321 


.48 


16.4 


369 




23.3 


581 




14.8 


331 


.16 



14.1 
21.8 
24.1 
21.5 
22.5 
25.0 



22.4 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



50.7 


720 




128.4 


2,133 


1.19 


134.4 


2,338 


.39 


117.3 


2,395 


.97 


97.0 


2,461 


3.13 


93.0 


3,027 


4.23 


102.1 


1,903 


.97 



14.2 
16.6 
17.4 
20.4 
25.4 
32.5 



18.7 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1301 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 190&— Continued. 

(G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Females— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Diseases of the genito-uri- 
nary organs (230-201). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (2(52-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 04 years. 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



12.8 
41.8 
40.9 
22.7 
8.6 
6.3 



317 
1,076 
1,281 
679 
211 
224 



0.30 



24.7 
25.8 
31.3 
29.9 
24.5 
35.3 



38.2 
39.8 
47.9 
48.8 
47.0 
52.9 



532 
734 
1,127 
1,159 
1,710 
2.144 



0.48 



13.9 
18.5 
23.5 
23.8 
30.4 
40.6 



22.4 
58.1 
93.9 
93.7 
87.6 
129.0 



444 
1,198 
1,946 
2,328 
2,946 
3,440 



0.40 



19.8 
20.6 
20.7 
24.9 
33.6 
26.7 



25.5 



715 



.16 



28.0 



43.5 



981 



22.5 



67.7 



1,633 



24.1 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 



1.8 
2.4 
1.2 
2.9 
1.6 
2.1 



1.9 



40 
35 
12 
100 
79 
42 



47 



22.2 
14.8 
10.0 
34.7 
50.5 
20.0 



24.2 



9.0 


123 




11.5 


235 




15.2 


252 




10.1 


197 




14.9 


322 




35.9 


1,264 




12.6 


250 





13.7 
20.4 
16.6 
19.4 
21.7 
35.2 



19.9 



32.2 


520 


0.30 


44.5 


898 




41.7 


948 


.39 


60.8 


1,520 




61.8 


1,392 


.78 


59.2 


1,949 




45.5 


1,007 


.24 



16.1 
20.2 
22.8 
25.0 
22.5 
32.9 



22.1 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



Anemia (68). 



1.2 
3.2 
4.7 
2.9 
1.6 



2.6 



40 



2.11 



.08 



10.5 
18.4 
17.4 
13.0 
8.5 



15.4 



1.8 


218 


0.89 


3.6 


258 


.80 


4.7 


163 


1.56 


6.8 


426 


.97 


5.5 


577 


3.13 


8.5 


1,300 


2.11 


4.2 


326 


1.29 



121.7 
72.2 
34.9 
63.1 
105.3 
153.8 



77.6 



18.5 


535 




12.3 


224 




7.8 


161 




6.3 


175 




.8 


61 




6.3 


140 




10.7 


276 


j 



18.2 
20.7 
27.9 
78.0 
22.0 



25.9 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.9 


52 


0.60 


2.8 


51 


.40 


3.9 


153 


.39 


5.8 


257 


.48 


7.0 


208 


1.56 


16.9 


628 


4.23 


4.0 


145 


.73 



58.0 
18.4 
39.3 
44.3 
29.6 
37.1 



36. 



13.7 


275 




43.7 


896 


0.40 


78.7 


1,625 




83.1 


1,822 




75.9 


2,507 




103.6 


2,^00 




55.3 


1,286 


.08 



20.0 
20.5 
20.7 
21.9 
33.0 
22.2 



0.3 



2.0 
.5 

.8 



23.2 



0.3 0.30 



15 
34 
3.1 



9.1 



1.0 



7.6 
70.0 
4.0 



14.1 



1302 



EEPOET OF THE C0MMISSI0:N'EK OE LABOK. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(H) GAS WORKS EMPLOYEES: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion! 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 


















15 to 24 years 


216 

1,216 

1,020 

448 

121 

7 


157 
926 
611 
279 
64 
9 


2,227 
13,740 
9,142 
5,534 
1,650 
530 


14.2 
14.8 
15.0 
19.8 
25.8 
58.9 




726.9 
761.5 
599.0 
622.8 
528.9 
1,285.7 


10,310 
11,299 
8,963 
12,353 
13,636 
75,714 




25 to 34 years 


4 
2 
8 
4 
2 


3 29 


35 to 44 years 


1 96 


45 to 54 years . . 


17 86 


55 to 64 years 


33 06 


65 to 74 years 


285 71 


75 years and over 






















Total 


3,028 


2,046 


32,823 


16.0 


20 


675.7 


10,840 


6 61 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 


General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 


Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 


Age group. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
davs 




Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

01 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


15 to 24 years 


83.3 
98.7 
62.8 
84.8 
24.8 
142.9 


1,333 
1,518 

870 
1,446 

595 
6,857 


"6." 82 

'"6." 70 

8.26 

142.86 


16.0 
15.4 
13.9 
17.1 
24.0 
48.0 


















25 to 34 years 


4.1 
1.0 
8.9 

24.8 


55 

52 

103 

207 




13.4 
53.0 
11.5 

8.3 


0.8 


196 




238.0 


35 to 44 years 






2.2 


174 


2.23 


78.0 


55 to 64 years 




65 to 74 years.. 














"! 












Total 


80.6 


1,251 


1.98 


15.5 


4.3 


63 


14.7 


.7 


104 


.33 


158.0 








Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 


Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 


Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 


15 to 24 years.. . 










23.2 
9.9 
13.7 
17.9 
8.3 


287 
161 
224 
254 
74 




12.4 
16.3 
16.3 
14.3 
9.0 


115.7 
127.5 
79.4 
89.3 
165.3 
142.9 


1,255 
1,819 
1,267 
2,728 
5,174 
5,714 


"6." 82 

"2.23 
8.26 


10.8 


25 to34»years 


L6 


28 




17.0 


14.3 


35 to 44 years.. 


16.0 


45 to 54 years 










30.6 


55 to 64 years.. 










31.3 


65 to 74 years 










40.0 






















Total 


.7 


11 




17.0 


13.2 


201 




15.2 


106.3 


1,870 


.99 


17.6 




i " 






Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 


Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 


Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 


15 to 24 years.. 


13.9 
11.5 
13.7 
8.9 
16.5 
142.9 


231 
307 
207 
163 
322 
26,000 


■■6.'82 
.98 


16.7 
26.6 
15.1 
18.3 
19.5 
182.0 


69.4 
129.1 

82.4 
133.9 

99.2 
142.9 


574 
1,520 

939 
2,237 
2,826 
1,000 


4.46 

8.26 

142.86 


8.3 
11.8 
11.4 
16.7 
28.5 

7.0 


13.9 
9.9 
3.9 


213 
178 
36 




15.3 


25 to 34 years 


18.0 


35 to 44 years 


9.3 


45 to 54 years.. 


6. 7 158 


23.7 


65 to 64 years 








65 to 74 years 




















Total 


12.6 


306 


.60 


24.4 


108.7 


1.414 


1.32 


13.0 


7.3 


122 




16.8 











CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1303 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(H) GAS WORKS EMPLOYEES: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 


Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av. 
erage 
(lays 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1 ,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 


Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


1 "i tn 94 vpar9 


83.3 
60.0 
54.9 
38.0 
8.3 


1,227 
771 
955 
806 
116 


"6.' 98 


14.7 
12.8 
17.4 
21.2 
14.0 


120.4 
135.7 
130.4 
120.5 
115.7 
714.3 


1,079 
1,969 
1,813 
1,866 
3,388 
36, 143 




9.0 
14.5 
13.9 
15.5 
29.3 
50.6 










25 to 34 veais 


4.1 
2.0 


71 
25 




17.2 


35 to 44 vears 


12.5 






55 to G4 vears 







































Total 


54.5 


842 


.33 


15.5 


131.1 1,973 




15.1 


2.3 


37 




15.9 








Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other external 
inauences (317-334). 


All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 


15 to 24 years .... 


9.3 

7.4 

13.7 

2.2 


213 

129 

224 

13 




23.0 
17.4 
16.3 
6.0 


185.2 3,759! 

159. 5 2, 565' 

140.2 2,347! 


20.3 
/ 16.1 
16.7 
22.0 
13.3 


9.3 
1.6 
1.0 


139 
14 
5.9 


■"6." 82 


15.0 


25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 


8.5 
6.0 


45 to 54 vears 


109. 4 2, 404 
57. 9I 769- 
1 


2.23 
8.26 






8.3 


165 




20.0 


C5 to 74 years . 










... 1 




























Total 


8.6 


144 




16.8 


143.0 2,475 


.66 


17.3 


2.0 


24 


.33' 12.2 








Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of the heart 

(169-181). 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 
291). 




9.3 
3.3 
2.9 
4.5 


403 

77 
86 
538 


'■6'82 

■■4.' 46 
8.26 


43.5 
23.5 
29.3 
120.5 

"48." 6 


4.6 
3.3 

10.8 
6.7 
8.3 


148 
88 
179 
138 
264 


"6.' 82 
.98 


32.0 
26.8 
16.6 
20.7 
32.0 
182.0 


92.6 
120.9 
105.9 
102. 7 
107.4 
571.4 


810 
1,648 
1,352 




8.8 


25 to 34 vears 


13.6 




12.8 




1,692 
3,298 




16.5 


55 to 64 years 




30.7 


65 to 74 years 


142.9 


6,857 


142. 86 


142.9 26,000 


33,000 


57.8 








Total 


4.0 


184 


1.65 


46.5 


6. 9 197 . 66 


28.5 


111.6 


1,633 


14.6 








Poisoning (92-95). 






15 to 24 years 




























2.5 


39 




16.0 




35 to 44 vears 


















55 to 64 jears 


8.3 


74 




9.0 




65 to 74 j-ears 
















Total 


1.3 


19 


14.3 





46598°— 10- 



-83 



1304 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(J) GLASS, PORCELAIN, AND POTTERY: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion! 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


178 

3,874 

3.307 

1,953 

902 

331 

47 

2 


67 

1,280 

1,186 

869 

474 

185 

37 

2 


928 

22,051 

24, 410 

21,119 

12, 738 

7,841 

1,316 

66 


13.9 
17.2 
20.6 
24.3 
26.9 
42.4 
35.6 
33.0 




376.4 
330.4 
3.58.6 
445.0 
492.7 
558.9 
787.2 
1,000.0 


5,213 
5,692 
7,381 
10,814 
13,241 
23, 689 
28,000 
33,000 




11 
18 
14 
13 

12 

1 


2 84 


25 to 34 years 


5 44 


35 to 44 years 


7 17 


45 to 54 years 


13 51 




36.25 


65 to 74 j'ears.. 


21 28 












Total 


10, 654 


4,100 


90, 469 22. 1 


69 


384.8 


8,492 


6.48 











Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

TotaL. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
-35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 


1,000 


persons, of— 


Cases 


Days 




of 

sick- 


of 
sick- 


D'ths. 


ness. 


ness. 




38.2 


1,151 


1.03 


63.8 


1,725 


3.63 


66.6 


2,169 


4.61 


63.4 


2,088 


3.12 


42.3 


1,224 


6.04 


85.1 


1,745 




53.6 


1,594 


2.82 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



30.1 

27.0 
32.6 
32.9 
28.9 
20.5 



29.7 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.5 

.3 

2.6 

1.0 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total... 



5.9 
4.2 
101 
14 



23 



11.5 
14.0 
39.6 
13.0 



27.6 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



7.9 
11.8 
11.4 

9.1 
21.3 



9.7 



176 
160 
475 
322 
553 
,021 



253 



1.04 
6.04 



23 



18.4 
20.3 
40.3 
28.2 
61.0 
48.0 



26.1 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 


persons, of— 


Cases 


Days 




of 

sick- 


of 

sick- 


D'ths. 


ness. 


ness. 




5.9 


98 




5.4 


226 




16.9 


576 




5.2 


109 




9.1 


613 




21.3 


5,064 




7.8 


263 





Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



16.6 
41.6 
34.1 

21.0 
67.7 
238.0 



33.7 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



3.9 


99 




13. 6 


247 




25.1 


1,027 


0.51 


27.0 


1,530 


3.12 


83. 2 


1,915 


9.06 


63.8 


6,106 


21.28 


14.1 


528 


.75 



25.5 
18.2 
40.9 
56.6 
57.6 
95.7 



37.5 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



54.2 


679 


0.77 


55.3 


673 




56.3 


905 


.51 


55.1 


1,172 


3.12 


60.4 


740 




148.9 


2,404 




55.8 


769 


.66 



12.5 
12.2 
16.1 
21.3 
12.3 
16.1 



13. 



Growth and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



0.5 
1.0 
3.0 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



35.0 
26.0 
15.0 



25.3 



Diseases of the organs 
of respiration (140-168). 



43.6 


857 


0.26 


48.1 


1,219 


.30 


71.2 


1,947 


1.54 


119.5 


2,978 


3.12 


163.1 


8,441 


9.06 


148.9 


3,277 




60.8 


1,601 


1.03 



19.6 
2.5.4 
27.4 
24.9 
51.7 
22.0 



26.3 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



5.7 
7.3 
7.2 

9.4 
12.1 



6.9 



139 
143 
256 
411 
1,082 



3.02 



09 



24.4 
19.7 
35.6 
43.9 
89.5 



30.1 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1305 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Concluded. 

(J) GLASS, PORCELAIN, AND POTTERY: Males— Concluded. 

SiCKXESs Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 


Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 

erage 
davs 
of au- 
ral ion 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ratiou 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Davs 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 


47.0 
28.4 
31. S 
26.0 
24.2 
85.1 


598 
498 
433 
667 
6.56 
1,979' 




12.7 
17.5 
13.6 
2.5.7 
27.1 
23.3 


21.9 
43.2 
63.0 
85.2 
111.8 
212.8 


423 

940 

1,138 


0.26 


19.5 
21.7 
18.1 
20.3 
48.1 
30.1 


1.8 1 .55 




30 3 


25 to 34 years 


3.0 
3.1 
1.0 


80 
36 
48 




26 5 


35 to 44 vears . . . 


11 7 




1,727 


46.0 




5,381 
6,404 






65 to 74 years 






















Total 


36.0 


555 


15.4 


45.6 


1,017 


.09 


22.3 


2.3 


56 




24 7 








Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 


All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 


15 to 24 years 


7.2 
6.1 
4.1 
8.3 
9.1 


89 

97 

130 

245 

254 




12.3 
16.1 
31.8 
29.5 
28.0 


90.4 
75.0 
81.9 
76.9 
78.6 


1,290 ! 0.52 


14.3 
18.1 
18.7 
24.5 
28.5 


0.5 
1.2 
3.1 
2.1 


27 
15 
70 
17 


o.'gi' 

'i'o-y 


53.0 


25 to 34 years 


1, 354 
1,533 
1,887 
2,236 


.60 


12.3 


35 to 44 years 


22 8 




8.0 


55 to 64 vears 




65 to 74 years 

































Total :. 


0.5 


119 




18.3 


83.3 


1,447 


.38 


17.4 


1.4 


30 


.38 


21.3 








Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 


15 to 24 years 


3.6 
10.3 
16.9 
12.5 

3.0 


287 

768 

1,219 

1,348 

196 


0.77 
3.02 
4.61 
3.12 
6.04 


79.4 
74.7 
72.2 
108.1 
65.0 


4.4 
3.3 
7.7 
6.2 
6.0 


113 
54 
412 
206 
511 


'i.'64' 
6.04 


2.5.8 
16.4 
53.7 
33.0 
84.5 


14.5 
31.2 
53.8 
72.8 
102.7 
148.9 


229 

805 

926 

1,555 

5,079 

4,404 




15. 8 


25 to 34 vears 


25 8 


35 to 44 vears 


17 2 


45 to 54 vears 


21.4 


55 to 64 vears 


49 4 


65 to 74 vears 


29 6 






















Total 


8.8 


694 


2.53 


78.6 


4.9 


169 


.28 


34.6 


35.5 


823 




23 2 








Poisoning (92-95). 






15 to 24 years 


2.6 

2.1 

3.0 

21.3 


41 
142 
296 

27 

550 

5,064 




15.8 
78.5 
38.6 
13.0 
182 n 


















25 to 34 years 




35 to 44 vears 








55 to 64 vears 




65 to 74 vears 


^238.0 








Total 


3.3 


155 


47.3 


1 

















J :u)(; 



IfKrORT OK 'I'lIK COM MISSION Kit OK F-AF50I{. 



HF(KNKF.H RATKH TN 'IMfK IJOir'ZIO I. OCA I, HICK KUNI) (COM IMJ LHOUY MF-MUKFIH), 1\Y 
CIIOUF'H OK OCCIII'A'I'IONH AND (OtOUF'H OK DIHKAHKH, JHH7 TO JJM),') (oiillmicd. 

(K) WOOD AND CUT MATICRIAI.S: IVluH's. 

Hum M A II Y. 



Ak«) K'<)ii|> 



lliiflcr \r, y<'iir;i. . 

l/» l.o 2-1 y<(iir.s 

■J/i (,(> ;{4 yoiirn 

;<r) t(» 44 y«Mir.s 

4r» tofii yniirs 

.Ifj (,<Hli yoiirH 

•iri (,o 74 ymirH 

75 yiiiirs iiiifl over 

Tolul 



Aj;«> K'*>"l> 



ir» toa-l yrarH — 

^f) io'M y«uirH 

.Vi l.o'l'l yiMirH 

^f) 1.0 54 ycuir.s — 

fifi 1,0(14 yniiiH 

(IT) to 74 yoaiH 



'J'otul. 



lA 1,0 24 years. 
25 to M ytmiH. 
.% to 44 yiMirs. 
45 to 54 yiMirs. 
55 to ri4 ynais. 
(15 to 74 "ytMir.s. 



Totiil. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to ;J4 yeiir.s. 
U5 to 44 y(Mvrs. 
45 to 54 yiiar.s. 
55 to (14 ynars. 
(15 to 74 ytuirs. 

T(»tal... 



Niitiilicr 


of per.soii.'i 


nii'lttr 


()liMnr\ii- 


lloii 1 


yr.iir. 


(i7:{ 


22, ok:^ 


22,543 


la, 171 


(I, (1(15 


2, (K)7 


572 


5(1 


i;7,HI\() 



Niiiiil)«',r 

of CIIHOH 

of 

;il<:knc!.SH. 



27.'. 

H, Hm 

H,5J5 
5, I OH 
;{, l.'H 
1,145 

:i7H 

41) 

27, 5o;( 



Niiml.r.r 

of (liiy.s 

of 

HJcklUl.SH. 



'1, 'tSO 
l.'.2,!»;iK 
J74,2HI 
1 20, K(12 
H4,0S0 
;((1, 050 
I4,7;{4 
1,(110 

.'(.s'.», (»;!.'. 



A \r.nn',t) 
<liiriiti()ii 

of eiu'li 

caso of 
KickniiHH 

(<layH). 



i(i.:t 

17.2 
20, 5 
2;{. 7 
2(1. H 

n. w 

WW. 

:(2, •) 



III 
i:to 
io:{ 

50 

;»2 
:) 



Nuinl»or, por 1,000 perioDf, 
of— 



Cases of 


.SicklHWS. 


-lO.S. (1 


m.K. 


a77. 7 


•Ml. K 


470. 2 


54(». 


(1(10. H 


KlU. 


■10.'..:', 



Days of 
sliiknass. 



n,fi67 

«,02fl 

7,7;u 

1), 17(1 
12,015 
17,020 
25, 75!) 
2.S, 7.'".0 

,H, (li):j 



Dfiillis. 



3.40 

4.«2 
1).H7 
15.45 
2H. 14 
55. 04 
5.1. 67 

7.56 



HK.KNKHH UATES,1»V <.!(<. II 



nrccttlons and parasltli 

tilH»Ml,S()H (20-07). 



Niim 


bcr, por 


1,(K)0 


porsons, of— 


(!ii,;;c;; 


i)ii.v;: 

of 
lilck- 




of 
.sick- 


H'lh;;. 


IH'.'I.S. 


IH-;;;;. 




40. 1 


1,200 


1.05 


5(1. K 


i,5.^:{ 


2. 4H 


50. 4 


1 , 472 


4. IK 


(17. 1 


2, io:{ 


4.K0 


Ul. 7 


2,IH7 


4. 77 


.'W. 5 


1,271 


:t. 50 


.5;{. (1 


{,.'.().'. 


2. !)2 



Av- 
iluyn 

lof (lll- 

iiljoii 

of 

('Il(!ll 
CIl.SC 

of 

;;ick- 
in';;;!. 



25. K 

27. ;< 

20. 2 

:il.4 
;i7. 
;t;t. 

2.H. I 



<;rowtli;; 
l.rni,; 



0. .s 
.K 



III! .swcillrir. 
(UO 100). 



.7 



1(1 

.H. V 
.'.. 4 
.'.. 7 




1',! 





1 1. 1 

12.0 
12.0 



DiWMWOH of the o^^;aIlS of 
(•!ic(iliill..ii (1(10 100). 



0.2 
N. 
10.0 
17.0 
20. 



21 H 


0. 1 4 


2 IK 


.27 


204 


. (IS 


4,S| 


1.(15 


720 


4. 20 


02H 


5. 24 


2.SI 


. (12 



2.1. H 
25. W 
20. 5 
2.S. 4 
;i5. 
75. 



Oonoral dliwrnHos, other 
tliiiii (1(iv(tIopiiiciilal 
and lnf<'cll()iisaM<l jmiiu- 

,sltl(! (OH 05). 



Niirn 


Imt, per 


1,000 


J>< 


rsuny, of 


— 


Cii;ic;; 


Diiv;; 




of 
.sick- 
ni'.'i.'i. 


of 
Hl(!k- 

iH'.s;;. 


D'tli.s. 


5. ;t 


100 


0. 05 


(1. 1 


l,-.« 


. 00 


0.0 


25S 


. 2.'l 


1 0. 5 


;t40 


. 15 


11. 


.'t.'VJ 


.4H 


I..S 


12(1 




7.0 


1 .s.'. 


. 12 



lllV.'i 

fdll 

ml Ion 

of 
cucli 

(■|1S(! 

of 
sirk- 



20. 5 
20. 

2H. K 

;t;{. 2 

27. K 
72. 

2(1. 5 



l)|;!iiii;!c.s of (,li(( niTV( 
Hystoni (101 lao). 



0. 5 


214 


0. 05 


i;».5 


;»7H 


• IH 


17.5 


(W4 


.;iH 


24. (1 


K,S4 


1.(15 


:to. 5 


1 , 4H5 


2. HO 


.(1.5 


1,51 


(1. 00 


M. 7 


'17.'. 


. 4(1 



22. (1 
2H. 

;io. 2 
:t5. 

4H.7 

4H. ;{ 

Wl. I 



DIscMLscs of (lie ori^iin: 
(ll)'c;;ll(.M (10! 220). 



(1(1. 


7S0 


0. ().'. 


(17. 


072 


.27 


(10. 7 


1 , 004 


.01 


(10. 


1 , 472 


. 75 


70. H 


I.HI2 


4. 20 


HO. 2 


2,;i7H 


5. 24 


(17. 


I.OIO 



ll.,s 
1 4. 4 
1(1.(1 

21. ;« 
2;{. (1 

20. 7 

I.'.. I 



(JrowtlisandswellinKS, ina- 
liKiiaiit (00-OH). 



Niini 

1" 

'ii.'ic;; 


ber, ])cr 

i:,..ir;, of 
Duv.s 


1,000 


of 

sick- 
le.S'i. 


of 

Hlck- 
IICSS. 


D'tlis. 


0. 1 


20 


0. 05 


•) 


0.0 




. 7 


54 


.40 


1.2 


1(17 


.00 


2. 4 


102 


i.4;» 


.-{. 5 


400 


;{. 50 


. t 


12 


.27 



Av- 

• TIlKfi 

(lays 
of dil- 
ution 

of 
each 
ca.so 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



220. 
.'17. 3 
7H.7 

i.ms 

42. H 
117.0 

05. 4 



l>l;;rii.;r,! of llin organs of 
iv.q.iiiillon (140 KIH). 



52. 


l,()4H 


0. :i2 


50. 


1 , ;{75 


.so 


5H. 7 


I , (150 


1.07 


7;j. 5 


2.. (10 


:». ;(() 


1 00. 2 


4,2HO 


0. 20 


104. 1 


H,(117 


24. 48 


.'.,H. 1 


1,508 


1.47 



27.0 



nisimso.i of tlin gonlto- 

I Ml nary organs (2.'10-201). 



5. I 
4.0 

;(. 
;i. 
;t. H 

H. 7 



02 


0. 05 


107 


.1.1 


77 


.OH 


151 




141 


.•IH 


420 




1 ().'•, 


. 00 



1H.2 
23. 4 
21.2 
42. 
37.0 
4H.0 

23. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1307 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIC, LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), HY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO lOn-S-Contiuued. 

(K) WOOD AND CUT MATERIALS: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, nv Gkoups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years.... 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years.... 

45 to 54 years 

65 to 04 years — 
65 to 74 years 



Total. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to G4 years. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (202-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



45. 7 
33.8 
31.5 
34.1 
39.6 
47.2 



37.0 



Davs 

sick- 
ness. 



535 

563 

822 

1,137 

2,115 



615 



D'lhs. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



12.6 

15.8 
17.9 
24.1 

28.7 
44.8 



16.3 



Diseases of the eye (300- 
310). 



9.2 
6.9 
7.2 
9.2 
5.3 
14.0 



121 
110 
123 
236 
136 
881 



137 



0.08 



,01 



13.2 
16.0 
17.1 
25.8 
25. 9 
63.0 



17.1 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



6.8 


520 


1.68 


8.2 


6-57 


2.35 


9.1 


/ao 


3.64 


11.7 


1,017 


3.90 


9.5 


900 


4.29 


3.5 


OIO 




8.2 


666 


2.55 



77.0 
80.0 
82.8 
80.9 
94.4 
164. 5 



81.6 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



29.7 
39.0 
51.2 
67.5 
8-3.0 
124.1 



43.0 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



545 
699 
1,162 
1,424 
2,270 
4,320 



D'ths, 



0.05 



.23 

.30 

.95 

3.50 



15 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



18.4 
18.0 
22.7 
21.1 
27.4 
34.8 



20.6 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



115.6 


1,834 


0.23 


86.3 


1,538 


.44 


83.7 


1,733 


.38 


89.7 


2,109 


.90 


101.6 


2,903 


.95 


87.4 


2,570 


1.75 


96.7 


1,787 


.43 



15.9 
17.8 
20.7 
23.5 
28.6 
29.4 



18.5 



Diseases of the heart (169- 
181). 



5.8 


148 


0.14 


4.8 


151 


.27 


5.9 


206 


.68 


10.5 


345 


1. 65 


10.0 


458 


2.86 


7.0 


603- 


3. 50 


6.1 


193 


.56 



31.7 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.7 

1.2 

1.3 

.6 

.5 



65 to 74 years | 1.1 

Total 



6.8 
28 
63 
40 

8.6 
126 



29 



0.15 



10.0 
24.5 
49.1 
66.3 
18.0 
72.0 



. 03 30. 9 



2.7 
1.6 
1.5 
1.1 
1.9 
1.8 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



iO 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



17.9 
24.0 
26.4 
19.1 
15. 3 
13.0 



21.2 



All other disoa.ses, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



2.3 


36 


0.50 


L3 


28 


.27 


L7 


52 


.30 


1.8 


70 


1.0.5 


1.9 


74 


1.43 


3.5 


112 


1.75 


1.8 


42 


.47 



15.7 
21.3 
31.4 
38.9 
39.0 
32.0 

23.2 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



20.0 


342 


0.05 


30.6 


564 




43.4 


958 


.08 


57.9 


1,181 




74.4 


2,002 


.95 


104.9 


3,692 


3. 50 


34.1 


698 


.09 



17.1 
18.4 
22.1 
20.4 
26.9 
35.2 

20.4 



1308 



KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1SS7 TO 1905— Continued. 

(L) MANUFACTURE OF MUSICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL, ETC., INSTRUMENTS: Male*. 

SUMMAEY. 



Age group. 


Number 
of persons 

under 
ol^serva- 

tionl 

year. 


Number 

of cases 

of 

sickness. 


Number 

of days 

of 

sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of- 




Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years . . 


399 

11,331 

7,111 

3,398 

1,857 

903 

227 

37 


150 

4,387 

2,226 

1,076 

640 

377 

109 

33 


2,431 
81,498 
49,077 
27,393 
17,042 
12,241 
5,852 
1,569 


16.2 
18.6 
22.0 
25.5 
26.6 
32.5 
53.7 
47.5 


1 
57 
45 
43 
15 
22 
9 
5 


375.9 
387.2 
313.0 
316.7 
344.6 
417.5 
480.2 
891.9 


6,093 

7,192 
6,902 
8,0G2 
9, 177 
13,556 
25,780 
42,405 


2.51 
5 03 


25 to 34 years 


6.33 


35 to 44 years.. 


12 65 




8.08 


55 to 64 years . 


24 36 




39.65 


75 years and over 


135. 14 


Total 


25,263 


8,998 


197, 103 


21.9 


197 


356.2 


7,802 


7 80 



Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 
of 

sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 
of 

sick- 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness : 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98)» 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years, 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



48.3 
48.0 
54.7 
47.9 
56.5 
52.9 



1,488 
1,606 
1,954 
1,202 
2,175 
3,410 



2.82 
3.52 
5.30 
1.62 
5.54 
13.22 



30.8 
33.5 
35.7 
25.1 
38.5 
64.5 



8.7 
7 
6.8 
8.1 
14.4 
22.0 



212 
270 
148 
254 
514 
,595 



0.18 
,14 
.29 



24.2 
38.4 
21.9 
31.4 
35 7 
72.4 



49.2 



1,599 



3.44 



32.5 



8.4 



251 



.16 



29.9 



Growth and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



0.7 
.4 
.3 



1.1 



25 

3.5 
17 



16 



0.09 



04 



35.1 

8.3 

58.0 



14.0 



7.6 
11.3 
20.0 
16.2 
28.8 
66.1 



29.1 



12.1 



196 
342 
877 
729 
,123 
674 



465 



0.09 
.14 
1.77 
LOS 
4.43 
4.41 



.59 



25.8 
30.4 
43.8 
45.1 
39.0 
116.1 



0.1 

.4 



0.14 



1.1 

55 



15 
410 



.54 
2.21 



28 



20 



4.0 
69 



13.5 
74.0 



58.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



38.5 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



49.6 
45 7 
47 1 
49.5 
76.4 
149.8 



50.3 



1,122 
1 176 
1,511 
1,674 
2,034 
4,590 



1,306 



1 06 
1.41 
3.24 
1 62 
2.21 



1.54 



22.6 
25.7 
32.1 
33.8 
26.6 
30.6 



26.0 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



12.3 
9.1 
7 1 
10.8 
16.6 



291 
205 
144 
354 
1,004 



23.7 
22.4 
20.4 
32.9 
60.5 



10.6 



25.7 



68.7 
62.3 
45.6 
50.6 
50.9 
44.1 

61.7 



781 
1,004 

881 
1,172 
1,274 
1,035 

911 



.18 

.23 

.29 

L08 

2.21 



32 



11.4 
16.1 
19.3 
23.2 
25.0 
23.5 

14.8 



4.4 
5.5 
2.4 
4.9 
3.3 
4.4 



132 
85 
65 
158 
390 
383 

125 



108 
1.11 



30.0 
15.5 
27.8 
32.7 
117.3 
87 

28.3 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEis^ S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1309 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Coatmued. 

(L) MANUFACTURE OF MUSICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL, ETC., INSTRUMENTS? 

31alcs — Concluded . 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 04 years 

65 to 74 years 

Total 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (2G2-280). 



Number, per 1,000 Av- 
persous, of— erage 
days 
of au- 
ration 

of 
each 
D'ths. case 
of 
sick- 
ness- 



Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



38.9 
23.8 
29.7 
29.6 
21.0 
26.4 



31.9 



Days 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



524 
302 



889 
,604 



497 



1.11 



04 



13.5 
12.7 
16.1 
23.5 
42.3 
GO. 7 



15.6 



Diseases of the eye (300- 
316). 



12.2 



15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years i 7. 

55 to 64 years i 11.1 

65 to 74 years i 4.4 



Total ' 9.1 



153 
108 
93 
233 
167 
260 



144 



12.6 
16.3 
17.6 
33.3 
15.1 
59.0 



15.7 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
3-5 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 04 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
2.5 to 34 "years. 
35 to 44 years. 
4-5 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
&5 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



9.3 


775 


10.8 


988 


11.5 


1,175 


4.9 


304 


13.3 


1,030 


13.2 


2,229 


9.7 


869 



2.74 
3.52 
5.00 
1.08 
5.54 
13. 22 



83.7 
91.2 

102.4 
75.1 
77.5 

168.7 



3.29 : 89.3 



Poisoning (92-95). 



2.0 
3.5 
2.4 
1.6 
2.2 



2 4 



41 
119 

68 
164 

33 



20.1 
33.9 
29.0 
101.3 
15.0 



30.8 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 


Dap 


of 


sick- 


sick- 


ness. 


ness. 


23.1 


469 


28.6 


644 


34.7 


680 


47.4 


1,061 


64.2 


1,782 


66.1 


4,040 


29.7 


665 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



20.3 

22. 6 

' 19.6 

! 22. 4 

1. 11 1 27. 7 
13. 22 I 61. 1 

. 16 I 22. 4 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



107.9 


1,727 


0.18 


60.8 


1,069 


.28 


60.6 


1,156 


1.18 


67.9 


1,571 




64.2 


1,660 




39.7 


1,176 




83.8 


1,456 


.32 



16.0 
17.6 
19.1 
23.2 
25.8 
29.7 



17.4 



Diseases of the heart (169- 
181). 



8.1 
5.9 
2.4 
4.3 
4.4 



6.3 



222 
166 
74 
165 
465 



0.35 
.14 

.29 

.54 

2.21 



27.3 
28.0 
31.4 
38. 3 
105.0 



Diseases of the car (295- 
299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



3.0 

17 

.9 

2.7 



2.2 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



40 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



14.9 
2.3.6 
38.0 
17.8 



17.9 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



1.7 
2.0 
1.5 
1.1 
3.3 



1.8 



28 
19 

21 

12 

118 



0.09 

.28 

.29 

.54 

2.21 

4.41 



31 



32 



16.6 
9.7 
14.6 
11.0 
35.7 



17.2 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



15.4 
2.3.1 
31.2 
40.4 
56.5 
57.3 



29.9 



23.2 



258 
498 
575 
891 
1,567 
3,943 



493 



1.11 
13.22 



16. 8 
21.6 
18.4 
22.1 
27.7 



2L3 



1310 



KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(M) LEATHER AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
■ (days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


450 

8,112 

5,378 

2,413 

987 

402 

126 

18 


128 

2,750 

1,820 

910 

410 

232 

78 

10 


2,103 

47, 125 

39,028 

25, 933 

12,708 

8,719 

3,406 

848 


16.4 
17.1 
21.4 

28.5 
31.0 
37.6 
43.7 
84.8 




284.4 
339.0 
338.4 
377,1 
415.4 
577.1 
619.1 
555.6 


4,673 
5,809 
7,257 
10, 747 
12,875 
21, 689 
27,032 
47,111 




35 
34 
20 
23 

15 
8 
2 


4.31 


25 to 34 years 


6.32 


35 to 44 years 


8.29 




23.30 


55 to 64 years 


37.31 




63.49 


75 years and over 


111.11 


Total 


17,886 


6,338 


139, 870 


22.1 


137 


354.4 


7,820 


7.66 







Sickness Rates^ by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 
of 

sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness 



Growths .and svvelHngs, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



46.2 
60. 1 
63.0 
80.0 
84.6 
111.1 



1,101 
1,720 
2,179 
3,514 

3,244 
4,492 



2.22 
3.90 
2.90 

10.13 
2.49 

15.87 



23.8 
28.6 
34.6 
43.9 
38.4 
40.4 



7.9 

7.8 

10.0 

17,2 

49.8 

7.9 



160 
240 
205 
394 
3,353 
1,444 



55.2 



1,621 



3 30 



29.3 



9.6 



282 



0.12 



1,01 
4.98 



20.3 
30.7 
20.6 
22.9 
67.4 
182.0 



5 

7 9 



348 
278 



4.98 
7,94 



70.0 
35.0 



22 



29.3 



10 



17 



58.3 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



0.6 

.7 
1.2 
1.0 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
65 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

TotaL. 



25 



60.6 
20.5 
16.0 
16.0 



34.5 



7.5 


193 


15,4 


389 


24.5 


980 


16.2 


531 


47.3 


1,910 


39.7 


1,278 


13.6 


418 



0.25 
.19 
1.66 
1 01 
7.46 
7.94 



25.7 
25.2 
40.1 
32.8 
40.4 
32.2 



47.1 
51.3 
60.9 
57.8 
87.1 
182.5 



. 67 I 30. 7 



52.3 



920 


0.25 


1,585 


.19 


1,857 


1.24 


1.728 


2.03 


2,657 


4.9S 


8,151 


7.94 


1,407 


.73 



19 5 
30.9 
30.5 
29.9 
30.5 
44.7 



26. i 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



8.6 
7.3 
11.2 
8.1 
49.8 
31,8 



9 5 



217 


0.25 


264 


.74 


515 


.83 


494 


6.08 


2,234 


2. .19 


.2, 881 


7.94 


346 


.89 



25.2 
36.4 
46.0 
61.0 
44.9 
90.8 

30. 4 



66.1 


809 


0.37 


65. 8 


903 


,37 


58.0 


1,197 


.83 


56.7 


1,244 




54.7 


1,694 


4.98 


63.5 


3,294 


15.87 


64.4 


952 


61 



12. 2 
13^7 
20.6 
21.9 
31.0 
51.9 



3.0 
4.1 
4.1 
4.1 
2.5 



14.8 3.4 



244 
60 



95 



0.12 

i'oi' 



11 



31.0 
22.4 
19.4 
60.3 
24.0 



27,1 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1311 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL-SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), IJY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(M) LEATHER AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS: Males-Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 


Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 
persons, of- 


1,000 


Av- 
erage 
days 

of ClU- 

ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 


43.5 
26.0 
26.1 
44.6 
37.3 
55.6 


522 

390 

848 

1,441 

1,555 

1,929 




12.0 
15.0 
32.5 
32.3 
41.7 
34.7 


22.7 
33.7 
50.2 
70.9 
84.6 
71.4 


426 
623 
1,301 
1,679 
2,070 
2,302 


0.25 


18.8 
18.5 
25 9 
23.7 
24.5 
32.2 


2.3 
2.8 
1.7 
1.0 


31 
37 
26 
15 




13.4 
13.3 
15.5 
15.0 


65 to 74 years 










1 





Total . . . ." 


35.8 


618 




17.2 


33.9 


715 


.11 


21.1 


2. 2 j 30 


! 13 3 








Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and 
nal influence 


other ( 
s (317- 


^xter- 
334). 


All other diseases, including 
indefinite diagnost^s (335). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 


8.5 
8.6 
5 
2.0 
2.5 


124 
148 
44 
55 
22 




14 5 
17.3 

8.8 
27.0 

9.0 


72.7 
53.4 
58.4 
55.7 
62.2 
31.8 


1,149 
814 
1,438 
1,520 
1,545 
429 


0.12 
.37 

i.oi' 

2.49 


15.8 
15.3 
24.6 
27.3 
24.8 
13.5 


2.2 29 
1.5 35 
2.9 57 


0.37 

.56 

,83 

1.01 

2.49 


13.1 
23.3 
19.7 


55 to 64 years 


7. 5 1 694 
7. 9 I 278 


93.0 
35.0 














Total 


7 4 


111 




15.1 


63.9 


1,134 


.28 


17.8 


2.1 1 49 

1 


.56 


23.6 




Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of 
(169-1 


the 
81). 


heart 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years . 


5 1 

10.8 

18.7 

28.4 

5.0 

7.9 

9.8 


393 

888 

1,320 

2,041 

1,000 

71 


L73 
3.53 
2.90 
8.11 
2.49 
7.94 


77 7 
82.3 
70.8 
71.9 
201.0 
9.0 


5.8 
4.8 
6.2 
6.1 
10.0 
31.8 


159 

188 
308 
431 
381 
2,881 


0.25 

.74 

.83 

6.08 

■7." 94' 


27 5 
38.8 
49.6 
70.8 
38.3 
90.8 


14.6 
25.9 
43.5 
65.9 
77.1 
63.5 


253 
461 
1,103 
1,466 
1,913 
2, 198 


0.12 


17.4 
17.8 
25.3 


45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


22.3 
24.8 
34.6 


Total 


759 


2.80 


77.1 


5.8 


223 


.84 


38.8 


26.3 


544 


.06 


20.7 








Poisoning (92-95). 






15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


2.3 
3.5 
2.9 
4 1 
24.9 
7.9 


67 

103 

73 

114 

2.107 

1,444 


'i"6i' 

2.49 


28.6 
29.1 
25.0 
28.3 
84.7 
182.0 


















Total 


3.4 


135 


.11 


39.7 









1312 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 18S7 TO 1905— Continued. 

(N) METAL WORKING: Males. 

SUMMAKY. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 

of days 

of' 

sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Daj-s of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 3-oar3 

15 to 24 ja-'ars 

25 to 34 years 

35 to44 5-ears.. 

45 to 54 J-ears 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 J-ears 

75 years and over .... 


2,307 

64, 722 

47,282 

23,835 

10,071 

3,023 

518 

25 


1,381 

32,608 

21,096 

11,815 

5,547 

2,051 

471 

13 


22, 346 

514, 299 

409,468 

264, 976 

149, 329 

68,602 

22, 023 

402 


16.2 
15.8 
19.4 
22.4 
26.9 
33.4 
46.8 
30.9 


2 
179 
244 
215 
154 
104 

1 


598.6 
. 503. 8 
446.2 
495.7 
550.8 
678.5 
909.3 
520.0 


9,686 
7,946 
8,660 
11,117 
14, 828 
22,693 
42,515 
16,080 


0.87 

2.77 

5.16 

9.02 

15.29 

34.40 

63.71 

120.00 


Total 


151, 783 


74, 982 


1,451,445 


19.4 


934 


494.0 


9,563 


6 15 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 
of 

sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growth and swellings, 
malignant (90-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



35.7 
57.5 
65.7 
05.9 
51.2 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years, 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years, 
55 to 64 years, 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years... 
25 to 3t years... 
35 to 44 years... 
45 to 54 years... 
55 to 64 years... 
05 to 74 years... 

Total 



52.8 
60.6 
66.3 
66.3 
81.7 
113.9 



1,165 
1,638 
1,829 
2,099 
3,070 
5,736 



1.42 

2.77 
3.27 
4.07 
7.01 
9.65 



22.1 
25.4 
27.6 
31.6 
37.6 
50.4 



6.0 
5.6 
9.9 
13.6 
19.2 
5.8 



129 
121 
292 
418 
615 
432 



0.02 
.04 
.25 
.40 
.33 



21.7 
21.7 
29.3 
30.8 
32.0 
74.7 



0.1 

.04 



2.4 
5.0 



1.7 
2.4 
36 

157 

254 



02 
.21 
1.29 
2.32 
1.93 



58.8 



1,' 



2.44 



25.5 



7.3 



182 



,09 



24.9 



23 



.18 



CO.l 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-108). 



1.0 

.7 

.6 

.8 

1.7 

1.9 



16 


0.02 


12 




10 




29 




115 




39 




17 


.01 



17.0 
17.6 
16.4 
37.0 
69.8 
20.0 



6.7 
13.4 
23.0 
30.1 
39.0 
30.9 



20.4 I 13.6 



138 

407 

812 

1,078 

1,905 

2,207 



432 



0.11 
.30 
.71 
1.39 
1.98 
7.72 



.42 



20.6 
30.3 
35.4 
35.8 
48.8 
71.4 



31.' 



53.5 


1,009 


0.37 


50. 2 


1.420 


.74 


62.8 


1,762 


2.06 


78.6 


2,456 


3.28 


129.7 


5,247 


8.93 


2:39.4 


13. 448 


23.17 


59.4 


1,472 


1.20 



18.9 
25.2 
28.1 
31.2 
40.5 
56.2 



24.: 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-201). 



10.2 


2.53 


0.12 


24.8 


74.7 


841 


0.20 


9.1 


244 


.23 


26.7 


75.1 


1,071 


.36 


10.7 


366 


.67 


34.2 


67.1 


1,103 


.34 


13.3 


515 


1..39 


38.7 


70.8 


1,414 


1.49 


21.5 


1,211 


4. 63 


56.3 


80.1 


2,100 


3.97 


57.9 


4,. 338 


7.72 


74.9 


86.9 


2, 282 


3.86 


10.5 


317 


.44 


30.0 


73.8 


1,024 


.44 



11.3 
14.3 
16.4 
20.0 
20.2 
26.3 



5.4 
5.5 
4.2 
5.2 
14.2 
11.6 



13.9 



6.4 



107 


0.02 


129 


.06 


112 


.34 


160 


.30 


675 


.99 


749 


1.93 


130 


.13 



19.8 
23.3 
26. 4 
31.1 
40.4 
04.7 

24.0 




CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1313 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1S87 TO 1&J5— Coutinued. 

(N) METAL. WORKING: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 4 1 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to r>4 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to G4 years 
05 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to (A years. 
C5 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to CA years, 
(id to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (202-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 


Dy 


of 


sick- 


sick- 


ness. 


ness. 


60.8 


720 


30.0 


509 


38.2 


685 


41.2 


968 


41.7 


1,099 


63.7 


2,442 


47.9 


679 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of clu- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness- 



11.8 
0.02 I 14.1 
.04 I 17.9 
23.5 
26.4 
38.3 

01 I 14.3 



Diseases of the eve 
(300-310). 



15.6 


206 




11.9 


171 




n.o 


163 




11.2 


248 




7.9 


2.34 1 


9.7 


510 


13.3 


195 





13.2 
14.4 
14.8 
22.1 
29.5 
52.8 



14.7 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



5.0 


395 


1.22 


9.2 


683 


2.41 


10.4 


863 


2.85 


10.2 


829 


3.28 


10.3 


1,102 


5.62 


19.3 


1.448 


5.79 


7.6 


599 


2.07 



79.2 
73.9 
83.0 
81.1 
107.4 
75.0 



78. 



Poisoning (92-95). 



1.4 
2.4 
3.0 
2.2 
.7 



2.0 



43 



0.10 



19.4 
22.0 
25.0 
32.1 
54.5 



.01 



22.9 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



34.5 
48.0 
73.3 
97.1 
113.5 
154.4 



50.8 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



534 
880 
1,497 
2, 464 
3,258 
6,064 



993 



D'ths 



0.02 
.04 
.08 
.20 



1.93 



,05 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the ears 
(295-299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



15.5 
18.3 
20.4 
25.4 
28.7 
39.3 



Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



3.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.7 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



Av- 
erage 



days 
of du- 
ration 
of 

each 
D'ths.i case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



0.04 



15.6 
21.1 
18.4 
36.6 
23.5 



19.6 2.9 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal inQuences (317-334). 



176.8 
119.6 
r2.3. 3 
115.6 
116.8 
131.3 



146.9 



2,736 


0.23 


2,066 


.21 


2,370 


.46 


2.692 


.79 


2,889 


.99 


4,243 


3.86 


2,512 


.35 



15.5 
17.3 
19.2 
2:5.3 
24.7 
32.3 



17. 



Diseases of the heart 
(109-181). 



6.0 


IT4 


0.11 


4.7 


137 


.21 


.5.0 


231 


.63 


6.7 


267 


.79 


12.9 


851 


4.30 


38.6 


2.994 


7.72 


5.7 


199 


.38 



29.1 
29.4 
45.8 
40.1 
05. 9 
77.0 



35.0 



54 



.01 



18.7 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



2.4 
1.9 
2.4 
2.1 
4.0 



2.3 



0.20 

.32 

.59 

.70 

2.32 

1.93 



14.5 
20.0 
15.1 
18.3 
14.8 



37 



,38 



10.3 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



24.1 
39.3 
02.3 
84.8 
98.9 
137.1 



40.0 



3.50 


0.02 


714 


.04 


1.281 


.08 


2,133 




2.734 




5,770 


1.93 


792 


.04 



14.5 
18.2 
20.0 
2.5.2 
27.0 
42.1 



19.5 



1314 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(O) FOODS AND DRINKS: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


553 

17,242 

9,365 

3.797 

1,897 

827 

192 

21 


146 

5,032 

3,313 

1,648 

900 

440 

160 

13 


2,423 
95, 361 
62, 597 
36; 480 
23,058 
12,782 

6,185 
673 


16. G 
19.0 
18.9 
22.1 
25.6 
29.1 
38.7 
51.8 


1 

38 
37 
36 
36 
22 
10 
1 


264.0 
291.9 
353.8 
434.0 
474.4 
532.0 
833.3 
619.1 


4,382 

5,531 

6,684 

9.608 

12,155 

15,456 

32,214 

32,048 


1.81 
2.20 


'^5 to 34 years 


3.95 




9.48 


45 to 54 years 


18.98 


55 to 64 years 


26.60 


65 to 74 years 


52.08 


75 years and over 


47.62 


Total 


33, 894 


11, 652 


239, 559 


20.6 


181 


343.8 


7,068 


5.34 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, oi — 



Cases 

ol 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness- 



Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 

erage 
' days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Dap 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



32.4 
44.3 
52.7 
53.2 
66.5 
78.1 



900 
1,140 
1,455 
1,624 
1,800 
2,964 



1.16 
2.24 
2.37 
5.80 
6.05 



27.8 
25.7 
27.6 
30.5 
27.1 
37.9 



2.4 
3.6 
9.0 
26.9 
9.7 
5.2 



63 
109 
289 
625 
219 
177 



0.26 
.53 



25.8 
30.1 
32.3 
23.3 
22.6 
34.0 



0.1 

1.6 
3.6 



2.7 



46.0 



28 
113 
287 



0.53 
2.42 



106.0 
71.7 
79.0 



40.0 



1,096 



27.4 



5.1 



130 



06 26. ) 



(5.5 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



0.6 



1.2 



10 
12 
6.1 



15.6 
16.7 

7.7 



31.0 



3.8 


109 


0.12 


9.5 


276 


.11 


16. 3 


413 


.53 


19.5 


728 


1.05 


18.1 


677 


2.42 


26.0 


719 




8.3 


249 


.27 



28.5 
29.0 
25.3 
37.3 
37.3 
27.6 



30. 1 42. 2 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



28.3 
47.4 
54.8 
74.9 
106.4 
239.6 



580 


0.06 


1,093 


.64 


1,241 


1.58 


2.185 


3.16 


4,318 


6.05 


9,583 


20.83 


1,025 


.86 



20.5 
23.1 
22.6 
29.2 
40.6 
40.0 



24.3 



Diseases of the genito-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



7.8 
6.5 
8.7 
13.7 
15.7 
67.7 



8.4 



219 


0.17 


173 


.11 


256 


2.11 


497 


3.16 


710 


3.63 


3,667 


5.21 


257 


.65 



28.2 
20. 6 
29.4 
30.2 
45. 8 
54. 2 



30.7 



30.2 
47.8 
49.5 
56.4 
72.6 
145.8 



40.5 



430 


0.17 


14.2 


4.2 


108 




735 


.32 


15.4 


4.8 


118 




888 


1.32 


17.9 


5. 5 


193 


0.53 


1,130 


2.11 


20.0 


5.8 


108 


.53 


1.195 


2. 42 


10.5 


4.8 


232 




6,177 


15.62 


42.4 


5.2 


94 




657 


.59 


16.2 


4.6 


122 


.09 



25.8 
24.5 
34.9 
18.5 
48.0 
18.0 



26.7 



CHAPTER v.— WORKMEN ^6 INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1315 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO lOOo-Continued. 

(O) FOODS AND DRINKS: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 2.6 

25to34vears i 5.3 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



49.1 
39.3 
40.8 
36.4 
41.1 
62.5 



44.6 



Davs 
sick- 



644 

868 

857 

1,276 

1,120 



766 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15.7 
16.4 
21.3 
23.6 
31.0 
17.9 



17.2 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



5.4 


71 


5.2 


77 


8.4 


315 


5.8 


118 


16.9 


300 


5.2 


42 


0.1 


109 



13.1 
14.7 
37.4 
20.3 
17.7 
8.0 



17.9 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to' 04 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total... 



9.5 
7.9 
6.1 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total... 



226 
390 
645 
682 
554 



347 



0.81 
1.92 
2.11 
3.69 
3.63 



88.6 
73.0 
68.0 
86.2 
91.6 



78.3 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.2 
.2 
.5 



1.2 



92 



31.8 
34.0 
42.5 



31.0 



34. 



20.8 
42.6 
85.6 
90.7 
96.7 
114.6 



43.4 



Days 

or 
sick- 
ness. 



579 
719 
1,629 
2,278 
2,189 
3,901 



884 



D'ths. 



1.05 



5.21 



.09 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



21.6 
16.9 
19.0 
25.1 
22.6 
34.0 



20.4 



Injuries and other ex- 
ternal influences (317-334). 



98.8 


1,647 


0.29 


98.9 


1,545 


.43 


^8.2 


1,938 


.26 


87.5 


1,851 




78.6 


2,207 




83.3 


3,771 




97.4 


1,693 


.30 



16.7 
15.6 
19.7 
21.2 
28.1 
45.3 



17.4 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



4.1 


124 


0.17 


3.7 


119 


.11 


4.7 


193 


2.11 


12.1 


488 


3.16 


9.7 


363 


3.63 


26.0 


2,365 


5.21 


4.8 


169 


.65 



30.5 
31.9 
40.7 
40.3 
37.5 
90.8 



Disea-sps of the ear 
(295-299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



0.6 

1.5 

1.3 

.5 



.9 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



19 



D'ths 



,03 



Av- 
erage 

days 
of du- 
ration 
of 

each 

case 
of 

sick- 



le. 8 
12.1 
45.2 
45.0 



19.7 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



1.4 
1.5 
2.1 
1.6 



1.5 



0.23 



.53 
1.05 
3.63 
5.21 



28 



35 



23.9 
16.6 
13.8 
11.3 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



16.4 


309 




32.9 


521 




73.0 


1,315 




78.0 


1,889 


1.05 


88.3 


2,048 




88.5 


3,151 


5.21 


32.7 


624 


.09 



18.9 
15.8 
18.0 
24.2 
23.2 
35.6 

19.1 



131b EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Contmued 

(P) PAPER : Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

o! 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 


693 

13.699 

10,036 

5,153 

2,348 

885 

222 

15 


337 

5,605 

3,600 

2,028 

1,037 

536 

185 

9 


5.605 
105, 564 
87,719 
55,978 
32,354 
19,326 
10,124 
720 


16.6 
18.8 
24.4 
27.6 
31.2 
36.1 
54.7 
80.0 


1 

61 
54 
51 
36 

2 


480.3 
409.2 
358.7 
393.6 
441.7 
605.7 
833.3 
600. 


8,088 
7,700 
8,740 
10,863 
13,779 
21,837 
45,604 
48,000 


1.44 
4.45 
5 38 


35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years. 


9.90 
15 33 


55 to 64 years 


30.51 


65 to 74 years.. 


67 57 


75 years and over 


133.33 


Total 


33,051 


13,337 


317,390 


23.8 


247 


403.5 


9,603 


7.47 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-07). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases I Days 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (08-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years, 

TotaL.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total... 



51.2 
57.2 
55.1 
57.9 
S2.5 
99.1 



1,458 
1,926 
2,212 
1,997 
3,754 
6,865 



2.26 
3.49 
5.43 
4.26 
7.91 
18.02 



28.5 
33.7 
40.1 
34.5 
45.5 
09.3 



10.5 
8.9 
8.9 
11.5 
11.3 
9.0 



220 
267 
315 
412 
386 
577 



0.19 

.85 



21.0 
30.1 
35.3 
35.9 
34.2 
64.0 



0.10 



89.0 



2.1 

5.7 

22.5 



250 

605 

1,014 



.85 
4.52 
9.01 



117.6 

107.0 

45.0 



55.1 



1,842 



3.48 



33.4 



10.1 



277 



.12 



27.4 



.5 



46 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-108). 



1.5 
.6 
.8 

2.1 



1.1 



24 



0.43 



.03 



21.5 
25.2 
14.3 
26.0 



13.0 



21.7 



9.2 


236 


0.07 


14.9 


528 


.20 


21.2 


724 


..-w 


26.0 


1,335 


1.28 


48.6 


2.305 


3. 39 


22.5 


2,194 


4.50 


15.1 


547 


.39 



25.7 
35.5 
34.2 
51.4 
47.4 
97.4 



36.2 



56.7 


1,386 


0.66 


57.4 


1,788 


.90 


60.2 


1,984 


1.55 


62.6 


2,346 


2.98 


114.1 


4,549 


7.91 


252.3 


16,036 j27.03 


60.3 


1,850 


1.39 



24.5 
31.2 
33.0 
37.5 
39.9 
C3.6 



).7 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



12.3 


333 


0.30 


11.9 


309 


.30 


12.6 


552 


.39 


14.9 


523 


2.13 


17.0 


592 


1.13 


18.0 


910 




12.4 


378 


.48 



27.1 
26. 1 
43.8 
35.1 
34.9 
50.5 

30.6 



76.1 


1,033 


0.29 


68.8 


1,175 


.10 


64. 6 


1,412 


.78 


63.0 


1.595 


1.28 


100.6 


2,362 


1.13 


135.1 


5.036 


4.50 


73.3 


1,243 


.42 



13.6 
17.1 
21.9 
25.3 
23.5 
37.3 

16.9 



3.9 
6.0 
4.7 
8.1 
11.3 
IS.O 



111 
107 
112 
338 
238 
1.838 

139 



0.10 
.19 



4.50 
.09 



28.2 
17.8 
24.0 
41.7 
21.1 
102.0 

20.8 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1317 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(P) PAPER: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Grovps of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 31 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 64 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 04 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total... 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



45.2 
28.0 
25.4 
31.1 
30.5 
40.5 



35. 



Dap 
sick- 



585 
509 
394 
747 
1,034 
2,275 



575 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



12.9 
18.2 
15.5 
24.0 
33.9 
50.1 



10.1 



Diseases of the eve 
(300-316). 



7.7 
0.0 
6.0 
8.5 
14.7 
13.5 



127 
94 
98 
284 
706 
113 






8.3 



(.2 



138 



.1 19.3 



Tuberculosis of all kind 
(31 a-o). 



7.7 


610 


1.97 


11.7 


992 


2.89 


14.6 


1,280 


4.66 


11.1 


956 


3.83 


20.0 


2.167 


5.65 


30.0 


4.968 


13.51 


10.8 


916 j 2.93 



79.6 
85.1 
88.0 
86.3 
83.4 
137.9 



85.1 



Poisoning (92-95). 



1.3 
2.5 
2.7 
.9 
1.1 



64 

4.7 
5.7 



0.43 



1.9 



30 



.03 



9.7 

31.1 

23.5 

5.5 

5.0 



21.4 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



Number, per 


1,000 


persons, of— 


Cases 


D.p 

sick- 




of 
sick- 


D'ths. 


ness. 


ness. 




32.1 


552 


0.07 


37.7 


766 




55.1 


1,368 


.i9 


71.1 


1,880 


.85 


92.7 


3.473 




103.6 


3,491 




42.1 


950 


. 12 




17.2 
20.3 
24.8 
26.4 
37.5 
33.7 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal Influences (317-334). 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



97.5 
58.7 
76.3 
79.2 
68.9 
85.6 



1,544 
1,154 

1.607 
1,797 
1,570 
4.545 



81.3 



1,492 



0.36 
.10 

.58 

.43 

3.39 



,42 



15.8 
19.7 
21.1 

22.7 
22.8 
53.1 



2.5 
1.2 
1.8 



6.8 

4.5 



39 
28 
42 
113 
231 
185 



36 
.10 



1.13 



18.4 2.0 



15.9 
23. 5 
24.0 
132.5 
34.0 
41.0 



2:3.9 



Diseases of the heart 

(169-181). 



9.1 
7.3 
7.8 
8.5 
6.8 



280 
218 
439 
413 
382 



0.29 

.30 

.39 

2.13 

1.13 



31.0 
30.0 
56.6 
48.5 
56.3 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



22.3 
29.4 
45.2 
61.3 
81.4 
94.6 



357 

eoi 

1.109 
1.601 
3,287 
3,410 



.19 
.43 



8.0 



291 



.45 ! 36.3 



32.8 



'43 .09 



10.0 
20.4 
24.5 
26.1 
40.4 
36.0 



22. 7 



1318 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(P) PAPER: Females. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion! 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


516 

21,192 

7,261 

2,549 

864 

173 

35 

2 


169 

9,973 

4,229 

1,406 

485 

81 

19 


2,963 

218,951 

118,539 

41,503 

15,168 

2,144 

672 


17.5 
22.0 
28.0 
29.5 
31.3 
26.5 
35.4 


2 
106 
57 
15 
17 
2 


327.5 
470.6 
582.4 
551.6 
561.3 
468.2 
542.9 


5,742 
10,332 
16,325 
16,282 
17,556 
12,393 
19,200 


3.88 
5 00 


25 to 34 years 


7 85 


35 to 44 years 


5 88 


45 to 54 years 


19.68 


55 to 64 years 


11 56 


65 to 74 years 




75 years and over 




















Total 


32,592 


16,362 


399,940 


24.4 


199 


502.0 


12,271 


6 11 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 04 years . 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



Developmental diseases 
(7-19). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



14.0 

23.7 

11.8 

1.2 



15.3 



Days 

of 
sick- 



379 

766 

241 

35 



437 



D'ths. 



0.19 



.12 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



27.1 
32.3 
20.5 
30.0 



28.5 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



0.1 



.8 
4.6 
5.8 



1.3 



139 
516 
601 



29 



.78 
3.47 
5.78 



.18 



13.5 



177.5 
111.5 
104.0 



103.6 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-108). 



49.8 


1,326 


0.71 


75.5 


2,474 


.55 


72.6 


2,265 


.78 


66.0 


2,169 


3.47 


57.8 


1,249 




57.1 


1,571 




57.4 


1,663 


.74 



26. 6 
32.8 
31.2 
32.9 
21.6 
27.5 



29.0 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



56.5 
76.7 
85.9 
98.4 
69.4 
114.3 



64.4 



Days 

of 
sick- 



1,473 
2,598 
2,669 
2,899 
1,844 
3,400 



1,856 



D'ths. 



2.45 
5.37 
2.75 
3.47 
5.78 



3.16 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



26.1 
33.9 
31.1 
29.5 
26.6 
29.8 



Growths and swellings 
benign (99-100). 



1.2 



4.7 
2.3 



1.3 



23 



267 
331 



0.05 



.03 



19.5 
15.3 
56.8 
143.0 



35.3 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



14.9 
21.2 
15.1 
5.8 
85.7 



11.4 



254 


0.19 


638 


.41 


1,205 


.78 


840 


5.79 


46 




1,571 




429 


.40 



28.7 
42.9 
56.9 
55.8 
8.0 
18.3 



37.7 



General diseases, other than 
developmental and in- 
fectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



103.6 
94.1 
54.5 
50.9 
11.6 



94.8 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



2,527 
2,723 
1,587 
1,588 
75 



2,436 



D'ths, 



0.24 
.14 



18 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



24.4 
28.9 
29.1 
31.2 
6.5 



25.7 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



12.0 


354 


0.28 


25.3 


765 




30.2 


732 


.39 


20.8 


1,029 




23.1 


2,006 




28.0 


3,771 




16.6 


503 


.21 



29.5 
30.2 
24.2 
49.4 
86.8 
132.0 



30.3 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



102.8 
110.9 
105.5 
100. 5 
109.8 
28.0 



106.1 



1,632 
2,437 
2,497 
2.571 
2,555 
257 



1,J 



0.33 



1.16 



,40 



15.9 
20.8 
23.7 
24.1 
23.3 
9.0 



17.9 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1319 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(P) PAPER: Females— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years . 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years . 

Total . . 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years . 
35 to 44 years . 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total . 



15 to 24 years . 
25 to 34 years . 
35 to 44 years . 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years . 

Total.. 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 
sick- 



25.4 
48.2 
27.1 
18.5 
5.8 



29.9 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



590 
1,310 

839 
1,090 

202 



D'ths, 



0.28 
.41 



.28 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



23.2 

27.2 
31.0 
58.9 
35.0 



25.8 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



2.0 
1.8 
2.0 
3.5 



2.0 



21.1 
14.2 
14.0 
20.0 



19.3 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



1.9 
2.9 



3.5 
1L6 



2.1 



38 


0.09 


56 


.14 


40 




54 


1.16 


162 








43 


.12 



19.7 
19.4 
51.0 
15.7 
14.0 



20.2 



Disease of the heart 
(169-181). 



6.2 
10.1 
11.8 
10.4 



85.7 



201 
516 
903 
716 



1,571 



337 



0.19 
.41 



5.79 



,43 



32.2 
51.4 
76.7 



18.3 



44.3 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (202-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



30.8 
27.3 
35.7 
35.9 
17.3 
28.6 



30.5 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



482 
642 

1,055 
795 
532 

1,429 



573 



D'ths, 



0.39 



,03 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15.7 
23. 5 
29.5 
22.2 
30.7 
50.0 



18.8 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



5.8 



120 
193 
213 
235 



148 



0.05 



17.5 
31.8 
31.9 



22.0 



22.0 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



7.3 
11.6 
15.7 
10.4 



522 
1,121 
1,171 

954 



710 



2.12 
4.82 
2.75 
1.16 



2.70 



71.8 
96.9 
74.6 
91.6 



79.8 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



13.0 


286 




30.0 


716 




51.8 


1,487 




86.8 


2,611 


1.16 


98.3 


1,775 




85.7 


2,114 




22.1 


543 


.03 



22.0 
23.8 
28.7 
30.1 
18.1 
24.7 



24.5 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



18.5 
38.0 
62.4 
90.3 
98.3 
85.7 



28. 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



415 
1.047 
1,853 
2,669 
1,775 
2.114 



731 



D'ths. 



.03 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



22.4 
27.5 
29.7 
29.6 
18.1 
24.7 



25.7 



Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 



36. 3 


674 


0.14 


30.6 


644 


.14 


29.8 


651 




38.2 


664 




52.0 


1,347 




85.7 


4,457 




34.8 


670 


.12 



18.6 
21.1 
21.8 
17.4 
25.9 
52.0 



19.3 



Anemia (68). 



102.3 
91.3 
51.0 
47.5 
11.6 



92.9 



2,492 
2,6.30 
1,467 
1,412 

75 



2,378 



0.14 



24.4 
28.8 
28.8 
29.8 
6.5 



25.6 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.4 



8.8 
23 



20.8 
28.2 



23.7 



46598' 



1320 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 

Total 



Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 



1,416 

31,587 

22, 737 

11,988 

5,542 

2,222 

617 

54 



76,163 



Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 



11,535 

7,282 

3,886 

1,949 

952 

323 

37 



26,473 



Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 



7,251 

227,953 

199,431 

132,836 

71,452 

39,643 

46,548 

2,366 



697,480 



Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 



14.2 
19.8 
27.4 
34.2 
36.7 
41.6 
51.2 
63.9 



26.3 



Deaths. 



145 
145 
110 
84 
58 
35 
2 



579 



Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 



Cases of 
sickness. 



359.5 
365.2 
320.3 
324.2 
351.7 
428.4 
523.5 
685.2 



347. 



Days of 
sickness. 



5,121 
7,217 
8,771 
11,081 
12,893 
17,841 
26,820 
43,815 



158 



Deaths. 



4.59 
6.38 
9.18 
15.16 
26.10 
56.73 
37.04 



7.06 



Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. . . 
25 to 34 years. . . 
35 to 44 years... 
45 to 54 years. . . 
55 to 64 years. . . 
65 to 74 years... 

Total 



15 to 24 years, 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years, 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years, 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



49.5 
51.3 
50.4 
46.2 
48.2 
56.7 



49.6 



Days 
of 

sick- 



1,461 
1,817 
2,110 
1,776 
1,930 
2,470 



1,702 



D'ths. 



2.60 
3.91 
4.50 
5.41 
2.70 
11.35 



3.53 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



29.5 
35.4 
41.9 
38.4 
40.1 
43.5 



34.3 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.8 

.5 

.9 

.4 

3.2 

1.6 



22 



0.04 
.17 



.04 



20.7 
29.8 
49.0 
47.5 
21.1 
22.0 



28.2 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



11.5 


347 


0.22 


9.6 


292 


.44 


9.3 


330 


1.00 


12.3 


630 


.90 


14.9 


691 


2.25 


24.3 


2,379 


4.86 


10.7 


371 


.55 



30.2 
30.5 
35.3 
51.4 
46.5 
97.9 



34.6 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



22.0 
34.3 
38.0 
46.0 
51.3 
38.9 



30.8 



of 
sick- 



541 
1,219 
1,723 
2,109 
2,856 
1,948 



1,118 



D'ths 



0.03 
.22 
.42 
.54 

2.70 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



24.6 
35.6 
45.3 
45.8 
55.7 
50.1 



26 36. 3 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



9.0 

17.8 
27.2 
30.9 
24.3 
56.7 



16. 



252 


0.09 


617 


.26 


1,194 


.92 


1,426 


1.80 


1,410 


4.05 


4,650 


14.59 


664 


.63 



28.1 
34.7 
43.9 
46.2 
58.0 
82.0 



39.4 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



70.3 


864 


0.35 


60.5 


1,081 


.18 


47.7 


1,086 


.17 


40.2 


1,051 


1.26 


48.2 


1,355 


2.70 


69.7 


2,734 


3.24 


61.3 


1,009 


.42 



12.3 
17.9 
22.8 
26.1 
28.1 
39.2 



16.5 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



0.1 
.1 
.5 
2.0 
3.6 
1.6 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



5.0 

10 

41 
166 
344 

24 



34 



D'ths 



0.03 
.04 
.25 
1.26 
1.35 
1.62 



21 



Av- 
erage 

days 
of du- 
ration 
of 

each 

case 
of 

sick- 



79.0 
77.3 
81.2 
83.7 
96.5 
15.0 



83.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



54.8 


1,336 


0.63 


51.3 


1,821 


.84 


43.5 


1,726 


.75 


47.5 


1,875 


2.53 


84.6 


4,209 


8.55 


113.5 


5,391 


16.21 


52.4 


1,688 


1.21 



24.4 
35.5 
39.6 
39.5 

49.7 
47.5 



32.2 



Diseases of the genlto-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 



4.5 


118 




4.9 


122 


0.04 


3.8 


144 


.58 


6.3 


368 


.36 


5.0 


160 


.90 


8.1 


251 


1.62 


4.6 


143 


.17 



31.0 



30.0 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1321 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905- Continued. 

(Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Males-Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years, 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
5.5 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
slck- 



33.3 
20.2 
20.5 
22.0 
36.5 
32.4 



26. 



Davs 

of 
sick- 



448 
357 
479 
530 
,208 
,055 



462 



D'ths. 



erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



13.4 
17.6 
23.3 
24.1 
33.1 



17.3 



Diseases of the eye (300- 
316). 



7.8 
7.1 
9.3 

10.5 
9.9 

14.6 



8.2 



11.4 
114 
251 
334 
434 
451 



164 



14.6 
15.9 
27.1 
31.9 
43.9 
30.9 



20.1 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
• (31a-o). 



9.2 


738 


2.37 


13.6 


1,085 


3.65 


15.6 


1,367 


3.92 


10.1 


822 


4.15 


6.8 


827 


1.80 


19.5 


1.109 


6.48 


11.4 


938 


3.11 



80.7 
79.8 
87.6 
81.3 
122.5 
57.0 



Poisoning (92-95). 



13.7 


367 


0.03 


27.7 


997 


.13 


29.6 


1.449 


.17 


31.6 


1,703 


.36 


34.2 


2,108 


2.70 


8.1 


1,154 




22.2 


875 


.18 



26.7 
36.0 
48.9 
53.9 
61.6 
142.4 



39.5 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



24.0 

27.3 ! 

40.5 

58.5 

66.2 

55.1 



31.6 



465 
677 
1,282 
1,890 
2,494 
2,891 



D'ths. 



0.09 
.09 



45 



840 .09 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



19.4 
24.8 
31.7 
32.3 
37.7 
52.5 



26.6 



Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



2.3 
1.4 



.7 
1.4 
4.9 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
davs 
of (Ill- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



14.0 
17.1 
15.5 
24.3 
14.0 
137.7 



18.1 



Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 



73.6 
32.6 
30.2 
28.2 
31.5 
40.5 



50.4 



1,196 
580 
605 
700 
665 

1,650 



0.19 
.09 



72 



.16 



16.2 
17.8 
20.0 
24.9 
21.1 
40.7 



17.5 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



1.8 

1.3 

1.4 

.2 



3.2 



1.5 



23 
24 
52 
2.4 



125 



26 



33 



12.3 
18.2 
37.0 
13.0 



38.5 
18.0 



Diseases of the heart (169- Muscular and articular rheu- 
181). i matism (282 and 291). 



7.4 
5.5 
6.0 
8.3 
8.6 
17.8 



234 
198 
241 
519 
488 
1,958 



264 



0.22 

.44 

.92 

.90 

2.25 

4.86 



.64 



31.8 
35.7 
40.2 
62.5 
57.1 



15.9 
21.7 
34.1 
51.3 
69.4 
47.0 



). 4 I 24. ( 



258 
497 
1,041 
1,733 
2,386 
2,037 



0.03 



637 I .07 



16.2 
22.9 
30.6 
33.8 
40.2 
43.3 



25.9 



1322 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Females. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


■ 
Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


497 

18, 260 

5,152 

1,509 

601 

126 

6 


161 

8,127 

2,615 

760 

304 

51 

3 


2,429 

177, 368 

70,354 

23, 874 

11,238 

1,983 

73 


15.1 
2L8 
26.9 
31.4 
37.0 
38.9 
24.3 




323.9 
445.1 
507.6 
503.6 
505.8 
404.8 
500.0 


4,887 
9,713 
13, 656 
15, 821 
18, 699 
15, 738 
12, 167 




80 
39 
10 
10 
5 
1 


4.38 


25 to 34 years 


7 57 


35 to 44 years 


6.63 


45 to 54 years . 


16 64 




39.68 


65 to 74 years 


166 67 






















Total 


26,151 


12,021 


287, 319 


23.9 


145 


459.7 


10, 987 


5.54 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Developmental diseases 
(7-19). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days I 

sicL ,I^'t^«' 
ness. I 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 
of 

sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
infectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 
of 

sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 j-ears. 



Total. 



14.4 

26.4 

17.9 

1.7 



358 



450 
33 



0.05 



24.8 
26.4 
25.1 
20.0 



48.5 
64.8 
61.6 
73.2 
39.7 



1,443 
2,214 
2,233 
3,028 
2,913 



2.46 
4.46 
2.65 
8.32 
7.94 



29.8 
34.1 
36.2 
41.4 
73.4 



97.8 
80.0 
76.2 
53.2 
47.6 



2,262 
2,202 
2,566 
2,043 
3,341 



0.05 
.39 



23.1 
27.5 
33.7 
38.4 
70.2 



16.3 



414 



.04 



25.3 



52.! 



1,666 



2.98 



31.6 



91.1 



2.246 



.11 



24.7 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



0.1 

.2 

2.0 

5.0 



0. 

25 

264 

319 



0.66 
1.66 
7.94 



28 



6.0 
127.0 
133.0 
64.0 



0.8 
2.1 
1.3 
3.3 



81.1 



1.2 



20 
150 

30 
408 



55 



24.9 

70.3 

23.0 

122.5 



11.7 
17.7 
23.9 
41.6 
23.8 



45.2 



14.1 



341 

520 

890 

1,697 



434 



0.11 



15.87 



29.2 
29.4 
37.3 
40.8 
10.3 



30.8 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



45.4 


1,192 


0.66 


64.1 


2,070 


.97 


57.0 


2,412 


1.33 


84.9 


4,358 


4.99 


31.8 


2,587 




500.0 


12, 107 


106. 67 


50.2 


1,501 


.88 



26.3 
32.3 
42.3 
51.4 
81.5 
24.3 



10.0 
14.8 
14.6 
16. 6 
15.9 



29.9 



11.6 



294 
558 
822 
429 
540 



0.16 
.97 



1.66 



.34 



29.4 
37.8 
50.4 
25.8 
34.0 



98.3 
104.4 
100. 7 
96.5 
39.7 



32.9 



99.5 



1,495 
1,930 
2, 677 
2,045 
437 



1,651 



0.49 

.19 

1.33 



.46 



15.2 
18.5 
25.1 
21.2 
11.0 



16.6 




CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1323 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Females -Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 


Diseases of the external Diseases of the organs of 
tissues (202-280). locomotion (281-294). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


AV- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 

(lavs 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


15 to 24 years 


20.9 
40.0 
35.8 
21.6 
7.9 


536 
1,197 
917 
807 
159 


0.05 
.19 


25.6 
29.9 
25.6 
37.3 
20.0 


28.0 
28.1 
31.2 
30.0 
31.8 


431 
681 
952 
824 
444 


.'.'.'... 


15.4 
24.2 
30.6 
27.5 
14.0 


20.2 
26.6 
39.1 
54.9 
119.1 


417 

560 

820 

2,083 

4,024 


0.19 


20.6 


25 to 34 years 


21.1 


35 to 44 years 


21.0 




37.9 


55 to 64 years.. 


33.8 
































Total 


25.1 


682 


.08 


27.2 


28.3 


519 




18.3 


23.6 


519 


.04 


21.9 








Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 


Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 


15 to 24 years 


1.3 
1.9 
1.3 


19 
58 
15 




15.0 
30.1 
11.5 


6.5 
4.5 
2.0 
5.0 
7.9 


129 
114 

21 
156 

63 




19.8 
25.4 
10.7 
31.3 
8.0 


38.9 
29.7 
31.2 
18.3 
39.7 




728 
642 
724 
468 
841 


0.11 
.19 


18.7 


25 to 34 years 


21.6 


35 to 44 years 


23.2 




25.5 


55 to 64 years.. 










21.2 


65 to 74 years 






































Total 


1.4 


26 





19.0 


5.8 


118 




20. 5 i 36. 1 

1 


704 


.11 


19.5 








All other diseases, including 
indefinite diagnoses (335). 


Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Anemia (68). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 


2.4 
2.3 
2.0 


48 
39 
27 


0.22 


20.6 
16.8 
13.7 


6.4 
11.5 

7.3 
18.3 

7.9 


565 
1,008 

968 
1,897 
1,476 


2.14 
4.27 
2.65 
8.32 
7.94 


88.1 
88.0 
132.7 
103.6 
186.0 


93.5 
73.6 
68.3 
41.6 
47.6 


2, 165 
2,020 
2,297 
1,494 
3,341 


'6.19' 


23.1 
27.5 


35 to 44 years 


33.7 




35.9 


55 to 64 years.. 






7.94 




70.2 


65 to 74 years 
































Total 


2.3 


43 i .19 


19.3 


7.7 


700 


2.71 


9L5 


86.0 


2,113 


.04 


24.6 








Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 


Poisoning (92-95). 


15 to 24 years 


6.6 
9.7 
9.3 
15.0 
15.9 


209 
374 
645 
413 
540 


0.16 
.97 

i.'oe" 


31.5 
38.5 
69.5 
27.6 
34.0 


14.4 
20.0 
35.1 

48.3 
79.4 


280 

399 

700 

1,805 

2,690 


'o.'ig' 


19.5 
19.9 
19.9 
37.4 
33.9 


3.8 
5.6 
5.3 
8.3 


91 
160 
206 
498 


0.05 
.19 


24.1 


25 to 34 years.. 


28.4 


35 to 44 years 


38.9 


45 to 54 years 


59.8 


55 to 64 years 




65 to 74 years 
































Total 


7.8 


273 


.34 


35.2 


17.6 


370 


.04 


21.1 1 4 3 


120 


.08 


27.7 











1324 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. 

(B) STONEWORKING: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 
of persons 

under 
observa- 
tion 
1 year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


86 

2,852 

2,913 

1,634 

687 

216 

41 

3 


48 

1,450 

1,441 

951 

449 

164 

39 

1 


756 

21,866 

35, 446 

28, 630 

16,311 

5,504 

1,768 

25 


15.8 
15.1 
24.6 
30.1 
36.3 
33.6 
45.3 
25.0 




558.1 
508.4 
494.7 
582.0 
653.6 
759.3 
951.2 
333.3 


8,791 
7,667 
12, 168 
17, 521 
23,742 
25, 481 
43, 122 
8,333 




7 
27 
38 
20 
12 


2.45 


25 to 34 years 


9 27 


35 to 44 years 


23.26 


45 to 54 years . 


29 11 




55.56 


65 to 74 years 




75 years and over 










Total 


8,432 


4,543 


110, 306 


24.3 


104 


538.8 


13, 082 


12.33 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 


General diseases other 
than developmental, 
infectious, and para- 
sitic (68-95). 


Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 


Age group. 


Number, per i;000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 




Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


of du- 
ration 
of 

each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


49.1 
65.2 
98.5 
88.8 
101.9 
48.8 


1,295 
2,805 
5,603 
6,790 
4,824 
1,927 


1.05 
5.84 
15.91 
18.92 
23.15 



26.4 
43.0 
56.9 
76.5 
47.4 
39.5 


1.1 
1.4 
1.8 
8.7 
4.6 


23 

11 

86 

555 

148 





22.0 
7.8 
47.0 
63.5 
32.0 


















1.2 


122 


0.61 


99.5 


9.3 


1,519 


4.63 


164.0 


















Total 


68.8 


3,191 


7.59 


46.4 


2.0 


77 




38.3 


.5 


63 


.24 


131.8 








Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 


Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 


Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 


0.4 
.3 

.6 


4.2 
4.5 
16 




12.0 
13.0 
26.0 


9.8 
11.0 
23.3 
21.8 
13.9 
73.2 


107 
578 
709 
425 
56 
6,951 


0.35 
.34 


10.9 
52.6 
30.5 
19.5 
4.0 
95.0 


65.2 
118.4 
115.7 
138.3 
129.6 
170.7 


1,163 
3,423 
3,896 
5,760 
5,509 
14,561 


0.70 
2.40 
5.51 
7.28 
18.52 


17.8 
28.9 
33.7 
41.7 


55 to 64 years 











42.5 


65 to 74 years 










85.3 














Total 


.4 


6.1 




17.0 


14.1 


443 


.24 


31.4 


101.2 


3,017 


3.20 


29.8 








Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 


Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 


Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


7.4 
5.5 
12.9 
13.1 
18.5 
24.4 


156 
153 
499 
598 
1,597 
415 


0.34 

.61 

2.91 


21.1 

27.8 
38.8 
45.7 
86.3 
17.0 


77.1 
64.5 
53.9 
77.2 
83.3 
24.4 


857 
972 
808 
1,664 
2,806 
341 


*6."34' 
.61 

"9."26' 


11.1 
15.1 
15.0 
21.6 
33.7 
14.0 


6.0 
7.2 
1.8 
8.7 
4.6 


89 
267 
124 
413 
287 




15.0 
37.0 
67.7 
47.3 
62.0 








Total 


8.5 


294 


.47 


34.4 


68.8 


1,006 


.47 


14.6 


5.7 


188 


32. 9 









CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1325 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Contiuued. 

(R) STONEWORKING: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 


Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
eaeii 
ciise 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


sick- 
ness. 


D'tlis. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


55.8 
26. 8 
37.9 
33.5 
46.3 
97.6 


614 
346 
531 

873 

745 

6,756 




11.0 
12.9 
14.0 
26.1 
16.1 
69.3 


41.7 
63.5 
86.9 
110.6 
129.6 
195.1 


539 
1,358 
2,057 
2,977 
3,264 
5,829 


;;;:;: 


12.9 
21.4 
23.7 
26.9 
25.2 
29.9 


3.5 
2.4 
1.8 
1.5 


57 
32 
24 
26 




16.3 
13.1 
13.3 
18.0 






j 






1 


Total 


40.2 


559 




13.9 


66.8 


1,412 


21.1 


2.7 


41 




14.9 








Diseases of ttie eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other ex- 
ternal influences (317-334). 


All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


15.1 
13.4 
22.6 
32.0 
37.0 
97.6 


150 
258 
534 
575 
1,806 
3,537 




10.0 
19.2 
23.6 
18.0 
48.8 
36.3 


173.6 
110.9 
119.3 
116.5 
171.3 
219.5 


2,577 
1,920 
2,154 
3,032 
2,736 
2,805 




14.8 
17.3 
18.0 
26.0 
16.0 
12.8 


2.8 
4.1 
3.7 
2.9 
9.3 


34 
43 

359 
54 

185 


0.35 


12.3 
10.5 
97.7 
18.5 
20.0 










Total 


18.2 


354 




19.5 


137.3 


2,327 





16.9 


3.7 


106 


.12 


28.8 


« 






Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of the heart 
(169-181.) 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


2.1 
23.7 
47.1 
55.3 
32.4 


288 
1,958 
4,367 
5,911 
2,310 


1.05 
5.84 
15.30 
18.92 
13.89 


137.0 
82.7 
92.7 

106.9 
71.3 


4.9 
5.2 
6.1 
5.8 
9.3 
24.4 


121 
143 
346 
432 
128 
415 


' 24.7 

0.34 27.8 

.61 56.5 

2.91 74.3 

139.0 

! 17.0 


26.3 
54.9 
74.1 
87.3 
111.1 
170.7 


307 
1,191 
1,648 
2,098 
2,611 
5. ."WS 


11.7 

21.7 

22.3 

24. 

23. 5 

32. 7 


















Total 


23.5 1 2,162 


7.23 


92.1 


5.5 


228 


.47 j 41.7 


53.4 


1,104 




20.7 










Poisoning (92-95). 






15 to 24 years 


























25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 


0.3 


1.4 




4.0 




45 to 54 years 












55 to 64 years 












65 to 74 years 
























Total 


.1 


.5 




4.0 









1326 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(S) TEXTILES: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 


145 

5,494 

3,853 

3,000 

1,803 

625 

103 

4 


55 

2,149 

1,514 

1,215 

811 

354 

70 

4 


731 
35,866 
29,046 
26, 667 
19, 475 
10, 227 
2,961 

170 


13.3 

16.7 
19.2 
21.9 
24.0 
28.9 
42.3 
42.5 




379.3 
391.2 
392.9 
405.0 
449.8 
566.4 
679.6 
1,000.0 


5,041 

6,528 

7,539 

8,889 

10,801 

16,363 

28, 748 

42,500 




24 
18 
22 
27 
21 
6 
1 


4.37 

4.67 

7.33 

14.98 

33.60 

58.25 

250.00 


Total 


. 15,027 


6,172 


125,143 


20.3 


119 


410.7 


8,328 


7.92 









Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 
of 

sick- 



Days 
of 

sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



ness. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years . 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



45.5 
59.4 
63.0 
67.7 
83.2 
116.5 



1,107 
1,269 
1,619 
1,629 
1,610 
4,738 



1.82 
1.56 
3.67 
4.44 
3.20 
9.71 



24.3 
21.4 
25.7 
24.1 
19.3 
40.7 



7.1 
4.2 
3.3 
3.3 
6.4 
9.7 



141 
94 
60 
69 
70 

136 



0.18 



19.8 
22.8 
18.1 
20.8 
11.0 
14.0 



0.2 



4.7 



26.0 



.3 

L7 
6.4 



56 

113 

475 

1,922 



0.33 
1.11 
3.20 
9.71 



167.0 
67.7 
74.3 

198.0 



57.1 



1,352 



2.53 



23.7 



5.2 



101 



.07 



19.5 



59 



40 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



0.6 

.8 

1.3 



5.0 



40.7 

13.7 

28.3 

9.0 



25.9 



6.6 


177 


0.36 


n.4 


383 


.52 


18.7 


532 


.67 


17.8 


503 


.55 


27.2 


1,259 


3.20 


19.4 


1,884 




12.5 


395 


.60 



27.0 
33.5 
28.5 
28.3 
46.3 
97.0 



31. 



54.4 


935 


0.36 


54.2 


1,290 


1.82 


61.3 


1,391 


.33 


67.1 


2,254 


3.88 


88.0 


2,112 


9.60 


145.6 


5,476 


9.71 


59.2 


1,350 


1.60 



17.2 
23.8 
22.7 
33.6 
24.0 
37.6 



22.8 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



8.7 
10.6 

8.0 
12.2 
32.0 
97.1 

11.2 



332 
362 
267 
523 
2,078 
5,097 

456 



0.18 

.26 

.33 

1.11 

6.40 

19.42 



38.0 
34.0 
33.4 
42.9 
65.0 
52.5 

40.8 



61.7 
82.5 
74.3 
69.9 
99.2 
116.5 

72.9 



1,227 
1,257 
1,195 
3,258 
1,922 

1,118 



0.18 



1.00 
1.66 
8.00 
9.71 

.87 



11.2 
14.9 
16.9 
17.1 
32.8 
16.5 

15.3 



4.2 


57 




6.2 


127 


0.26 


4.7 


148 




1.7 


13 




4.8 


98 




9.7 


233 




4.5 


90 


.07 



13.5 
20.4 
31.6 
8.0 
20.3 
24.0 

19.9 



CHAPTER V. AVORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY 



1327 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(S) TEXTILES: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total. - 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
5 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years . 
65 to 74 years. 

Total. . 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



57.7 
29.9 
28. 3 
42.2 
22.4 
38.8 



41.0 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



678 
337 
543 
801 
718 
1,884 



587 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



11.8 
11.3 
19.2 
19.0 
32.1 
48.5 



14.3 



of the eye (300- 
316). 



8.2 
7.5 
5.3 
5.6 
6.4 



7.1 



182 
111 
113 
144 

61 



140 



22.2 
14.8 
21.1 
25.9 
9.5 



19.9 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



6.4 
7.5 
10.3 
13.9 



38.8 



8.3 



551 
506 
657 

778 



2,757 



575 



1.64 
1.04 
3.67 
3.88 
1.60 
9.71 



2.20 



86.5 
67.2 
63.5 
56.1 



71.0 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.4 
.3 



9.7 



1.5 
1.0 
13 



136 



4.3 



4.0 
4.0 
19.0 



14.0 
10.7 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



25.9 

48.8 
66.3 
79.9 
89.6 

77.7 



49.1 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



414 
849 
1,276 
1,420 
1,946 
3, 757 



903 



D'ths. 



0.55 



.07 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



16.0 

17.4 
19.2 
17.8 
21.7 
48.4 



18.4 



Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 



105.6 
73.2 
68.3 
79.3 
97.6 
38.8 



1,713 
1,407 
1,567 
2,113 
2,635 
1,699 



1,702 



0.36 



,67 



.27 



16.2 
19.2 
22.9 
26.6 
27.0 
43.8 



19.8 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



5.6 


278 


0.18 


6.2 


268 


.26 


3.0 


173 


.33 


3.9 


292 


1.11 


25.6 


1,762 


6.40 


58.3 


3,408 




6.3 


340 


.67 



49.3 
43.1 
57.8 
75.1 
68.8 
58.5 



Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



3.5 
3.4 
1.3 
.6 
1.6 



2.6 



Dap 

sick- 
ness. 



38 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 
of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



13.7 
16.8 
14.8 
17.0 
15.0 



14.7 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



1.5 
.8 
.3 



30 
14 
2.0 
10 
19 



17 



0.91 
.26 
.33 

1.66 



20.4 
18.0 
6.0 
18.0 
12.0 



18.1 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 
291). 



16.6 
42.1 
58.3 
67.7 
76.8 
77.7 



209 




762 




1,177 




1,250 


0.55 


1,693 




3,757 




753 


.07 



12.6 
18.1 
20.2 
18.5 
22.0 
48.4 



18.7 



1328 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(S) TEXTILES: Females. 

Summary. 



Age group. 



Number 
of persons Number 

under of cases 
observa- i of 

tion 1 sickness 

year. 



Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 



Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 



Deaths. 



Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 



Cases of 
sickness. 



Days of 
sickness. 



Deaths. 



Under 15 years... 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over. 

Total 



330 
15, 586 



99 

7,744 

4,858 

2,049 

926 

302 



1,706 

159,330 

120, 148 

56,734 

24,067 

9,111 

3,445 



17.2 
20.6 
24.7 
27.7 
26.0 
30.2 
50.7 



294.6 
496.9 
677.6 
698.6 
619.0 
524.3 
701.0 



5,077 
10,223 
16,759 
19,343 
16,088 
15,818 
35,515 



28, 193 



16,046 



374,541 



23.3 



167 



569.2 



13,285 



4.36 
6.97 
9.55 
9.36 
5.21 
41.24 



5.92 



Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Developmental 
(7-19). 



diseases 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 
of 

sick- 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Infectious and parasitic 
(20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total... 



19.2 
34.2 
21.5 

.7 



1,041 

726 

34 



0.06 

.14 



25.3 
30.5 
33.8 
51.0 



63.6 
85.0 
99.9 
92.3 
69.4 
72.2 



1,696 
2,454 
2,966 
1,856 
2,170 
3,629 



2.76 
3.63 
5.80 
3.34 



10.31 



26.7 
28.9 
29.7 
20.1 
31.3 
50.3 



86.8 
82.3 
59.3 
22.7 
15.6 
20.6 



1,980 
2,165 
1,532 

802 
479 



0.06 



22.8 
26.3 
25.8 
35.3 
30.7 
28.5 



21.6 



611 



.07 



74.0 



2,028 I 3.26 



27.4 



77. 



1„887 



.04 



24.3 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



0.1 


3.8 




.4 


66 


0.28 


1.7 


221 


1.02 


2.7 


134 


1.34 


1.7 


181 


1 74 


20.6 


1,763 


10.31 


.6 


59 


.32 



29.5 
158.3 
129.8 

50.0 
104.0 

85.5 



1.1 
1.8 
2.7 
4.0 



10.3 



97.5 



1.6 



21 
106 
192 
283 



701 



76 



19.2 
58.4 
70.5 
70.5 



13.7 
18.1 
27.3 
29.4 
22.6 
30.9 



47.6 



17.2 



317 


0.19 


425 


.14 


981 


.34 


951 




1,260 


1.74 


268 




463 


.21 



23.1 
23.5 
36.0 
32.3 
55.8 
8.7 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



49.3 


1,180 


0.32 


83.4 


2,466 


.84 


93.4 


2,561 


.68 


92.3 


2,831 


.67 


104.2 


3,153 




134.0 


6,773 


10.31 


66.0 


1,790 


.53 



23.9 
29.6 



27.1 



12.1 


311 


0.19 


14.4 


439 


.56 


22.5 


896 


1.02 


28.1 


1,031 


.67 


15.6 


854 


1.74 


10.3 


82 




14.6 


453 


.43 



25.6 
30.5 
39.8 
36.7 
54.7 
8.0 



115.9 
158.2 
142.5 
130.4 
99.0 
134.0 



1,689 
2,879 
3,310 
2,332 
2,135 
7,443 



31.0 



129.3 2,210 



0.26 
.70 



.67 

io.'si' 



39 



14.6 
18.2 
23.2 
17.9 
21.6 
55.5 



17.1 



CHAPTER V. — WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1329 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(S) TEXTILES: Females— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
65 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

TotaL.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



TotaL 



Diseases of the geni to-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 

sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total... 



33.4 
66.4 
54.9 
29.4 
3.5 
10.3 



42.7 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



760 
1,909 
1,805 
802 
257 
124 



L,142 



D'ths, 



0.19 

.28 

.68 

1.34 



Av- 
erage 

days 
of du- 
ration 
of 

each 

case 
of 

sick- 



22.8 
28.8 
32.9 
27.3 
74.0 
12.0 



.32 I 26.7 



Diseases of the ear (295- 
299). 



3.2 

1.7 

.7 

1.7 



28 
50 
24 
80 
158 



0.13 



2.1 



34 



,07 



15.4 
15.6 
13.8 
12.0 
91.0 



16.4 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



25.5 
34.6 
45.0 
53.5 
36.5 
82.5 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



413 

712 

1,115 

1,713 

608 

3,062 



31.9 



D'ths. 



0.14 



,67 



.07 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 

each 

case 

of 

sick- 



16.2 
20.6 
24.8 
32.0 
16.7 
37.1 



20.2 



Diseases of the eye (300- 
316). 



10.9 


185 




7.8 


198 




11.6 


282 




12.7 


233 




6.9 


458 




20.6 


1,938 




10.2 


211 





17.0 
25.3 
24.4 
18.4 
66.0 
94.0 



20.6 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



2.2 



34 



0.06 
.14 



,07 



10.8 
19.4 
10.9 
22.8 
7.0 



15.0 



Diseases of the heart ( ] 
181). 



15 to 24 years 7.4 

25to34 years 7.0 

35 to 44 years i 11.6 

45 to 54 years 18.1 

55 to 64 years 10. 4 

65 to 74 years 10.3 



Total. 



216 


0.19 


268 


.56 


507 


1.02 


686 


.67 


693 


1.74 


82 




295 


.43 



29.3 
38.4 
43.8 
38.0 
66.5 
8.0 

35.5 



7.7 
10.3 
12.6 
8.7 
5.2 



8.8 



1,257 
321 
411 



716 



2.50 
3.35 

4.77 
1.34 



77.8 
87.0 
99.6 
36.9 
79.0 



8L4 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282-291). 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



25.2 
44.6 
70.9 
72.2 
86.8 
30.9 



38.5 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



471 
790 
1,687 
1,950 
2,151 
1,990 



793 



D'ths 



0.06 



.67 



.07 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of (Ill- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



18.7 
17.7 
23.8 
27.0 
24.8 
64.3 



20. 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



39.5 
39.9 
45.5 
59.0 
123.7 



668 


0.06 


987 


.14 


1,005 




1,067 




1,941 




7,155 




853 


.07 



18.1 
25.0 
25.2 
23.5 
32.9 
57.8 



21. « 



Anemia (68). 



85.9 


1,956 




80.8 


2,147 




55. 9 


1,459 




19.4 


712 




15.6 


479 




10.3 


144 




76.2 


1,853 





22.8 
26.6 
26.1 
36.7 
30.7 
14.0 



24.3 



Poisoning (92-95). 



18.7 
37.0 
62.4 
64.8 
74.7 
30.9 

31.5 



340 
640 
1,456 
1,781 
1,797 
1,990 

642 



0.06 
'."67' 



.07 



18.0 
17.3 
23.3 
27.5 
24.1 
64.3 

20.4 



0.1 
.1 



0.1 ! 0.06 
•8 i 



24 



1.6 



.04 



2.0 
6.0 



36.0 



14.7 



1330 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(T) TRANSPORTATION: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


12 

• 6, 359 

15,338 

9,348 

3.979 

1,547 

323 

9 


6 
2,200 
5,599 
4,188 
2,314 
1,036 
249 
11 


96 

36,920 

104,011 

91,854 

57, 664 

30, 685 

9,836 

334 


16.0 
16.8 
18.6 
21.9 
24.9 
29.6 
39.5 
30.4 


1 
31 
84 
116 
78 
64 
20 


500.0 
346.0 
365.0 
448.0 
681.6 
669.7 
770.9 
1,222.2 


8,000 

5,806 

6,781 

9,826 

14, 492 

19,835 

30,452 

37,111 


83.33 
4.87 


25 to 34 years . 


5 48 




12.41 


45 to 54 years 


19 60 


55 to 64 years 


41.37 


65 to 74 years 


61.92 


75 years and over 








Total 


36,915 


15, 603 


331,400 


21.2 


394 


422.7 


8,977 


10.67 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

ol 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

ol 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 

days 
of du- 
ration 
of 

each 

case 
of 

sick- 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



37.1 
41.5 
52.9 
65.6 
76.3 
89.8 



878 
1,029 
1,549 
1,906 
2,220 
2,827 



LIO 
2.22 
3.21 
4.02 
8.40 
3.10 



23.6 
24.8 
29.3 
29.1 
29.1 
3L5 



1.1 
L7 
2.1 
6.0 
9.1 
6.2 



22 
36 
39 
135 
158 
105 



0.21 
.50 



20.1 
2L4 
18.3 
22.5 
17.4 
17.0 



0.1 
.4 
2.5 
3.9 
3.1 



13 

48 
166 
222 
526 



0.07 
.32 
1.01 
1.94 
3.10 



100.0 
113.3 
65.9 
57.2 
170.0 



48.1 



1,296 



2.76 



2.5 



51 



32 



79.3 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



0.6 
.2 
.2 
.5 

1.3 



0.65 



22.0 
24.7 
3.5 
44.5 
45.0 



26. 



3.6 


100 




6.3 


165 




10.1 


393 


0.43 


18.9 


675 


L26 


15.5 


824 


2.59 


18.6 


514 


6.19 


8.6 


297 


.41 



27.7 
26.4 
39.1 
35.8 
53.1 
27.7 



34.5 



36.8 


707 


0.31 


42.1 


803 


.52 


57.5 


1,380 


3.10 


100.8 


2,688 


4.52 


126.7 


3,835 


14.22 


195.1 


7,718 


18.58 


56.4 


1,328 


2.30 



19.2 
19.1 
24.0 
26.7 
30.3 



23.6 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 

65 to 64 years 

66 to 74 years 

Total. - 



8.0 
6.5 
9.1 
11.3 
14.9 
34.1 



8.5 



285 


0.31 


212 


.59 


201 


1.28 


303 


2.51 


565 


2.59 


1,111 


18.58 


254 


L16 



35.5 
32.8 
22.1 
26.8 
38.0 
32.6 



29.9 



39.2 


470 


0.79 


46.8 


567 


.33 


45.1 


691 


.21 


51.8 


913 


2.76 


64.0 


1,348 


4.52 


61.9 


2,588 


3.10 


46.4 


669 


.84 



12.0 
12.1 
15.3 
17.6 
21.1 
41.8 



14.4 



6.0 


104 


0.16 


5.7 


154 


.13 


4.2 


165 


.43 


3.0 


147 


.50 


5.8 


405 


.65 








5.0 


157 


.27 



17.4 
26.9 
39.5 
48.6 
69.7 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1331 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIC, LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Contiuued. 

(T) TRANSPORTATION: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years . 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total. . 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years . 

Total.. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



42.0 
31.4 
30.9 
36.9 
49.1 
49.5 



34.7 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



591 
537 
649 
983 
1.526 
2,570 



683 



D'ths. 



0.07 
".'25 



.05 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



14.1 
17.1 
21.0 
26.6 
31.1 
51.9 



19.7 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



4.4 


82 




3.5 


65 




4.2 


73 




7.5 


183 




11.6 


315 




18.6 


467 




4.8 


98 





18.6 
18.4 
17.4 
24.3 
27.1 
25.2 



20.5 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



2.0 


155 


0.94 


4.2 


349 


1.83 


8.0 


746 


2.89 


14.6 


930 


3.77 


15.5 


874 


5.17 








6.3 


498 


2.28 



75.9 
83.7 
93.0 
63.8 
56.3 



78.5 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.3 
.4 



2.4 
3.8 



5.2 



7.5 
9.7 



38.0 
8.0 



31.9 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



32.9 
41.4 
68.5 
87.5 
102.1 
142.4 



55.3 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



527 
678 
1,265 
1,888 
2,756 
6,833 



1,073 



D'ths. 



0.13 
.11 
.25 

1.29 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
civse 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



16.0 
16.4 
18.5 
21.6 
27.0 
48.0 



19.4 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



131.5 


1,984 


1.89 


135.5 


2,481 


1.04 


159.5 


3,305 


2.35 


186.0 


4,434 


1.26 


188.1 


5,584 


2.59 


148.6 


5,124 


6.19 


148.6 


2,967 


1.65 



15.1 
18.3 
20.7 
23.8 
29.7 
34.5 



20.0 



Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 



3.9 


186 


0.31 


2.7 


125 


.59 


4.0 


121 


1.28 


4.3 


150 


2.26 


11.0 


480 


2.59 


15.5 


824 


12.38 


3.9 


158 


1.08 



47.2 
46.8 
30.5 
35.1 
43.6 
53.2 



41.1 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



1.6 
1.0 
1.5 
1.0 



Days 
sick- 



D'ths. 



24 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



17.0 
16.5 
27.0 
19.5 



20.2 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



1.3 


15 


0.31 


1.3 


18 


.39 


1.9 


28 


.75 


2.3 


29 


.75 


1.3 


17 


1.94 


3.1 


68 


3.10 


L6 


22 


.60 



1L6 

13.7 
14.6 
12. g 
13.5 
22.0 



13.7 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



24.1 1 
32.7 
57.6 
75.4 
88.6 
114.6 



45.3 



385 
527 
1,005 
1,587 
2,308 
4, 743 



851 



0.13 



1.29 



16.0 
16.1 
17.5 
21.1 
26.1 
41.4 



18. 



1332 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(U) CEMENT AND LIME: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
d uration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of- 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 


37 

2,333 

3,740 

2,337 

1,079 

489 

126 

7 


11 

1,327 

2,129 

1,537 

804 

334 

136 

8 


171 
20,097 
37,328 
31,834 
18,748 
10, 986 
5,593 

114 


15.5 
15.1 
17.5 
20.7 
23.3 
32.9 
4L1 
14.3 


1 

5 

14 
22 
18 
14 
7 
1 


297.3 
568.8 
569.3 
657.7 
745.1 
683.0 
1, 079. 4 
1,142.9 


4,622 
8,614 
9,981 
13,622 
17,375 
22, 466 
44,389 
16, 286 


27.03 

2.14 

3.74 

9.41 

16.68 

28.63 

55.56 

142. 86 


Total . . 


10, 148 


6,286 


124, 871 


19.9 


82 


619.4 


12, 305 


8.08 











Sickness Rates, by Geoups of 


Diseases. 












Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 


General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 


Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 


Age group. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 




Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


15 to 24 years 


53.6 
57.8 
53.1 
80.6 
55.2 
134.9 


1,069 
1,162 
1,368 
1,966 
2,041 
4,468 


1.71 
.80 
2.14 
5.56 
4.09 
7.94 


20.0 
20.1 

25.8 
24.4 
37.0 
33.1 


2.6 
3.2 
2.1 
4.6 
2.0 


45 
39 
109 
57 
18 


'6.'27" 


17.5 
12.0 
50.8 
12.2 
9.0 


0.4 


9.0 




21.0 


25 to 34 years 














45 to 54 years 


1.9 
2.0 
15.9 


324 

67 

1,675 


'2." 64' 
7.94 


175.0 


65 to 64 years 


33.0 




105.5 














Total 


58.7 


1,352 


2.07 


23.0 


2.9 


56 


.10 


19.8 


.6 


61 


.20 


102.5 








Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 


Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 


Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 




1.3 
.3 


14 
1.3 




■10.7 
5.0 


12.0 
10.4 
18.4 
21.3 
16.4 
15.9 


245 
360 
537 
604 
231 
1,071 


0.27 
.43 
.93 

4.09 


20.4 
34.5 
29.2 
28.3 
14.1 
67.5 


81.0 
73.5 
97.1 
119.6 
126. 8 
333.3 


1,529 
1,522 
2,,098 
3,232 
6,025 
13,611 


0.80 
2.57 
4.63 
4.09 
15.87 


18.9 


25 to 34 years 


20.7 




21.6 


45 to 54 years 


3.7 


158 




42.5 


27.0 




47.5 


65 to 74 years 










40.8 




.8 










Total 


20 




25.9 


14.1 


401 


.49 


28.5 


91.4 


2,203 


1.87 


24.1 








Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (16&-190). 


Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 


Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 


15 to 24 years 


10.3 
14.4 
17.1 

14.8 
18.4 
39.7 


204 
282 
598 
401 
1,192 
1,881 


'6." 53" 

.86 

'6." is' 

7.94 


19.9 
19.5 
34.9 
27.1 
64.8 
47.4 


75.9 
86.4 
89.4 
88.0 
87.9 
87.3 


841 
1,061 
1,449 
1,681 
1,405 
3,516 


0.43 
.27 
1.28 
4.63 
4.09 
7.94 


11.1 
12.3 
16.2 
19.1 
16.0 
40.3 


5.1 1 94 


"6." 93' 

"7." 94' 


18.3 


25 to 34 years 


4.6 
3.9 
3.7 
4.1 
31.8 


85 

180 

96 

51 

4,294 


18.7 


35 to 44 vears 


46.7 




26.0 


55 to 64 years 


12.5 


65 to 74 years 


135.3 






Total. 


14.6 


412 


.79 


28.3 


84.9 


1,210 


1.38 


14.2 


4.7 


160 


.20 


33.9 







CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1333 

SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS). BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(U) CEMENT AND LIME: Males-Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 

Total.. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



73.3 
54.6 
46.2 
59.3 
49.1 
71.4 



57.5 



Days 
sick- 



879 

857 

886 

1,535 

1,413 

3,056 



993 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



12.0 
15.7 
19.2 
25.9 

28.8 
42.8 



17.3 



Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 



8.6 


153 




7.2 


169 




8.1 


156 




10.2 


347 




10.2 


411 




23.8 


556 




8.4 


197 





17.9 
23.4 
19.2 
34.0 
40.2 
23.3 



23.5 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



3.4 


165 


0.86 


3.7 


209 


.27 


6.0 


342 


.86 


4.6 


189 


1.85 


8.2 


767 




39.7 


3,310 


7.94 


4.9 


292 


.79 



48.0 
55.8 
57.1 
40.8 
93.8 
83.4 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



87.4 
114.4 
133.1 
172.4 
161. 6 
198.4 



121.7 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



1,031 
1,916 
2,451 
3,176 
4,342 
5,730 



2,128 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



11.8 
16.7 
18.4 
18.4 
26.9 
28.9 



17.5 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



145.7 
131.8 
178.9 
157.6 
135.0 
127.0 



148.7 



2,269 
2,332 
3,591 
3,663 
4,746 
4,532 



2,897 



2.04 



,79 



15.6 
17.7 
20.1 
23.2 
35.2 
35.7 



19.5 



Diseases of the 
(169-181). 



heart 



6.4 
8.0 
9.4 
5.6 
16.4 
23.8 



.2 i 8.3 



166 
201 
332 
190 
1,006 
1.470 



0.53 

.86 



6.13 
7.94 



270 



25.8 
25.0 
35.2 
35.3 
61.5 
62.0 



33.4 



Poisoning (92-95). 



0.4 

.8 



2.6 



4.1 



6.0 
12.0 



10.5 



Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



1.7 
1.6 
2.1 
1.9 
4.1 



2.0 



Dap 

sick- 
ness. 



53 



D'ths 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of au- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



38.0 
22.0 
39.6 
13.0 
6.0 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indeiinite diagnoses 
(335.) 



9.1 

8.1 

5.6 

10.2 



166 
101 
115 
112 



160 



0.43 



2.04 



20 



16.8 
17.7 
14.2 
20.2 
48.8 



18.7 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 



68.2 


793 




88.2 


1,407 




113.0 


2,080 




155. 7 


2,852 




143.2 


3.978 




182.5 


6, .349 




100.0 


1,764 





11.6 
16.6 
18.4 
18.3 
27.8 
29.3 



17.6 



1334 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 



(V) OFFICE, ETC. 



EMPLOYEES, SALESMEN, ETC.: Males. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion! 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 i)ersons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 


1,080 

50, 680 

29, 371 

10,499 

4,568 

1,855 

472 

66 


208 

10,247 

5,611 

2,272 

1,225 

561 

190 

26 


4,008 

216,666 

133, 931 

61,214 

39,810 

18, 543 

10,027 

1,209 


19.3 
21.1 
23.9 
26.9 
32.5 
33.1 
52.8 
46.5 


1 

244 

193 

103 

70 

48 

27 

8 


192.6 
202.2 
191.0 
216.4 
268.2 
302.4 
402.5 
393.9 


3,711 

4,275 
4.560 
5,830 
8,715 
9,996 
21,244 
18,318 


0.93 
4.81 
6 57 




9.81 


45 to 54 years 


15.32 
25.88 


65 to 74 years 


57 ''0 


75 years and over 


121.21 


Total 


98, 591 


20,340 


485,408 


23.9 


694 


206.3 


4,923 


7.04 







Sickness Rates, by Geoups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



Infectious and parasitic 
(20-^7). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
infectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total 



39.5 
37.5 
42.5 
42.5 
34.0 
48.7 



1,214 
1,057 
1,232 
1,396 
705 
2,415 



2.64 

3^62 
2.85 
1.08 
2.12 



30.7 
28.2 
29.0 
32.9 
20.8 
49.6 



5.8 
4.8 
6.3 
10.7 
14.0 
23.3 



137 
142 
195 
423 



.27 
.19 
.44 
.54 



23.5 
29.3 
31.0 
39.4 
41.8 
50.2 



0.04 

.1 

.3 
1.3 
3.2 



13 
53 
137 
246 



0.02 
.07 

.29 
1.09 
2.70 



168.0 

98.3 

184.0 

104.7 

76.2 



39.2 



1,171 



2.71 



29.9 



6.1 



28.3 



23 



25 



106.3 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



0.7 
.5 
.3 



1.6 
2.1 



8.0 
7.5 
3.0 



32 



12.6 
15.8 
10.3 



20.0 
220.0 



17.5 



9.2 


291 


0.16 


17.6 


610 


.24 


25.1 


1,125 


1.05 


34.4 


1,591 


1.09 


29.7 


1,395 


4.31 


42.4 


3,911 


12.71 


15.1 


572 


.46 



31.5 
34.7 
44.9 
46.3 
47.0 
92.3 



37.9 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



9.4 


249 


0.37 


8.6 


264 


.61 


11.3 


345 


1.52 


15.5 


488 


2.85 


18.9 


1,115 


3.77 


40.3 


3,189 


19.07 


10.0 


309 


.86 



26.5 
30.9 
30.4 
31.4 
59.1 
79.2 



31.0 



40.7 


512 


0.26 


34.9 


570 


.54 


32.3 


548 


.48 


34.6 


891 


1.31 


35.6 


1,037 


2.16 


33.9 


1.030 


2.12 


37.7 


563 


.47 



12.6 
16.4 
17.0 
25.8 
29.2 
30.4 



14.9 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



31.6 


792 


0.51 


31.1 


887 


1.26 


33.1 


906 


1.71 


45.3 


1,555 


3.72 


59.3 


2,035 


7.55 


101.7 


4.593 


12.71 


33.0 


909 


1.23 



25.1 
28.6 
27.4 
34.3 
34.3 
45.2 



27.5 



Diseases of the genito- 
urinary organs (230-261). 



5.7 
5.7 
3.8 
4.2 
10.8 
12.7 



5.5 



107 
129 
98 
188 
413 
629 



124 



0.06 

.27 

.10 

.88 

2.16 

4.24 



.22 



18.7 
22.7 
25.7 
45.1 
38.4 
49.5 



22.5 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1335 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(V) OFFICES, ETC., EMPLOYEES, SALESMEN, ETC.: Males— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs 
of locomotion (281-294). 


Diseases of the ear. 
(295-299). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 


17.3 
12.1 
11.9 
12.3 
17.3 
17.0 


214 
169 
190 
306 
252 
314 


'2.'i2' 


12.4 
13.9 
16.0 
25.0 
14.6 
18.5 


12.2 
15.0 
24.3 
38.3 
43.1 
48.7 


243 
307 
591 
968 
1,111 
1,869 


'6.07" 
.10 
.66 


19.9 
20.5 
24.3 
25.3 
25.8 
38.3 


1.7 
1.5 
.8 
.9 
2.2 
2.1 


30 
33 
19 
13 
22 
36 


0.02 



17.0 
22.2 
25.0 




15.3 


55 to 64 years 


10.3 


65 to 74 years 


17.0 






Total 


15.0 


204 


.01 


13.6 


16.3 


358 


.06 1 22.0 

1 


1.5 


29 


.01 


19.0 








Diseases of the eye. 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 


All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years .... 


6.0 
5.2 
6.4 
9.9 
6.5 
11.0 


115 
84 
153 
339 
456 
924 


■6.'22' 


19.1 
16.2 
24.0 
34.4 
70.4 
87.2 


21.2 
15.0 
17.1 
17.7 
25.9 
14.8 


340 
263 
345 
408 
578 
57.6 


0.30 
.14 
.10 
.22 


16.0 
17.5 
20.1 
23.0 
22.3 
38.9 


LO 
1.6 
LI 
.7 
.5 
4.2 


18 
22 
28 
11 
12 
123 


0.39 
.41 
.67 

'i.'62" 
2.12 


17.1 
13.9 


35 to 44 years 


26.5 


45 to 54 years 


16.0 


55 to 64 vears . 


22.0 




29.0 






Total 


6.0 


130 


.01 


21.6 


18.9 


327 


.21 


17.3 


1.2 


20 


.45 


16.9 








Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 


15 to 24 vears 


7.2 
7.1 
10.4 
7.2 
2.2 
2.1 


631 
507 
686 
546 
245 
504 


2.29 
2.52 
3.05 
2.85 
1.08 
2.12 


87.8 
71.2 
66.1 
75.6 
113.5 
238.0 


6.2 
5.4 
8.4 
11.8 
13.5 
29.7 


184 
190 
279 
413 
995 
2,136 


0.36 
.61 
1.43 
2.63 
3.77 
19.07 


29.8 
35.1 
33.3 
34.9 
73.8 
72.0 


7.8 
11.6 
20.8 
32.4 
34.0 
40.3 


146 




18.6 


25 to 34 vear-5 


221 
490 
832 
850 
930 


0.03 
.10 
.44 


19.1 


35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years... 


23.6 
25.7 
25.0 
23.1 








Total 


7.3 


583 


2.41 


79.4 


6.7 


235 


.82 


35.1 


12.1 254 


.04 


20.9 










Poisoning (92-95). 


1 


15 to 24 years 


0.4 
.4 
.1 


8.2 

17.2 

1.6 


0.06 
.07 
.19 


21.8 
38.9 
17.0 


















25 to 34 years 




35 to 44 years 






1 




55 to 64 vears 




! 






65 to 74 years 




i 










1 
















Total 


.3 


9.5 i .07 


28.4 1 


1 































46598°—! 



1336 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 



(V) OFFICE, ETC. 



EMPLOYEES, SALESWOMEN, ETC.J Females. 

Summary. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 


242 

24,943 

7,299 

1,356 

291 

81 

49 

1 


57 

7,066 

1,936 

290 

53 

17 

17 

1 


1,163 

165,241 

51,204 

9,559 

1,561 

834 

688 

50 


20.4 
23.4 
26.4 
33.0 
29.5 
49.1 
40.5 
50.0 


1 
64 
26 
8 
1 
3 
1 
1 


235.5 
283.3 
265.2 
213.9 
182.1 
209.9 
346.9 
1000.0 


4,806 
6,625 
7,015 
7,049 
5,364 
10,296 
14,041 
50,000 


4.13 
2 57 


25 to 34 years 


3 56 




5.90 


45 to 54 years 


3 44 




37.04 


65 to 74 years 


20 41 


75 years and over 


1000.00 


Total 


34,262 


9,437 


230,300 


24.4 


105 


275.4 


6,722 


3.06 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Developmental diseases 
(7-19). 


Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 


General diseases, other 
than developmental and 
infectious and parasitic 
(68-95). 


Age group. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 




Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 




2.1 
4.5 
3.0 


64 
134 
93 


0.08 


30.6 
29.7 
3L5 


36.4 
36.9 
35.4 
27.5 


987 

912 

1,086 

567 


1.24 
L51 
2.21 


27.1 
24.7 
30.7 
20.6 


69.3 
5L0 
27.3 
17.2 


1,846 

1,315 

1,016 

340 


0.08 
.27 


26.6 


25 to 34 years 


25.8 


35 to 44 years 


37.2 


45 to 54 years 


19.8 


55 to 64 years . 












65 to 74 years 










163.3 


3,061 




18.8 




























Total 


2.6 


79 


.06 


30.2 


36.4 


968 


L31 


26.6 


62.9 


1,680 


.12 


26.7 








Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 


Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 


Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 


15 to 24 years 


0.1 
.3 

.7 


2.3 
25 
7.4 


'b'.u 

.74 


28.5 
93.0 
10.0 


0.4 
1.1 
L5 


11 
35 
44 




25.7 
32.1 
29.5 


10.0 
21.0 
23.6 
44.7 
12.4 


307 

620 

1,121 

1,962 

346 


0.16 


30.8 


25 to 34 years 


29.6 


35 to 44 years 


47.5 


45 to 54 years . . 


43.9 












12.4 


593 







48.0 


28.0 


65 to 74 years 






































Total... 


.1 


7.4 


.06 


50.6 


.6 


19 




29.4 


13.1 


418 


.12 


31.8 








Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140- '.68). 


Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 


Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 


15 to 24 years 


31.2 
34.7 
36.1 
10.3 
86.4 
61.2 


820 
1,122 
1,188 

237 
4,556 
4, 673 


0.28 

.65 

1.47 

24." 69' 


26.3 
32.4 
32.9 
23.0 
52.7 
76.3 


8.6 
10.3 

5.9 
13.8 


273 
348 
136 
756 


0.04 

.41 

.74 

3.44 

12.35 


31.7 
33.8 
23.1 
55.0 

207.' 6" 


63.3 
46.0 
29.5 
20.6 
37.0 


1,085 

1,108 

597 

223 

420 


0.28 
.14 


17.1 


25 to 34 years 


24.1 




20.2 


45 to 54 years 


10.8 




11.3 




20.4 


4,224 















Total. . 


32.0 


907 


.44 


28.3 


8.8 


291 


.20 


32.9 


57.9 


1,059 


.23 


18.3 







CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1337 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-ContInued. 

(V) OFFICE, ETC., EMPLOYEES, SALESWOMEN, ETC. : Females— Concluded. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the genlto-url- 
nary organs (230-261). 


Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness- 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years.. 


13.4 
17.4 
17.0 


376 
537 
572 


0.12 
.14 

.74 


28.0 
30.9 
33.7 


15.0 
13.2 
8.1 
6.9 
37.0 
20.4 


211 
211 
173 
357 
3,815 
408 




14.1 
16.0 
21.4 
.«i2.n 


13.8 
13.2 
17.0 
27.5 


294 
335 
583 
625 




21.4 
25.5 
34.3 


45 to 54 years 


22.8 


55 to 64 years. . . 


12.4 


481 




39.0 


1103.6 

20.0 




65 to 74 years 


20.4 


653 




32 














Total 


14.2 


413 


.18 


29.1 


14.3 


219 


' 15.3 


13.9 


316 




22.8 








Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 


Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other external 
influences (317-334). 


15 to 24 years 


1.6 

1.6 

.7 


31 
50 
176 


b'.u 


18.7 

30.6 

238.0 


4.4 
3.4 
2.2 
3.4 


93 

68 
192 

72 




21.1 
19.8 
86.7 
21.0 


12.4 
9.6 
5.2 
10.3 
12.4 


202 

160 

63 

223 

86 


0.12 


16.3 


25 to 34 years. . . 


16.7 


35 to 44 years 


12.3 




21.7 


55 to 64 years 










7 


65 to 74 years 











61.2 


1,020 




16.7 






















Total 


1.6 


41 


.03 


25.2 


4.2 


95 




22.5 


11.5 


187 


.09 


16.3 








All other diseases, Includ- 
ing Indefinite diagnoses 


Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Anemia (68). 


15 to 24 years . 


1.2 
1.2 

.7 


22 
35 
2.2 


0.16 
.27 


17.6 

28.4 

3.0 


3.0 
3.3 
6.6 


283 
233 
515 


1.00 
.96 
1.47 


94.1 
71.0 

77.7 


68.5 
50.0 
26.6 
17.2 


1,824 

1,247 

1,002 

340 


0.04 
.14 


26 6 


25 to 34 years 


24.9 


35 to 44 years... 


37 8 


45 to 54 years 


19 8 


55 to 64 years 




















65 to 74 years 






20.41 




81.6 


2,143 




26.3 
























Total 


1.2 


23 


.23 


19.6 


3.3 


279 


.99 


85.4 


62.1 


1,649 


.06 


26 5 








Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 


Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291). 


Poisoning (92-95). 


15 to 24 years 


5.8 
6.7 
3.0 
13.8 


200 
272 

88 
756 


0.04 
.41 
.74 

3.44 
12.35 


34.4 
40.5 

29.8 
55.0 


9.1 

9.3 

14.8 

20.6 


173 

242 
559 
567 




19.0 
25.9 
37.9 
27.5 


0.3 
.1 


1.8 
.6 


0.04 
.14 


6.6 


2.5 to 34 years 


4.0 


3.5 to 44 years 




45 to 54 years 










55 to 64 years 












20.4 


4,224 


207.0 


20.4 


652 




32.0 




















Total 


5.9 


219 


.20 


37.0 


9.5 


206 




21.8 


.2 


1.5 


.06 


6.3 







1338 



EEPCET OF THE COMMISSIOXEE OF LABOK. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(W) ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN IN ESTABLISHMENTS OF ALL KINDS: Males. 

SUMMAKY. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 




















15 to 24 years 


287 

2,103 

2,588 

1,447 

558 

128 

1 


96 
656 
847 
511 
236 

80 
1 


1,544 

11,748 

19,039 

12,500 

6,779 

2,745 

182 


16.1 
17.9 
22.5 
24.5 
28.7 
34.3 
182.0 




334.5 
311.9 
327.3 
353.1 
422.9 
625.0 
100.0 


5,380 
5,586 
7,357 
8,639 
12, 149 
21,445 
18,200 




25 to 34 years 


7 
20 
21 
17 

5 


3.33 


35 to 44 years 


7.73 


45 to 54 years 


14.51 


55 to 64 years 


30.47 




39.06 


75 years and over 








Total 


7,112 


2,427 


54,537 


22.5 


70 


341.3 


7,608 


9.84 







Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 


General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and para- 
sitic (68-95). 


Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 


Age group. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 




Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 


Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Days 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


45.3 
46.1 
46.8 
38.0 
62.7 
70.3 


467 
979 
1,311 
1,005 
1,520 
1,250 


■6."95" 
3.86 
4.15 
7.17 
7.81 


10.3 
21.2 
28.0 
26.4 
24.2 
17.8 


3.5 
4.3 
3.9 
6.2 
5.4 


35 
56 
155 
169 
188 


'o.m 


10.0 
13.1 
40.0 
27.2 
35.0 




























1.4 


94 


0.69 


68.0 


























Total 


46.4 


1,132 


3.23 


24.4 


4.5 


123 


.14 


27.4 


.3 


19 


.14 


68.0 








Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 


Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 


Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 


15 to 24 years 


















45.3 
30.4 
44.1 
51.1 
53.8 
164.1 


871 
693 
1,060 
1,282 
1,857 
7,250 


1.43 

.77 

4.15 

8.96 

23.44 


19.2 


25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 


6.5 
L2 

.7 


2.9 
21 
5.5 




6.0 
18.0 
8.0 


8.1 
12.8 

9.0 
16.1 
39.1 


197 
400 
429 
690 
2,453 


'6." 69' 
3.58 


24.4 
31.3 

47.8 
42.8 
62.8 


22.8 
24.1 
25.1 
34.5 


65 to 74 years 










44.2 














Total 


.7 


9.6 




13.6 


10.8 


389 


.42 


36.0 


44.6 


1,188 


2.67 


26.7 








Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 


Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 


Diseases of the genito-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 


15 to 24 years 










45.3 
52.3 

48.7 
38.7 
78.9 
62.5 


652 
654 
805 
708 
1,866 
1,188 


■6.'77" 

■i.'79' 
7.81 


14.4 
12.5 
16.5 
18.3 
23.7 
19.0 


13.9 

3.8 

.8 

6.2 

1.8 


324 
159 

17 
104 

50 




23.3 


25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 j^ears 

65 to 74 years 


10.0 
6.6 
10.4 
12.5 
23.4 


173 
199 
365 
599 
3,409 


1.16 
1.38 
3.58 


17.3 
30.2 
35.2 

47.7 
148.0 


41.8 
21.6 
16.7 
28.0 










Total 


8.9 


307 


.98 


34.7 


50.2 


825 


.56 


16.4 


3.4 


91 




27.0 







CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1339 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. 

(W) ENGINEERS ANDFIRE:\IAN IN ESTABLISHMENTS OF ALL KINDS: Males— Cone' d. 

Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 





Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 


Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 


Diseases of the ear 
(295-299). 




Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 


Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Age group. 


Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 


Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 vears 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 


41.8 
15.2 
17.4 
23.5 
26.9 
23.4 


610 
220 
345 
553 
919 
453 


'b'.m 


14.6 
14.5 
19.9 
23.5 
34.2 
19.3 


52.3 
49.0 
63.8 
69.8 
73.5 
78.1 


537 
731 
1,151 
1,908 
1,823 
1,180 


'i.'79" 


10.3 
14.9 
18.1 
27.3 
24.8 
15.1 










1.0 

.8 
2.1 
1.8 


23 

11 
26 

18 




24.5 
14.0 
12.3 
10.0 






1 


Total 


19.8 


408 


.14 


20.6 


61.2 


1,209 


.14 


19.8 


1.1 


17 




15.5 








Diseases of the eye 
(300-316). 


Injuries and other ex- 
ternal influences (317-334). 


All other diseases, includ- 
ing^ indefinite diagnoses 










87.1 
86.5 
75.0 
86.4 
73.5 
148.4 


1,885 
1,659 
1,755 
1,800 
1,910 
3,906 


"6." 95' 

1.16 
2.07 


21.6 
19.2 
23.4 
20.8 
26.0 
26.3 










25 to 34 }-ears 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years . 


4.8 
4.6 
7.6 
12.5 


39 
118 
146 
262 






:::::: 


8.1 
25.4 
19.2 
20.9 










1.2 
2.1 
3.6 
15.6 


9.7 
45 
448 
297 


'3.' 58' 


8.3 

21.7 

125.0 

19.0 






104 








Total 


5.6 




18.6 


82.4 


1,791 


1.12 


21.7 


1.4 


53 


.28 


37.8 








Tuberculosis of r.ll kinds 
(31 a-o). 


Diseases of the heart 
(169-181). 


Muscular and articular rheu- 
matism (282 and 291). 


15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years. 


7.0 
4.8 
7.3 
4.2 
5.4 


35 1 


5.0 
59.3 
81.7 
91.8 
65.0 










41.8 
40.9 
53.3 
63.6 
66.3 
62.5 


477 
586 
981 
1,840 
1,719 
609 


...... 

"i.'79' 


11.4 


282 
600 
381 
349 


0.95 
3.48 
2.07 
5.38 


4.8 
3.5 
6.9 
7.2 
23.4 


78 

55 

323 

240 

3,469 


1.16 
1.38 
1.79 




16.3 
15.8 
46.8 
33.5 
148.0 


14.3 
18.4 
28.9 
25.9 
9.8 














Total 


5.6 


408 2.39 


72.5 


5.1 


190 


.84 


37.5 


52.5 


1,070 


.14 


20.4 




i 






Poisoning (92-95). 






15 to 24 vears 


1 


















25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 vears 


1.4 

.4 


13 
92 


9.6 

238. 




45 to 54 vears 




55 to t4 years 

65 to 74 vears 


1.8 1 140 


,78.0 
















Total 


.7j 48 


68.6 





1340 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. 



SICKNESS RATES OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK EUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
^ GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 to 1905— Continued. 



(T) ALL OTHER OCCUPATIONS (a) AND INDUSTRIES: 

Summary. 



Males. 



Age group. 


Number 

of persons 

under 

observa- 
tion 1 
year. 


Number 
of cases 

of 
sickness. 


Number 
of days 

of 
sickness. 


Average 
duration 
of each 
case of 
sickness 
(days). 


Deaths. 


Number, per 1,000 persons, 
of— 


Cases of 
sickness. 


Days of 
sickness. 


Deaths. 


Under 15 years 

15 to 24 years 

25 to 34 years 

35 to 44 years 

45 to 54 years 

55 to 64 years 

65 to 74 years 

75 years and over 


70 
4,115 
7,584 
5,540 
3,062 
1,635 
649 

61 


23 
1,592 
3,181 
2,847 
1,802 
1,077 
664 

64 


294 
27,107 
57, 686 
62,300 
46, 876 
34, 455 
25, 814 
3,116 


12.8 
17.0 
18.1 
21.9 
26.0 
32.0 
38.9 
48.7 




328.6 
386.9 
419.4 
513.9 
588.5 
658.7 
1,023.1 
1,049.2 


4,200 
6,587 
7,606 
11,245 
15,309 
21,073 
39,775 
51,082 




22 
38 
72 
60 
53 
63 
7 


5.35 
5.01 
13.00 
19.60 
32.42 
97.07 
114. 75 


Total 


22, 716 


11,250 


257, 648 


22.9 


315 


495.3 ' ]1..^42 ' l.-^.ST 











Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. 



Age group. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years . 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Infectious and parasitic 
diseases (20-67). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of^ 



Cases 
of 

sick- 
ness. 



45.9 
51.3 
66.8 
60.1 
80.7 
90.9 



58.7 



Days 

of 
sick- 



1,013 
1,269 
1,845 
1,538 
2,783 
3,055 



D'ths, 



2.19 
2.11 
3.79 
2.94 
6.12 
15.41 



3.39 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



22.1 
24.7 
27.6 
25.6 
34.5 
33.6 



26.7 



Growths and swellings, 
benign (99-100). 



0.5 
.9 
.5 

.7 



.8 



6.3 
18 
11 
42 

7.3 
63 



25 



0.04 



13.0 
19.6 
19.7 
65.0 
12.0 
41.0 



33.3 



Diseases of the organs of 
circulation (169-190). 



14.3 
6.9 
8.7 
12.4 
19.6 
55.5 



383 
162 
225 
479 
1,057 
2,684 



0.24 

.40 

.54 

2.61 

4.28 

20.03 



26.7 
23.7 
26.0 
38.6 
54.0 
48.4 



General diseases, other 
than developmental 
and infectious and 
parasitic (68-95). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 



2.2 
2.0 
6,5 
8.2 
8.0 
3.1 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



62 

45 

132 

130 

305 

25 



D'ths 



0.13 
.18 



.13 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



Growths and swellings, 
malignant (96-98). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



28.6 
22.5 
20.4 
16.0 
38.4 
8.0 



2.3 
2.5 
10.8 



22.4 1.1 



Diseases of the nervous 
system (101-139). 



7.1 


175 




10.9 


334 


0.26 


17.2 


599 


.90 


20.9 


1,007 


.98 


24.5 


1,120 


1.83 


64.7 


4,157 


12.33 


15.7 


628 


.92 



24.8 
30.5 
34.9 

48.2 
45.8 
64.2 



40.1 



Diseases of the organs of 
digestion (191-229). 



46.4 
65.0 
74.4 
84.6 
83.2 
134.1 



Total 11.9 403 1.63 33.9 70.0 1,208 1.19 17.3 5.3 162 .40 



615 
886 
1,335 
1,512 
1,865 
4,479 



0.24 
.13 
1.08 
1.96 
3.67 
10.79 



13.3 
13.6 
18.0 
17.9 
22.4 
33.4 



Days 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



31 

32 

166 

262 

,485 



102 



D'ths 



0.18 
.65 
.61 

4.62 



.31 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



238.0 

36.0 

72.4 

107.0 

137.7 



Diseases of the organs of 
respiration (140-168). 



54.4 


1,118 


1.22 


56.2 


1,174 


.79 


69.0 


1,673 


2.17 


97.7 


3,184 


7.51 


1G9.4 


5,952 


11.62 


269.7 


11,636 


29.28 


79.3 


2,243 


3.70 



20.5 
20.9 
24.3 
32.6 
35.1 
43.2 



28.3 



Diseases of the genito-uri- 
nary organs (230-261). 



5.4 
5.7 
5.8 
4.3 
2.5 
9.2 



158 
243 
205 
19 
169 



0.53 
.54 
.33 
.61 



16.8 
28.0 
42.1 
48.3 
7.8 
18.3 



a Not including subsidiary occupations in commerce (Group X). 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY, 



1341 



SICKNESS RATES OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 to 1905— Concluded. 

(Y) ALL OTHER OCCUPATIONS (a) AND INDUSTRIES: Males— Concluded. 
Sickness Rates, by Groups of Dise.\.ses. 



Age group. 



Diseases of the external 
tissues (262-280). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

sick- 
ness. 



D'ths, 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 
ness. 



Diseases of the organs of 
locomotion (281-294). 



Number, per 1,000 
persons, of— 



of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days 

of 
sick- 



D'ths. 



Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 

of 
sick- 



of the ear (295- 
299). 



Number, per 
persons, of 


1,000 


Cases 

of 
sick- 
ness. 


Dap 

Sick- 
ness. 


D'ths. 


2.4 


37 






Av- 
erage 
days 
of du- 
ration 

of 
each 
case 
of 
sick- 
ness. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years 
25 to 34 years 
35 to 44 years 
45 to 54 years 
55 to 64 years 
65 to 74 years 

Total.. 



15 to 24 years. 
25 to 34 years. 
35 to 44 years. 
45 to 54 years. 
55 to 64 years. 
65 to 74 years. 



Total. 



50.6 
36.5 
34.5 
48.0 
42.2 
52.4 



621 

504 

605 

1,115 

1,375 

1,592 



0.18 



.61 



12.3 
13.8 
17.6 
23.2 
32.6 
30.4 



45.2 

92^6 
109.7 

92.4 
181.8 



731 
1,115 
1,693 
2,596 
2,324 
6,031 



.36 



1.22 



16.2 
16.1 
18.3 
23.7 
25.2 
33.2 



.8 

1.6 

.3 



41.3 



31 .09 17.7 



81.0 1,637 



26 20. 2 



1.1 



23 



15.3 
15.7 
24.9 
47.0 



19.9 



of the eye (300- 
316). 



Injuries and other exter- 
nal influences (317-334). 



All other diseases, includ- 
ing indefinite diagnoses 
(335). 



5.1 


105 




4.1 


79 




6.0 


121 




7.2 


234 




9.2 


304 




4.6 


544 




5.6 


144 





20.7 
19.4 
20.3 
32.5 
33.1 
117.7 



26.0 



104.0 


1,601 


0.97 


107.6 


1,784 


.26 


128.9 


2,666 


1.44 


130.6 


3,064 


1.31 


122.3 


3,660 


1.22 


140.2 


3,704 


3.08 


117.1 


2,336 


1.06 



15.4 
16.6 
20.7 
23.5 
29.9 
26.4 



19.9 



3.4 


30 




2.4 


33 


0.40 


.7 


24 


1.62 


1.6 


22 


1.31 


1.8 


40 




1.5 


35 


1.54 


2.0 


29 


.75 



13.9 
33.0 
13.2 
22.0 
23.0 



14.7 



Tuberculosis of all kinds 
(31 a-o). 



Diseases of the heart (169- 
181). 



Muscular and articular 
rheumatism (282 and 291), 



4.4 


306 


1.70 


5.4 


462 


1.45 


9.0 


877 


3.43 


5.2 


385 


1.96 


15.3 


1,135 


4.28 


23.1 


1,311 


10.79 


7.5 


609 


2.60 



69.9 
85.4 
97.2 
73.6 
74.2 
50.7 



81.4 



9.2 


272 


0.24 


3.7 


116 


.40 


4.0 


146 


.54 


7.5 


352 


2.61 


11.0 


672 


3.67 


37.0 


2,034 


16.95 


7.0 


285 


1.50 



29.5 
31.5 
36.8 
46.9 
61.0 
55.0 



40.9 



30.9 


445 


0.24 


53.7 


804 




75.5 


1,387 


.36 


90.5 


2,139 




80.1 


2,050 


i.22 


1.55.6 


5,194 




64.8 


1,301 


.22 



14.4 
15.0 
18.4 
23.6 
25.6 
33.4 



20.1 



Poisoning (92-95). 



1.2 
.3 
.7 

1.3 



21 
1.5 
12 

a2 



0.18 



8. 4 .04 



17.6 
5.5 

16.8 
6.3 



12.7 



a See page 1350. 
SICKNESS RATES FOR SELECTED AGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS AND 

GROUPS OF DISEASES. 

The following table presents selected data for males and for 
females of the age groups 25 to 34 and 35 to 54. The occupation 
group numbers will be found on pages 1348 to 1350. 



1342 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOI^ER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS AND 

OBSERVATION FOR 
MALES 25 TO 34 YEARS OF AGE. 



Occu- 
pation 
num- 
ber. 



Occupation. 



Persons 
under 
obser- 
vation 
one 
year. 



Number, per 1,000 persons, of- 



Cases of sickness. 



Cases 

lasting 

TotaL more 

than 34 

I weeks. 



Days of 
sick- 
ness. 



Days of sickness due to- 



Dis- 

of 
the 
respi- 
ratory 
organs. 



Tuber- 
culosis 
of all 
kinds. 



Dis- 
eases of 

the 
nervous 
system. 



Ala 
Alb 
A 2a 
A 3a 
A 3b 
A 4a 
Bla 
Bid 
Clb 
C3 

D 
El 

G 

II 

K3 

K6a 

LI 

L2 

M2e 

M2d 

N2 

N8 

NIO 

Nil 

Ola 

2a 

03 

P2 

Qla 

Qlb 

QIC 

Qld 

Q3a 

Rib 

Sla 

Ulb 
Via 

Vlb 

W 

X 

Yl 



Excavators, construction workers, etc 

Stone setters, cement workers, etc — 

Painters 

Masons 

Masons' helpers 

Carpenters, roofers, etc 

Waiters 

Miscellaneous workers in restaurants. 

T ailors 

Shoemakers 

Workmen in chemical factories 

Furriers 

Laborers in agriculture, gardening, 
etc 

Glaziers 

Wood turners 

Joiners 

Workmen in musical instrument fac- 
tories 

Watchmakers , optical workers, etc . . . 

Saddlers 

Upholsterers 

Founders, boilersmiths, etc. .- 

Tinsmiths 

Whitesmiths 

Blacksmiths 

Bakers 

Beer brewers, maltsters, etc 

Butchers 

Bookbinders, album makers, etc 

Type founders, etc 

Compositors 

Bookbinders 

Copper, steel, and zinc engravers 

Lithographers, music engravers, etc. . 

Sculptors in stone, marble, etc 

Workers in spinning plants, wool 
combing, etc 

Workers in asphalt, concrete, etc 

Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- 
nographers, draftsmen, etc 

Shop employees, salesmen, clerks, etc. 

Engineers 

Subsidiary commercial occupations. . 

Open-air workers , boatmen , ice work- 
ers, window cleaners, lamplighters, 
stable hands, fruit gatherers, etc... 



3,168 
2,604 
6,305 
18,612 
12, 405 
8,133 
5,673 
2,146 
2,961 
3,992 
1,872 
2,328 

3,502 

1,964 

2,533 

14, 797 

3,250 
3,277 
2,004 
1,560 

11,198 
4,175 

22,273 
4,138 
2,074 
2,379 
1,807 
7,891 
2,196 
8,508 
3.685 
1,852 
4.773 
2,754 

3,096 
2,001 

25,300 
4,071 
2,103 

21,971 



5,674 



636 

487 



439 


0.79 


351 


.81 


645 


.56 


370 


.25 


2.58 


.71 


325 




239 


1.69 


292 


1.00 


448 


.53 


330 


.43 


334 




325 


2.04 


368 


1.18 


347 


.81 


350 


1.23 


274 


1.83 


334 


1.00 


305 


1.28 


579 


1.07 


344 


1.20 


406 


1.08 


485 


.72 


269 


.48 


481 




301 


.55 


314 


.63 


401 


2.28 


378 


1.65 


274 


.54 


284 


.54 


235 


1.05 


491 


1.82 


418 


.65 


593 


1.50 


195 


1.19 


165 


.74 


312 


.48 


266 


1.14 


462 


1.06 



12,029 
9,294 
9,767 
6,548 

11,694 
7,044 
6,260 
6,663 
6.612 
6,831 
8,088 
6,335 

5,998 
6,907 
7,797 
7,133 

7,667 
6,116 
6,914 
6,626 

10, 770 
7,091 
8,256 
8.153 
5,853 
8,895 
5,467 
8,184 
9,784 

11.852 
6,936 
6,134 
5,980 

12,285 

8,369 
11,603 

4,702 
3,680 
5,586 
5.234 



8,261 



1,971 
1,344 
1,344 
1,089 
1,945 
1,109 
1,182 
611 
1,213 
1,386 
1,284 
1,456 

905 
1,309 
1,497 
1,335 

1,028 
1,417 
1,564 
1,456 
1,643 
1,239 
1,445 

984 
1,190 
1,113 

427 
1,801 
2,465 
2,419 
1,240 
1,668 
1,146 
3,504 

1,381 
1,528 

929 
628 



497 
425 
935 
442 
459 
367 
463 
308 
,242 
971 
297 
741 

270 

822 
857 



1,055 
777 
780 
732 
543 
411 
861 
396 
300 
512 
185 

1,096 
885 

1,453 
897 
333 
974 

2,040 



330 

560 
176 
282 
553 



336 
510 
253 
265 
443 
293 
292 
177 
502 
303 
163 
197 

142 
205 
526 
349 

347 
313 
320 
290 
412 
297 
436 
352 
378 
316 
191 
606 
166 
843 
424 
282 
810 
585 

451 
531 

624 
527 
197 
304 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1343 



SELECTED GROUPS OF DISEASES, FOR SELECTED CLASSES OF PERSONS UNDER 
ONE YEAR. 

MALES 25 TO 34 YEARS OF AGE. 









Number, per 1,000 persons, 


Df— Concluded. 








Days of sickness due to— Concluded. 


Cases of death from 


- 


Cases of industrial accident. 


Dis- 
eases of 

the 
circu- 
latory 
system. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the di- 
gestive 
system. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the ex- 
ternal 
organs. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the or- 
gans of 
locomo- 
tion. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the eye 
(includ- 
ing in- 
juries). 


All 
causes. 


Dis- 
eases of 

the 
respi- 
ratory 
organs. 


Tuber- 
culosis 
of all 
kinds. 


Inju- 
ries and 
other 
exter- 
nal 
Influ- 
ences. 


AH 
indus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents. 


Davs of 
disability 
from in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 


Industrial 
accidents 
causing 
disability 
for more 
than 13 
weeks. 


220 


1,508 


750 


2,016 


211 


4.73 


0.32 


1.58 


0.63 


61.6 


1,558 


5.05 


192 


1,086 


631 


1,659 


176 


4.99 


1.15 


1.15 


.77 


50.7 


1,089 


3.07 


441 


939 


407 


1,141 


169 


5.39 


1.11 


2.85 


..32 


20.9 


584 


1.74 


179 


850 


452 


916 


96 


4.41 


.97 


1.29 


.97 


38.5 


774 


1.67 


289 


1,302 


778 


1,724 


167 


3.87 


.73 


1.29 


.73 


76.2 


1,670 


4.35 


127 


878 


422 


943 


77 


4.55 


.61 


1.60 


.98 


55.8 


1,321 


3.32 


314 
277 


499 
680 


442 
810 


859 
949 


159 
61 


6.52 
6.52 


.88 
.93 


3.17 
2.33 


.18 
.93 


3.4 
32. 6 


52 
699 




.93 


227 
319 
163 


838 

927 

1,073 


300 
549 
575 


718 

563 

1,103 


194 
191 
123 


9.12 
6.51 
4.81 


.68 
.75 


5.74 
2.76 
1.07 


.34 
.75 
.53 


2.4 
9.0 

65.2 


41 

158 

1,440 






2.14 


220 

85 


829 
651 


541 
536 


438 

782 


110 
105 


3.87 
4.00 


.43 
.86 


2.58 
1.14 


.29 


18.0 
32.9 


238 
799 




1.71 


158 


628 


396 


591 


31 


5.09 


.51 


3.05 




3.3.6 


839 


2.55 


159 


1,366 


472 


446 


156 


4. .34 


.39 


2.37 


.79 


27.6 


532 


..39 


237 


884 


468 


633 


100 


5.07 


.74 


2.57 


.27 


36.5 


788 


1.08 


271 


1,102 


331 


857 


162 


8.31 


• .92 


4.62 


.31 


47.1 


1,116 


1.54 


151 


882 


256 


489 


59 


3.97 


1.83 


1.83 


.31 


18.9 


353 


.01 


133 
538 
201 


970 

804 

1,244 


533 
174 
552 


421 

720 

1,174 


222 

72 

187 


4.49 
5.77 
5.63 


"'i'.bi' 


3.49 
2.56 
2.05 


'"".is 


23.0 

12.8 

106.8 


458 

180 

2,308 







3.84 


151 


871 


487 


1,188 


95 


3.59 


.96 


1.20 


.48 


33.8 


683 


.96 


296 


1,042 


519 


728 


174 


5.66 


.58 


3.14 


.09 


54.2 


1,091 


1.75 


131 


1,163 


563 


915 


235 


2.90 


.72 


.72 


.24 


88.7 


1,034 


1.93 


62 


622 


521 


668 


61 


2.41 


.48 


1.45 


.48 


20.3 


395 


.48 


269 


954 


885 


997 


98 


6.31- 


.84 


2.94 


.84 


90.4 


1,813 


3.78 


133 


521 


851 


410 


126 


3.32 








70.3 


995 


1. 11 


337 


1,109 


468 


641 


90 


5.70 


.89 


3.42 




12.0 


212 


.25 


248 
431 
163 


1,012 
1,373 
1,026 


310 

478 
280 


767 
773 

772 


44 
128 
113 


5.46 
7.99 
4.88 


.91 
.94 
.81 


3.19 
4.58 
2.99 


■•■•■24- 


25.1 

2.7 
18.2 


506 

29 

425 






.27 


138 
221 


830 

878 


383 
197 


764 
375 


57 
174 


4.86 
5.24 


.54 

.84 


2.70 
2.93 




18.4 
6.7 


336 
130 




.21 


158 


991 


330 


1,416 


238 


9.08 


2.18 


5.81 




49.4 


1,007 


2.90 


359 


1,376 


372 


961 


120 


5.81 


2.26 


1.29 




43.0 


1,108 


1.94 


285 


1,203 


1,007 


2,137 


210 


4.50 


1.00 




1.00 


66.5 


1,442 


4.50 


266 


563 


168 


326 


80 


6.88 


1.26 


2.61 


.16 


1.5 


30 


.04 


254 
173 


617 
654 


175 
220 


190 
731 


109 
39 


4.67 
3.33 


1.23 
1.43 


1.97 
.95 


'""."9.5' 


2.0 
50.0 


43 
1,075 




i.43 


145 


649 


305 


577 


93 


4.92 


1.27 


2.00 


.27 


20.1 


381 


.50 


147 


934 


546 


1,262 


100 


4.05 


.88 


1.23 


.35 


52.7 


1,099 


3. 00 



1344 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND BY SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS AND 

OBSERVATION FOR 

MALES 35 TO 54 YEARS OF AGE. 



Occu- 
pation 
num- 
ber 



Ala 
Alb 
A 2a 
A 3a 
A 3b 
A 4a 
B la 
B Id 
Clb 

C3 
D 

E 1 
G 

II 

K3 
K6a 

LI 

L2 

M2c 

M2d 

N2 

N8 

NIO 

Nil 

O la 

O 2a 

03 

P2 

Qla 

Qlb 

QIC 

Qld 

Q3a 

Rib 

Sla 

Ulb 

Via 

Vlb 
W 
X 

Yl 



Occupation, 



Excavators, construction workers, ete 

Stone setters, cement workers, etc 

Painters 

Masons 

Masons' helpers 

Carpenters, roofers, etc 

Waiters 

Miscellaneous workers in restaurants. 

TaUors 

Shoemakers 

Workers in chemical factories 

Furriers 

Laborers in agriculture,gardening,etc. 

Glaziers 

Wood turners 

Joiners 

Workmen in musical instrument fac- 
tories 

Watchmakers, optical workers, etc. . . 

Saddlers 

Upholsterers 

Founders, boilersmiths, etc , 

Tinsmiths 

Whitesmiths , 

Blacksmiths , 

Bakers 

Beer brewers, maltsters, etc 

Butchers 

Bookbinders, album makers, etc 

Type founders, etc 

Compositors 

Bookbinders , 

Copper, steel, and zinc engravers 

Lithographers, music engravers, etc. 

Sculptors in stone, marble, etc 

Workers in spinning plants, wool 
combing, etc , 

Workers in asphalt, concrete, etc 

Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- 
nographers, draftsmen, etc , 

Shop employees, salesmen, clerks, etc 

Engineers , 

Subsidiary commercial occupations. , 

Open-air workers, boatmen, ice work- 
ers, window cleaners, lamplighters, 
stable hands, fruit gatherers, etc. . . 



Persons 
under 
obser- 
vation 
one 
year 



Cases of sickness. 



3,678 

3,482 

4,164 

21,078 

13,027 

9,973 

2,852 

955 

1,424 

1,965 

1,792 

3,125 

4,176 

1,582 

1,667 

13,337 

3,105 
1,638 
1,211 

628 
9,012 
2,688 
16, 202 
2,858 

541 
1,794 

556 
5,745 
2,033 
7,129 
2,781 
1,815 
2,336 
2,026 

4,303 
1,432 

13,857 
1,210 
4,035 

19,555 



Nvunber per 1,000 persons, of- 



Total. 



841 
653 
490 
402 
765 
414 
319 
413 
355 
330 
510 
364 
535 
451 
346 
380 

346 
296 
345 
444 
611 
468 
460 
601 
357 
638 
300 
350 
399 
358 
295 
284 
285 
576 

436 

728 

234 
215 
337 
301 



591 



Cases 
lasting 

more 
than 34 
weeks. 



2.18 
.57 
3.60 
1.33 
3.15 
1.10 
1.40 
2.09 
4.21 
2,04 
3.35 
.96 
1.92 
1.26 
4.20 
2.17 

1.93 

1.22 



1.59 
2.44 
1.12 
2.35 
3.15 



1.67 



3.13 
3.44 
2.67 
3.24 
3.86 
3.42 
10.37 

1.86 
1.40 

2.60 
2.48 
1.98 
2.40 



1.95 



Days of 
sick- 
ness. 



18,586 
15,883 
14, 200 

9,573 
17,723 
10,097 

9,000 
11,708 
10, 736 

9,010 
11,785 

8,512 
12,330 
11,379 

9,185 

9,523 

8,491 
8,056 
9,508 
15,989 
13,865 
11,554 
11,273 
14, 221 
8,085 
14,873 
4,745 
10,967 
13,067 
14, 103 
9,842 
8,931 
8,768 
19,849 

9,848 
18,010 

6,737 
6,338 
7,816 
7,522 



13,694 



Days of sickness due to— 



Dis- 
eases of 
the 
respi- 
ratory 
organs. 



3,495 
2,766 
1,885 
1,649 
3,179 
1,661 
1,340 
1,758 
2,020 
2,070 
2,368 
2,470 
2,381 
1,843 
1,801 
1,706 

1,656 
1,263 
1,842 
2,857 
2,319 
1,920 
1,758 
1,995 
1,344 
1,619 

513 
2,053 
2,098 
2,194 
1,462 
1,596 

748 
4,716 

1,740 
2,642 

1,122 

880 

1,140 

1,434 



2,234 



Tuber- 
culosis 
of all 
kinds. 



Dis- 
eases of 

the 
nervous 
system 



660 

495 

1,260 

447 

851 

583 

1,131 

1,317 

1,016 

1,004 

686 

582 

938 

1,416 

711 

849 

614 

1,226 

276 

4,704 

596 

693 

881 

1,022 

22 

851 



1,269 
958 
1,560 
1,038 
1,026 
746 
5,482 

601 
330 

644 
641 
521 
913 



702 



933 

1,003 

1,045 

582 

733 

529 

386 

707 

2,173 

1,040 

1,007 

387 

625 

1,613 

966 

732 

717 

1,077 

38a' 

932 

799 

773 

1,085 

669 

490 

750 

432 

1,006 

1,012 

1,238 

1,177 

1,203 

1,772 

672 



788 

1,249 

1,469 

410 



754 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY, 



1345 



SELECTED GROUPS OF DISEASES. FOR SELECTED CLASSES OF PERSONS UNDER 
ONE YEAR— Continued. 

MALES 35 TO 54 YEARS OF AGE. 









Number, per 1,000 persons, 


of— Concluded. 








Days of sickness due to — Concluded. 


Cases of death from 


- 


Cases of industrial accidents. 


Dis- 
eases of 

the 
circu- 
latory 
system. 


Dis- 
eases Of 
the di- 
gestive 
system. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the ex- 
ternal 
organs. 


Dis- 
eases of 
tho or- 
gans of 
locomo- 
tion. 


Dis- 
eases Of 
the eye 
(includ- 
ing in- 
juries). 


All 
causes. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the 
respi- 
ratory 
organs. 


Tuber- 
culosis 
of all 
kinds. 


Inju- 
ries and 
other 
exter- 
nal 
influ- 
ences. 


All 
indus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents. 


Days of 
disability 
from in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 


Industrial 
accidents 
causing 
disability 
for more 
than 13 
weeks. 


526 


1,914 


1,468 


3,469 


171 


13.87 


3.26 


3.26 


1.90 


76.7 


2.151 


4.89 


410 


1,679 


1,046 


2,539 


374 


11.77 


1.15 


1.72 


1.16 


58.0 


1,787 


6.89 


312 


1,117 


699 


1,972 


160 


13.69 


2.64 


3.12 


1.20 


20.4 


712 


3.60 


212 


897 


775 


1,591 


188 


9.77 


1.99 


1.90 


1.19 


46.2 


1,323 


4.32 


481 


1.718 


1,179 


2,809 


270 


14.35 


2.38 


3.15 


1.84 


94.7 


2,647 


8.67 


325 


891 


674 


1,633 


88 


8.02 


2.01 


2.01 


.90 


59.4 


1,640 


5.11 


348 


960 


830 


1,710 


230 


16.48 


2.45 


6.66 




4.6 


97 


.35 


495 


867 


843 


1,788 


93 


16.75 


3.14 


4.19 


2.09 


58.0 


1,787 


3.14 


806 
490 
593 


1,342 
901 
908 


401 
520 

803 


1,279 

907 

1,312 


103 
237 

287 


13.34 
14.76 
10.60 


3.51 
1.02 
2.23 


5.62 
4.07 
1.12 


■■■i.'62' 


1.4 

4.6 

63.0 


38 

103 

1,585 






3.91 


272 


1,222 


554 


844 


197 


12.80 


1.92 


3.52 


.64 


14.4 


361 


1.92 


405 


1,054 


1,124 


1,706 


209 


16.04 


5.27 


4.07 


1.68 


44.3 


1,191 


3.83 


576 


1,077 


433 


1,267 


118 


9.48 


1.90 


3.79 




32.9 


869 


1.26 


119 


1,493 


380 


981 


285 


13.80 


1.80 


3.00 


.60 


19.2 


476 


.60 


343 


1,109 


604 


1,138 


130 


10.50 


L95 


3.82 


.37 


29.9 


849 


2.02 


302 


971 


637 


821 


194 


10.95 


3.54 


2.25 


.32 


39.3 


951 


2.25 


117 

490 


1,063 
1,059 


437 
809 


924 
1,955 


91 
76 


12.82 
7.43 


1.83 
2.48 


5.49 
1.65 


1.83 


13.4 
19.0 


397 
435 




.83 


108 


1.967 


1,081 


1,726 


a4 


19.11 




9.55 




23.9 


811 


1.59 


291 


1,433 


813 


2,042 


175 


11.32 


3.33 


2.00 


.33 


99.2 


2,439 


5.10 


441 


1.182 


674 


2,062 


126 


13.02 


3.35 


3.35 


1.49 


37.2 


1,041 


2.23 


493 


1,090 


774 


1,434 


202 


9.88 


1.79 


2.96 


.37 


51.9 


1,257 


2.47 


338 


1,224 


784 


3,003 


195 


11.20 


2.80 


3.50 


.70 


100.1 


2,179 


2.80 


377 
378 


364 
1,080 


937 
1,142 


1,453 
3,206 


359 
117 










31.4 

85.8 


1,462 
2,004 


7.39 


22.30 


4.46 


3.34 




5.02 


210 
630 


678 
1,484 


450 
416 


786 
1,354 


85 
141 


14.39 
10.97 


1.80 
1.22 






41.4 
13.1 


710 
291 




4.87 


.35 


.35 


252 
547 
521 


1.108 
1,094 
1,198 


504 
596 
560 


1.853 
1.647 
1,252 


170 
322 
210 


19.68 

10.24 

6.47 


1.97 
1.12 
1.08 


4.43 
4.21 
2.52 


.14 

.36 


17.2 
2.8 
12.9 


344 

41 

360 






.72 


194 


1,080 


275 


1,353 


178 


7.16 


.55 


3.31 


.55 


13.2 


278 


.55 


276 
469 


1,012 
1,029 


319 
576 


971 
2,387 


343 
475 


13.27 
27.64 


1.71 
6.42 


4.28 
18.26 


.43 


7.3 
43.4 


176 
1,014 




2.47 


381 


1,257 


675 


1.421 


138 


10.46 


1.86 


3.25 


.46 


40.7 


1,242 


3.25 


814 


1,837 


1,109 


3,360 


344 


13.27 


4.19 


1.40 


1.40 


85.9 


2,543 


11.17 


369 


655 


228 


713 


210 


11.33 


2.24 


2.89 


.14 


2.9 


101 


.43 


605 


621 


199 


618 


207 


13.22 


3.31 


4.13 




2.5 


161 


1.05 


258 


770 


420 


1,423 


128 


10.16 


1.98 


2.97 


1.49 


51.6 


1,409 


3.72 


302 


767 


383 


978 


105 


12.38 


2.71 


3.58 


.46 


22.0 


533 


1.07 


342 


1,568 


839 


2,200 


152 


16.05 


4.20 


3.15 


L65 


69.3 


1.977 


5.70 



1346 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS AND 

OBSERVATION FOR 

FEMALES 25 TO 34 YEARS OF AGE. 



Occu- 
pation 
num- 
ber. 



Bib 
B Ic 

Cla 

Clb 

02 

C4a 

G 

P2 

P3 
Qle 

Q2 
Sla 

Via 

Vlb 

X 



Occupation. 



Cooks, scullions, etc 

General servants 

Tailoresses (cloaks and garments), 
pressers, etc 

Tailoresses (not in cloak and garment 
making) 

Milliners 

Laundresses, ironers, etc 

Gardening, agriculture, and forestry. . 

Bookbinders, album makers, etc 

Workers in colored papers 

Bookbinders 

Printers' helpers 

Workers in spinning plants, wool 
combing, etc 

Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- 
nographers, draftswomen, etc 

Shop employees, saleswomen, clerks, 
etc 

Subsidiary commercial occupations. . 



Persons 
under 
obser- 
vation 
one 
year. 



2,267 
3,220 

4,995 

3,093 
1,357 
1,212 
2,515 
5,386 
1,729 
2,935 
1,427 

5,597 



4,496 
1,084 



Number, per 1,000 persons, of- 



Cases of sickness. 



Total. 



344 

327 

394 

399 
326 
397 
522 
570 
598 
505 
549 

719 

244 

279 

464 



lasting 

more 

than 34 

weeks. 



0.88 
1.55 



2.20 



2.59 
2.21 



3.19 
1.74 
1.70 
2.10 

1.79 

1.78 

L33 

3.69 



Days of 
sick- 



9,813 



11,391 

11,425 
9,954 
8,908 
10,913 
16,729 
14,995 
13,812 
14,671 

17,537 

6,158 

7,550 
13,938 



Days of sickness due to — 



Dis- 
eases of 
the 

respi- 
ratory 
organs. 



1,079 
1,366 

1,660 

1.632 
1,217 
1,380 
1,412 
2,608 
2,113 
2,047 
2,124 

2,535 

1,144 

1,108 
2,925 



Dis- 



Tuber- 
culosis 

k/nds nervous 
^^^^^- system. 



the 



66 
243 



744 

985 

23 

258 

1,239 
760 
951 

1,304 

815 

286 

200 
1,323 



447 
438 

651 

722 
779 
312 
363 
893 
443 
468 
706 

367 

810 

501 

756 



FEMALES 35 TO 54 TEARS OF AGE. 



B lb 
B Ic 
Cla 

Clb 

C2 

C4a 

G 

P2 

P3 
QIC 

Q2 
S la 

Via 

Vlb 

X 



Cooks, scullions, etc 

General servants 

Tailoresses (cloaks and garments), 
pressers, etc 

Tailoresses (not in cloak and garment 
making) 

Milliners 

Laundresses, ironers, etc 

Gardening, agriculture, and forestry. . 

Bookbinders, album makers, etc 

Workers in colored papers 

Bookbinders 

Printers' helpers 

Workers in spinning plants, wool 
combing, etc 

Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- 
nographers, draftswomen, etc 

Shop employees, saleswomen, clerks, 
etc 

Subsidiary commercial occupations. . 



785 


480 


2.55 


15,215 


1,106 


304 


856 


1,900 


361 


2.63 


10,934 


1,635 


183 


541 


1,323 


466 


4.54 


14,596 


2,650 


785 


1,287 


1,181 


420 


8.47 


15,685 


2,092 


1,555 


1,904 


505 


327 


3.96 


9,897 


1,412 


442 


1,467 


1,750 


402 


1.71 


11,223 


1,830 


509 


747 


4,639 


589 


2.37 


14,157 


2,395 


281 


434 


2,469 


485 


3.65 


16,522 


2,287 


1,506 


976 


765 


773 


5.23 


18,082 


2,070 


502 


410 


1,300 


477 


6.15 


16,378 


3,550 


1,475 


978 


538 


610 


7.43 


18,723 


1,989 


599 


1,444 


3,812 


691 


4.98 


18,522 


2,751 


962 


960 


735 


231 


4.08 


7,072 


1,143 


512 


1,464 


912 


190 


4.39 


6.493 


921 


354 


1,113 


992 


467 


3.02 


14,355 


2,659 


1,011 


690 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1347 



SELECTED CxROUPS OF DISEASES, FOR SELECTED CLASSES OF PERSONS UNDER 
ONE YEAR— Concluded- 

FEMALES 25 TO 34 YEARS OF AGE. 



Number^ per 1,000 persons, of— Concluded. 


Days of sickness due to— Concluded. 


Cases of death from— 


Cases of industrial accident. 


Dis- 
eases of 

the 
circu- 
latory 
system. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the di- 
gestive 
system. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the ex- 
ternal 
organs. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the or- 
gans of 
locomo- 
tion. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the eye 
(includ- 
ing in- 
juries). 


All 
causes. 


Dis- 
eases of 
the 
respi- 
ratory 
organs. 


Tuber- 
culosis 
of all 
kinds. 


Inju- 
ries and 
ether 
exter- 
nal 
influ- 
ences. 


All 
indus- 
trial 
acci- 
dents. 


Days of 
disability 
1 roni in- 
dustrial 
accidents. 


Industrial 
accidents 
causing 
disability 
for more 
than 13 
weeks. 


464 
423 

355 

482 
321 
176 
161 
759 
316 
374 
699 

393 

269 

397 
258 


1,411 
1,321 

1,678 

1,739 
1,562 
1,500 
2,133 
2,397 
2,534 
1,936 
2,094 

3,167 

696 

1,364 
1,395 


1,438 
1,156 

300 

274 
245 
642 
734 
549 
885 
859 
554 

787 

116 

270 
351 


1,304 
771 

641 

467 
375 
72G 
1.198 
1.124 
839 
632 
504 

891 

324 

343 

443 


36 

48 

211 

243 
85 
20 

235 

250 
25 
32 

131 

212 

20 

97 
251 


2.65 
4.97 

6.21 

8.73 
9.58 
2.48 
5.57 
8.06 
7.52 
6.81 
9.81 

6.25 

2.85 

4.00 
7.38 


1.32 
.93 

1.40 

.65 
1.47 


0.44 
1.55 

3.00 

2.91 
5.90 





2.7 

4.7 

2.4 

2.9 
1.5 

5.0 
9.6 
8.6 

11.0 
8.2 

14.0 

20.0 

.4 
G.8 


46 
126 

67 

43 
52 
190 
351 
244 
374 
235 
488 

593 

9.6 

12 

208 






0.40 
.32 


.83 


.40 
.75 

""'.GS' 
1.40 

.89 

.89 



.80 
5.00 
4.05 
4.09 
5.61 

3.04 

.71 

1.11 

7.38 


"o.ig" 
"".'76" 

.18 




.19 

1.16 

.34 

.70 

1.79 




.92 



FEMALES 35 TO 54 TEARS OF AGE. 



1,121 
725 

346 

889 
313 
439 
517 
1,210 
969 
693 
907 

893 

188 

293 
630 


2,000 
1,271 

2,215 

1,597 
895 
1,549 
2,363 
2,257 
3,446 
2,195 
3,556 

3,160 

716 

382 
2,277 


3,702 
1,121 

252 

461 

214 
1,965 
1,141 

893 
1,405 
1,184 

472 

1,323 

152 

249 
1,302 


1,967 
1,433 

946 

1,200 
1,467 
1,200 
2,117 
2,032 
2,315 
1,170 
1,320 

1,710 

263 

854 
1,015 


210 
127 

379 

693 

204 

94 

227 

271 

21 

78 

26 

272 

308 
424 


8.92 
7.89 

9.07 

10.16 
9.90 
6.86 
5.60 
8.91 

11.76 
8.46 
9.29 

9.71 

5.44 

5.48 
6.05 


"'i.'os' 

1.69 

.57 
1.29 
2.03 

""'i.'54" 
3.72 

.52 

1.36 

1.10 


3.82 
1.05 

3.02 

3.39 
3.96 
2.86 
1.29 
2.43 
3.92 
3.85 
1.86 

3.67 

1.36 

1.10 
3.02 


"6.' 53' 


1.3 

4.7 

.8 

4.2 


32 
211 

8.3 

152 












""'.'22' 


4.0 
13.0 

8.5 
10.5 

6.9 
13.0 

17.1 


177 
336 
186 
203 
154 
357 

586 


6." 86 








1.31 












9.1 


352 


1.01 



1348 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOISTER OF LABOR. 

CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS, 

A. BUILDING TRADES, 

la. Underground workers. 

lb. Stone setters, asphalt workers, etc. 

2a. Painters, decorators, etc. 

2b. Stucco workers. 

3a. Masons and polishers. 

3b. Masons' helpers. 

4a. Carpenters, boat builders, roofers, etc. 

4b. Carpenters', etc., helpers. 

B. HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS. 

la. Waiters, waitresses, etc. 

lb. Cooks (male and female) and scullions. 

Ic. General servants (female). 

Id. Helpers in restaurants, etc. 

C. CLOTHING AND CLEANING. 

la. Tailors, tailoresses (cloaks and garments), pressers, etc. 
lb. Tailors and tailoresses (not in cloak and garment making). 

2. Milliners. 

3. Shoemakers. 

4a. Laundresses, ironers, etc. (including males). 

4b. Workers in dyeing establishments, chemical cleaning establishments, etc. 

5. Barbers, wig makers, bath attendants, etc. 

6. Hatters (workers in felt, hair, wool, etc.). 

D. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. 

Apothecaries, workers in acetylene factories, chemical plants, dye-stuffs making, etc. 

E. SKINS, LEATHER, HAIR, ETC. 

1. Furriers. 

2. Brush and hair workers. 

3. Workers in refuse plants. 

F. FATS, OILS, PAINTS, ETC. 

1. Workers in factories for oils, glycerines, perfumeries, stearin, tallow, soap, etc. 

2. Workers in factories for gelatin, glue, etc. 

3. Workers in factories for varnish, lacquer, etc. 

G. GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY, WORKERS IN= 
H. WORKERS IN GAS WORKS. 
J. MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, PORCELAIN AND POTTERY. 

1. Glaziers. 

2a. Glass blowers and sand blowers. 

2b. Glass grinders, engravers and etchers, 

2c. Workers in factories for glass specialties. 

3. Porcelain turners. 

4. Glass painters and porcejain painters. 
5a. Mirror-glass blowers. 

5b. Mirror-glass mounters. 
6, Potters and stove potters. 

K. INDUSTRY OF WOOD AND CUT MATERIALS. 

1. Workers in picture frame factories, bronzers, gilders, silverers, etc. 

2a. Coopers. 

2b. Wheelwrights. 

3. Turners (wood, amber, ivory, cork, meerschaum, etc.). 

4a. Workers in factories for small wooden articles. 

4b. Workers in sawmills. 

5. Basket makers, straw weavers, etc. 
6a. Cabinet makers. 

6b. Wood polishers and furniture polishers. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1349 
L. MANUFACTURE OF MUSICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL, ETC., INSTRUMENTS. 

1. Piano makers and makers of musical and phonographic apparatus. 

2. Mechanicians, opticians and watchmakers. 

3. Workers in factories for measuring instruments. 

M. LEATHER AND LEATHER SUBSTITUTES. 

1. Rubber workers. 
2a. Glove makers, etc. 

2b. Tanners, leather dyei's, etc. 

2c. Saddlers. 

2d. Upholsterers. 

3. Workers in oilcloth, etc., factories 

N. METAL WORKING. 

la. Workers in accumulator factories, 
lb. Lead casters, lead workers, etc. 
Ic. Zinc casters, etc. 

2. Founders, boilersmiths, tool makers, etc. 

3. Workers in factories for electrical apparatus, etc. 
4a. File cutters. 

4b. Metal blowers and grinders. 

5. Workers in aluminum, alloys, etc. 

6. Gold and silver workers. 

7. Workers in bronze, brass, etc. 

8. Tinsmiths. 

9. Sheet-iron workers, wire workers, etc. 

10. Whitesmiths. 

11. Blacksmiths. 

12. Other metal workers. 

O. FOODS AND DRINKS. 

la. Bakers. 

lb. Confectioners. 

2a. Beer brewers and maltsters. 

2b. Distillers, etc. 

3. Butchers, etc. 

4. Flour millers. 

5. Tobacco and cigar workers. 

6. Workers in sugar factories and refineries. 

7. Workers in factories for other foods and drinks. 

P. PAPER INDUSTRY. 

1. Paper and pulp workers. 

2. Bookbinders, album makers, etc. 

3. Workers in colored papers. 

0. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRIES. 

la. Type founders, etc. 

lb. Compositors. 

Ic. Bookbinders. 

Id. Copper, steel, and zinc engravers. 

2. Printers' helpers. 

3a. Lithographers, music engravers, etc. 

3b. Illustrators, copyists, photographers, etc. 

R. STONE WORKING. 

la. Workers in stone quarries, stonebreakers, etc. 
lb. Sculptors in stone, marble, etc. 

S. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. 

la. Workers in spinning plants, wool combing, etc. 
lb. Workers in weaving plants, knitting works, etc. 
Ic. Machine lace workers, etc. 



1350 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. 



T. TRANSPORTATION. 



la. Teamsters. 

lb. Coachmen, chauffeurs, etc. 

Ic. Street-railway workers. 

U. LIME, CEMENT, ETC. 

la. Workers in lime, mortar, and cement factories. 

lb. Workers in asphalt, concrete, etc. 

2. Workers in brick works, clay, pipes, etc. 

V. OFFICE AND SHOP EMPLOYEES. 

la. Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, stenographers, draftsmen, etc. 
lb. Shop employees, salesmen, saleswomen, clerks, etc. 

W. ENGINEERS. 

Engineers and firemen. 

X. SUBSIDIARY COMMERCIAL OCCUPATIONS. 

Porters, messengers, watchmen, packers, sorters, etc. 

Y. MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS. 

1. Open-air workers, boatmen, ice workers, window cleaners, lamplighters, stable 

hands, fruit gatherers, etc. 

2. Workers in closed rooms (with dust), cleaning of feathers, warehousemen, chimney 

sweeps, etc. 

3. Workers in closed rooms (without dust), bath attendants, hospital attendants, 

musicians, stage hands, singers, etc. . ■ 

4. Workers under conditions not reported. 

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES. 



I. DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES. 



7. Senile debility, 

8. Pregnancy. 

9. Extra-uterine pregnancy. 

10. Diseases of pregnancy. 

11. Convulsions of pregnancy. 



12. Puerperal eclampsia 
13-17. Sequelae of parturition. 

18. Premature labor. 

19. Miscarriage. 



II. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES. 



20. Smallpox. 

21. Chicken pox. 

22. Scarlet fever. 

23. Measles. 

24. German measles. 

25. Miliary fever (general acute tubercu- 

losis). 

26. Typhus fever. 

27. Diphtheria. 

28. Whooping cough. 

29. Pneumonia. 

30. Influenza, grippe. 

31. Tuberculosis of all forms: 

(a) Pulmonary phthisis. 

(b) Tubercular laryngitis. 

(c) Tubercular glands. 

(d) Tuberculosis of skin, lupus, etc, 

(e) Tubercular bones and joints. 

(f) Tubercular meningitis. 

(g) Tubercular tumors in the brain, 
(h) Intestinal tuberculosis. 

(i) Tuberculosis of the kidneys, 
(k) Tuberculosis of the bladder. 



31. Tuberculosis of all forms — Concluded. 

(1) Tuberculosis of male genito- 
urinary organs, 
(m) Tuberculosis of female genito- 
urinary organs, 
(n) Miliary tuberculosis, 
(o) General tuberculosis. 

32, Leprosy, 

33. Mumps. 

34, Typhoid fever. 

36. Weil's disease. 

37. Relapsing fever. 

38. Epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis. 

39. Erysipelas. 

40. Tetanus. 

41. Septicemia. 

42. Puerperal fever. 

43. Acute articular rheumatism. 

44. Plague (bubonic). 

45. Asiatic cholera. 

46. Cholera nostras. 

47. Dysentery. 

48. Intermittent fever. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE TN GERMANY. 1351 

Foot and mouth disease. 
Cystitis. 
Tape worm . 
Trichinosis. 
Ankylostomiasis. 
Pin worms. 

All other worm diseases. 
66. Parasitic skin diseases. 
Thrush. 
Favus. 
Pityriasis. 
Herpes. 

All other parasitic skin diseases. 
Actinomycosis. 

III. GENERAL DISEASES OTHER THAN INFECTIOUS OR PARASITIC. 



49. 


Gonorrhea: 


55 




(a) Urethral gonorrhea. 


56 




(b) Gonorrheal rheumatism. 


57 




(c) All other sequelae. 


58 


50. 


Soft chancre and bubo. 


59 


51. 


Syphilis: 


60 




(a) Primary syphilis. 


61 




(b) Secondary syphilis. 


62- 




(c) Tertiary syphilis. 


62 




(d) Congenital syphilis. 


63 




(e) Syphilis, not specified. 


64 


52. 


Anthrax. 


65 


53. 


Glanders. 


66 


54. 


Hydrophobia. 


67 



68. Anemia. 

69. Pernicious anemia. 

70. Leukemia. 

71. Pseudo-leukemia. 

72. Lymph-adenitis. 

73. Scurvy. 

75. Purpura hemorrhagica. 

76. Haemoglobinuria. 

77. Hemophilia. 

79. Osteomalacia. 

80. Diabetes mellitus. 

81. Diabetes insipidus. 

82. Gout. 

83. Addison's disease. 

84. Obesity. 

85. Acromegaly. 

86. Elephantiasis. 

87. Mvxoedema. 



88. Gangrene: 

(a) Gangrene. 

(b) Perforating ulcer. 

89. Inanition. 

90. Alcoholic poisoning: 

(a) Acute alcoholism. 

(b) Chronic alcoholism. 

(c) Delirium tremens. 

92. Organic poisons: 

(a) Poisoned by meats, etc. 

(b) Snake, insect, etc., bites. 

(c) Mushroom poisoning. 

93. Inorganic poisons: 

(a) Acute poisoning. 

(b) Chronic poisoning. 

94. Poisoning, not specified. 

95. Poisonous gases (including coal gas, 

sewer gas, etc.). 



GROWTHS AND SWELLINGS. 



A. MALIGNANT. 

96. Cancer. 

97. Sarcoma. 

98. Other malignant tumors, etc. 



B. BENIGN. 

99. (a) Fibroma. 
(b) Polypi. 
100. Growths and swellings, not specified. 



IV. LOCAL DISEASES. 



A. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



101. Meningitis. 

102. Hydrocephalus. 

103. (a) Acute encephalitis, 
(b) Cerebral abscess. 

104. Apoplexy. 

105. Softening of the brain. 

106. Cerebral congestion. 

107. Anemia of the brain. 

108. Diseases of the brain, not specified. 
109-113. Mental diseases. 

109. Ordinary mental diseases. 

110. Progressive paralysis of the insane. 

111. Senile dementia. 

112. Epileptic insanity. 

113. (a) Imbecility, 
(b) Cretinism. 

114. Myelitis dorsalis. 

115. Spinal meningitis. 

116. Myelitis due to pressure. 

117. Tabes dorsalis, locomotor ataxia. 

118. Fried rich's disease. 

119. Spinal paralysis. 

46598'^— 10 86 



121.' Diseases of the spinal cord, not 
specified. 

122. Progressive muscular atrophy. 

123. Spinal apoplexy. 

124. Multiple sclerosis. 

125. Paralysis agitans, shaking palsy. 

126. Multiple neuritis. 

127. Neuralgia. 

128. Paralysis of peripheral nerves. 

129. Revnaud's disease. 

130. Migraine. 

131. Epilepsy. 

132. St. Vitus dance, chorea. 

133. Tetany, eclampsia. 

134. Neurasthenia. 

135. Hysteria (excluding 112). 

136. Traumatic neurosis. 

137. Occupational neurosis, writers' 

cramp, etc. 

138. Diseases of the nervous system, not 

specified. 

139. Basedow's disease. 



1352 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSION'ER OF LABOK. 



B. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 



140. Rhinitis. 

141. Ozena. 

142. Nasal scleroderma. 

143. Nosebleed. 

144. Diseases of the tonsils. 

145. Diseases of the nasal bones. 

146. Diseases of the nasal pharynx. 

147. Hay fever. 

148. Diseases of the nose, not specified. 

149. Laryngitis. 

150. Oedema of the glottis. 

151. Laryngismus. 

152. Stricture of the larynx. 

153. Catarrh of the trachea. 

154. Acute bronchitis. 

155. Chronic bronchial catarrh. 



156. 
157. 
158. 
159. 
160. 
161. 
162. 
163. 
164. 
165. 
166. 



167. 
168. 



Pulmonary emphysema. 

Bronchial pneumonia. 

Hypostatic pneumonia. 

Pneumonia, not specified. 

Pneumonitis. 

Diseases of the lungs, not specified. 

Hemorrhage of the lungs. 

Pulmonary abscess. 

Pulmonary gangrene. 

Pulmonary paralysis. 

Pleurisy: 

(a) Fibrous pleurisy. 

(b) Suppurating pleurisy. 

(c) Pleurisy, not specified. 
Pneumo-thorax . 
Hsemothorax. 



C. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OP CIRCULATION. 



169. Endocarditis. 

170. Pericarditis. 

171. Hydrocarditis . 

172. Cardiac hypertrophy. 

173. Valvular diseases of the heart. 

174. Congenital diseases of the heart. 

175. Myocarditis. 

176. Fatty degeneration of the heart. 

177. Rupture of the heart. 

178. Cardiac apoplexy. 

179. Angina pectoris. 

180. Cardiac neurosis. 



181. Diseases of the heart, not specified. 

182. (a) Aneurism. 

(b) Rupture of the arteries, 

183. Embolism. 

184. Arterio-sclerosis. 

185. Senile gangrene. 

186. Varicose veins. 

187. Phlebitis. 

188. Thrombosis. 

189. Hemorrhoids. 

190. Inflammation of glands. 



D. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OP DIGESTION. 



191. 
192. 
193. 
194. 
195. 
196. 
197. 
198. 
199. 
200. 
201. 
202. 
203. 

204. 
205. 



207. 
208. 



Diseases of the mouth. 
Diseases of the teeth. 
Diseases of the tongue. 
Diseases of the throat. 
Diseases of the salivary glands. 
Diseases of the oesophagus. 
Goiter. 

Catarrh of the stomach. 
Acute gastritis. 
Ulcer of the stomach. 
Fistula of the stomach. 
Stricture of the stomach. 
Degeneration of the mucous mem- 
brane of the stomach. 
Dilatation of the stomach. 

(a) Intestinal catarrh. 

(b) Intestinal colic. 

(c) Diarrhoea. 

(d) Acute colitis. 
Constipation. 
Duodenal ulcer. 



209. Intestinal tumors. 

210. Intestinal hemorrhage. 

211. Appendicitis, 

212. Intestinal obstruction, etc. 

213. Rupture of the intestines. 

214. Proctitis. 

215. Prolapse of the rectum. 

216. Rectal fistula, 

217. Stricture of the rectum. 

218. Anal fistula. 

219. Hernia, 

220. Peritonitis. 

221. Inflammatory diseases of the liver. 

222. Pylephlebitis. 

223. Acute yellow atrophy of the liver. 

224. Cirrhosis of the liver. 

225. Jaundice. 

226. Diseases of the liver, not specified. 

227. Cholecystitis. 

228'. Diseases of the pancreas. 

229. Diseases of the spleen. 



E. GENITO-URINARY DISEASES (EXCLUDING INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC). 



230. Nephritis. 

231. Pyelitis. 

232. Hydronephrosis. 

233. Purulent nephritis. 

234. Renal calculi. 

235. Floating kidney. 

236. Uremia. 



237. Catarrh of the bladder, 

238. Urethritis. 

239. All other diseases of the male urinary 

passages. 

240. Phimosis. 

241. Epispadias. 

242. Spermatorrhea. 





CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S 


INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1353 


243. 


Orchitis. 


253. Parametritis. 


244. 


Displacement of testicle. 
Hydrocele. 


254. Disturbances of the climacteric. 


245. 


255. Endometritis. 


246. 


Epididymitis. 


256. Uterine hemorrhage (not in preg- 


247. 


Prostatic diseases. 


nancy). 


248. 


Diseases of the vulva. 


257. Displacement of the uterus. 


249. 


Diseases of the vagina. 


258. Inflammation of the ovaries. 


250. 


Vaginal fistula. 


259. Salpingitis. 


251. 


Prolapse of the vagina. 


260. Ovarian hydrocele. 


252. 


Dysmenorrhoea, etc. 


261. Mastitis, etc. 




F. DISEASES OF THE 


EXTERNAL TISSUES. 


262. 


Scabies. 


272. Naevus. 


263. 


Eczema. 


273. Other eruptions of the skin. 


264. 


Psoriasis. 


274. Carbuncle. 


265. 


Urticaria. 


275. (a) Lymphangitis. 


266. 


Inflammation of the sweat glands. 


(b) Panaritium. 


267. 


Pemphigus. 


276. Ingrowing nails. 


268. 


Herpes zoster. 


277. Pediculosis. 


f69. 


Seborrhoea 


278. Scleroderma. 


270. 


Alopecia. 


279. Ulcer of the leg. 


271. 


Ichthyosis. 


280. Elephantiasis. 




G. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF LOCOMOTION. 


281. 


Inflammation of the muscles. 


288. Chondritis, etc. 


282. 


Muscular rheumatism. 


289. Injuries to joints. 


283. 


Muscular atrophy. 


290. Inflammation of joints. 


284. 


(a) Tendo-synovitis, etc. 


291. Chronic articular rheumatism. 




(b) Contraction of the tendons. 


292. Arthritis deformans. 




(c) Torticollis, etc. 


293. Curvature of spine. 


285. 


Injuries to bones. 


294. Flat-foot and other foot malforma- 


286. 


Inflammation of bones. 


tions. 


287. 


Exostosis (nonsyphilitic). 






H. DISEASES 


OF THE EAR. 


295. 


Diseases of external ear. 


297. Diseases of the internal ear. 


296. 


Diseases of tympanic membrane and 


298. Deafness. 




middle ear. 


299. Diseases of the ear, not specified. 




J. DISEASES 


OF THE EYE. 


300. 


Diseases of the eyelids. 


309. Diseases of the choroid. 


301. 


Ectropion, entropion. 


310. Glaucoma. 


302. 


Blennorrhea. 


311. Diseases of the retina. 


303. 


Trachoma. 


312. Diseases of the optic nerve. 


304. 


Other forms of conjunctivitis. 


313. Abnormalities of refraction. 


305. 


Diseases of the sclera and the cornea. 


314. Paralysis of ocular muscles. 


306. 


Diseases of the iris. 


315. Diseases of the lachrymal glands. 


307. 


Diseases of the lens. 


316. Diseases of the eye, not specified. 


308. 


Diseases of the humors. 






K. INJURIES AND OTHER 


EXTERNAL INFLUENCES. 


317. 


Contusions and lacerations. 


319. Dislocations. 


318. 


Fractures of— 


320. Sprains of— 




(a) Skull. 


(a) Upper extremities. 




^b) Scapula and clavicle. 


(b) Lower extremities. 




I'c) Spinal column. 


(c) All others. 




(d) Ribs. 


321. Wounds: 




I'e) Pelvis. 


(a) Contused, punctured, orincised. 




if) Upper extremities. 


(b) Gun-shot. 




I'g) Lower extremities. 


(c) Bites. 




(h) Not specified. 


(d) All others. 



1354 



EEPOET OF THE COMMTSSIONEE OF LABOR. 



322. 


(a) Burns and scalds, and wounds 

resulting therefrom. 

(b) Burns from corrosive substances. 


331 


323. 


Frostbites. 




324. 


Concussion of the brain. 




325. 


Lightning. 


332 


326. 


Electric shocks. 




327. 


Drowning. 




328. 


Hanging. 




329. 


Suffocation. 




330. 


Execution. 




331. 


Foreign bodies in — 
(a) Head or neck. 






(b) Chest. 


333 




(c) Back. 


334 




(d) Ribs. 





Foreign bodies in — Concluded. 

(e) Pelvis or abdomen. 

(f) Upper extremities. 

(g) Lower extremities, 
(h) Not specified. 

Injuries, nature not specified, 
caused by — 

(a) Explosion. 

(b) Run over. 

(c) Machinery. 

(d) Fall, push, etc. 

(e) Shaking, concussions. 

(f) Other causes. 

Loss of blood, not further specified. 
Operations, not specified. 



V. OTHER DISEASES AND INDEFINITE DIAGNOSES. 



335. Other diseases, including those not specified (e. g., beri-beri, yellow fever^ 
dropsy, abdominal affections, etc.). 

INVALIDITY AND OLD-AGE INSURANCE. («) 



INTRODUCTION. 

The German insurance system began by making provision for 
cases of temporary disability, whether due to sickness or to industrial 
accident, and followed this system of relief by a comprehensive pla,n 
of caring for persons injured during their employment. The third 
step taken was to make provision for permanent disability, or disa- 
bility due to long-continued sickness, or due to accident not occur- 
ring during employment, or due to old age. 

Invalidity insurance, as defined by most workmen's insurance 
laws, is intended to care for cases such as these, especially cases 
arising from the gradual deterioration of the phj^sical powers of the 
workmen. Such a system of insurance is usually combined with a 
system of old-age insurance, and in Germany the two have from 
the very start been treated under the same law. 

The principal antecedent of the present invalidity insurance system 
in Germany is found in the system of relief for old and disabled miners 
provided by the miners' brotherhoods. These organizations at a 
very early date found it necessary to make provision for their mem- 
bers because of the special nature of mining work and because of the 
special conditions surrounding the industry. As finally developed, 
the insurance provided by the miners' brotherhoods consisted of 
"occupational" invalidity; that is, benefits were provided in case 
the insured person was unable to continue working in his own trade, 
even if he was able to earn his livelihood in other occupations. 

For many years a number of institutions provided voluntary 
insurance in case of old age or invalidity, but the cost of such insur- 

«A translation of the invalidity and old-age insurance law of 1899, will be found in 
Bulletin 91 of the Bureau of Labor. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1355 

ance was necessarily high, and as far as the workmen were con- 
cerned, there was practically no possibility of its insurance being 
extended to them. The introduction of railroads into Germany was 
followed by the formation of a number of institutions for the protec- 
tion of railroad employees in case of invalidity, as well as to provide 
old-age pensions. As most of the German railways are state insti- 
tutions, these funds were readily established and developed rapidly. 

When the insurance for sickness and accident was made compul- 
sory, it was inevitable that a similar step should be taken to intro- 
duce compulsory invalidity and old-age insurance. In fact, as stated 
below, the invalidity insurance would have been introduced at the 
same time and made a part of the same administrative organization 
as the other branches of the insurance had conditions, especially 
political conditions, permitted the simultaneous introduction of the 
invalidity with one of the other branches of the workmen's insur- 
ance system. As at present organized in Germany, the country is 
divided into a series of districts, each of which has its own organi- 
zation for the administration of the insurance, which is conducted 
by the employers and by the insured persons under the supervision 
of a government official. Practically all of the wage-earning popu- 
lation is covered by the insurance, and the benefits of the system are 
granted whenever the insured person suffers disability which causes 
him to lose one-third or more of his earning capacity. The old-age 
insurance provides benefits when the insured person reaches the age 
of 70. Considerable complaint is heard because of the high age 
required, but up to the present time the Government has declined 
to make any change in the age limit. 

It is worthy of note that the contributory plan was adopted for 
this, the first national system of old-age and invalidity insurance. 
The plan of having the State defray the entire cost out of its general 
revenues was seriously discussed, but the preponderance of opinion 
was in favor of a system in which the insured persons and their 
employers made a direct payment toward the expense of the system, 
to which the State should add a liberal subsidy. 

HISTORY OF INVALIDITY INSURANCE LAWS. 

The first of the great insurance laws to be passed was that relating 
to sickness in the year 1883. This was followed by the accident 
insurance law in 1884, and in the year 1887 the government plan for 
a system of invalidity and old-age insurance was published. This 
plan was first submitted to tlie economic council {Volkswirtschaftsrai) 
of Prussia for discussion, after which a bill was prepared in the 
Ministry of the Interior. The chancellor introduced this bill into the 
upper Jiouse of the imperial legislature, where it was remodeled, and 



1356 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

in July, 1888, adopted in its amended form. On the 22d of Novem- 
ber, 1888, it was introduced into the lower house of the legislature, 
where it was referred to a special committee of 28 members, which de- 
voted 43 sessions to the consideration of the bill. After the bill was 
reported by the committee to the Reichstag an extended debate took 
place. The law was finally enacted on June 26, 1889, under the title 
of the "IsiW relating to invalidity and old-age insurance." The bill 
was introduced as a bill "relating to old-age and invalidity insurance, '* 
and the change of title indicated the relative importance in the 
minds of the legislature of the two features of the law. It was nec- 
essary to pass an amending law, that of June 8, 1891, to clearly 
establish the status of persons who reached the age 70 immediately 
after the law came into force; the law of 1891 provided that persons 
who, on January 1, 1891, completed their seventieth year, or were 
already 70 j^ears of age on January 1, 1891, were not required to 
pay the full amount of old-age dues, but immediately received the 
right to draw the old-age pension. 

It is the testimony of students of this question that the invalidity 
and old-age act of 1889 proved anything but popular during the first 
few years of its operation. The feature receiving severest criticism was 
that relating to the use of stamps as receipts for dues, the employer 
being required to affix a special stamp on the card of each of his insured 
employees each week that they were in his service. A protest bymany 
of the employers was made against this feature, and in some sections 
of the country these protests were especially bitter. The requirement 
that certificates of employment should be furnished in order to prove 
the completion of the waiting time caused also some hostility since 
procuring attested certificates was difficult for workmen who were 
employed in labor of a casual nature, and also resulted in the forging 
of false certificates in many cases. Considerable dissatisfaction was 
also caused through the small amounts of pensions. It is stated by 
competent authorities that much of this dissatisfaction ceased when 
the provisions of the law became better known and its benefits were 
more clearly understood. 

To remed}^ the objectionable features of the law, a conference of 
the state and imperial authorities affected by the law was summoned 
in November, 1894. At this conference Doctor Boediker, the presi- 
dent of the imperial insurance office, proposed a comprehensive 
reorganization of all three parts of workmen's insurance, a plan 
which later had considerable influence, and although it was not 
adopted, was given serious consideration. According to Doctor 
Boediker's proposal the accident, invalidity, and old-age insurance 
were to be administered b}^ a series of organizations, one of which 
was to provide the insurance for each State of the Empire. The 
accident associations were to be either dissolved and the work per- 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1357 

formed bj state insurance offices, or, if they were continued, their 
work was to be done under the supervision of state offices similar to 
the special funds for conducting old-age and invalidity insurance. It 
was proposed that the cost of invalidity and old-age insurance should 
be assessed annually and collected at the same time with the assess- 
ments for the accident insurance. These radical changes, however, 
were not undertaken, and the bill which was finally brought into the 
federal council in the fall of 1896, and into the Reichstag on February 
26, 1897, made but few changes in the fundamental features of the 
existing system. The bill proposed that the difference between the 
financial condition of the various insurance institutes should be equal- 
ized by the plan of dividing the burden of the pension payments into 
two parts, a general part and a special part. The system of stamps as 
receipts for dues was retained for lack of a better plan, but in practice 
this was to be simplified by a system of cumulative cards, with the 
destruction of the individual receipt cards when the latter had 
become filled. After lengthy discussion in the Reichstag no action 
was taken on the bill as presented, and in 1898 a new bill was pre- 
pared in which an attempt was made to meet some of the objections 
to the previous bill. The new bill reached the Reichstag on January 
18, 1899, where it was referred to a special committee of 28 members. 
After a comparatively' short time the committee reached a conclusion, 
and when the bill was finally voted on in the Reichstag, on June 15, 
1899, but four or five votes were cast against it. The bill was 
approved and became a law on July 19, 1899. In the official report 
accompanying the bill when introduced it was stated that the revi- 
sion of the bill was in fact a development of the various features of 
the insurance on principles already established and in force, and the 
removal of certain defects which experience had shown to exist. 

The official report accompanying the bill of 1897 states that while it 
admitted the desirability of a consolidation of the various branches, 
the difficulties and obstacles in the way of such a measure were so 
serious that the Government was unable to find a way to solve the 
question at that time. In addition, the plans proposed and sugges- 
tions offered on the question by experts were so diverse and con- 
fficting that there was no well-supported plan to consider. 

In favor of a consolidation of sickness and invalidity insurance 
the report states that there is a definite connection and an intimate 
relation between the two branches of insurance. Invalidity is 
frequently the conclusion of a sickness of longer or shorter duration, 
and a claimant for an invalidity pension usually has to make use 
of the benefits of the sick funds before applying to the invalidity 
organization. It would therefore be an easy matter to refer the 
decision in regard to an invalidity pension to the same body which 
would decide on the sick benefit. Furthermore, the administration 



1358 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

of the sickness insurance is of considerable importance for the invalid- 
ity insurance institutions because a thorough treatment of the cases 
of sickness frequently prevents the occurrence of invalidity and 
thereby relieves the invalidity insurance. Both employer and 
workman contribute to the payment of the cost of both branches of 
insurance, though in different degree, and both together administer 
the different branches of insurance. On the other hand, in order to 
have a uniform limitation of the classes of persons, the amalgama- 
tion of the sickness and the invalidity insurance could hardly be 
introduced before the compulsory sickness insurance is extended to 
include all classes covered by the invalidity insurance. In addition, 
the different nature of the risks involved in the sickness and in the 
invalidity insurance makes the problem of combining the two an 
extremely difficult one. 

In favor of the combination of accident and invalidity insurance it 
was stated that the problems which each must solve are quite similar. 
In each instance the insurance must provide for disability continuing 
for some length of time and in each the cases of disability are not 
so numerous, but each case is a serious one. In each instance the 
insurance is administered by organizations with large amounts of 
capital at their disposal in distinction from the sickness insurance, 
where the capital is usually of small amount. A combination of 
accident and invalidity insurance might be made in a number of 
ways, for instance, by permitting the accident associations to con- 
duct the invalidity insurance or by dissolving the accident associa- 
tions and transferring the accident insurance to the invalidity insti- 
tutes; or a combination of the two methods might be attempted by 
which the two branches of insurance might be administered by the 
same officials or committees, and making the accident associations a 
subordinate power of the invalidity institutes. The report stated 
that it was the opinion of the Government that a satisfactory solution 
of the problem could not be found in the third method, and a change 
in the principle of administering the insurance would run the risk of 
substituting uncertain improvements for definite advantages which 
the existing system provides. The report goes on to state that for 
the present no one could say whether a simplification of the work- 
men's insurance would be obtained by a consolidation of the various 
bodies administering it; it is not impossible that an appropriate 
solution of the question will eventually be found which will present 
satisfactory methods of removing the disadvantages sure to arise 
from such a step. At the present time the methods proposed would 
not provide any definite improvement over the existing state of 
affairs; on the contrary, the disadvantages arising from a change 
of the fundamental features of the organizations would bring with 
the change a number of disadvantages which would outweigh any 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1359 

possible improvement. The report further states that such a change 
should be, however, kept in mind as an object to be attained and to 
be made the subject of investigations in order to find some possible 
plan of union. The sick funds, the accident associations, and the 
invalidity institutes should be allowed to develop the various features 
of .the insurance -w-liich they now administer. After these organ- 
izations have worked side by side for a number of years it will be 
possible to form a definite opinion as to how far the organizations 
based on industrial lines are to be retained by the side of those 
based on territorial lines. 

The report accompanying the bill of 1899, presented two years 
later, repeated the preceding arguments against any change in the 
existing system of organization. A statement by the minister of 
the interior, made at the time the bill of 1899 was under discussion, 
explains that the plans proposed up to that time aimed rather at a 
formal rearrangement of the insurance rather than at revision of funda- 
mental features involved in the question. He points out that the 
sickness insurance, the accident insurance, and the invalidity and^old- 
age insurance each has different purposes, each possesses different 
types of organization, some being organized on territorial lines, 
some on trade lines, and all working under totally different conditions. 
The minister admitted that the three divisions of insurance legisla- 
tion would never have been made if it had been possible to introduce 
all the varied machinery of this immense organization at the same 
time. While the existing division was in his opinion only the result 
of the gradual introduction of the compulsory insurance at different 
times, he pointed out that a consolidation could be undertaken only 
on the basis of extreme decentralization, since it is doubtful if an 
institute could adequately conduct the three branches of insurance 
for an area as large as a province, and unless such a thorough decen- 
tralization were instituted it would prevent the necessary individual 
treatment of separate cases. The minister compared the insurance 
with the compulsory military service and called attention to the 
fact that the latter did not by any means include as many persons 
as the insurance, but had only reached its present stage of devel- 
opment through a long period of years and required a vast number 
of officials to administer it. At a later time the minister compared 
the operation of the accident insurance with the operation of a 
great piece of machinery which in the interest of the public welfare 
had to be kept running continuously and an}^ efforts to repair or 
improve it had to be done cautiously in order not to destroy the 
whole structure. 

The law of 1899 in the form finally adopted contained among 
others the following important features: The standard of disability 
which justified a claim for an invalidity pension was made more 



1360 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

defiiiite and easy to determine; the conditions under which exemp- 
tion from compulsory insurance could be made were extended; the 
** waiting time" for cases of temporary disability was reduced from 
52 to 26 weeks; the invalidity institutes were given greater authority 
in regard to providing medical treatment for the insured persons, 
and caring for invalids in institutions instead of providing pensions 
was made one of the benefits; the ''waiting time" necessary to estab- 
lish the right to a pension or to a return of contributions was short- 
ened; the period of convalescence following the sickness, as well as a 
normal case of childbirth, were allowed to be classed as sickness; a 
fifth wage class was created for insured persons whose annual earn- 
ings exceeded 1,150 marks ($273.70); the right to a pension in case 
of delay on the part of the claimant, as well as the right to pay con- 
tributions overdue, were restricted; the procedure for obtaining re- 
turn of contributions was simplified and the conditions under which 
a claim for return of contributions by the survivors of the female 
insured persons were made easier; the number of contributions 
necessary to establish a claim to a pension was reduced; in the case 
of simultaneous right to a pension, both on account of accident and 
ori account of invalidity, the highest amount which could be claimed 
was increased; the claims of the poor-law authorities against a pen- 
sioner were made more definite and their claim against a pension 
was restricted (in favor of the pensioner) to only a part of the pen- 
sion; the organization was made simpler by the elimination of the 
advisory council (AufsichtsratJi) , of the state commissioner (Staats- 
Icommissar), and of the district agents (Vertrauensmaenner) , while the 
authority of the general committee was extended; the officials of 
the invalidity institutes were granted the status of state officials; 
the officials of the arbitration courts and of the local offices were to be 
considered officials of the invalidity institutes; the arbitration courts 
were to consist of five instead of three members; the competency of 
the arbitration courts was to be specified by law; stamps covering 
longer periods of time are permitted to be used, while the invalidity 
institutes could make use of summary (or cumulative) cards contain- 
ing the information on the receipt cards ; more liberty was allowed in 
regard to voluntary insurance, which applied to all of the wage 
classes, while, on the other hand, restrictions were imposed on the 
payment of contributions overdue; in controversies regarding the 
payment and the amount of payments of contributions the invalidity 
institutes were to be given the right of expressing their views, while 
the officials deciding the question must follow the general principles 
laid down by the imperial insurance office; the investment of the 
capital of the invalidity institutes was permitted to a larger degree 
than heretofore, to be made in institutions for the welfare of work- 
men and more particularly in the form of workmen's dwellings. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's I>"SURANCE IN GERMANY. 1361 

The provisions relating to the proof required of the workmen 
subject to the insurance that they have been employed during the 
legal period were made simpler, and under certain circumstances such 
proof was not required. 

The question of making the classes of persons subject to the work- 
men's insurance system identical under the invalidity law and under 
the sickness law has been a question of much discussion. Approxi- 
mately 11,500,000 persons are insured under the invalidity law and 
8,500,000 under the sickness insurance law. Previous to the year 
1900 workers in agriculture were excluded from the sickness insurance 
law for the reason that it was considered unwise to place any additional 
burdens on the agricultural industries; since 1900, however, the new 
civil code requires employers engaged in agriculture and forestry to 
make provision for sick and disabled employees. As the statistics 
of sickness show that the average duration of a case of sickness is 
approximately 17 days, the burden on the agricultural industries 
under the new civil code would be approximately the same as under 
the sickness insurance law. 

Against the proposal to introduce national compulsory sickness 
insurance for the agricultural workers, it was stated that the com- 
munes and other local governments covering larger areas already 
had the right to extend the insurance to this class of workers and, as 
a matter of fact, in a great number of cases such extension has actually 
been made. Since the agricultural workers were already cared for 
to what the Government regarded as a reasonable degree the proposal 
was finally voted down. 

During the discussion efforts were made to extend the invalidity 
insurance so as to include provision for widows and orphans. In 
the discussion of the law during the sessions of 1898 and 1899 it was 
claimed that this feature would greatly add to the popularity of the 
invalidity law, and in the opinion of the persons asking for this measure 
it was claimed that this feature was the only one lacking to com- 
pletely round out the system. The results of this demand for the 
insurance of widows and orphans have since received more favorable 
consideration and are stated in connection with the proposed laws 
given on page 1399 and following pages. 

During the discussion it was proposed to grant the invalidity 
insurance institutes the right to issue health regulations and regu- 
lations to prevent the development of special diseases either for 
special branches of industry or for specific organizations. At one 
time this measure proved popular enough to be included in the bill, 
but during the second reading the proposal was eliminated, the main 
reason being that already the Federal Council, the state govern- 
ments, the police officials, the accident associations, the guilds, and 
the factory inspectors had the right to issue health regulations of 



1362 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

various kinds and that adding another series of such regulations 
would be both burdensome and unnecessary. 

PERSONS INSURED. 
COMPULSORY INSURANCE. 

Persons who have completed their sixteenth year of age, who are 
employed (1) as workmen, helpers of all kinds, clerks, journeymen, 
apprentices, domestic servants for wages or other hire, regardless of the 
amount of such compensation, in industry (including the home-work- 
ing industries), agriculture, commerce, transportation, the handicrafts, 
or in offices of the Imperial Government, and of the state and local 
governments, or in offices connected with the practice of the learned 
professions; (2) as administrative officials, technical officials (includ- 
ing engineers, architects, chemists, etc.), commercial employees, such 
as salesmen, traveling agents, bookkeepers, etc., apprentices (but not 
including assistants and apprentices of pharmacists), other persons 
holding positions which constitute their principal occupation (such 
as governesses, superintendents of charitable and other institutions, 
etc.), instructors, teachers and tutors (but not including independent 
teachers, such as dancing teachers, swimming instructors, etc.), pro- 
vided that their salary or usual earnings do not exceed 2,000 marks 
($476) per annum; (3) persons employed for wages or other com- 
pensation as members of the crews of German vessels and of vessels 
engaged in inland navigation, or employed as officers on such vessels, 
provided that their usual wage or salary does not exceed 2,000 marks 
($476) per annum. 

The preceding classes of persons are those compulsorily insured 
by the law; in addition to these the federal council (the upper house 
of the imperial legislature) is authorized to extend the compulsory 
insurance to certain occupations generally or to certain districts only, 
to (1) persons carrying on trades or persons owning establishments 
in which no employees are engaged, and (2) to such persons conduct- 
ing establishments in the home-working industries (regardless of the 
number of employees) in which manufacturing or other work is done 
for the account of a third party. The federal council has not extended 
the insurance to any occupations as described under (1) above, but 
has included some of the workers in the domestic industries; these 
are (1) persons engaged in the manufacture of cigars, or other tobacco 
products; (2) persons engaged in the greater part of the textile indus- 
tries operated under the domestic system. 

The persons subject to the invalidity and old-age insurance are 
practically all the gainfully employed population of the Empire over 
16 years of age, male, female, married, single, foreign and native, 
who hold positions in German establishments and who are not 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1363 

specifically exempted from the insurance. The number of inde- 
pendent persons, or persons not having an employer, is naturally 
small and is practically limited to those in the domestic and home 
working industries. Independent persons, such as employers, may 
under certain conditions voluntarily insure themselves. 

The law specifically exempts from the insurance (1) persons whose 
compensation consists of maintenance only, such as frequently 
occurs in the case of apprentices, elderly persons, etc.; (2) officials 
of the Empire, state or local governments, as well as teachers in public 
schools or institutions whose service is simply a preparation for a 
future position, or who are entitled to a pension under another law, 
provided that the latter pension is not less than the highest pension 
provided by the imperial invalidity and old-age insurance law; (3) 
officials of the compitlsory invalidity and old-age insurance institu- 
tions, who have a claim for a pension; (4) persons who give instruction 
during the period of their own educational training; (5) employees of 
the military establishments who are engaged in industrial operations 
(military artisans, etc.); (6) persons in receipt of an invalidity pen- 
sion; (7) persons who on account of permanent disability or of old age 
are unable to earn one-third of the amount usually earned by normal 
persons of their ability and physical powers. Persons under restraint, 
such as inmates of prisons, reformatories, almshouses, etc., are like- 
wise excluded from the insurance. 

Certain persons may be exempted from the insurance on their 
own application, which must be made to the political officials of 
the locality where they are employed, but an official notice directs 
these officials to urge the makers of such applications for exemp- 
tion to do so onh^ under exceptional circumstances. The persons 
who may be so exempted are: (1) persons who are in receipt of a 
pension or similar benefit from the Empire, a State, or a commune, 
or who receive a teacher's pension, provided that such pension is 
equal to the minimum pension of the compulsory invalidity insurance 
system; (2) persons who are in receipt of an annual pension under 
the accident-insurance laws, provided that such pension is likewise 
equal to the minimum invalidity pension; (3) persons who have 
attained the age of 70 years; (4) persons who engage in wage work 
at certain seasons only, or who do such work for not more than 12 
weeks or for not more than 50 days altogether in the year and who 
otherwise are engaged in independent work or work not done for 
wages or salary — e. g., farmers who work as lumbermen at certain 
seasons, but the right to make application for exemption is lost if 
100 regular weekly insurance contributions have been paid for such 
independent persons. The persons in the four groups just mentioned 
do not lose their right to voluntary insurance by making application 
for exemption. 



1364 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 

VOLUNTARY INSURANCE. 

The following persons who are over 16 years of age and less than 
40 years of age, may voluntarily become insured under the provi- 
sions of the invalidity and old-age insurance law: (1) Administrative 
officials, foremen, technical officials, employees in commercial estab- 
lishments (excepting apprentices) and other persons holding posi- 
tions which constitute their principal occupation, also teachers and 
instructors, as well as ships' officers; the persons just mentioned may 
not be included unless their annual earnings are more than 2,000 
marks ($476) and not exceeding 3,000 marks ($714); (2) regardless 
of the amount of their income persons engaged in business on their 
own account, and other heads of establishments, who do not regu- 
larly employ more than two wage-workers who are subject to the 
compulsory insurance, as well as persons engaged in the domestic or 
home-working industries, provided that the federal council has not 
extended the compulsory feature of the insurance to them; (3) per- 
sons whose only compensation for their work is free maintenance 
or persons who have been exempt from the compulsory insurance 
because of the temporary nature of their employment. The persons 
mentioned in the three preceding groups are authorized to continue 
the voluntary insurance in case they cease to be employed under 
the conditions just described. 

In case of voluntary insurance, benefits for invalidity are granted 
only after the insured person has paid 100 weekly contributions. 

In addition to the persons classed in the three groups above, any 
person who has been subject to the compulsory insurance, after he 
has ceased to be employed under conditions obligating insurance, may 
voluntarily continue the insurance, or he may renew the insurance 
if he has severed his connection with the insurance institute. Such 
continuance of the insurance is not dependent on any age limit or 
on any occupation or industry; the applicant must not, however, be 
permanently disabled or at the time of application must not have 
been ill within a period of 26 weeks prior to the date of application. 

In no case is a renewal of the insurance permitted if the person has 
once been insured and withdrawn his insurance contributions; only 
a new insurance is allowed in such cases. 

E3ND OF DISABILITY INSURED. 

In the description of the system of benefits in force, it was stated 
that benefits are provided for three types of disability: (1) Invalidity 
or permanent disability; (2) sickness or temporary disability; (3) 
old age, regardless of any disability affecting the insured person's 
earning power. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1365 

The invalidity pensions are paid to those persons, regardless of 
their age, who become disabled through age, sickness, or other cause 
to such an extent that they suffer a permanent loss of earning 
capacity. Sick pensions or pensions for temporary disability are the 
complement of the benefits provided under the sickness insurance 
law, and are paid to all persons subject to the invalidity insur- 
ance law who have been ill for 26 weeks without interruption, regard- 
less of the age of the insured person. Old-age pensions, finally, are 
paid to persons subject to the law, who have attained the age of 70, 
regardless of the presence or absence of disability in any form. The 
invalidity and old-age insurance therefore makes provision for all 
cases of disability not covered by the accident insurance system 
or the sickness system ; it includes the disability arising from disease, 
from the wealoiess due to old age, from accidents occurring outside 
of the employment, etc. 

As partial pensions for partial invalidity are not paid, the definition 
of the term ''invalidity" is a matter of importance. Article 5 of the 
invalidity insurance law specifies that a state of invalidity is present 
when the physical or mental condition of the insured person is such 
that he is no longer able to earn one-third of that amount which, 
with due regard to his training and education, persons who are 
similarly situated and who are not incapacitated physically or men- 
tally are customarily able to earn in the same region by their labor. 

The determination of the amount of an insured person's earnings 
is in consequence an important factor in the insurance. Earnings 
are estimated from what the insured person has obtained from his 
labor during his lifetime and not from what he is receiving at the 
time the invalidity begins. Under the first invalidity insurance law — 
that of 1889 — earnings were computed on the basis of the customary 
local wages of unskilled day laborers, but this method has been dis- 
carded, and under the present law the method consists of ascertaining 
what a physically and mentally normal worker of the same kind is 
able to earn through his labor, though it need not be exactly the same 
work as the disabled person performed. After such an estimate has 
been secured, a decision is made as to whether the disabled person is 
capable of earning one-third of this sum. In addition, consideration 
is taken of what work the claimant is able to perform in any field of 
labor and what would be his earnings, due regard, however, being 
paid to his education and previous occupation. If after such con- 
sideration it is decided that he is not able to earn the sum estimated, 
the claimant is declared to be an "invalid" in the meaning of the law. 
It is not permissible to consider as a source of earnings an occupation 
which is entirely unknown to the claimant or which is incompatible 
with his physical or mental abilities or which can be exercised only in 



1366 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

a district far distant from his previous place of residence. It may be 
stated that this method of defining invahdity is an approach to the 
idea of pensioning ''occupational" invalidity, but the framers of the 
law purposely refrained from making the insurance so broad. 

An invalidity pension is not paid if the claimant has purposely 
brought on himself the invalidity. In addition, if the invalidity was 
sustained during the commission of a crime or of a deliberate offense, 
the pension may be entirely or partly denied, provided that the acts 
are pronounced criminal by a court of law; but in cases of this kind, 
if the insured has a family living in the Empire whose support has 
been defrayed out of his earnings, the whole or a part of the pension 
may be allowed to his family. 

If at the time he reaches the age of 70 the insured person is entitled 
to both an invalidity pension and an old-age pension, he has a claim 
to only one, the larger of the two. If a person in the receipt of an 
invalidity pension reaches the age of 70 and the old-age pension to 
which he then becomes entitled is larger than the invalidity pension, 
then the old-age pension is substituted for the other; similarly, if a 
person who is receiving an old-age pension becomes disabled and the 
invalidity pension to which he then becomes entitled is larger than 
his old-age pension, then the higher pension must be awarded him. 

The reasons for maintaining the age entitling the insured person to 
receive his pension at 70 are entirely financial. Proposals have been 
made frequently to decrease the age limit from 70 to 65, or even to 60. 
The official report of 1909 on the amendment of the invalidity law 
points out that the proposals for the reduction of the age limit do not 
lay sufficient stress on the relative importance of the other forms of 
pensions. On January 1, 1910, for instance, the number of invalidity 
pensions was 893,585; the number of sickness pensions was 18,502, 
while the number of old-age pensions was 102,362. The report states 
that, furthermore, with the development of the insurance system the 
importance of the old-age pension will decrease. 

The increase in the financial burden of the insurance by decreasing 
the age limit from 70 to 65 or to 60 can now be accuratel}^ estimated 
by comparing the two industrial censuses of 1895 and 1907. The 
following table shows the number of persons included in the indus- 
trial census of 1895 who were subject to compulsory insurance and 
compares this numbei with those still capable of earning their liveli- 
hood twelve 3^ears afterwards, the data in the second half of the table 
being computed from the experience gained from the operation of the 
invalidity-insurance system: 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1367 



NUMBER OF PERSONS OF SPECIFIED AGES RETAINING EARNING CAPACITY DURING 
THE 12-YEAR PEllIOD, 1895 TO 1907. 

[Source: Anlagen zum Entwurf einer Reichs-Versicherungsordnung, 1909 (Document 360)0 



Number of persons of specified ages included In the 
insurance according to the industrial census of 
June 14, 1895. 


Number of persons subject to the insurance in 1895 
still capable of earning a livelihood twelve years 
later (1907), as computed on the basis of the expe- 
rience of the insurance organizations. 


Age. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Age. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


48 years 


89,000 
85,400 


37,200 
36.100 


126,200 
121,500 
117,200 
113,300 
109,700 
106,200 
102,800 
99,000 
95,000 
91,000 


60 years 


54,870 
49,768 
44,88.5 
40,208 
3.5,797 
31,608 
27, 624 
23,727 
19,994 
16,502 


22,016 
' 20,285 
18,661 
17,136 
15,665 
14,218 
12,829 
11,416 
10,036 
8,701 


76,886 




61 years 


70, 053 




82,000 .^'>.200 


62 years : 


6,3,546 


51 years 


78,800 
75,800 
72,800 
69,800 
66,500 
63,000 
59,500 


34,500 
33,900 
33,400 
33,000 
32,500 
32,000 
31,500 


63 years 


57,344 
51,452 




64 years 






45,826 


54 years 


66 years 


40,453 




67 years 


35, 143 




68 years 


30, 003 


57 voars 


69 years 


25,203 




/60 to 69 




742,600 


339,300 


1,081,900 


344, 983 
119,455 


150,953 
57,200 


495,936 




\65 to 69. . 




176,655 







The industrial census of 1907 showed that the number of persons 
insured in the invahdity system, of the age group 60 to 69, was 
495,828. The estimate in the previous table, based on the experience 
of the invalidity system, was therefore in accordance with the actual 
enumeration. The additional burden placed on the insurance 
system by reducing the age limit from 70 to 65 would consist of pro- 
viding old-age pensions for 176,655 persons, while if the age limit 
were reduced to 60 years the additional burden would consist of 
providing pensions for 495,936 persons. In the year ] 908 the average 
amount of an old-age pension was 163.15 marks ($38.83). On this 
basis the additional amount necessary to cover the cost of reducing 
the age limit would be as follows: 



By reducing the age limit to — 



Additional 

cost to 
insurance 
organiza- | 
tions. 



Additional 

cost to 

Imp»€rial 

Government. 



Total 

additional 

cost. 



65 years. 
60 years. 



$4,757,266 
13,355j408 



t2, 102, 195 
5,901,638 



16,859,461 
19,257,046 



On account of the increased expenditure incurred through such a 
change, the Government declined to recommend it at the present 
time. 

BENEFITS. 

The benefits provided by the invalidity and old-age insurance 
consist of: 

1. Pensions: (a) Invalidity pensions, for permanent disabiHty, and 
sick pensions, for temporary disability; (h) old-age pensions. (Pages 
1368 to 1373). 

46598°— 10 87 



1368 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

2. Return of contributions paid by the insured persoix (pages 1373 
to 1375). 

3. Certain miscellaneous benefits, such as medical treatment, etc., 
and in some instances, of maintenance in institutions (pages 1375 
to 1378). 

As the law makes no distinction between the pecuniary benefit or 
pension paid for permanent disability and that for temporary disa- 
bility, the following description applies to both types of pension. 

To become entitled to the beriefits of the insurance, the insured 
person must have paid the regular dues or contributions for certain 
periods of time, designated in the law as '^waiting time" ( Wartezeit). 
For invalidity pensions, this period is 200 weeks, provided that 
during this time at least 100 weekly contributions have been paid; 
otherwise the waiting time is 500 weeks. For old-age pensions, the 
waiting time is 1,200 weeks of contributions. 

In the case of voluntary insurance, the contributory weeks paid for 
are added to the ^^ waiting time" for the invalidity pension, only when 
at least 100 contributions have been paid under the conditions which 
establish the insurance obligation or establish the right to voluntary 
insurance, or under both conditions. The law specifies, however, 
that this requirement does not apply to contributions which have 
been voluntarily paid by the insured person within the first four 
years after the compulsory insurance for his occupation has come 
into force. 

Article 30 of the law defines a ''contributory week" by specifying 
that for each week (regardless of whether the insured person works 
the entire week) in which an insured person has been engaged in 
work covered by the compulsory insurance, an insurance contribu- 
tion must be paid. The ''contributory week" begins with the 
Monday of each calendar week. The same article of the law provides 
that under the following conditions the contributions need not be 
paid in order to have the time included: (1) Time spent in military 
duty in times of peace, of mobilization or of war; (2) time spent in 
voluntary military service either in mobilization or in time of war; 
(3) time lost from one's occupation on account of sickness which 
caused incapacity for work, but such sickness must be duly attested 
by proper certificates 

PENSIONS. 

Both the invalidity and old-age pensions are based on the amount 
of dues paid in and on the wage classes. The wage classes are five in 
number and consist of the following: 

^^ Annual earnings. 

'Wage Class 1 350 marks ($83.80) and under 

Wage Class II Over 350 to 550 marks ($83.80 to $130.90) 

Wage Class III Over 550 to 850 marks ($130.90 to $202.30) 

Wage Class IV Over 850 to 1,150 marks ($202.30 to $273.70) 

Wage Class V Over 1,150 marks ($273.70) 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1369 

The law requires the wages or earnings of an insured person to be 
determined as follows: 

First, for members of the local, establishment, building or guild 
sick fimds the annual earnings shall be assumed to be 300 times the 
wage rate adopted by these funds as the basis of collecting their dues; 
second, for persons employed in agriculture and forestry (so far as 
they are not included in one of the sick funds just specified) the 
wages or earnings shall be assumed to be an amount fixed by the local 
administrative authorities with due regard to the actual average 
earnings of persons insured; third, for seamen and persons insured 
under the navigation accident-insurance law (but not including those 
persons engaged in towing and lightering) the average earnings shall 
be assumed to be the amount specified by the imperial chancellor in 
accordance with the law on navigation accident insurance (see page 
1082); fourth, for persons insured in a miners' provident fund the 
average earnings shall be assumed to be 300 times the rate of daily 
wages as estimated by the board of directors of that fund, but such 
rate shall not be less than the average daily rate for casual labor in 
that locality; fifth, for all other persons the average rate of wages 
shall be assumed to be 300 times the average rate paid in that locality 
for casual or unskilled labor, unless the administrative authorities 
fix a higher rate for special occupations; sixth, instructors, teachers, 
etc., belong to the fourth wage class, unless a higher rate is shown to 
be received. However, for persons who are employed by the week, 
month, quarter or year and who receive a cash wage or salary deter- 
mined in advance, and if this amount is higher than the amount 
which would be obtained by making the computation as above 
stated, then this cash sum shall be used in determining the wage 
class. 

An insured person may have himself rated in a higher wage class 
than the one in which he would be placed by the rules just stated; 
but in such case the employer may not be required to pay a higher 
amount of dues than that necessary under the wage ratings according 
to the rules specified in the law. 

All pensions are composed of two amounts, first, of the variable 
amount provided by the invaUdity institute, and, second, of a fixed 
amount provided by the Imperial Government which is 50 marks 
($11.90) annually for each pension granted. 

The amount provided by the institute consists of two parts, a 
basic amount and a supplementary amount. For the old-age pen- 
sions the amount provided by the institute consists of the basic 
amount only. It is therefore much higher than the basic amount 
provided in the case of invalidity pensions. 



1370 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

(a) Invalidity and sickness pensions. — For invalidity and sickness 
pensions the basic amount varies for the different wage classes and 
is as follows : 

Basic amount of invalidity pensions. 

Wage Class I 60 marks ($14.28) 

Wage Class II 70 marks ($16.66) 

Wage Class III 80 marks ($19.04) 

Wage Class IV 90 marks. ($21.42) 

Wage Class V ! 100 marks ($23.80) 

In computing the basic amount of the pension, 500 contributory 
weeks are always used; if less than 500 weeks of dues have been 
paid, then for the number of weeks lacking, contributions of Wage 
Class I most be added. If more than 500 weeks of dues have been 
paid, then the 500 weeks for which the highest wage payments have 
been made are to be used in making the computation. If for these 
500 weeks payments in different wage classes have been made, then 
the basic amount corresponding to the average amount paid shall be 
used. After the basic amount of the pension has been computed, 
this sum is increased by a system of supplementary amounts deter- 
mined by the number of weeks for which dues have been paid. These 
supplementary rates of increase are as follows: 

Supplementary increase for invalidity pensions. 

Wage Class I 3 pfennigs (0.7 cents) 

Wage Class II - . . 6 pfennigs (1.4 cents) 

Wage Class III 8 pfennigs (1.9 cents) 

Wage Class IV 10 pfennigs (2.4 cents) 

Wage Class V 12 pfennigs (2.9 cents) 

For each week for which dues have been paid one of these supple- 
mentary amounts must be used. The pension must consist of three 
sums therefore, the basic sum, the supplementary increases, and the 
imperial subsidy. The minimum amount of an invalidity pension 
would be as follows: 

Minimum amount of invalidity pension. 

Wage Class 1 116.40 marks ($27.70) 

Wage Class II 126.00 marks ($29.99) 

Wage Class III 134.40 marks ($31.99) 

Wage Class IV 142.20 marks ($33.84) 

Wage Class V 150.00 marks ($35.70) 

As stated above, the insured person must pay dues for 200 weeks 
before becoming entitled to benefits. In the preceding table the 
minimum pension of 116.40 marks for Wage Class I is composed of 
the following items: The basic amount of 60 marks, the imperial 
subsidy of 50 marks, the supplementary increase of 6 marks (200 
weeks at 3 pfennigs each) and 0.40 marks to round off the monthly 
installment in even marks. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1371 

In making computations for invalidity pensions the basic amount 
must always be 500 weeks of dues. To simplify the calculation the 
plan of dividing the basic amount by 500 and then using the result as 
the factor in computation is usually followed, thus : 

Wage Class I. Basic amount 60 marks ^500=12 pfennigs (2.9 cents) 
Wage Class II. Basic amount 70 marks -^ 500=14 pfennigs (3.3 cents) 
Wage Class III. Basic amount 80 marks h- 500=16 pfennigs (3.8 cents) 
Wage Class IV. Basic amount 90 marks -h 500=18 pfennigs (4.3 cents) 
Wage Class V. Basic amount 100 marks ^500=20 pfennigs (4.8 cents) 

If a workman had paid 150 weeks of duos in Class I,. 50 in Class 

II. 100 in Class III, 40 in Class IV, 10 in Class V, and was entitled 
to have 115 weeks of sickness and military service, he would be 
entitled to count altogether 465 weeks. There would be lacking- 
still 35 weeks to make up the even 500 which would be added from 
Wage Class I. The computation of his pension, if the results of the 
above division were used, would be as follows: 

Wage Class. Basic amount. Supplementary increases. 

I. 150X12 pfennigs= 18.00 marks ($4.28) 150X3 pfennig8= 4.50 marks ($1.07) 

11.50X14 pfennigs= 7.00 marks ($1.67) 50X6 pfennigs= 3.00 marks (|0. 71) 

III. 100X16 pfennigs= 16.00 marks ($3.81) 100X8 pfennigs= 8.00 marks ($1.90) 

IV. 40X18 pfennigs= 7.20 marks ($1.71) 40X10 pfennig8= 4.00 marks ($0.95) 
V. 10X20 pfennigs= 2.00 marks ($0.48) 10X12 pfennig8= 1.20 marks ($0.29) 
II. 115X14 pfennigs= 16.10 marks ($3.83) 115X6 pfennigs= 6.90 marks ($1.64) 

I. 35X12 pfennigs= 4.20 marks ($1.00) 

27.60 marks ($6.57) 

70.50 marks ($16.78) 

Amount of increase 27.60 marks ($6.57) 

Imperial subsidy 50.00 marks ($11 .90) 

Total 148.10 marks ($35.25) 

As an additional illustration the following may be cited: 
A workman becomes an invalid after he has paid dues for 150 
weeks in Wage Class I, 100 weeks in Class II, 50 weeks in Class III, 
100 weeks in Class IV, and 200 weeks in Class V, and in addition is 
entitled to count a military service of 20 weeks and 30 weeks on 
account of sickness; the pension in this case would be as follows: 
Imperial subsidy 50 marks and basic amount 87 marks, to which 
must be added the supplementary increase of (150 X 3) + (100 X 6) + 
(50 X 8) + (100 X 10) 4- (200 X 12) + (20 X 6) + (30 X 6) = 51.50 
marks; total, 188.50 marks ($44.86). 

(b) Old-age pe/mions. — The share of the old-age pension to be pro- 
vided by the insurance institutes consists of the following amounts: 

Old-age pension to be provided bi/ the institutes. 

Wage Class 1 60 marks ($14. 28) 

Wage Class II 90 marks ($21. 42) 

Wage Class III 120 marks ($28. 56) 

Wage Class IV 150 marks ($35. 70) 

Wage Class V 180 marks ($42. 84) 



1372 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

This pension is paid without regard to the physical condition 
of the insured person when he completes his seventieth year of age. 
He must, however, have paid dues for 1,200 weeks. If the dues 
paid by the insured person have been in different wage classes, 
then the average of these amounts shall be used in computing the 
pension. If he has paid dues for more than 1,200 weeks then the 
1,200 contributions of the highest class shall be used in making the 
computation. If the insured person has been engaged in military 
service or has been sick, he is allowed to count this time in the same 
manner as in the case of an invalidity pension. As an example of 
an old-age pension an official publication cites the following: 

An insured workman has been for 300 weeks in Wage Class I, 
100 weeks in Class II, 200 in Class III, 500 in Class IV, and 250 in 
Class Y; his pension therefore would be as follows: Imperial subsidy 
50 marks, to which must be added [(150 X 60) + (100 X 90) + (200 X 
120) + (500 X 150) + (250 X 180)] divided by 1,200 = 135 marks 
($32.13); total, 185 marks ($44.03). 

As the minimum waiting time for an old-age pension is 1,200 
weeks, no one could obtain a pension before the year 1914 (approxi- 
mately) if this rule were adhered to during the first quarter century 
of the insurance. To obviate this the 1899 law provides that during 
the transition period old-age pensions shall be provided for those 
insured persons who have paid more than 400 weeks of dues, and 
the figure 400 is used instead of 1,200 in making the computations. 
Thus if a workman has paid dues for 280 weeks in the first wage 
class and 180 weeks in the second wage class, his pension would be 
[(280 X 60) + (180 X 90)] -- 460, to which must be added 50 marks 
(imperial subsidy), making a total of 121.74 marks ($28.97). If, 
however, the insured person has paid dues for less than 400 weeks, 
then the contributions for the number of weeks lacking shall be 
added and the dues shall be those corresponding to the aver- 
age earnings during the three years previous to the date when 
the compulsory insurance was extended to his occupation. Thus, 
for instance, the Federal Council on November 9, 1895, extended 
the insurance to houseworkers in the textile industries; if such a 
worker had paid 260 weekly dues of the second wage class, and 
if the average annual earnings of such a worker during the three 
years previous to 1895 were 592 marks, then there would be added 
to his account 140 weekly dues of the third wage class; thus his 
pension would consist of [(260 X 90) + (140 X 120)] -- 400, to which 
must be added the imperial subsidy of 50 marks, making a total of 
150.50 marks ($35.82). A workman who on January 1, 1891 (the 
day when the invalidity insurance law came into force), was 55 years 
and 26 weeks of age would have his waiting time reduced as 
follows: From the 55 years and 26 weeks there would be deducted 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1373 

40 years, leaving 15 years and 26 weeks; as 40 weeks' dues per year 
are sufficient, this makes a period of 626 weeks (15 X 40 + 26), by 
which the required 1,200 weeks would be reduced; subtracting 626 
weeks from 1,200 weeks gives 574 weeks; he would therefore be 
entitled to a pension as soon as he had paid dues for 574 weeks. As 
a matter of fact the workman had paid 200 weeks of dues in Class III, 
200 in Class IV, and 100 in Class V, while he was entitled to count 
74 weeks on account of sickness. His pension computation would be, 
therefore : 

Marks. 

200 X 120 marks = 24, 000 

200 X 150 marks = 30, 000 

100 X 180 marks = 18, 000 

74 X 90 marks = 6, 660 



574 78, 660 

78,660 marks -i- 574 = 137.04 marks, +50 marks (imperial subsidy), or a total of 
187.04 marks ($32.62). 

A workman born on December 18, 1855, would on December 17, 
1925, complete his seventieth year of age. If his receipt card showed 
150 weeks in wage Class I, 650 in Class II, 600 in Class III, he would 
have a total of 1,400 weeks. Since only 1,200 weeks can be included 
in the computation, 200 weeks must be deducted from the lowest 
wage classes. His pension, therefore, would be computed as follows: 

Marks. 
600 X 90 marks = 54, 000 
600 X 120 marks = 72, 000 



1, 200 126, 000 

126,000 marks -h 1,200 = 105 marks, + 50 marks (imperial subsidy), or a total of ]55 
marks ($24.99). 

RETURN OF CONTRIBUTIONS PAID BY THE INSURED PERSON. 

The law requires the territorial invalidity institutes, under cer- 
tain conditions, to return to the insured workman one-half of the 
dues paid in to secure rights under the invalidity and old-age insur- 
ance. The return of contributions in the case of the special invalidity 
institutes is determined according to the constitution and by-laws 
of each organization. The return may be made so long as the claim 
of the insured person has not lapsed. 

The cases in which the return of contributions is made are: 

1. To female insured persons if they marry. 

2. In case of the death of a male insured person the return is made 
to his widow; or if there be none, then to his legitimate children 
under 15 years of age. 

3. In case of the death of the female insured person, to the father- 
less children under 15 years of age, or in case of the disability of the 



1374 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

husband who was supported by the deceased insured person, the 
return is made to the widower. 

4. In case of an industrial accident (compensated by the accident 
law) which causes permanent disability to the insured person and which 
(during the period of receiving the accident pension) does not entitle 
the claimant to an invalidity pension. 

The return of contributions in cases designated as 1, 2, and 3 is per- 
mitted only when at least 200 weeks of contributions have been paid 
and only when the insured person has not been granted an invalidity 
or old-age pension before the right to a return of contributions 
arose. On the other hand, in the case designated as 4, the return is 
dependent on fulfilling the waiting time for an invalidity pension, 
but is not prevented by the granting of such a pension. 

The original bill as introduced in 1887 did not allow for return of 
the contributions either in the case of remarriage or in the case of 
death. This feature was introduced during the consideration of the 
bill by the committee to which it was referred and was justified on 
the ground that women who had paid dues for many years would 
regard the failure to be given any return of dues in case of marriage 
as a great injustice; women would also look with favor on the return 
of even small amounts of contributions which might be used as a 
slight addition to their capital on beginning housekeeping. During 
the discussion of the law of 1899 it was proposed to eliminate all 
return of contributions, but the reasons which prompted the intro- 
duction of this feature in the first place caused its retention in the 
second law. In practice all women who request a return of con- 
tribution on marriage are warned that by such a step they forfeit 
the right to much greater benefits at a later date, and are urged to 
continue the insurance voluntarily. In comparison with the small 
sums to which the return of contributions amounts, insured persons 
have pointed out to them the small annual cost of continuing the 
insurance. In the'lowest wage class this would, in case of voluntary 
insurance, amount to 2.80 marks (67 cents) per annum. 

In the second class of cases, when the death of the insured person 
occurs, the return of benefits is allowed in order to provide the widow 
and children with the small sum to which the contributions amount. 
It is to be regarded as practically a death benefit, and is the nearest 
approach to a widow and orphan insurance which the law contains. 
The right to such a return of contributions does not exist if an inva- 
lidity or old-age pension or a pension for temporary disability had 
been granted; the action of the insurance institute in providing 
medical treatment does not prevent the survivors from making a 
claim for this benefit. The cases designated under 3 above are 
practically the same, except that either the father was absent or 
was not able to support his family. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1375 

In the cases designated under 4, where a person who has paid at 
least 200 weeks of dues in the invahdity insurance and is permanently 
disabled by an accident which entitles him to an accident pension the 
dues are returned for practically the same reason as in the case of 
the marriage of female insured persons. The worker has paid inva- 
lidity dues for a long period of years and would feel that he had been 
unjustly treated if there were no return for this expenditure. This 
feature was introduced for the first time in the law of 1899 and has 
been subject to considerable criticism from the insurance point of 
view. It was stated that the dues of the invalidity insurance were 
made lower because a certain number of cases would be compen- 
sated under the accident insurance. It is pointed out that there is 
a certain risk to the insured person in accepting this benefit, because 
frequently physicians state that there have been workmen who were 
totally disabled and who afterwards entirely recovered their earning 
capacity; if the worker recovers his earning capacity the accident 
pension is naturally reduced or entirely cut off, and if the pensioner 
had accepted a return of his invalidity contributions he has then lost 
a valuable right to many weeks of waiting time. 

OTHER BENEFITS. 

Medicines, medical treatment, etc. 

For the invalidity insurance system the granting of benefits in the 
form of medical treatment, medicines, etc., by the invaUdity insurance 
agencies is not required by the law and the institutes can not be 
compelled by the state authorities to provide such benefits. As 
stated in the law, if an insured person becomes ill to such a degree 
that disability is liable to result which would form the basis for a 
claim to an invalidity pension, then the invalidity institute (either 
territorial or special) has the authority to provide a course of medical 
treatment such as would reduce or prevent altogether the loss of 
earning power. Such a course of treatment may be prescribed also 
for a person in the receipt of an invalidity pension if it can be shown 
that good reasons exist for believing that thereby the pensioner 
would have part or all of his earning power restored. 

The form of the treatment is not specified by the law, so that the 
institutes may adopt such methods of treatment as they deem proper; 
the treatment may be provided at the residence of the insured person, 
or in a hospital, sanatorium, special resort, such as a medicinal spring, 
or mountain district, etc., or in an institution for convalescents. The 
insurance institutes are usually guided in the selection of the course of 
treatment by the opinion of experts as to whether the disability 
is curable or can be alleviated for a considerable length of time and 
as to whether the cost of the treatment is not excessive in com- 



1376 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

parison with the pension to which the insured person has a claim. 
The authority to provide medical treatment includes the ^power to 
supply artificial limbs, supporting apparatus, eyeglasses, artificial 
teeth, etc. 

The disabled person who is to be given the course of treatment 
must be notified in writing of the decision of the institute, from 
which the insured person has the right of appeal to the supervisory 
committee of the institute. If the insured person, without any legal 
right or adequate reason, either refuses to comply with the treatment 
prescribed by the insurance institute, or by his conduct nullifies the 
treatment, his pension lasij for a specified time be either partly or 
en t irely withheld . 

The power of the invalidity institutes to provide medical treat- 
ment both of a preventive and curative character is regarded as one 
of the most important phases of the invalidity insurance, and the 
statistical returns given on pages 1414 to 1416 of operations under this 
power show that the institutes are making increased use of it with 
the progress of time. The work in connection with the campaign 
against tuberculosis has been of especial value. At the present time 
the invalidity insurance institutes of all kinds possess 65 sanatoriums 
and other medical institutions, most of which are used in the treat- 
ment of tuberculosis. Among these institutions may be named the 
sanatoriums in mountain resorts, the dispensaries and hospitals for 
lung diseases, and the like. The invalidity institutes which do not 
themselves possess such institutions frequently contribute large sums 
to their support when conducted by other parties. 

Under section 164 of the invalidity law the institutions are author- 
ized to invest part of their reserve in such manner as will promote 
the social welfare of the working classes. As indicated by the table on 
page 1420, the erection of dwellings for workmen takes a prominent 
place in such investments; other institutions which have been 
created under this authority are hospitals, convalescent homes, 
apprentices' inns, labor colonies, people's baths, homes for the 
blind, and the like, all of which have had a prominent place in 
improving the health and well-being of the insured persons. The 
imperial insurance office claims that the efforts of the insurance agen- 
cies in this field have been an important cause in the reduction of the 
death rate from tuberculosis in the German Empire in the last 15 
years. As the insured males form 31.1 per cent of the entire popu- 
lation and the insured females 15.4 per cent of the entire population, 
and the insured males form 85.9 per cent and the insured females 
practically 100 per cent of the respective sexes gainfully employed, 
it is evident that the large expenditures in this field have con- 
tributed in no small degree to the success of the struggle against 
tuberculosis and other preventable diseases. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1377 

Miscellaneous benefits. 

As in the case of the accident insurance, the agencies for admin- 
istering the invaUdity insurance are authorized to provide, instead of 
the pecuniary benefit, maintenance and care in an institution if the 
disabled person so requests. The maintenance and care may be given 
in a home for invalids conducted by the institutes or in a similar 
institution conducted by third parties. 

This benefit is optional with the institutes, and if they make such 
provision it is optional with the pensioner to accept it or not. The 
intention of the framers of the law is to provide for invalids who have 
no family or similar care or who for other reasons are not in a position 
to obtain proper care and maintenance. The cost to the institutes of 
such a benefit is usually greater than the pension to which the invalid 
has a claim, but the granting of the benefit is regarded as in entire 
harmony with the purpose of the law. The insurance institute, if it 
desires, may at its own expense establish a home for invalids for such 
cases, but the great cost of such institutions, together with the risk 
that they may not be fully occupied, has deterred most of the insur- 
ance institutes from estabHshing them. 

The imperial insurance office and the state insurance offices have 
encouraged the invalidity institutes to establish sanatoriums and sim- 
ilar institutions for the care of insured persons likely to have claims 
for disability pensions or actually in receipt of such pensions. The 
ravages of tuberculosis have been the strongest reason for erecting 
such institutions, and the possibility of saving large sums in pensions 
through the cure of cases of this and other lung diseases has encour- 
aged a number of the institutions to make large expenditures for this 
purpose. 

In the year 1908 the invalidity institutes owned and had in oper- 
ation 36 sanatoriums for lung diseases and 29 other medical institu- 
tions of various kinds. Altogether the sixty-five institutions have a 
capacity of 6,642 beds; of this number, 4,261 (2,985 for men and 1,276 
for women) are contained in the sanatoriums for lung diseases, while 
the other establishments contain 2,381 beds (1,530 for men and 851 
for women). The number of persons who received treatment in these 
establishments in 1908 was 35,502; of these, 19,658 (14,352 men and 
5,306 women) received treatment for lung diseases, while the number 
of persons received in the other estabhshments numbered 15,844 
(11,344 men and 4,500 women). The largest of these establishments 
are owned by the Berlin Institute, which in 1908 had 1,221 beds and 
treated 7,937 persons, and by the general miners' fund of Bochum, 
which in 1908 had 653 beds and treated 6,069 persons. The amount 
expended for the ground, buildings, equipment, etc., of these 65 med- 
ical institutions was approximately 57,000,000 marks ($13,566,000), 



1378 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

of which 43,000,000 marks ($10,234,000) was expended for sanatoriums 
for lung diseases and 14,000,000 marks ($3,570,000) for other medical 
establishments. In the year 1908 the amount expended in the main- 
tenance of the sanatoriums for lung diseases was 7,251,910 marks 
($1,725,955), and the amount for other medical estabhshments was 
2,215,896 marks ($527,383). The average amount expended per day 
per person treated in the sanatoriums for lung diseases was 4.90 
marks ($1.17) and in the other institutions 4.17 marks ($0.99). 

In the sanatoriums for lung diseases it is the usual practice to accept 
for treatment only persons for whom a treatment of from 60 to 80 
days will probably insure a recovery of working capacity. The law 
does not allow the insurance institutes to receive in their sanato- 
riums persons whose disability has progressed so far that a recovery 
or improvement is not to be expected. 

The other institutes consist of convalescent resorts, rest homes, 
hospitals, and general sanatoriums which treat such cases as anemia, 
lead poisoning, disturbances of the circulatory system, of the digestive 
tract, etc., cases of neurasthenia, hysteria, rheumatism, and the like. 
In accordance with the law, the efforts of those in charge of the insti- 
tutions are directed to the restoration of the working capacity of the 
insured persons, as well as to provide instruction in order to prevent 
the recurrence of the disability. One establishment connected with 
the Berlin Institute is devoted exclusively to the treatment of 
sexual diseases. 

The insurance institutes possess but few hospitals of their own; the 
general miners' fund of Bochum possesses 2 hospitals, which are 
primarily intended for the treatment of serious cases of injury; they 
are also used for the treatment of cases of sickness, and make full use 
of mechanical, electrical, and similar apparatus, the special purpose 
being to restore the working capacity of the patient. A number of 
the institutes possess homes for invalids where insured persons in the 
receipt of pensions may be cared for; some of these are devoted 
exclusively to the care of cases of tuberculosis. 

DETERMINATION AND REVISION OF BENEFITS. 

The claim for benefits in the form of pensions does not lapse because 
of failure to present the claim immediately; even if the insured person 
fails to present his claim within one year he also obtains the pension 
for the time which has lapsed between the date when the claim was 
valid and the date when the claim was made. On the other hand, 
claims for return of contributions must be made within specified 
times; in case of marriage of insured persons, or in case of the death 
of an insured person, the claim must be made before the expiration 
of one year, and in case the insured person receives a pension on 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1379 

account of accident his claim for return of contributions must be 
made before the expiration of two years. 

Claims for invalidity or old-age pensions must be presented to the 
lower administrative authorities or to the local ofhce of the institute 
which has jurisdiction for the place of residence or business of the 
insured person. In making a claim the insured person must present 
the receipts or their equivalent for the dues which he has paid, and 
in the case of old-age pensions he must present a certificate of birth. 
Pensions are granted only when the persons entitled to them so 
request. The lower administrative authorities to whom the claim 
is made must examine the documents presented to see that they are 
complete, must verify the statements as to whether the insured 
person was subject to the compulsory insurance, must verify the facts 
regarding the completion of the waiting time, and supply other 
information necessary for the final determination of the rights of the 
claimant. In case the claimant, because of his disability, is unable 
to earn his livelihood, the administrative authorities must call the 
attention of the authorities whose duty it is to care for such cases 
to the needs of the case. An important feature of the work of the 
lower administrative authorities consists in making the investigation 
of the physical condition of the claimant (at the cost of the institute) 
if the insured person does not present a satisfactory physician's cer- 
tificate of his own accord. If the lower administrative authorities 
make an investigation they must at the same time cause to be prepared 
an expert opinion of the degree of the earning capacity of the claimant. 
After the lower administrative authorities have verified the contents 
of the documents presented by the claimant and secured the informa- 
tion which is deemed necessary to complete the claim, they forward 
the papers to the proper insurance institute for final decision. If, 
however, the lower administrative authorities are of the opinion that 
the claim as presented does not entitle the claimant to a pension, they 
must investigate the case with the assistance of one representative 
of the employer and one of the insured person. If the insured person 
desires, or if his presence is necessary, he may participate in this 
investigation, and in all cases he is to be informed of the results of 
the investigation. Such an investigation is not necessary if in the 
opinion of the lower administrative authorities the claim as presented 
should be awarded, but the board of directors of the insurance insti- 
tute, in case it believes that the claim as presented does not entitle 
the claimant to a pension, may return the papers to the administrative 
authorities and direct tliat, with the assistance of the above-men- 
tioned representatives of the employer and employee, an investiga- 
tion into the merits of the case shall be made. 

If the claim for a pension as presented is granted by the board 
of directors of the insurance institute they must immediately 



1380 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

determine the amount of the pension and date when it shall begin. 
The pensioner must be immediately informed in writing of the decision 
and the statement forwarded him must show the manner in which the 
amount of the pension was computed. If the claim is disallowed, 
the claimant must receive notice in writing thereof together with a 
statement of the reasons for the refusal of the claim. The statement 
must also contain information as to the time within which the claim- 
ant may appeal against the decision and specify the arbitration court 
for workmen's insurance to which such an appeal must be made. 
Decision of the board of directors of the institute must also be com- 
municated to the claimant or pensioner in the following cases: When- 
ever an invalidity pension is withdrawn; whenever pension payments 
are stopped because the pensioner's right to the pension ceases; when- 
ever a pension is to be refused or withdrawn because the pensioner 
acts contrary to orders in regard to medical treatment and in case the 
former is granted a lump-sum settlement in lieu of a pension. In 
such cases appeals may be made and the notice of the decision ren- 
dered must contain the same information as that just specified. 
After a pension has been granted, it is paid by the Post-Ofiice Depart- 
ment upon authority of the invalidity institute. The pensioner 
must be informed as to which post-office is authorized to make this 
payment; as a rule the office nearest to his residence is the one used 
for this purpose. 

An insured person may not make a second application for an inva- 
lidity pension which has been refused because' permanent disability 
was not present before the expiration of one year, unless he can prove 
by means of proper certificates that circumstances have arisen which 
substantiate the existence of such permanent disability. 

In case the person receiving an invalidity pension recovers his 
earning capacity, the invalidity pension may be withdrawn by the 
board of directors of the institute, which in such cases must supply 
to the pensioner a written decision in the matter. Before such a 
decision shall be made, the lower administrative authorities of the 
district in which the pensioner resides must file an opinion in writing. 
The written opinion of the lower administrative authorities must 
specify to what extent the pensioner has regained his earning capacity 
as well as contain recommendations regarding the feasibility of insti- 
tuting medical treatment to restore the pensioner to health. Before 
reporting on such matters to the invalidity institute, the lower 
administrative authorities must make an investigation of the case 
and include the results of this investigation in their written report. 
In case the report does not recommend the withdrawal of the pension 
and the directors of the institute are not satisfied with the same they 
can direct that a second investigation be made in the presence of the 
representatives of the employer and of the insured person. In case 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1381 

the right of the pensioner to liis pension ceases because of the granting 
of an accident or other pension, or because the pensioner is subjected 
to a prison sentence, or because the pensioner resides in a foreign 
country, the decision of the board of directors in the case must be 
presented to the insured person in written form; before issuing such 
a decision the competent lower administrative authorities must be 
called on for a written opinion as to the merits of the case. 

Claims for return of contributions are to be presented to the lower 
administrative authorities in the same manner as claims for pensions. 
Practically the same procedure is followed as in the case of pensions. 
Applications for medical treatment or for the institution of a course 
of special treatment must be made to the board of directors of that 
insurance institute which would decide in case an application for a 
pension were made. If this institution declines to provide such 
treatment, any other insurance institute which has received contribu- 
tions from the insured person has the right to undertake the treat- 
ment. The insurance institute may call upon the lower administrative 
authorities for assistance in determining the facts in the case, or it 
may call upon the directorate of the sick fund for this purpose. 

ARBITRATION COURTS. 

The revision of the accident-insurance laws made in the year 1900 
extended the function of the invalidity insurance courts which had 
existed previous to that date so as to include matters affecting not 
only the invalidity insurance but also the accident insurance. For 
the area covered by each invalidity insurance institute there must 
be not less than one arbitration court, and these courts since 1900 
have borne the title "court of arbitration for workmen's insurance." 
The number, the districts, and the location of these courts are deter- 
mined by the central authorities of each State in whose area the 
invalidity institute is located, but in certain cases the imperial 
chancellor may specify the location. 

Each court consists of one permanent president and at least one 
vice-president, who is a substitute for the president and who is 
selected from the number of government officials by the authorities 
of the State in which the court has its location; in addition to the 
president the court must have a number of associates selected from 
the employers and from the insured persons. The number of asso- 
ciates available for service in each court must be not less than 20. 
In making decisions either in invalidity or accident cases the court 
must consist of not less than 5 members, two of whom must be 
employers and two of whom must be insured persons. The selec- 
tion of the associates is to be made according to the constitution of 
the invalidity institute and in deciding accident cases the selection is 
to be made in accordance with the requirements as stated on page 1039. 



1382 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 

The cost of maintaining the arbitration courts, such, for instance, 
as the salaries of the employees of the court, rental of rooms, office 
supplies, and the like, is to be in the first place paid for by the insur- 
ance institute and to be returned to the latter by the accident asso- 
ciations and administrative authorities in proportion to the number 
of cases brought by each during the previous year; the distribution 
of the expenses is made by the president of the court. 

At the present time there are 89 of these regular arbitration courts 
for workmen's insurance. In addition to these there are 34 special 
arbitration courts (for railway employees, mining employees, etc.). 

From the decision of the arbitration courts appeals may be made 
to the imperial insurance office; the cases in which appeals may be 
made relate principally to complaints in regard to return of contri- 
butions, complaints in regard to amount of contributions, appeals 
against certain penalties and in practically all decisions of the arbi- 
tration courts. 

SOURCES OF INCOME. 

The income of the invalidity insurance system is derived from 
the contributions (a) of the employers, (6) of the insured persons, and 
(c) of the Empire. The general features of the contribution of the 
Imperial Government are discussed on page 1384. The contributions 
of the employer and of the insured person are each one-half of the 
premiums prescribed by the law; the discussion of the regular inva- 
lidity premiums or contributions applies equally to each. 

CONTRIBUTIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND INSURED PERSONS. 

According to article 32 of the law, the contributions or premiums 
for the five different wage classes are : 

Rates of weekly contributions or premiums (half of which are paid by the employer and 

half by the workmen). 

Wage Class I 14 pfennigs (3.3 cents) 

Wage Class II 20 pfennigs (4.8 cents) 

Wage Class III 24 pfennigs (5.7 cents) 

Wage Class IV 30 pfennigs (7.1 cents) 

Wage Class V 36 pfennigs (8.6 cents) 

The earnings of an insured person determine the rate of dues to be 
paid; if he so desires, the insured person may have himself rated in 
a higher wage class than the one to which he would normally belong, 
but in such cases must himself pay all of the excess dues or contribu- 
tions. A person voluntarily insured is allowed to select the wage 
class in which he is rated. 

The rates given above were fixed in the law of 1899, which states 
that they will remain in force until December 31, 1910, and are to be 
revised by the federal council every ten years thereafter. Before the 
expiration of each 10-year period the law requires the imperial insur- 



CHAPTEE V. — WOEKMEN's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1383 

ance oflSce to make an actuarial investigation as to whether the rates 
are adequate; if the investigation shows a deficit or an excess, the 
rates for the succeeding 10-year period are to be modified accordingly. 

The only variation in the rates of dues is that corresponding to the 
differences in the earnings. The law makes no difference in rates 
for persons engaged in different occupations, in different establish- 
ments, for the different insurance institutes, or for the individual 
insured persons. 

The official reports accompanying the insurance bills stated that 
from the administrative point of view it was impossible to vary the 
contributions according to the age or physical condition of the insured 
person or according to the general features (sanitary condition, etc.) 
of the establishment where he was employed. While the reports 
express the opinion that it would be entirely feasible to vary the rates 
for the different occupations — such, for instance, as agriculture, min- 
ing, the chemical industries, the glass industry, etc. — the framers of 
the law preferred to recognize the general origin of the risk which the 
insurance was designed to provide for and to emphasize the mutual 
features of the system without distinguishing the various causes of 
the disability. 

The invalidity insurance law of 1889 contained provisions by which 
the rates could be varied by each invalidity institute to correspond 
with its own experience; the report accompanying the bill of 1899 
stated that variations in the dues or benefits of the invalidity insur- 
ance, if such variations were made on geographical lines, would be in 
conflict with the principle of a national insurance system; it would 
also be a discrimination in favor of the cities as against the rural dis- 
tricts and would add to the forces already at work in drawing the 
population into the large cities. 

The arrangement of the amounts of the dues and benefits was 
originally fixed in the ratio of 2:3:4:5:6, the original rates of the 
pensions being 60:90:120:150:180 (marks) and the original rates of 
contributions being 12:18:24:30:36 (pfennigs). The proposed rate of 
contributions for the two lowest classes were, however, too low to 
defray the cost of the corresponding pensions and were raised to 14 
and 20 pfennigs, the extra 2 pfennigs being in the nature of a sup- 
plementary charge. The investigations of the imperial insurance 
office in connection with the preparation of the new law of 1899 
showed that the rates of contributions for Classes I and II (14 and 20 
pfennigs) were too low to provide the corresponding rates of pensions, 
while the rates for Classes IV and V were higher than was necessary; 
the existing system of contributions therefore favors the low^er classes 
of pensions at the expense of the higher. 

46598°— 10 88 



1384 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 

The report accompanying the first bill on old-age and invalidity 
insurance gives the reasons for charging part of the cost of the insur- 
ance on the employer and the workman. The latter must expect a 
gradual loss of earning power with advancing age, for which it is 
reasonable to expect him to make some provision. The entire cost 
of such provision would, the report claims, be too heavy a burden to 
place on the workman alone; the persons whose interest it was to 
maintain an efficient labor force — the employers — could therefore be 
properly called on to assist in defraying the cost of the old-age insur- 
ance. The system adopted places equal burdens on the employer 
and on the workman, while the Imperial Government contributes 
the amount stated below. 

CONTRIBUTION OF THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT. 

The contribution of the Imperial Government to the invalidity 
and old-age pensions consists of, first, a cash payment of 50 marks 
($11.90) annually for each pension in force; second, besides this 
direct payment, the Government provides the services of certain 
officials in the administration of the law as well as the services of the 
Post-Office Department and defrays the entire cost of the imperial 
insurance office. The most important of these contributions of the 
Empire is the direct cash payment to the pensions each year. The 
first bill introduced in 1887 included payments from the insured 
persons, from the employer, and from the Imperial Government, but 
proposed that each one of these three should pay one-third of the cost 
of each pension. Practically all parties were agreed that it was 
desirable for the Imperial Government to contribute toward the cost 
of the old-age pensions, but there was great diversity of opinion as to 
the manner in which the payments should be made. The plan of 
having the Government defray one-third of the cost of each pension 
met with considerable opposition and after much discussion the idea 
of having the Government contribute a fixed amount to each pension 
granted was found to meet with more general approval than any other 
of the numerous plans offered. By fixing the amount of the govern- 
ment contribution in this manner the pension granted to those earning 
the lower rates of wages was treated more favorably than the pensions 
granted to those in the higher wage classes. 

During the discussion in the Reichstag as to the form and amount 
of the imperial contribution to the insurance, an amendment was 
introduced to have the entire cost of the old-age insurance defrayed 
by means of a tax upon the whole EiQpire ; in other words, to adopt a 
noncontributory plan of defraying the cost of the insurance. The 
objections of the Government to this method of defraying the cost 
were stated in the official report accompanying the bill; this report 
states that while the general welfare is intimately affected by the 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1385 

development of the system of workmen's insurance, the common 
interest would not go so far as to require the entire payment of the 
cost by means of a tax. In the same manner the administration of 
justice is a matter of the most vital importance for the general welfare 
but is not provided free of cost for the country. The report also 
lays especial weight on the importance of having the insured persons 
and their employers take an active part in the administration of 
the insurance; if the entire cost were paid by the Empire such 
active participation by the employer and the insured persons could 
not be obtained. Furthermore the character of the pension as being 
something which the insured person had paid for himself would be 
lost and the insurance would approach more closely to a system of 
poor relief. A pension paid for by a system of dues based on wages 
closely follows the financial standing of the individual insured person; 
if the entire cost were paid by the Government the pension would have 
to consist of a series of units or of fixed amounts which would bring 
about a less favorable state of affairs than the one proposed. It 
would also mean the giving up of the invalidity and old-age insurance 
as a provision for the working classes, as it would require the granting 
of pensions to all subjects of the Empire, based probably on the 
amount of the pensioner's income, and would require such a large 
revenue to meet such expenditures that the Government believed it 
was not feasible to raise it by means of taxation. The plan proposed 
for raising the funds necessary to defray the cost of a state-borne 
insurance was that of assessing the amount on the various States of 
the Empire which were to secure the sums necessary by means of a 
supplementary charge to the income tax. This was not regarded 
with favor, as the methods of taxation in the various States varied 
so widely as to make the plan impossible of execution. 

FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION. 

Each invalidity institute, both the territorial and the special, must 
administer its assets in the form of two special reserves known as the 
''general reserve" (Gemeinvermogen) and the ''special reserve" (Son- 
dervermogen) . This method of dividing the property of the insti- 
tutes was introduced by the law of 1899; previous to that date each 
institute managed its own reserve independently of all the others. 
Since 1899, therefore, the institutes have distributed their receipts 
into two parts, one to be used for a common fund for the whole Empire 
and the other to be used for the expenditures occurring in tiieir own 
areas. The general reserve is used to defray the "general" cost of 
the insurance system; this general cost comprises three-fourths of 
all the old-age pensions, the basic amounts of all invalidity pensions; 
the increases of pensions because of weeks of sickness and finally 



1386 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. 

the amounts necessary to round off the pensions into sums of even 
marks. All other obligations of the institutes are classed as ''special " 
costs. All of the assets of the institutes on hand on December 31, 
1899, belong to the special reserve of the institutes. After January 
1, 1900, the general reserve is to be formed by putting into a special 
account four-tenths of the contributions received and the interest 
arising from these amounts computed according to a rate specified 
by the federal council. Each invalidity institute administers its own 
general reserve, but the amounts are used in order to equalize the 
different costs of the insurance in the different parts of the Empire. 
The federal council is authorized to vary the proportion to be paid 
into the general reserve if it is shown that at the end of each ten- 
year period beginning with 1900 the common reserve is either too 
high or too low; but if an increase is necessary the action of the 
federal council must be approved by the Keichstag. 

This feature of the financial administration is the most important 
change made by the law of 1899. The difference in the financial 
status of the various institutes made this change absolutely neces- 
sary because experience had shown that the original supposition that 
the expenditures for old-age and invalidity insurance would be 
approximately the same for the different areas was entirely incorrect. 
A computation made for the year 1897 showed that while the majority 
of the institutes were financially sound, a few of them, especially 
those which included principally agricultural areas, were below the 
average, and one or two had an actual deficit which threatened to 
increase. Among the latter the institutes of East Prussia and of Lower 
Bavaria showed serious deficits. On the other hand, the institute for 
the city of Berlin had accumulated such a very large reserve that the 
interest on the reserve already accumulated would be sufficient to 
defray the entire cost of the pensions then in force without drawing 
on the contributions due at the time. A similar condition prevailed 
in the institute for the Hansa cities. If, therefore, the rates are to be 
revised for the future, in order to cover the current pensions, dues in 
some institutes would have to be seriously increased, but in others 
could be appreciably diminished. Thus, when the expenditures reach 
the stationary point in the institutes which are principally agricul- 
tural (such as East Prussia, Pommerania, Posen, and Lower Bavaria), 
where the average invalidity pension is 125.96 marks (S29.98) (not 
including the imperial subsidy), the weekly dues would be on an 
average 27.14 pfennigs (6.5 cents), while in the industrial areas (such as 
Westphalia, the Rhine provinces, Mittelfranken, and the Kingdom of 
Saxony), with the average pension, not including the imperial sub- 
sidy, of 190.35 marks (45.30) the average weekly contribution would 
be only 24.34 pfennigs (5.8 cents), and in the areas of Berlin and the 
^^ Qsa cities with the average pension of 228.26 marks ($54.33) the 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1387 

weekly dues would be only 20.67 pfennigs (4.9 cents) ; in other words, 
for each 100 marks ($23.80) of invalidity pension (not including 
imperial subsidy) the average contribution would be: 

In the areas which are principally agricultural 21.55 pfennigs (5.1 cents) 

In the areas which are principally industrial 12.79 pfennigs (3.0 cents) 

In the areas of Berlin and the Hansa cities 9.0G pfennigs (2.2 cents) 

The causes of this difference in the financial condition of the various 
institutes are stated by the official report to be due in only a slight 
degree to the methods of administration of the institute for collecting 
the dues and paying the pensions; for the most part the differences 
are due to the conditions prevailing in the various localities upon 
wliich the administration of the insurance has but little influence. 
The report mentions several points upon which the operations of the 
institute could influence the receipts. Among these are the influence 
which the control over the receipt of contributions exercises and the 
control over the reports of the duration of employment. A relatively 
low income of an insurance institute does not always mean a lack of 
care in supervising the payment of dues. In agricultural areas, how- 
ever, where the population is dispersed over wide areas the opportu- 
nities for employment and the average duration of employment 
exerts a strong influence on the amount of dues paid. In the agri- 
cultural areas of East Prussia the number of insured persons is in 
general small because over 10 per cent of the persons subject to the 
insurance engage in farming on their own account, and thus for a part 
of the year are not required to pay dues. The total number of 
persons who are only temporarily employed is in many areas from 
one-half to two-thirds of all workmen, and in each year there is on 
an average 25 weeks of the time of the working population in such 
areas for which no dues are paid. On the other hand, institutes with 
principally city population have an advantage over those with rural 
and agricultural population, due to the fact that in the cities a large 
number of the insured persons cease to be subject to the insurance — 
such, for instance, as female insured persons who marry and males 
who go into independent occupations and who make only slight use of 
the right to voluntary continuation of the insurance. 

Another point which was discussed was whether the attitude of the 
institutes in regard to granting invalidity pensions had any influence 
in causing the unfavorable actuarial balance; the opinion of the report 
states such action, if it had any influence at all, is of minor importance. 

According to the report, however, the most important feature of 
the financial administration is the different expenditure necessitated 
by the differences in the age grouping of the insured persons. The 
differences in the groupings in the various institutes are of importance 
not only in regard to the old-age pensions, but also in regard to the 
invalidity pensions; the risk of invalidity is, as is well known, quite 



1388 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. 

low in the younger years and increases rapidly with advancing age. 
Thus, for instance, the number of invalidity cases per 1,000 insured 
persons in the age group 20 to 40 years is 1.6; in the age group 40 to 
50 the number of cases per 1,000 insured persons is 5.9; in the age 
50 to 60 it is 16.8; and in the age from 60 to 70 it is 48. On this 
basis the cost per 1,000 insured persons 20 to 40 years of age 
would be only one-thirtieth of the cost for 1,000 insured persons in 
the ages 60 to 70, although in both cases the contributions paid by 
the insured persons are the same. The younger persons pay by their 
contributions an important part of the expenditure caused by the 
older age groups. Any insurance institute, therefore, which must 
operate with an unfavorable age grouping must have a less favorable 
financial status than those institutes composed of a larger proportion 
of younger persons. The result of such a difference in the age group- 
ing between the various institutes is shown by the fact that up to the 
year 1898 the average number of pensions per 1,000 insured persons 
was for the whole Empire 56, for East Prussia 109.4, while for Berlin 
it was only 20.9. These figures are not due to any temporary cause, 
but are a permanent factor in the financial administration of the 
insurance. Furthermore, the occupational census of 1895 showed 
the number of persons 70 years of age, from which could be computed 
the number of persons 70 years of age subject to the insurance. On 
the basis of the 1895 census the number per 1,000 of insured persons 
70 years of age and over engaged in specified groups of occupations 
were as follows: 

Agriculture, etc 27. 4 

Industry, etc 7.3 

Commerce and transportation 5. 2 

All other occupations 12. 5 

Average for the Empire for all occupations 14.2 

For the persons engaged in agriculture and forestry, therefore, there 
would be nearly twice as many old-age pensions as for the aver- 
age of the Empire and almost four times as many as for persons 
engaged in the industries. Experience has shown that the same 
rates would occur in connection with invalidity pensions; in agricul- 
ture and forestry per 1,000 persons the number of invalidity pensions 
would be practically double the number in all other industries. The 
returns for the various invalidity insurance institutes composed prin- 
cipally of persons employed in agriculture showed on an average about 
twice as many invalidity pensions and about four times as many per- 
sons who were able to work, although 70 years of age or over, as was 
the case in institutes composed principally of persons engaged in the 
industries. 

The situation is not improved by the fact that the institutes com- 
posed principally of persons employed in agriculture have lost their 



I 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1389 

younger membership on account of the steady emigration of workers 

from the country' to the city, while other institutes which received 

this stream of young persons from the rural districts thereby obtained 

an imusually favorable age grouping. The withdrawal of the 

younger persons reduced the receipts of the institutes, but by no 

means reduced in the same proportion the burdens of the insurance. 

B}^ means of the separation of the accounts of the reserve into general 

reserve and special reserve it is expected that this difference in the 

cost of the insurance of different areas will be equalized. The federal 

council is authorized to vary the amounts set aside for general or 

special reserve and to equalize the expenditures in the various 

districts 

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. 

The dues of the invalidity insurance are paid by means of stamps, 
which are purchased from an agency of the institute and then pasted 
on receipt or membership cards; the stamps are canceled by writing 
or stamping on them the date on which they were pasted on the card. 
Each invalidity institute publishes its own stamps, which must be 
used by the persons insured in it. The card referred to above is the 
receipt card {Quittungskarte) , which is supplied by the invalidity 
institutes to each insured person; it contains the date on which it 
was issued, a reprint of articles 139 and 184 of the law, and at least 52 
spaces for pasting on the stamps. Each insured person must take 
steps to provide himself with a card and failure to do so is punished 
by a fine; in each subdivision of the area covered by the invalidity 
institute some office or organization, such as the police office, the sick 
fund, etc., acts as its agent in distributing and exchanging the cards. 
On each pay day it is the duty of the employer to paste the proper 
amount of stamps on the card for each week of employment, and the 
insured person must present the card for this purpose at the time. 
The employer is held responsible for pasting on the correct amount 
of stamps, both for the share of the insured person and for his own 
share. The dues paid must cover the same time as the wage payment, 
except that if an employee begins a week of service (the invalidity 
insurance week begins on Monday and ends on Sunday) the dues for 
that entire week must be paid by the employer even if the service 
continues for only a part of the day. Failure on the part of the em- 
])loyer to comply with the regulations means the imposition of a fine, 
and if the negligence of the emplo^^er causes the insured person to lose 
his right to a pension or other benefit the employer is liable in a suit 
for damages. In fact, employers have repeatedly been required by the 
courts to pay the entire cost of pensions, the right to which was lost 
through their failure to obey the law. 

Whenever a receipt card is filled up with stamps, it must be returned 
to the local agency and a new card procured. The insured person is 



1390 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

required to preserve the certificates covering periods of illness and of 
military service, and is not allowed to include such periods in his 
'' waiting time" if he can not produce the certificates at the time his 
benefits under the law are determined. 

The invalidity insurance is administered by territorial invalidity 
insurance institutes (VersicJierungs-Anstalten), by special invalidity 
insurance institutes organized on industrial lines (Besondere Kassen- 
Einrichtungen) , by the arbitration courts, by the imperial insurance 
office, and b}'^ the state insurance offices. The Post-Ofiice Department 
cooperates in the administration of the insurance, while the officials 
of the communes and of the States also have many duties in connection 
with the execution of the law. 

INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES. 

While the bill for the invalidity insurance was being prepared 
it was proposed by some to make the invalidity insurance part 
of the work of the accident associations, while others advocated 
making it a part of the sickness insurance. Both of these proposals 
were rejected and it was finally decided to make the insurance entirely 
separate from the other two branches. One of the plans proposed at 
an early date provided that the insurance should be administered by 
one imperial institute conducting the insurance for the whole of the 
Empire. It was stated at the time that the creation of such an institu- 
tion with an army of officials would be unwise and that it would be 
preferable to organize a series of institutes for the separate political 
divisions of the Empire and to use as far as possible the unpaid serv- 
ices of the insured persons and of their employers, these working under 
the supervision of state or other officials. At the same time it was 
recognized that it would be advantageous to permit the railroad 
industries to conduct the insurance of their employees separately 
because of the special nature of that industry; the mining industries 
had for many years institutions which provide such insurance for their 
own employees, and it was decided to continue these organizations. 
It is the opinion of some experts that the creation of a single institu- 
tion covering the whole Empire would have had many advantages, 
particularly those connected with the financial administration of the 
insurance. The law as finally enacted provided that the district or 
territory covered by each institute should be either one of the larger 
local governments, such as a province or the entire area of a State or 
parts of the area of a State, or if necessary several States might be 
combined into one institute. The institutes are subject in many 
respects to the regulations of the state governments, and in case the 
area covers more than one State the Federal Council regulates the 
affairs of the institutes. These institutes are corporations possessing 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1391 

all the rights and duties of legal persons, and can sue and bo sued and 
purchase and sell property, enter into obligations of all sorts, etc. 

The institutes are, subject to the regulations of the imperial insur- 
ance office, self-administering mutual organizations; they must pro- 
vide a constitution and by-laws. The official bodies which conduct 
the organizations are, first, the board of directors consisting of one or 
more government officials and representatives of the insured persons 
and of the employers; second, the supervisory committee consisting 
of five representatives of the insured persons and five representatives 
of the employers; third, the local officers; fourth, the collecting 
officers; fifth, the supervisory officials appointed by the institute and 
intrusted with the duty of supervising the punctual and complete 
payment of insurance contributions or dues. 

At the present time there are 31 of these territorial insurance 
institutes in the Empire, so distributed that the entire area of the 
country is covered by them; 13 in Prussia (one for each province); 
8 in Bavaria (one in each administrative district) ; one eacli in 
Saxony, Wiirttemberg, Baden, Hessen, Oldenberg, Brunswick, and 
Alsace-Lorraine; there is one in common for the two Grand Duchies 
of Mecklenburg, one for the Thiiringian States, and one for the Hansa 
cities. They, therefore, include the whole Empire and, with the 
exception of the persons affiliated with special insurance institutes, 
provide insurance within the area subject to their jurisdiction for all 
persons described on page 1362 and following pages. 

As the institutes are territorial organizations, in case the assets 
of these bodies are at any time insufficient to meet their obligations, 
the government of the area which they cover is responsible for the 
deficits. Thus in Prussia any institute which is unable to meet its 
obligations would have to be supported by the province which it 
covers. In case the institute covers more than one State the lia- 
bility of the different States is in proportion to their population 
according to the last census. It is understood, of course, that in 
case a political subdivision of the country is required to supply funds 
to an insurance institute, the institute shall at a hiter time reimburse 
the government for such advances. The government of the area 
covered by the institute must also loan to the institutes the funds 
necessary for the first year of their operation, such advances to be 
returned out of the dues or contributions collected for the insurance. 

Each institute must have a constitution and by-laws, which are 
drawn up by the supervisor}^ committee. It was the intention of the 
law makers to allow the greatest possible freedom of movement to each 
institute, and therefore only the principal provisions of this constitu- 
tion were included in the law. The law provides that the constitution 
must specif}", first, the number of representatives of the insured persons 
and of their employers who are to compose the board of directors ; sec- 



1392 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

ond, the number of members, the duties and powers, as well as the 
jurisdiction, of the supervisory committee, including the method of 
selecting the chairman and the method of making decisions of the 
committee; third, in regard to announcing the decisions of the board 
of directors ; fourth, in regard to representing the institute as against 
the board of directors in special cases; fifth, the number of associates 
of the court of arbitration, which must consist of not less than four 
representatives of the insured persons and four representatives of 
the employers, and also the order in which these associates are to 
be selected for service in deciding cases ; sixth, the amount to be paid 
as return of expenses in performing duties connected with the asso- 
ciation; seventh, the method of drawing up the budget for the 
ensuing year; eighth, the method of the preparation and approval of 
the annual accounts, unless the government officials having authority 
in the case prescribe otherwise; ninth, the method of publication of 
the accounts; tenth, the publications, such as newspapers and official 
gazettes, through which the official announcements of the institute 
shall be made; and, eleventh, the rules for amending the constitution. 

The law, however, provides that the supervisory committee shall 
have the following duties : First, to select the members of the board of 
directors who are not officials of the Government and in addition to 
select the associates of the arbitration courts ; second, to determine the 
amount of the expenditures for the following year ; third, to audit the 
annual accounts ; fourth, actions of the board of directors in regard to 
the purchase, the sale, or encumbering of real estate of the institute 
must have the approval of the supervisory committee, unless in the 
opinion of the board of directors some special risk warrants them in 
proceeding without such approval ; fifth, to decide in regard to the 
creation of reinsurance organizations; sixth, to decide in regard to 
amending the constitution; and, seventh, to supervise the conduct of 
business of the board of directors. 

Any constitution which has been drawn up by an institute must 
receive the approval of the imperial insurance office before going into 
effect, and amendments to the constitution must similarly be approved. 
Against decisions of the imperial insurance office the institutes have 
the right to appeal to the Federal Council. 

The administrative head of the" insurance institute is the board of 
directors, which represents the institute in legal and all other matters, 
except in so far as the law reserves certain powers to other bodies, 
in distinction from the board of directors of the accident associations 
the directorates of the invalidity institutes are composed of officials, 
one of whom is selected as chairman; to these officials are added a 
number of nonofficial members, composed of representatives of the 
insured persons and of the employers, who serve without pay. The 
law also permits the addition of several other persons to the board 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1393 

not belonging to any of the classes specified. This i)rovision was 
inserted to permit the addition of physicians, insurance experts, and 
similar persons to the board whose s])ecial knowledge would be of 
assistance in administering the business of the institute. As the 
business of the board of directors is apt to be of a more routine 
nature than is the case of other insurance, government officials 
were given a more conspicuous place in its formation. In order to 
allow the insured persons and the employers proper influence in the 
administration of the institute a special body was created, called 
the supervisory committee. Each insurance institute has such a 
committee, which consists of at least five representatives of the 
insured persons and five of the employers, the number being specified 
in the constitution of the institute except in the first selection, when 
it is named by the proper government officials. The election of the 
representatives of the two parties takes place under the direction of 
the officials supervising the institute. There must be at least a first 
and second alternate for each representative, to take the place of the 
representative in case the latter is unable to serve. The chairman 
of the supervisory committee is selected from their ow^n number, 
and in case a member is unable to attend any meeting his alternate 
must be notified to attend in his place. Members of the supervisor}^ 
committee are honorary officials, but for actual expenses which they 
have made in the service of the institute they are granted a special 
compensation, determined by the government officials. 

In order to make the administration of the invalidity insurance 
more accessible to the insured persons the institutes are authorized 
to create local offices (Rentenstellen) ; such offices may be created 
only after securing the approval of the supervisory committee and 
of the government authority having jurisdiction. Though the law 
makes careful provision for the introduction of these oflices, they 
seem to have been regarded with but little favor by the various 
institutes, and at the present time but few of them are in operation. 
The same fate has befallen the '' collecting olQfices" authorized by 
the law\ The law authorizes the state officials or the institute to 
create these collecting offices as special institutions, or, instead of 
creating special offices, to use the services of the sick funds in collect- 
ing the insurance contributions. Up to date practically no special 
collecting offices have been created, wdiile the number of sick funds 
authorized to collect the dues of insured persons is approximately 
6,000, and in addition nearly 2,000 state officials perform the same 
duty. 

The regulations of the invalidity law^ in regard to the organization, 
methods of procedure, return of contributions, and method of collect- 
ing dues do not, however, apply to the special invalicUty institutes 
{Besondere Kassen-Einrichtungen) . The Federal Council is author- 



1394 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

ized to permit these special insurance institutes to conduct the inva- 
Hdity insurance of their members who are thereby freed from mem- 
bership in the territorial institutes. The reasons for permitting these 
special institutes to conduct the insurance alongside the industrial 
insurance are given in the official report of the invalidity and old-age 
law of 1889; the principal ground was that at the time the law was 
framed the establishments conducted by the Empire, by the States, 
and by the local governments already had in existence invalidity and 
old-age funds which made adequate provision for persons insured in 
them and which rested upon an adequate financial basis; there was 
no reason for withdrawing the members from these funds and affiliat- 
ing them with the territorial funds, and against such procedure was 
cited the important instance that the benefits provided by these 
special funds were in many cases higher than the benefits provided 
under the imperial law. It was finally decided to permit these funds 
to continue in operation with the stipulation that their benefits should 
in no case be less than the benefits provided under the imperial law. 
The Federal Council decides whether in any given case the benefits are 
equal to or higher than those provided by the imperial law. The 
funds recognized by the federal council as complying wdth the regu- 
lations consist of a number of railroad funds and of miners' funds. 
These funds receive the imperial subsidy for each pension which they 
grant, and collect the dues and pay the benefits in accordance with 
the provisions of their own constitutions, these instruments having 
been approved by the imperial insurance office. The computation 
of the benefits must, of course, be the same (or more favorable to the 
insured persons) as in the case of the territorial institutes, and the 
computation of the waiting time must include the time during which 
the insured person was affiliated with one of the territorial funds, just 
the same as the territorial institute must give full credit in computing 
the pension of a person formerly connected with a special invalidity 
institute. Persons employed in establishments subject to the law 
may affiliate themselves with the special insurance institutes provided 
that they have such a right in connection with the territorial insti- 
tutes, and the same thing applies in connection with the right to con- 
tinue the insurance after leaving such employment. The contribu- 
tions of members of the special institutes may not be higher than 
contributions of employers, and, as a rule, are to be one-half of the 
total amount of dues established by the constitution and the law. 
It is not necessary for the special institutes to collect contributions 
by using the method of stamps and receipt cards, and, as a matter of 
fact, the special institutes have not used this method. Payment of 
benefits by the institutes need not be made through the post-office, 
and if the institutes themselves pay the benefits the imperial subsidy 
is forwarded to the institutes directly. The guarantor of solvency 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1395 

of the special institutes is, in case these institutes are connected 
with imperial or state establishments, the owner of the establish- 
ment; in all other cases the State in which the establishments are 
located is responsible for the solvency of the institute. As the 
State is responsible for the obligations which these institutes take 
upon themselves, granting the right to conduct invalidity insurance 
to these organizations has been done only after careful consideration. 
In the case of some of the miners' funds, for instance, it was necessary 
to consider whether the possible exhaustion of the coal fields where 
these miners were employed would not eventually leave upon the 
State the obligation to pay great amounts of pension liabilities. In 
the case of the railroads, the matter was simpler, as the State or the 
Empire was the owner of these establishments. 

Besides the railway funds and miners' funds mentioned above, 
article 11 of the law of 1899 authorized the Federal Council to permit 
the accident association created under the navigation-accident insur- 
ance law to conduct the invalidity insurance of the seamen, etc., insured 
against accident under that law. This special permission was granted 
on condition that the navigation accident association should create 
a system of pensions for widows and orphans in addition to the regu- 
lar invalidity insurance. It was pointed out in the report accom- 
panying the 1899 law that seamen were exposed to special risks 
and were liable to special forms of invalidity due to their exposure to 
climatic influences, tropical diseases, and the like, and in addition 
these risks from special diseases were more serious than was ordinarily 
the case, because of the frequent absence of medical treatment during 
the voyage. It was but seldom that seamen and navigators had an 
opportunity to acquire the right to an invalidity or old-age pension, 
because they frequently gave up their occupation as sailor and took 
up some independent occupation or calling where they were not sub- 
ject to the compulsory insurance, and would therefore not retain 
whatever rights might have accrued to them in regard to pensions. 
In the opinion of the report provision for the widows and orphans in 
the case of seamen was more important than that of invalidity or old 
age. It was admitted that a system of invalidity and old-age insur- 
ance for seamen could be provided much more cheaply if organized 
separately than if made part of the territorial institute. Understand- 
ing this condition, the employers in the navigation industry had fre- 
quently declared themselves ready to institute a system of widow and 
orphan insurance if allowed to conduct the invalidity insurance of 
their employees separately. Before the introduction of the compul- 
sory insurance system there had existed a number of special funds 
supported by the shipowners and seamen in common, which provided 
benefits for sick and invalid seamen as well as made provision for the 
widows and orphans. The law as enacted provides that the insur- 



1396 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

ance of persons included in this fund should permit the participation 
of the insured persons in the administration of the fund in proportion 
to the amount which their dues were to the dues of the shipowners. 
The share of the dues paid by the employers may not be less than half 
of the total amount collected, and in no case shall the dues of the 
insured persons exceed that of the employers. If the contributions 
or dues of the insured persons are arranged in different classes, the 
pensions are to be varied accordingly. The waiting time for widow 
and orphan insurance was not to be greater than that for the inva- 
lidity insurance. The other features of this system of insurance for 
widows and orphans are described in the following section. 

INVALIDITY, WIDOW, AND ORPHAN INSURANCE OF MEMBERS OF THE 
NAVIGATION ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION. 

The accident association of employers engaged in navigation, which 
up to the year 1907 had been engaged only in providing accident 
insurance for the employers affiliated with it, on the first day of that 
year introduced a system of invalidity insurance, including provision 
for the widows and orphans of seamen and other persons engaged in 
navigation. In accordance with article 11 of the invalidity insurance 
law the plan to introduce this system of insurance was first submitted 
to the Federal Council, which approved the plan, and the insurance 
has been in force since January 1, 1907. 

The insurance is administered by a fund which bears the name 
''Invalidity, Widow, and Orphan Insurance Fund of the Navigation 
Accident Insurance Association,' ' with headquarters in Hamburg. 
The administrative bodies of the fund are the board of directors and 
the general meeting; the first consists of sixteen members, the sec- 
ond of fifty members, each body being composed half of employers 
and half of insured persons. The fund is not an independent person 
but is a subsidiary corporation of the navigation accident associa- 
tion. Controversies arising in connection with the operations of this 
fund, as well as all other disputes relating to invalidity insurance, are 
to be settled by the arbitration courts for workmen's insurance. 
The imperial insurance office has general supervision of the fund. 

The persons insured are all those over sixteen years of age who are 
subject to the compulsory insurance of the invalidity insurance law 
of July 13, 1899, provided that such persons are in receipt of wages or 
salary. Ship captains whose regular annual income in wages or salary 
exceeds 2,000 marks ($476.00) are not included in the insurance. 
Owners of vessels which are regularly manned by not more than 
two persons, besides the owner, are permitted to insure themselves 
voluntarily, if not over forty years of age. If not over forty years 
of age captains of vessels whose regular annual earnings in wages 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1397 

or salary are more than 2,000 marks ($476.00) but not more than 
3,000 marks (S7 14.00) are also permitted to voluntarily insure 
themselves. These two classes of persons are further permitted to 
continue their insurance if they cease to be employed in positions 
which give them the privilege of voluntary insurance. In fact, all 
members subject to the compulsory insurance are permitted to vol- 
untarily continue their insurance in the fund so long as they do not 
accept a position which gives them insurance in another fund which 
is part of the compulsory invalidity insurance system. This volun- 
tary insurance and continuation of insurance relates both to the 
invalidity and old-age insurance as well as to the insurance for wid- 
ows and orphans, but the privilege of continuation of insurance in 
the widow and orphan fund is granted to persons working on foreign 
vessels only so long as their families continue to reside in Germany 
and for a period not to exceed one year, though in special cases this 
period may be extended by the board of directors. If a seaman 
enters the service of a foreign army or a navy, then the right to con- 
tinuation of insurance ceases with the date of beginning such service. 
Those survivors who have received compensation upon the basis of 
laws other than the navigation accident insurance law are not enti- 
tled to pensions under this law. 

The claim of a widow to a widow's pension does not depend on 
whether the widow^ is disabled or not, but a widow has no right to 
pension if the marriage has been contracted after the deceased hus- 
band was disabled or after he was seventy years old, or after the 
occurrence of an accident which was compensated by the navigation 
accident association with a partial pension or in case the deceased 
was not disabled, if the marriage was contracted within three 
months before his death. A claim to a widow's pension may not be 
made by a widow whose deceased husband at the time of death had 
ceased to be subject to the compulsory insurance or had lost the 
right to continuation of insurance because of desertion from his 
vessel. As an exceptional measure the board of directors is author- 
ized in special cases to give a widow's pension even if the husband 
had been a deserter from his vessel. The fact that the husband had 
ceased to receive pension payments at the time of his death has no 
influence on the right of the widow to a w^idow's pension. 

Pensions to legitimate children (not yet fifteen years of age) of 
deceased insured persons and of deceased pensioners are granted under 
the same conditions as widows' pensions. The same class of children 
of insured female persons have a claim to orphans' pensions only 
if the father of the children at the time of the death of the mother is 
not living, or if living is disabled or has separated himself from the 
household and refuses to fulfill his obligations to maiotain the chil- 



1398 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, 

dren and can not be compelled to do so. Special regulations exist 
for illegitimate children. 

The annual amount of the widow^s pension as well as the pension for 
an orphan child is as follows (see page 1368 for the wage classes) : 

Wage Class 1 30 marks ($7.14) 

Wage Class II 40 marks ($9.52) 

Wage Class III 50 marks ($11.90) 

Wage Class IV 65 marks ($15.47) 

Wage Class V : 80 marks ($19.04) 

In computing the widows' and orphans' pensions only the contri- 
butions paid into the fund are considered, and if the contributions 
belong to different wage classes then the widows' and orphans' pen- 
sions are to be arranged on the average rates corresponding to these 
contributions. The widow and orphan pensions may not together 
exceed three times the sum of one pension, and if there are more 
than three persons entitled to a pension then the individual pensions 
must be reduced pro rata. 

These pensions are frankly admitted to be small, but it is claimed 
for them that they mean an important addition in defraying the cost 
of living. An official periodical states that since the seamen belong 
principally to the higher of the wage classes specified in the list above 
the majority of the pensions will be based on the higher rates. The 
constitution of the fund contemplates an increase in the amounts of 
the pensions if at the expiration of three years the actuarial balance 
shows a surplus; such a balance must be struck regularly every hve 
years thereafter, and in case of a surplus increases are to be made. 
In addition the fund expects that as soon as the imperial system of 
widow's and orphan's insurance is introduced the claimants under 
the fund's system of insurance will, in addition to the above sums, 
receive the federal subsidy. 

In case the widow remarries a settlement equal in amount to three 
annual payments is provided for her; both widows and orphans who 
permanently change their residence to localities not within the bounds 
of the German Empire are also to be given a settlement of three times 
their annual pensions. 

The claim to widows' and orphans' pensions ceases for those 
claimants who receive pensions on the basis of the accident insurance 
law or of the employers' liability law, or who receive state or com- 
munal pensions as long as and in so far as the amount of the widow 
and orphan pension, together with the amount received from the 
pensions just mentioned, exceeds 750 marks ($178.50) annually. 
The right to a pension also ceases if the claimant is subjected to a 
penalty causing loss of liberty involving more than one month, or 
is maintained in a workhouse or in a reformatory; also the claim 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1399 

ceases if the claimant does not reside in Germany (jr within the area 
specified in article 48, ])aragraph 1 of the invalidity insurance law. 

The provisions of the invalidity insurance law (article 55) in regard 
to the freedom of pensions from seizure and attachment apply also to 
pensions granted by this institution. The money-order division of 
the Post-Ofhce Department transmits the pension moneys. 

The regulations in the imperial pension law (see page 1369) in regard 
to the wage classes to which the various members belong apph^ also 
to the persons insured in this fund. The amounts of the dues are: 

Monthly dues. 

Wage Class I 20 pfennigs (4.8 cents) 

Wage Class II 26 pfennigs (6.2 cents) 

Wage Class III 32 pfennigs (7.6 cents) 

Wage Class IV 40 pfennigs (9.5 cents) 

Wage Class V 46 pfennigs (10.9 cents) 

The amount of the dues and benefits has been computed on the 
basis of the following estimated receipts: The dues from the imperial 
invalidity insurance from approximately 49,000 seamen (the number 
included in the year 1905) would amount annually to about 670,000 
marks (1159,460); to cover the expenses of the special invalidity 
widow and orphan pension system would need an addition to this 
sum of approximately 200,000 marks ($47,600) annually. The 
receipts are to come one-half from the shipowners and one-half from 
the insured persons. 

The payment of dues for commanders of vessels and for the crews 
is arranged on practically the same principles as that for the accident 
insurance. At the end of each calendar year the amount is paid on 
the basis of the estimated number of persons included in the crews. 
The usual arrangements of receipts for the dues in the form of mem- 
bership cards on which stamps are pasted follows that in use for the 
federal invalidity insurance S3^stem. 

The determination of the right to the pension for invalidity, old 
age, as well as in the case of widows and orphans, rests with the board 
of directors of the fund, and in general follows the same procedure as 
that in use for the im])erial invalidity insurance system. 

PROPOSED REFORMS. 

Under the provisions of the proposed insurance code (see page 
1052), the most important addition to the invalidity insurance is that 
relating to the benefits for survivors of insured persons. In the future 
the invahdity institutes are to administer not only the invalidity and 
old-age insurance, but also the insurance for survivors of insured 
persons. 

The invalidity insurance is extended to include helpers and 
ap])rentices in apothecaries as well as persons who are employed in 
theaters or in orchestras without regard to the artistic character 
46598°— 10 89 



1400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

of their labor. Those subjects of the German Empire who represent 
ofhcially the Federal Government or the federal State in foreign 
countries, as well as their assistants, are declared to be insured. 
Raising the contributions for this class of persons is to be regulated 
by the Federal Council. 

The present clause in the law permitting the exemption from the 
insurance provided that the insured person can prove that adequate 
provision for the disability covered by the law is provided by other 
sources, is so changed that the person desiring to be exempted must 
show that the provision includes proper pensions for widows and 
orphans. Persons who are in receipt of an accident pension are no 
longer permitted to exempt themselves from the obligation of 
invalidity insurance, this provision being inserted on account of the 
introduction of widow and orphan insurance. 

On account of the introduction of the widow and orphan insurance, 
weekly contributions of the invalidity insurance are to be increased. 
The increases are to be as follows: 

Wage Class 1 14 to 16 pfennigs (3.3 to 3.8 cents) 

Wage Class II 20 to 24 pfennigs (4.8 to 5.7 cents) 

Wage Class III 24 to 30 pfennigs (5.7 to 7.1 cents) 

Wage Class IV 30 to 38 pfennigs (7.1 to 9.0 cents) 

Wage Class V 36 to 46 pfennigs (8.6 to 10.9 cents) 

The proposed insurance code provides that in determining and 
revising the benefits practically the same procedure is to be followed 
as in the case of the accident insurance (see page 1057). The claimant 
or the insurance institute may appeal from the decisions of the 
local insurance office to the superior insurance office; the pro- 
cedure in such cases is practically the same as the procedure in 
the existing arbitration courts for workmen's insurance. If the 
superior insurance office desires to depart from a previous ruling 
of the imperial (or state) insurance office, then it shall transmit 
the case, together with its opinion, to the imperial insurance office, 
which shall then decide in place of the superior insurance office. 
The code permits a restricted appeal from decisions of the superior 
insurance office to the imperial insurance office. The list of cases in 
which appeals may not be made is quite large and will undoubtedly 
serve to relieve the latter body from the excess of business which now 
prevents it from transacting business as rapidly as is desired. 

The conditions under which the right to receive a pension ceases 
have been modified in favor of the insured person; the receipt of 
pensions or other benefits from other sources shall not in the future 
cause the cessation of pensions, and if considerations of health 
require the insured person to live in a foreign country this shall not 
cause the pension to cease. If a pensioner moves to a German 
colony or a German protectorate the pension is in the future to be 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1401 

continued. The regulations for equalizing the expenditures of the 
insurance institutes are changed considerably. As heretofore the 
general cost of the insurance is to consist of the basic amount of the 
invalidity pensions, the increases in pensions due to weeks of sickness, 
and the expenditures for rounding off the amounts of pensions. 
Instead, however, of adding to the general cost three-fourths of the 
old-age pension, in future the entire amount of old-age pension is to 
be made one of the general costs. To the general cost also are to be 
added the increases in pension due to time spent in military service 
and that share of the cost of the widows' and orphans' pensions 
which is to be paid by the invalidity institutes. In the future, 
therefore, the special cost of the invalidity institutes consists only of 
the supplementary increases in the invalidity pensions. That part of 
the receipts which is to cover the expenditures for the general costs 
is in the future to consist of 50 per cent instead of 40 per cent. 

During the time in which the insured person is engaged in military 
service or is in the receipt of sick benefits, the insurance institutes 
must place to his credit stamps for Wage Class II, which are to be 
counted as regular weekly contributions. The duty of attaching 
these stamps in cases of sickness is imposed on the sick fund or on 
the local agency of the invalidity institute; for persons employed in 
imperial or state establishments the officials in charge may attach the 
stamps. After the period of military service has been concluded, 
the local agency must attach the proper number of stamps when a 
new receipt card is filled out. The conditions under which contri- 
butions are not recognized or are considered as not having been made 
are modified in favor of the insured person and the conditions under 
which an insured person may later make up back payments are 
made easier for the workman. Contributions which have been 
made under a mistaken idea that they were obligatory may be 
counted as voluntary insurance contributions. 

In response to the general demand for permission to make higher 
contributions in order to secure higher amounts of benefits than 
those specified in the law the bill proposes that insured persons 
(including persons voluntarily insuring themselves) may attach 
to their receipt cards contribution stamps in any amount and 
at any time that they desire. In return for such stamps sup- 
plementary pensions are to be paid during the continuance of 
the invalidity. These supplementary stamps are to cost 1 mark 
(23.8 cents) each and for each stamp attached to the card the 
amount of 2 pfennigs (0.476 cent) multiplied by the number of 
years which have passed between the date on the stamp and the date 
of the invalidity will be added to the annual amount of the pension. 
According to a statement contained in the report accompanying the 



1402 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. 

bill, if an insured person, beginning with the twenty-fifth year of age, 
adds each month a supplementary stamp of 1 mark (23.8 cents) and 
such person becomes entitled to an invalidity pension in his fifty-sixth 
year of age, the supplementary pension will amount to 119.04 marks 
($28.33) annually. If, however, the invalidity occurs at the age of 
65 and no supplementary stamps have been paid after the age of 56, 
then the supplementary pension will be 186 marks ($44.27); if, how- 
ever, between the ages of 56 and 65 supplementary stamps to the 
value of 1 mark monthly have been paid, the supplementary pension 
will then be 196.80 marks ($46.84). It is also proposed that if the 
supplementary pension is not more than 60 marks ($14.28), the 
insured person shall receive a lump-sum settlement equal to the 
capitalized value of such pension. The bill proposes that the receipts 
from supplementary contributions shall be added to the general 
assets and the expenditures for supplementary pensions are to form 
a part of the general cost. 

WIDOW AND ORPHAN INSURANCE. 

The proposed insurance code makes the widow and orphan insur- 
ance part of the invalidity insurance, and it is to be administered by 
the agencies of the latter. The claim to benefits for survivors is 
made dependent on the deceased having complied with the require- 
ments regarding waiting time and the payment of dues. The pen- 
sions provided are pensions for widows and for orphans. If the 
widow by paying contributions herself has complied with the required 
waiting time for the invalidity pension she is entitled, however, to 
only one pension, this being the invalidity pension which would in 
the nature of things, be higher than the widow's pension. This pro- 
vision was inserted in order to make it to the interest of female 
insured persons to secure invalidity pension on their own account. 
As a slight recompense for the widow's pension, which would not be 
given in such case, the law provides for ''widow money" and ''orphan 
money." 

A widow's pension is paid only on condition that the widow is an 
invalid; invalidity means the same as invalidity specified in the 
invalidity insurance law, but it is given a somewhat more liberal 
dcnnition in article 1315 of the code, which reads as follows: 

A widow is to be considered an invalid if, by an employment 
befitting her strength and powers and with due regard to her training 
and previous social standing (Lehensstellung) , she is not able to earn 
one-third of that amount which women in good ph^^sical and mental 
health of similar training in the same locality are able to earn 
through their labor. 

Orphans' pensions are to be granted to the legitimate children of 
male insured persons and to the fatherless children of female insured 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1403 

persons, if such children are under 15 years of age. Under certain 
circumstances pensions may be granted to the orphan children of a 
deceased female insured person even if the father is living. Father- 
less grandchildren under 15 years of age who are in necessitous 
circumstances may receive pensions while such circumstances con- 
tinue if the deceased insured person was the main or principal source 
of their support. 

Widow money is paid to insured widows on the death of the insured 
husband and orphan money is paid to the children when the fifteenth 
year of age is completed. Both widows' pensions and orphans' pen- 
sions cease in case of remarriage. 

The authority which the invalidity institute has to subject an 
insured person to medical treatment for the purpose of removing 
invalidity may also be used in the case of widows. The pensions 
granted in case of invalidity and old age remain unchanged in amount. 
The benefits of the widow and orphan insurance . consist of the 
following : 

The imperial subsidy to a widow's pension or to ''widow money" 
is 50 marks ($11.90); the subsidy to an orphan's pension is 25 marks 
($5.95), and the subsidy to ''orphan money" is 16§ marks ($4.05). 
The part of the expenditure which must be paid by the invalidity 
institutes is three- tenths of widows' pensions, three- tenths of the 
pension for one orphan, and for each additional orphan one-fortieth 
of the basic amount and of the supplementary increase of the inva- 
lidity pension to which the deceased supporter of the family was entitled 
at the time of his death or in case of invalidity. The pensions 
granted to the survivors of an insured person may not together be 
more than one and one-half times the invalidity pension, and if there 
are only orphan pensions the latter may not be more than the amount 
of the invalidity pension. If an orphan entitled to a pension ceases 
to be so entitled (has reached the required age, died, etc.), then the 
other orphans are to be increased to the highest possible amount. 

The "widow money" is to be equal to twelve times the monthly 
amount of the widow's pension, and the "orphan money" is to be 
eight times the amount of the orphan pension received. 

In case of voluntary insurance, in computing the widow and orphan 
pensions the contributions are to be counted at only half the amount 
paid in. The same rule must be used in regard to the voluntary 
insurance in the form of additional contributions. 

Article 15 of the customs tariff law of December 25, 1902 (amended 
by the law of December 11, 1909), contained the provision that 
whenever the receipts from the tariff on certain food products 
exceeded the average per capita receipts during the 5-year period 
1898 to 1902, the net excess is to be used to facilitate the introduc- 
tion of a system of insurance for widows and orphans. • A special 



1404 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

law for the creation of the insurance system is to be enacted and until 
such a law is passed, the money so received is to be placed at interest 
and allowed to accumulate. If a law for the insurance of widows 
and orphans is not enacted by April 1, 1911, the interest on the 
funds accumulated up to that date and the future annual receipts 
are to be turned over to the invalidity insurance institutes in accord- 
ance with certain specified rules. 

The collection of the excess just described was to begin after the 
year 1905; for 1906 and 1908 there were no receipts; for 1907 the 
receipts were about 42,000,000 marks ($9,996,000); for 1909 no 
information was available regarding the receipts at the time of writing 
this report. 

The experience of the three years during which the law has been 
in force indicates clearly that the excess of receipts from the customs 
tariff is not adapted for the purpose of a source of income for an 
insurance system. The proposed plan of widow and orphan insurance 
substitutes for the uncertain income of the customs tariff, a regular 
contribution from the Imperial Government in the form of subsidies 
to the benefits granted by the insurance organizations. 

PROPOSED INSURANCE OF OFFICIALS AND PERSONS HOLDING SALARIED 
POSITIONS IN PRIVATE ESTABLISHMENTS. 

Both in Germany and Austria a strong demand exists for provid- 
ing a system of insurance to the salaried employees of private estab- 
lishments who are not included in any existing system of workmen's 
insurance. It is generally recognized that persons not engaged 
in the actual work of producing commodities need for themselves, 
their dependents, and their survivors some means of providing 
against distress due to the partial or entire loss of earning power 
caused by physical disability. Persons whose economic condition 
is more favorable, who hold, for instance, the higher paid positions- 
of this kind, are able to procure such insurance against distress 
because of more favorable employmen,t contracts, by savings, 
and by insurance with private companies at their own expense. For 
the more favorably situated officials the system of compulsory insur- 
ance as proposed is not necessary. Those who are less favorably 
situated, who of course are more numerous than those just men- 
tioned, are able to obtain some provision for the relief of distress of 
til is kind in the existing voluntar}^ institutions attached to estab- 
lishments. Most of these institutions can not be regarded as pro- 
viding insurance in the proper sense of the word even though they 
are of considerable importance. Besides the various institutions 
attached to the commercial and industrial establishments the officials 
themselves have established self-help organizations, which are of even 
greater importance than those just mentioned — for example, the 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1405 

Versiche rungs Lexikon of Professor Manes mentions as leading insti- 
tutions of this kind the Deutsche Privatbeamtenverein in Magdeburg, 
the Verein fiir Handhingskommis of 1858 in Hamburg, the Verband 
deutscher Ilandlungsgehilfen in Leipzig, the Allgemeine Deutschen 
Buchhandlungsgehilf en verband, the Deutsche Technikerverband in 
Berlin, the Deutsche Bankbeamtenverein in Berlin, etc. 

It must be admitted that these efforts at organized self-help, how- 
ever beneficial the}^ are, do not make possible a general system of 
insurance for private officials. As is alwa3^s the case with voluntary 
insurance, only those persons possessing foresight and those favorably 
situated seek aid from such organizations. 

The lower grades of incomes of the private officials are not much 
higher than the similar grades of income of the better situated 
workmen. The existing legislation provides for the insurance against 
sickness of establishment officials, foremen, technical workers, 
commercial employees, and apprentices, persons engaged in the 
offices of attorneys, notaries, and those persons employed by sick 
funds, by accident insurance associations, by the invalidity insur- 
ance institutes under the provisions of the law, including those whose 
salaries do not exceed 2,000 marks ($476) per annum. In the acci- 
dent-insurance system there are insured masters of vessels, estab- 
lishment officials, foremen, and technical officials of insured establish- 
ments under the provision insuring those whose annual earnings are 
less than 3,000 marks ($714) per annum. Establishment officials 
with higher salaries can be brought -svithin the scope of the insurance 
by a vote of the accident association; the invalidity-insurance system 
includes establishment officials, foremen, technical officials, com- 
mercial assistants, and apprentices, as well as other persons holding 
positions whose occupation is their main source of support; instructors 
and tutors, masters of vessels engaged in marine and inland trans- 
portation, provided that such persons receive salaries or wages not 
exceeding 2,000 marks ($476) per annum. All of those persons 
receiving salaries in excess of 2,000 marks ($476), but less than 3,000 
marks ($714) are entitled to insure themselves voluntarily under the 
compulsory law. Furthermore, a certain amount of protection in 
cases of sickness is given to private officials by article 617 of the Civil 
Code, which specifies that the employer must provide in cases of 
sickness for maintenance and medical treatment for not more than 6 
weeks to persons employed in his household. 

The movement for a special system of insurance for officials in the 
service of private establishments and for persons holding salaried posi- 
tions began in Austria about the year 1888 and soon exerted a strong 
influence on the same classes of persons in Germany. An associa- 
tion of commercial employees in the Rhein district took up the ques- 
tion about seven years later, but were unable to secure any tangible 



1406 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 

results. In 1898 a national convention of commercial employees 
was held in Leipzig with this system of insurance as the topic of dis- 
cussion, but again practically no results were obtained. The bill 
introduced in the Austrian Parliament in 1901 stimulated the move- 
ment in Germany and led to the formation of a national committee of 
representatives of the large organizations, of officials, salaried per- 
sons, etc. The same objections which were made to other systems 
of compulsory insurance also arose here; in particular, a large number 
of the persons who would be included in such a system of insurance 
objected to any plan which would involve compulsory insurance, 
and it was several years before the hostility to a compulsory 
S3^stem was overcome. In 1903 the committee above referred to 
undertook an investigation of the economic condition of the officials 
and salaried persons engaged in private establishments; the data 
collected in this investigation were compiled by the Ministry of the 
Interior and were presented to the Imperial Parliament in 1907. (^) 

According to the statements in the report the requests of persons 
holding positions as officials in private establishments for the institu- 
tion of a system of invalidity pensions and pensions for old age begin- 
ning with the sixty-sixth year of age, as an addition to the existing 
system of invalidity insurance, could not be complied with. Neither 
was it possible, because of both social and financial obligations, to 
comply with the desire to exempt private officials from the imperial 
law relating to invalidity insurance and to substitute therefor a special 
insurance institute for the purpose of providing a special system of 
insurance. Any such system of insurance of private officials must, 
according to this report, be made a supplementary part of the existing 
imperial system of invalidity insurance and must be introduced as a 
compulsory system. 

The proposed compulsory insurance for such officials would include 
all persons over 16 years of age, but not over 60 years of age at the 
time of the introduction of the new system. Incomes in excess of 
5,000 marks ($1,190) would have the excess of this amount disre- 
garded in computing pensions. To administer the insurance an impe- 
rial insurance institute for private officials was proposed, having the 
same form of organization as the invalidity insurance institute. The 
proposed institute would be supported by contributions paid one-half 
by the employers and one-half by the insured persons. 

The proposed benefits of the system would be the following: First, 
male persons would be granted, after they paid 120 monthly due pay- 
ments, (a) in case of invalidity (meaning occupational invalidity), an 

oDenkschrift iiber die wirtschaftliche Lage der Privatangestellten, bearbeitet auf 
Grund der im Okt. 1903 angestellten Erhebungen der Privatbeamtenverbande im 
Reichsamt des Innern, Berlin, 1907. 

Denkschrift, betreffend die Pensions- und Hinterbliebenen-Versicherung der Pri- 
vatangestellten, bearbeitet im Reichsamt des Innern, Berlin, 1908. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1407 

invalidity pension; (b) after attaining the age of 65 years, an old 
age pension; (c) in case of death, benefits to survivors. Second, 
female persons would receive, after the payment of 120 monthly due 
payments, the same pecuniary benefits as males; in addition, how- 
ever, it is proposed to provide, after the expiration of 60 contribution 
months, an invalidity pension (meaning occupational invalidity) of a 
fixed sum, and in case of death either orphans' pensions or a return of 
the sums paid in as dues. 

Invalidity pensions are to be composed of, first, a fixed amount, and, 
second, of supplementary amounts. The fixed amount is always to 
be one-fourth of the value of the first 120 monthly due payments, the 
increases from supplementary amounts are to be one-eighth of the value 
of the contributions in excess of 120 monthly due payments until the 
occurrence of the point for which the insurance exists (invalidity, 
death, etc.). The fixed invalidity pension which in certain cases is 
to be paid to female insured persons is one-fourth of the first 60 
monthly due payments. The widow's pension is two-fifths, the pen- 
sion to half orphans is to be two twenty-fifths, and the pension for 
orphans is to be two-fifteenths of the pension to which the deceased was 
entitled if at the time of his death he was following his occupation. 

The dues which the official report considers necessary for these 
benefits amounts for both male and female insured persons to 8 per 
cent of the average salary of that class in which their salary is classi- 
fied. It is proposed to have 10 such wage classes; the lowest classes, 
however, do not correspond with those of the invalidity insurance, 
while the highest includes all salaries over 5,000 marks ($1,190). 
The report shows which part of these contributions would be required 
to provide for the various features in the proposed insurance system, 
so that if the amount estimated to be necessary is regarded as being 
too high, different features could be reduced or eliminated. 

STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE SYSTEM. 

The statistics of operations of the invalidit}' insurance system are 
published annually in the January issue of the Amtliche Nachrichten 
des Reichs-Yersicherungsamts ; supplements to this series have been 
issued annually which contain data relating to the operations of the 
insurance organizations in the field of medical treatment, preventive 
medicine, etc.(°) Supplements were also issued in 1898 and 1903 con- 
taining studies of the causes of invalidity C*) and in 1901 containing the 
data relative to the number of invalids who ceased to draw pensions 
because of recovery from invalidity. ('^) The figures relating to the 

a Statistik der Heilbehandlung bei den Versicherungsanstalten und zugelassenen 
Kasseneinrichtungen der Invalidenversicherung. 

b Statistik der Ursachen der Erwerbsunfiihigkeit (Invaliditat). 

c Das Ausscheiden der Invalidenrentenempfanger der Jahre 1891 bis 1899 aus dem 
Rentengenuss. 



1408 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



investments of the reserve and the operations of the arbitration courts 
are given annually in either the March or the February issues of the 
Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts. The compila- 
tion of statistics of the entire system of workmen's insurance prepared 
by a member of the imperial insurance office (") contaias a convenient 
summary of the principal data of the invalidity insurance system. 

SUMMARY. 

The estimated number of persons included in the invalidity insur- 
ance system since its creation, together with a comparison of the 
population of the Empire, is shown in the following table: 

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED AGAINST INVALIDITY AND OLD AGE 
COMPARED WITH THE POPULATION OF THE EMPIRE, 1891 TO 1908. 

[Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885-1906.] 





Population of the Empire. 


Estimated 
number 

of persons 
insured. 


Number 
of persons 
insured 
per 1,000 
popula- 
tion. 


Number of persons insured 
per 1,000 wage-earners. 


Year. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1891 


24, 400, 000 
24,653,000 
24, 899, 000 
25,192,000 
25, 523, 000 
25, 902, 000 
26,316,000 
26, 740, 000 
27, 168, 000 
27, 574, 000 
27,985,000 
28,416,000 
28, 824, 000 
29, 225, 000 
29, 721, 000 
30,149,000 
30,640,000 
31,084,000 


25, 362, 000 
25. 613, 000 
25, 858, 000 
26,147,000 

26, 478, 000 
26,851,000 

27, 253, 000 
27, 666, 000 
28,080,000 

28, 472, 000 
28,886,000 

29, 330, 000 
29,752,000 
30, 166, 000 
30,593,000 
31,028,000 
31,443,000 
31,898,000 


49, 762, 000 
50,266,000 
50, 757, 000 
51,339,000 
52,001,000 
52, 753, 000 
53,569,000 

54, 406, 000 

55, 248, 000 
56, 046, 000 
56,871,000 
57, 746, 000 
58,576,000 
59,391,000 
60,314,000 
61,177,000 
62,083,000 
62,982,000 


11, 490, 200 
11, 650, 400 
11,812,800 
11,977,500 
12,144,500 
12, 313, 800 
12,485,500 
12, 659, 600 
12,836,100 
13, 015, 100 
13, 196, 600 
13, 380, 600 
13,567,200 
13, 756, 400 
13,948,200 
14,142,700 
cl4,958,118 
c 15, 226. 000 


231 
232 
233 
233 
234 
233 
233 
233 
232 
232 
232 
232 
232 
232 
231 
231 
d241 
d242 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
872 


(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

1,082 

(a) 

(a) 

(«) 
(a) 

(«) 
(a) 

(«) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
1,066 

(«) 
(a) 


(a) 


1892 


(a) 
(a) 
(o) 


1893 


1894 


1895 . . . 


1896 




a) 
a) 
a) 
a) 
a) 
a) 

:] 

a) 
a-) 




a) 
a) 
a) 


1897 

1898 


1899 


« 


1900 


«) 


1901 


o) 


1902 


o) 


1903 


a) 


1904 


a) 
a) 


1905 


1906 


859 


Q19 


1907(b) 

1908(«>) 




a) 
a) 




a) 



a Data not available. 

b Estimate of Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1909, 1910. 

c Including duplications. 

d Computed. Including duplications. 

Because of the method of organization in use, the number of 
persons insured is not definitely known. The preceding table con- 
tains the estimate of an expert of the imperial insurance office; it 
is remarked that some unavoidable duplication of the persons 
insured occurred in making these estimates, so that the figures here 
given are slightly in excess of the actual number of persons insured. 
The relative figures given in the last three columns of the table 
indicate that only a small proportion of the wage-earning popula- 
tion remains outside of the invalidity insurance at the present time. 

« Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs fiir die Jahre 1885-1906. 
Im Auftrage des Reichs-Versicherungsamts fiir den VIII ten Internationalen Arbeit- 
erversicherungs-Kongress in Rom, 1908, bearbeitet von Dr. iur. G. A. Klein, Berlin, 
1908. 



CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1409 



The following summary presents a condensed statement of the 
financial operations of the invalidity insurance system since its 
creation: 

SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE SYSTEM: 
RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND RESERVE, 1891 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1893-1910.] 





Receipts, (a) 


PLxpenditures. 




Year. 


For 
benefits, (a) 


For ad- 
ministra- 
tion and 

other 
purposes. 


Total. (a) 


Reserve 
funds. 


1891 


$23,994,663 
25,845,315 
27,373,924 
29. 536, 223 
31,667,911 
34,-325,596 
36,423,905 
38, 928, 163 
42, 452, 753 
44, 522, 762 
47,486,980 
50,141,153 
53, 483, 780 
56, 763, 126 
59,574,231 
62,67.5,108 
65, 63S, 499 


$3,641,282 
5, 330, 213 
6,669,009 
8,286,205 
10, 1.58, 000 
12,214,651 
14,254,732 
16,407,821 
18, 720, 277 
22,069,565 
25,054,589 
28,658,559 
32, 1()6, 494 
35,308,681 
37,656,362 
39,517,317 
41.148.133 


$928,046 
1,150,920 
1,200,514 
1,282,229 
1,443,024 
1,609,897 
1,731,283 
1,882,871 
2, 133, 962 
2,676,061 
2,582,446 
2,843,541 
3, 038, 059 
3, 336, 822 
3,5.59,803 
3,883,2.59 
4,131,366 
4, 489, 236 


$4,569,328 
6,481,133 
7, 869, 523 
9,568,434 
11,601,024 
13,824,548 
15, 976, 015 
18, 290, 692 
20, 8.54, 239 
24, 745, 626 
27, 637, 035 
31,502,100 
35, 204, 553 
38,645,503 
41,216,165 
43, 400, 576 
45, 279, 499 
47,680,708 


$19, 425, 335 


1892 


38, 789, 517 


1893 


58,293,918 


1894 


78,261,708 


1895 


98, 328, 594 


1896 


118,829,643 


1897 


139,277,533 


1898 


159,915,004 


1899 


181,513,518 


1900 


201,290,654 


1901 


221,140,-599 


1902 .... 


239, 779, 652 


1903 


258, 0-58, 879 


1904 


276, 176, 501 


1905 


294, 534, .568 


1906 


313,809,100 


1907 


334, 168, 101 


1908 


68,039,934 43.191.472 


354, 527, 326 











a Including the imperial subsidies. 

The above table is presented only to give a summary of the 
fmances of the system. The items composing the amounts stated 
above are shown in the tables which follow. 

RECEIPTS. 

The total receipts of the invalidity insurance system since its 
creation are shown in the following table: 

RECEIPTS OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE SYSTEM, 1891 TO 1908. 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1893-1910.] 





Total 
receipts. 


Contributions. 


Subsidies, 
etc., of 
Imperial 
Govern- 
ment. 


Interest 


Year. 


Em- 
ployers. 


Insured 
persons. 


and 
all other. 


1891 


$23,994,663 
25,845,315 
27,373,924 
29, 536, 223 
31,667,911 
34, 325, 596 
36.423,905 
38, 928, 163 
42, 452, 753 
44,522,762 
47, 486, 980 
50.141,153 
53, 483, 780 
56,763,126 
59,574.231 
62.675.108 
65.638,499 
68,039,934 


$11,182,683 
11,381,494 
11,532,169 
11,904,242 
12,223,792 
12,987,136 
13,424,681 
14,036,308 
15,144,299 
15,323,679 
16,042,807 
16, 539, 308 
17,406,906 
18, 336, 448 
19, 193, 729 
20,245.014 
21,258,538 
21,946,264 


$11,182,683 
11,381,494 
11,532,169 
11,904,242 
12, 223, 792 
12.987,136 
13,424,681 
14, 036, 308 
15,144,299 
15,323,679 
16,042,807 
16, 539, 308 
17,406,906 
18, 336, 448 
19, 193, 729 
20,245.014 
21,258.538 
21,946,264 


$1,439,864 

2,151,801 

2,698.181 

3,313,724 

4, 030, 100 

4,577,273 

5, 197, 175 

5,807,442 

6,4.51,809 

7,321,301 

8,061,235 

9,008,227 

9,961,426 

10, 775, 581 

11,269,499 

11,604,311 

11,809,718 

12, 024, 197 


$189, 433 


1892 


930 5''6 


1893.. 


1 611 405 


1894 


2 414 015 


1895 


3 190 '^V 


1S96 


3.774 051 


1S97 


4.377,368 
5,048,105 
5,712,346 
6 554 103 


1898 . . 


1899 


1900 


1901. 


7,340,131 
8,054.310 
8, 708, 542 
9 314 649 


1902 


1903. . 


1904 


1905 


9,917.274 
10 580 76Q 


1906. 


1907 


11,311,705 
12, 123, 209 


1908 





1410 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. 



The dues or contributions included in the preceding table are the 
proceeds from the sale of invalidity insurance stamps; these receipts 
are given as coming equally from the employers and the insured 
persons, because no other method of reporting is feasible; but on 
account of the presence of a number of persons voluntarily insured 
and of persons voluntarily carrying a higher rate of insurance than 
that prescribed by the law, there should be a higher amount in the 
column headed 'insured persons" than in the other column. 

The receipts from contributions form by far the greater part of 
the total receipts; the income in the form of interest, etc., in 1908 
was about 18 per cent of the total receipts. Under the discussion 
of the expenditures on page 1413 the relation which the imperial sub- 
sidies bear to the total expenditures is shown; in 1908 the imperial 
subsidies, etc., formed 17.7 per cent of the. amount given in the 
column headed "total receipts." 

The average amount of the weekly contribution (paid one-half by 
the employer and one-half by the insured person) since the creation 
of the system is shown in the following table: 

AVERAGE AMOUNT OF WEEKLY CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALL CLASSES, 1891 TO 1908. 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 





Average amount 
of weekly contri- 
butions. 


Year. 


Average amount 
of weekly contri- 
butions . 


Year. 


Territo- 
rial in- 
surance 
institutes. 


Special 
insurance 
institutes. 


Territo- 
rial in- 
surance 
institutes. 


Special 
insurance 
institutes. 


1891 


$0. 0495 
.0496 
.0499 
.0500 
.0501 
.0504 
.0508 
.0513 
.0517 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 


1900 


$0. 0537 
.0543 
.0552 
.0557 
.0566 
.0573 
.0582 
.0593 
.0600 


$0. 0711 


1892 


1901 . . .... 


.0718 


1893 


1902 


.0720 


1894 


1903 . . 


.0721 


1895 


1904 


.0716 


1896 


1905 . 


.0726 


1S97.. 


1906. 


.0737 


1898 


1907 


0741 


1899 ... 


1908 


.0753 









a Not reported. 

The average amount of the weekly invalidity contribution is simply 
the total amount received from contributions divided by the number 
of such contributions. Since 1891 there has been a constant increase 
in the average amount of the invalidity contribution; by examining 
the following table it is seen that the increase is due to a shifting 
of the insured persons to the higher wage classes. The higher average 
contribution paid by the persons insured in the special invalidity 
insurance institutes is also due to the use of the higher wage classes 
by these institutes. 

The distribution of the receipts from contributions among the five 
wage classes and the proportion of payments of contributions to each 
class are shown in the following table* 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1411 



DISTRIBUTION OF RECEIPTS FROM WEEKLY CONTRIBUTIONS AND PROPORTION 
OF WEEKLY CONTRIBUTIONS IN EACH WAGE CLASS, 1891 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 
TERRITORIAL. INSURANCE INSTITUTES. 





Amount per $100 of total income con- 


Number of contributio 


IS per 1.000 re- 




Year. 


tributed by each wage class. 


ceived from each wage class. 


Total num 
ber of con- 






1 
















Class 


Class 


Class Class 


Class 


Class 


Class 


Class 


Class 


Class 


tributions. 




I. 


IL 


III. ' IV. 


V. 


I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


V. 




1891 .... 


$17.06 


$36.87 


$24.98 ; $21.09 


(«) 


253 


384 


217 


146 


C) 


427,182,950 


1892.... 


15.78 


38.69 


25.72 ' 19.81 


(°) 


235 


404 


223 


138 


(«) 


424,413,503 


1893.... 


15.31 


37.79 


26. 57 20. 33 


(«) 


229 


397 


232 


142 


(«) 


428,583,697 


1894.... 


15.32 


37.57 


26.65 


20.46 


(« 


230 


394 


233 


143 


& 


441,859,378 


1895.... 


15.12 


37.21 


26.86 


20.81 


(°) 


227 


392 


235 


146 


453,202,563 


1896.... 


14.59 


36.40 


27.29 


21.72 


(°) 


221 


385 


241 


153 


(«) 


479,512,097 


1897.... 


14.06 


35.49 


27.35 


23.10 


(°) 


214 


379 


243 


164 




490,680,095 


1898.... 


13.34 


34.35 


27.21 


25.10 


(«) 


206 


370 


244 


180 


507,030,154 


1899.... 


12.82 


33.27 


26.92 


26.99 


« 


199 


361 


244 


196 


« 


544,231,829 


1900.... 


11.73 


30.34 


25.27 


21.07 


$11.59 


189 


342 


238 


158 


73 


523,154,213 


1901 ... . 


10.90 


29.40 


25.09 


21.35 


13.26 


179 


336 


239 


162 


84 


541,013,477 


1902.... 


9.39 


28.32 


26.27 


21.88 


14.14 


157 


329 


254 


169 


91 


551,219,628 


19ai.... 


8.62 


27.59 


26.(50 


22. 26 


14.93 


146 


324 


259 


174 


97 


575,338,023 


19(M.... 


7.98 


26.26 


25.68 


22.08 


18.00 


138 


313 


255 


175 


119 


5C3,403,642 


1905.... 


7.61 


25.23 


24.97 


22.16 


20.03 


133 


305 


250 


178 


134 


619,053,717 


1906.... 


7.15 


23.58 


23.87 


22.39 


23.01 


127 


290 


244 


183 


156 


039,871,7(>1 


1907.... 


6.56 


21.80 


23.30 


22.07 


26.27 


119 


274 


242 


183 


182 


655,979.()68 


1908.... 


6.19 


20.70 


23.09 1 21.28 


28.74 


114 


263 


243 


179 


201 


665,932,459 









SPECIAL INSURANCE INSTITUTES. 








1900.... 


0.47 


3.57 


25.85 


19.69 


50.42 


10 


53 


322 


196 


419 


36,124,459 


1901.... 


.49 


2.99 


24. 29 


20.06 


52.17 


11 


45 


305 


202 


437 


37,524,696 


1902.... 


.52 


2.94 


23.62 


19.85 


53.07 


11 


45 


298 


200 


446 


37,007,141 


1903.... 


.55 


3.06 


23.19 


19.42 


53.78 


12 


46 


293 


196 


453 


38,342,906 


1904 


.51 


3.42 


22.06 


19.78 


54.23 


11 


52 


279 


200 


458 


40,088,053 


1905.... 


.51 


2.43 


21.98 


21.13 


53.95 


11 


37 


280 


215 


457 


40,397,597 


1906.... 


.47 


1.88 


18.69 


23.55 


55.41 


10 


29 


241 


243 


477 


43,872,415 


1907.... 


.43 


1.83 


17.00 


24.86 


55.88 


10 


28 


221 


258 


483 


48,769,620 


1908.... 


.39 


1.23 


14.47 


24.64 


59.27 


9 


19 


191 


260 


521 


52.582,621 



a The fifth wage class was created by the law of 1899. 

During the time that the invalidity insurance has been in operation 
there has been a clearly marked tendency for the proportion of 
receipts from contributions or due payments in the higher wage 
classes to increase and for the proportion in the , lower wage 
classes to decrease. The special invalidity insurance institutes, 
which are organized on trade lines, show a much higher pro- 
portion of the receipts from the higher wage classes than the terri- 
torial insurance institutes. The number of insurance due payments 
in the higher wage classes has likewise tended to increase, indicating 
a tendency for a higher level of wages to prevail during the years 
since 1900. The total number of due payments or contributions in 
1908 consisted of 665,932,459 payments in the territorial institutes 
and 52,582,621 payments in the special institutes or, together, 
718,515,080 payments of contributions. 

EXPENDITURES. 

The expenditures for administration and similar objects of the 
invalidity insurance since the creation of the system are shown in the 
table following. 



1412 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. 



EXPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE SYSTEM, 

1891 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1893-1910.] 



Year. 


Collection 
and verifi- 
cation of 
dues. 


Determi- 
nation of 
compensar 
tion. 


Arbitration 
of disputes. 


Other ad- 
ministra- 
tion ex- 
penses. 


Total. 


1891 


$287,025 
357,175 
397,107 
398, 985 
431,871 
498,303 
531,255 
564,019 
620,074 
708, 233 
729,979 
766,948 
834,531 
874,511 
917,817 
1,022,551 
1,049,828 
1,127,793 


$1,641 

11,709 

20, 471 

34,612 

52,723 

76,456 

95,702 

110,990 

124,297 

198,058 

232,920 

280,865 

311,439 

333,434 

366,431 

378,422 

418,989 

467,313 


$61,326 
87,231 
79,043 
75,569 
81,853 
81,280 
82,342 
81,530 
86,537 
96,162 
109,567 
109,359 
119,289 
127,469 
147,774 
163,065 
164,179 
181,634 


8578,054 

694, 804 

703,893 

773,063 

876,577 

953,858 

1,011,984 

1,126,332 

1,303,054 

1,673,608 

1,509,981 

1,686,369 

1,772,800 

2,001,408 

2,127,781 

2,319,221 

2,498,370 

2,712,497 


$928, 046 


1892 


1,150,919 


1893 . 


1,200,514 


1894 


1,282,229 


1895 


1,443,024 


1896 


1,609,897 


1897 


1,721,283 


1898 


1,882,871 
2,133,962 


1899 


1900 


2, 676, 061 


1901 


2,582,447 


1902 


2,843,541 
3,038,059 
3,336,822 
3,559,803 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


3,883,259 
4,131,366 
4,489,236 


1907 


1908 





As the insurance system has grown the administrative expenses 
have increased correspondingly. The only conspicuous item of 
administrative expense given separately in the above table is that 
relating to the collection and verification of dues, which in 1908 com- 
prised approximately one-fourth of the total. The total expenditures 
of the insurance system for all purposes in 1908 were $47,680,000, 
the total expenditures for administration, etc., were $4,489,236, so 
that the total cost of administration in that year amounted to 9.4 
per cent of the expenditures. 

The expenditures of the invalidity insurance institutes for benefits 
during the period 1891 to 1908 are shown in the following table: 

EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE SYSTEM, 1891 TO 1908. 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts 1893-1910.] 



Year. 


Medical 
treatment. 


Miscel- 
laneous 
benefits. 


Treat- 
ment in 
institu- 
tions. 


Pensions 
for inva- 
lidity. 


Pensions 
for sick- 
ness. 


Pensions 

for old 

age. 


Return of 
contribu- 
tions on 
occasions 

of mar- 
riage, acci- 
dent, and 

death. 


Total 
expendi- 
tures for 
benefits. 


1891 


$89 

7,588 

25,785 

86, 769 

150, 366 

279,770 

448,775 

625, 881 

955,917 

1,327,624 

1,697,093 

2,154,042 

2,357,016 

2,596,206 

2,893,788 

3, 205, 447 

3,014,336 

4, 258, 878 






$30 

318, 673 

1,239,288 

2, 387, 591 

3,649,206 

4,961,046 

6, 440, 598 

8, 178, 480 

10,083,694 

12,750,410 

15, 475, 165 

18, 698, 696 

22,085,389 

25,072,390 

27,200,365 

28,795,028 

30,152,575 

31,637,906 




$3,641,163 
5,003,952 
5, 403, 936 
5,811,845 
6, 306, 225 




$3,641,282 


1892 










5, 330, 213 


1893 










6, 669, 009 


1894 










8, 286, 205 


1895 








.9;.'i2. •:>n4 


10,158,001 


1896 








6,503,726 470469 
6,558,317 1 807.042 


12, 214, 651 


1897 








14, 254, 732 


1898 








6,533,061 
6,384,483 
6,241,360 
5,868,065 
5, 594, 733 
5,262,919 
4, 966, 642 
4,635,391 
4, 368, 445 
4, 120, 189 
3,892,073 


1,070,399 
1,296,183 
1,574,780 
1,648,190 
1,697,915 
1,798,214 
1,870,244 
1,944,828 
2. 007, 855 
2,107.464 
2,198,414 


16,407,821 


1899 








18,720,277 


1900 


$16, 772 

46, 044 

64, 780 

95, 136 

115,677 

151,356 

179, 491 

193,455 

263,043 


$3,584 
10, 729 
17,378 
34, 986 
60,468 
83, 231 
97,045 
105, 668 
130, 565 


$155,035 
309, 303 
431,015 
532. 835 
627.054 
747.404 
864, 006 
854, 446 
810, 593 


22,069,565 


1901 


25,054,589 


1902 


28, 658, 559 


1903 


32,166,495 
35, 308, 681 


1904 


1905 


37,656,363 


1906 


39,517,317 


1907 


41,148,133 


1908 


43,191,472 









CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1413 



The most important feature of the precedmg table is the impor- 
tance of the invahdity pensions in the insurance system; in 1908 these 
pensions formed 73.3 per cent of the total expenditures for benefits, 
and the absolute amount as well as the proportion of total benefit 
expenditures have tended to increase during the period included in 
the table. The total expenditures for old-age pensions have shown 
a tendency to decrease since 1897, and with the exception of the 
first year were smaller in 1908 than in any year since the creation 
of the insurance system. The expenditures for medical treatment 
have increased each year, and in 1908 formed almost 10 per cent of 
the total expenditures for benefits. The expenditures in the form 
of return of contributions in 1908 formed only about 5 per cent of the 
total expenditures for benefits. 

The expenditures for benefits, presented in the form of the propor- 
tion paid by the Imperial Government and that paid by the insur- 
ance organizations, is shown in the following table for the years 
1891 to 1908: 



AMOUNT AND PER CENT OF THE TOTAL BENEFITS PAID BY THE INVALIDITY INSUR- 
ANCE INSTITUTES AND BY THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT, 1891 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.) 





Expenditures for invalidity, etc., benefits 
of all kinds by — 


Total 
amount of 


Year. 


Invalidity institutes. 


Imperial Government. 


expendi- 
tures for 
benefits of 




Amount. 


Per cent. 


Amount. 


Per cent. 


all kinds. 


1891 


$2,201,418 

3,178,411 

3,970,828 

4,972,481 

6,127,900 

7,637,378 

9,057,556 

10,600,380 

12,268,467 

14.748.264 

16,993,354 

19,650,332 

22,205,070 

24, 533, 100 

26.386,864 

27.913.006 

29,338,415 

31.167,275 


60.5 
59.6 
59.5 
60.0 
60.3 
62.5 
63.5 
64.6 
65.5 
66.8 
67.8 
68.6 
69.0 
69.5 
70.1 
70.6 
71.3 
72.2 


$1,439,864 
2,151,802 
2,698,181 
3,313,724 
4,030,101 
4, 577, 273 
5,197,176 
5,807,441 
6,451,810 
7,321.301 
8,061,235 
9,008,227 
9,961,425 
10,775,581 
11,269,499 
11,604,311 
11,809,718 
12.024.197 


39.5 
40.4 
40.5 
40.0 
39.7 
37.5 
36.5 
35.4 
34.5 
33.2 
32.2 
31.4 
31.0 
30.5 
29.9 
29.4 
28.7 
27.8 


$3,641,282 


1892 


5,330.213 


1893 


6,669.009 


1894 . . 


8, 286, 205 


1895 


10,158,001 


1890 


12,214.651 


1897 


14,254,732 
16,407,821 
18,720 277 


1898 


1899 


1900 


22,069.565 
25 054 589 


1901 


1902 


28, 6.58, 5.59 


1903.. .. 


32 166 495 


1904 


35, .308, ()81 


1905 


37,656 363 


1906 


39,517.317 


1907 


41, 148 133 


1908 


43,191,472 















The decreasing share of the Empire arises from the fact that the 
subsidies provided by the Imperial Government are for pensions, 
and, as shown in the preceding table, there is a rapid increase in the 
amount expended for benefits other than pensions; besides this fact, 
the average size of the pensions granted has tended to increase rap- 
idly and, since the imperial subsid}^ is a fixed sum per pension, the 
proportion of benefits paid by the EmpLi'e naturally decreases with 
the increase of the pensions. 



1414 



KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OE LABOK. 



SPECIAL TREATMENT OF INVALIDS. 



The work of the invalidity insurance system in providing special 
treatment to prevent the loss of earning power through diseases of 
long duration, such, for instance, as pulmonary tuberculosis, is of 
great importance. The operations of the invalidity insurance 
organizations in this connection are shown in the following tables 
for the period 1897 to 1908: 

NUMBER OF PERSONS AND NUMBER OF DAYS OF SPECIAL MEDICAL TREATMENT 
WHEREIN TREATMENT WAS COMPLETED, 1897 TO 1908. 
[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1907, 1908, 1909.] 





Special medical treatment, (a) 


Persons 

receiving 

other 
























Diseases other than 


medical 






Pulmonary tuberculosis. 


pulmonary tuber- 


treat- 


Year. 










culosis. 


ment (all 
diseases. 




Persons treated. 


Number of days of treatment. 


Persons 
treated. 


Number 
of days of 


including 
pulmo- 
nary 
















tubercu- 




Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Total. 




treatment. 


losis), (b) 


1897.... 


2,598 


736 


3,334 


189,218 


63, 678 


252,896 


5,888 


312,527 


1,342 


1898.... 


3,806 


1,104 


4,910 


278,643 


91,291 


369,934 


7,514 


378,869 


1,334 


1899 


6,032 


1,666 


7,698 


440,871 


131,343 


572, 214 


10,672 


529, 919 


1,669 


1900.... 


8,442 


2,652 


11,094 


610,687 


212, 650 


823,337 


14,031 


701,029 


2,302 


1901 


10,812 


3,844 


14,656 


781,200 


314, 207 


1,095,407 


15,185 


772,310 


2,869 


1902.... 


12, 187 


4,302 


16,489 


898,206 


350,967 


1,249,173 


16,033 


805,439 


3,427 


1903.... 


14,937 


5,211 


20, 148 


1,107,793 


431, 115 


1,538,908 


19, 629 


963,157 


3,816 


1904.... 


16,957 


6,520 


23,477 


1,265,437 


520,497 


1,785,934 


20, 608 


989,966 


5,406 


1905 


19,085 


7,536 


26,621 


1,395,666 


592, 602 


1,988,268 


22,322 


1,031,088 


7,477 


1906.... 


21,959 


9,063 


31,022 


1,584,263 


728,587 


2, 312, 850 


24,566 


1,100,738 


11,295 


1907.... 


22,258 


9,816 


32,074 


1,582,777 


793,712 


2,376,489 


26,737 


1,219,497 


15,212 


1908.... 


26,437 


12,288 


38,725 


1,871,780 


962,640 


2,834,420 


29,412 


1,350,375 


18,853 



a By '-special medical treatment" is meant more or less prolonged treatment in hospitals, sanatoriums, 
convalescent institutes, bath establishments, etc., as vt^ell as care in the home. 

b In "other treatment" is included treatment in physician's office, as well as single visits, with furnishing 
of medicines, artificial limbs, etc. 

RESULTS OF SPECIAL TREATMENT WHEREIN TREATMENT WAS COMPLETED, 1897 

TO 1908. 
[Source: Statistik der Heilbehandlung, Beihefte, Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 

1902-1909.1 

I. PULMONAEY TUBEECULOSIS, MALES AND FEMALES. 
(A) CASES WHEREIN DISABILITY WAS REMOVED OR ARRESTED. 





Persons treated. 


Days of treatment. 


Cost of treatment. 


Year. 


Number. 


Per cent 

of all 
persons 
treated. 


Number. 


Per cent 
OfaU 

days of 
treat- 
ment. 


Days of 
treat- 
ment per 
person. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of total 
cost of 
treat- 
ment. 


Per 
person 
treated. 


Per day 

of 

treats 

ment. 


1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 


2,465 
3,623 
5,696 
8,037 
11,249 
12,885 
16,047 
18, ()34 
21,788 
25, 749 
26, 287 
31,979 


69 
74 
74 
72 
77 
78 
80 
79 
82 
83 
82 
83 


190,306 

292, 632 

446,318 

629,446 

868,473 

1,051,810 

1,324,133 

1,531,221 

1,761,968 

2,054,502 

2,093,768 

2,500,476 


72 
79 
78 
76 
79 
84 
86 
86 
89 
89 
88 
88 


77 
81 
78 
78 
77 
82 
83 
82 
81 
80 
80 
78 


$182, 283 

292,886 

443,093 

680,710 

962, 485 

1,167,197 

1,507,934 

1,726,485 

2,045,127 

2,423,100 

2,501,246 

3,113,600 


72.42 
79.56 
77.52 
75.96 
80.32 
83.71 
85.51 
85.60 
88.77 
88.66 
88.42 
88.36 


$73.95 
80.84 
77.79 
84.70 
85.56 
90.59 
93.97 
92.65 
93.86 
94.10 
95.15 
97.36 


$0.96 
1.00 
.99 
1.08 
1.11 
1.11 
1.14 
1.13 
1.16 
1.18 
1.19 
1.24 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY, 



1415 



RESULTS OF SPECIAL TREATMENT WHEREIN TREATMENT WAS COMPLETED, 1897 

TO 1908— Concluded. 

I. PuLMONARV TuBERCULO.si.s, MALES AND FEMALES— Concluded. 

(n) CASKS WHEREIN DISABILITY WAS NOT REMOVED. 





Persons treated. 


Days of treatment. . 


Cost of treatment. 


Year. 


Number. 


Per cent 

of all 
persons 
treated. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of all 
days of 
treat- 
ment. 


Days of 
treat- 
ment per 
person. 


Amount. 


Per cent 
of total 
cost of 
treat- 
ment. 


Per 
person 
treated. 


Per day 
of 
treat- 
ment. 


1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

19a5 

1906 

1907 

1908 


1,103 
1,287 
2, 002 
3,057 
3.407 
3,604 
4.101 
4,843 

4,8;« 

5,273 
5,787 
0,746 


31 
26 
26 
28 
23 
22 
20 
21 
18 
17 
18 
17 


73.295 
77,302 
125,896 
193,891 
226,934 
197,363 
214,775 
254,713 
226, .300 
258, .348 
282.721 
333,944 


28 
21 
22 
24 
21 
16 
14 
14 
11 
11 
12 
12 


60 
00 
63 
63 
67 
55 
52 
53 
47 
49 
49 
50 


f 69, 422 
75,242 
128,501 
215,. 399 
2.35,797 
227, 153 
255,525 
290, 394 
258, 602 
309, 862 
327,644 
410,252 


27.58 
20. 44 
22. 48 
24.04 
19. 68 
16.29 
14.42 
14.40 
11.23 
11.. 34 
11.. 58 
11.64 


$62. 94 
58.46 
64.19 
70.46 
69. 21 
63.03 
62.31 
.59. 96 
53.51 
58.76 
56. 62 
60.81 


$0.95 
.97 
1.02 
1.11 
1.04 
1.15 
1.19 
1.14 
1.14 
1.20 
1.10 
1.23- 



II. Dl.SEA.SES OTHER THAN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS, MALES AND FEMALES. 
(A) CASES WHEREIN DISABILITY WAS REMOVED. 



1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
\W^ 
1904 
1905 
190(5 
1907 



3.797 


68 


204,741 


69 


54 


$155,444 


71.87 


$40. 94 


5.451 


73 


278, 272 


73 


51 


216,104 


75.90 


39.64 


7,531 


71 


375,777 


71 


50 


286,412 


74.68 


.38.03 


10,145 


72 


502,8.31 


72 


50 


425,950 


74. 91 


41.99 


11,210 


74 


.562,714 


73 


50 


499,288 


75. 36 


44.54 


11,974 


75 


597,600 


74 


50 


570, 160 


77.53 


47.62 


15,092 


77 


739,209 


77 


49 


746, 413 


79.47 


49. 46 


16,346 


79 


784,897 


79 


48 


789,921 


81.79 


48.33 


18, 2a5 


82 


853, 721 


83 


47 


909,933 


85.28 


49.82 


20, 1.38 


82 


910.223 


&3 


45 


%7,037 


85.08 


48.02 


22, 198 


83 


1.030.429 


84 


46 


1.140,920 


86. f>3 


51.40 


24,343 


83 


1,140.059 


84 


47 


1,266,987 


85.96 


52.05 



$0. 70 

.78 

.76 

.85 

.89 

.95 

1.01 

1.01 

1.07 

1.06 

1.11 

1.11 



(B) CASES WHEREIN DISABILITY WAS NOT REMOVED. 



1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
190:} 
1904 
19a5 
1906 
1907 



1,776 


32 


92, 450 


31 


52 


$(;n.S44 


28. 13 


%.\\. 20 


2,063 


27 


100,597 


27 


49 


(«, 599 


24. 10 


33.25 


3,141 


29 


1.54, 142 


29 


49 


97, 130 


25. .32 


30.92 


3,886 


28 


198, 198 


28 


51 


142,647 


25.09 


36.71 


3.975 


26 


209,596 


27 


* 53 


163,263 


24.64 


41.07 


4,059 


25 


207,8.39 


26 


51 


165.240 


22.47 


40.71 


4.5.37 


23 


223.888 


23 


49 


192, 799 


20. 53 


42.49 


4,262 


21 


205,069 


21 


48 


175,841 


18.21 


41.26 


4.a57 


18 


177,367 


17 


44 


1.57.067 


14.72 


.38. 72 


4.428 


18 


190.515 


17 


43 


169,558 


14.92 


38.29 


4.. 539 


17 


189.0(>8 


16 


42 


176. 061 


13.. 37 


38. 79 


5,069 


17 


210.316 


16 


41 


2()C.,y(U 


14.01 


40. 83 



.SO. 06 
.68 
.63 
.72 
.78 
.80 



Tlie first table indicates the scope of the work as far as the number 
of persons is concerned. In 1908 the number given special treat- 
ment for pulmonary tuberculosis was 38,725, the number given 
special treatment for other diseases was 29,412, and the number 
given other kind of treatment was 18,853, or, together, 8G,990 per- 
sons were provided with medical treatment which was in the main 
preventive in its nature. Of the persons granted special (i. e. more or 
loss prolonged) medical treatment, the cases of pulmonary tubercu- 
losis wore in the great majority. The number of days of special 
treatment are likewise principally for pulmonary tuberculosis. 
40598°— 10 90 



1416 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



In the second of the precedmg tables the data presented for the 
cases given special treatment are classified by the results of the treat- 
ment shown. The results of treatment among the cases of pulmo- 
nary tuberculosis show for the last five years that in about 80 per 
cent of the cases treated the disability was removed. This high 
proportion is probably due to the selection of cases for treatment 
which promise favorable results. The average duration of treat- 
ment per person in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis wherein the disa- 
bility was removed has remained at about 80 days during the 
last five years. The average amount expended per case of this 
kind has gradually increased, and in 1908 was but little short of 
SlOO per case. The cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in which disa- 
bility was not removed received shorter average periods of treat- 
ment than the cases wherein the disease was arrested, it being natural 
to discontinue treatment as soon as it becomes evident that favorable 
progress is not being made. 



NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF PENSIONS GRANTED. 

The total number of persons in receipt of pensions at the close of 
each year since 1896 is shown in the following table: 

NUMBER OF PERSONS ON THE PENSION ROLLS OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE 

INSTITUTES, 1896 TO 1909. 





[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1903- 


L9i0.] 






Year (December 31). 


Current pensions at the close of 
the year. 




Invalidity 
pensions. 


Sick 
pensions. 


Old-age 
pensions. 


1896 


101,670 
210,859 
264,899 
324,319 
405,335 
486,915 
574,842 
663,140 
734,955 
780,701 
814,575 
841,992 
868,086 
893,585 




203,955 


1897 




203,644 


1898 




201 , 329 


1899 


195,133 


1900 


5,ii8 
8,700 
12,145 
14,186 
16,985 
20,140 
22,097 
20,079 
19.087 
18.502 


183 472 


1901 - .... ... 


179,450 


1902 


168,550 


1903 


156,620 


1904 


145,466 


1905 


134,100 


190(3 


125.603 


1907 


116,887 


1908 


108,637 


1909 


102,302 







The number of invalidity pensions has each 3-ear increased without 
interruption since 1896, while the number of old-age pensions has 
each year decreased since 1896; the number of old-age pensions cur- 
rent on December 31, 1909, was practically one-half of the number 
current on December 31, 1896. The large number of persons granted 
old-age pensions — about 133,000 — at the beginning of the system in 
1891 and the high death rate of persons over 70 probably accounts 
for the rapid decrease in the number of pensioners since 1896. The 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY 



1417 



predominance of the invalidity pensions emphasizes the fact that 
the insurance system is primarily an invalidity insurance sA'stem as 
distinguished from an old-age insurance system. 

The number of j^ensions for sickness increased steadily from 1900 
up to 1000, but since then has shown a tendency to decrease. The 
number of sick pensions granted during the year 1908 was 12,209; 
the number of pensioners on the rolls at the close of the year 1908 was 
19,087, being ap])roximatoly one and one-half times tlic number 
granted during the year. 

The number of pensions and number of returns of contributions, 
Together with the average amount of each, are shown in the following 
table for the vears 1891 to 1908: 



NUMBER AND AVERAGE AMOUNT OF PENSIONS GRANTED AND CONTRIBUTIONS 

RETURNED, 1891 TO 1903. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrlchten dos Rclchs-Verslcherungsanits, 1893-1910.] 





Pensions for— 


Return of contributions on account of— 


Year. 


Invalidit.v. 


Sickness. Old age. 


Marriage. 


Accident. 


Death. 




Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
amt. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
amt. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
amt. 


Num- 


Aver- 
age 
amt. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
amt. 


Num- 
ber. 


Aver- 
age 
amt. 


1S91 


31 


S'>7. 01 






132,920 
42,128 
31,083 
33,871 
30,144 
25,953 
22,320 
19,. 525 
17,. 320 
19,790 
14.7,^9 
12,810 
12,374 
12,009 
10.716 
10.7.39 
10, 769 
11,003 


S29. 51 
30. 45 














1892 


17,784 57. .'i."i 



















1893 


35.177 
47.385 
55,983 
64.450 
75,740 
84,781 
96,66.5 
124,. 588 
129,234 
141,481 
150,200 
142,290 
124,111 
111,88.5 
112,184 
117,224 


28.17 
28.97 
29.09 
30.33 
30.82 
31.35 
31.51 
33.81 
34.82 
3.5.04 
30. 24 
30. 92 
37. 95 
38.77 
39.52 
40.53 


.. . 




30.97 
30. 05 
31.54 
31.95 
32.55 
33. 10 
33. 94 
34.04 
35. 80 
30.41 
30.98 
37.41 
37.87 
38.27 
38.47 
38. 83 














1S94 














1 


1895 






8,245 
63,444 
99,805 
121,977 
135,097 
156, 188 
158,111 
153,289 
154,349 
154,310 
151,852 
153,224 
152,478 
151,327 


S4.72 
5. (io 
0.24 
0.81 

7 20 

7. 57 
7.84 

8 12 
8.40 

8. 02 
8.8.3 
8.97 
9.15 
9.25 






2,271 
10,700 
22,537 
25,811 
30,307 
34.127 
32.2.58 
32,027 
32,577 
32,. 523 
33,941 
32,827 
35,403 
36,774 


S<3. 70 


1896 











7.52 


1897 






8.54 


189S 










9.01 


1899 










10.07 


1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1900 

1907 

1908 


6, 403 
7,391 
8,095 
8,977 
10,517 
11,8.33 
12,509 
11,. 5.37 
12,209 


$35.10 
30.11 
30.08 
37.11 
37.81 
38. 25 
38.80 
39.57 
40.44 


234 
300 
509 
770 
8.57 
70)5 
710 
616 
587 


$11.27 
12. 02 
13. P2 
15.0? 
10. 13 
17.95 
18 07 
19.70 
21.13 


11.08 
12.97 
14.18 
15. 45 
10. 00 
17.87 
19.14 
20.33 
21.52 



The number of invalidity pensions granted each year increased 
steadily up to the year 1903 and since that 3'ear has fluctuated, 
though the tendency during the last three 3'ears has been for the 
number to increase. The number of old-age pensions granted each 
year showed a tendency to decrease from 1891 to 1905, since which 
time the number has varied but little. The number of sickness 
pensions granted in 1908 was 10.4 per cent of the number of inva- 
lidity pensions; from the preceding table, giving the total number 
of current sickness pensions, it is evident that these pensions are 
either soon converted into invalidity pensions or the pensioner soon 
recovers his worldng capacity. 

The benefits in the form of return of contributions on the occasion 
of marriage have fluctuated but little during the last five years given 



1418 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



in the table. As far as the number of payments of the benefit in the 
form of return of contributions is concerned, the return in case of 
accident is the least important feature of the system of benefits. 
The return of contributions in case of death practically amounts to a 
burial benefit in the invalidity insurance system; on the whole the 
payments of this kind, both in number and amount, have tended to 
increase during the period that the insurance system has been in 
operation. 

The data relating to the average size of the pensions paid show that 
in recent years the invalidity pensions as a rule have been slightly 
higher than the old-age pensions, though at the beginning of the 
system the reverse was true. There is but little difference between 
the average amount of the invalidity pensions and the sickness 
pensions. The tendency of all classes of pensions to increase corre- 
sponds to the increase in the average rate of dues paid by the insured 
persons, and the same naturally applies in the case of the return of 
contributions. 

RESERVE. 



The amount of the reserve of the invalidity insurance organiza- 
tions since the creation of the system is shown in the following table: 

RESERVE OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES AT THE CLOSE OF EACH 

YEAR, 1891 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 





Value of securities, etc., comprising the reserve of— 


Year. 


Territorial institutes. 


Special institutes. 


All institutes. 




Par value. 


Purchase 
price. 


Par value. 


Purchase 
price. 


Par value. 


Purchase 
price. 


1891 


$18,866,097 
37,325,050 
55,772,682 
74,058,043 
92,333,5,52 
111,093,533 
129,715,980 
148,570,225 
168,539,919 
186.813,599 
204,947,098 
221,937,570 
238,004,890 
255,213,109 
272,115,891 
289,804,574 
, .308,121,513 
326,415,780 


$18,198,710 
36,024,509 
53,927,826 
72,249,891 
90,627,043 
109,418,457 
128,049,318 
146,856,243 
166,671,884 
184,777,601 
202,780,641 
219.702,509 
236,316,967 
252,869,192 
269,726,653 
287,331,517 
305,789,450 
324,021,580 


(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

(«) 

(a) 
$10,412,394 
18,237,983 
19,941,700 
21.590.915 
23,152,119 
24,662,837 
26,352,512 
28.260,098 
30,397,590 


(a) 

(«) 

(a) 
(a) 

(«) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 
$16,513,053 
18,359,958 
20,077,143 
21,741,912 
23,307,309 
24,807,915 
26,477,583 
28,378,651 
30, 505, 746 


(a) 
(«) 

(«) 

(a) 
(«) 
(«) 

$203, 225, 993 
223,185.081 
241,879,270 
260.195.805 
278.365.228 
296, 778, 728 
316,157,086 
336,381,611 
356,813,370 


(a) 


1892 


(4 
(«) 

(a) 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


(a) 


1897 


(o) 


1898 


(a) 


1899 


1900 


$201,290,654 


1901 


221,140,599 


1902 


239,779,652 


1903 


258,058,879 


1904 


276,176,501 


1905 


294, 534, 568 


1906 


313,809,100 


1907 


334, 168, 101 


1908 


354,527,326 



a Not reported. 

The special insurance institutes were not required to make reports 
previous to the year 1900. It is estimated that in 1908 the number 
of insured persons was approximately 15,000,000; as the total 
amount of the reserve in 1908 was $354,500,000, this means an aver- 
age reserve of about $24 per insured person. The total number of 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1419 



persons receiving pensions (invalidity, sickness, and old age) at the 
close of the year 1908 was slightly less than 1,000,000 (sec page 
141C), making the average reserve per person receiving a pension of 
about S3o4. 

The average net return from the investments of the invalidity 
insurance institutes is shown in the following table for the years 1891 
to 1908: 

AVERAGE NET RATE PER CENT OF INTEREST OBTAINED FROM THE INVESTMENT 
OF THE RESERVE OF TUE INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES, 1891 TO 1908. 

(Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 



Class of institute. 


rer cent of interest obtained in— 


1891. 


1892. 


1893. 


1894. 


1895. 


1896. 


1897. 


1898. 


1899. 


Territorial institutes 

Special institutes 


3.G7 


3.G7 


3.C6 
(«) 


3.65 

(«) 
(a) 


3.58 


3.53 
(«) 

(a) 


3.49 

(«) 
(a) 


3.49 

(«) 
(a) 


3.50 

(a) 


All institutes.. 


(a) 







Class of institute. 






Per 


cent of interest obtained 


in— 






1900. 


1901. 


1902. 


1903. 


1904. 


1905. 


1900. 


1907. 


1908. 


Territorial institutes 


3.53 
3.50 
3.53 


3.56 
3.56 
3.56 


3.55 
3.56 
3.55 


3.54 
3.56 
3.54 


3.53 
3.56 
3.54 


3.53 
3. 50 
3. 53 


3.53 
3.58 
3.53 


3.54 
3.59 
3.55 


3.56 
3. 03 


Ail institutes. 


3.57 







a Not reported. 

The average rate obtained from the investments by the territorial 
institutes has changed but little during the last nine years included in 
the table; the average rate obtained by the special invalidity insti- 
tutes has shown a tendency to increase somewhat, and in the year 
1908 was the highest of any year included in the table. 

The various classes of investment used by the invalidity insurance 
institutes during the period 1900 to 1908 are shown in the following 
table: 

PROrORTION OF THE RESERVE INVESTED IN THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF SECURI- 
TIES, 1900 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-VersicherungsanUs, 1910.] 



Class of securities. 


Amount per $1,000 of the 


reserve invested in 


each class. 


1900. 


1901. 


1902. 


1903. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1907. 1 1908. 

1 


Bonds of the Empire 


$34 

129 
331 
281 
ISO 

26 
16 


$35 

120 
321 
284 
188 
3 
34 
15 


$32 

119 

314 

286 

194 

4 

38 

13 


$31 

116 

310 

283 

201 

4 

41 

14 


$29 

112 

305 

281 

207 

5 

43 

18 


$29 

108 

297 

284 

212 

5 

44 

21 


S27 

104 

288 

203 

218 

6 

46 

18 


j 
S25 .'<''4 


Bonds of Gcnnan states, bonds of railroads 
guaranteed by the states 


99 

273 

310 

223 

6 

49 

15 


97 


Bonds of communes, etc. 


2.58 


Bonds of parishes, school bonds, etc 


318 


Mortgages on real estate, etc 

Deposits in savings funds 


23. 


Real estate owned 


51 


Cash on hand Including deposits In banks 


14 



The investment in which tlic highest percentage of the reserve was 
placed in 1908, consisted of bonds of parishes, of school bonds, etc., 
and there has been a tendencv since 1900 to make increasing use of 



1420 



KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



this class of investment. The bonds of communes and similar local 
governments rank next in frequency; mortgages on real estate forxned 
the third highest group and show a tendency to increase rapidl3\ 
The three classes of investments just mentioned included over 80 per 
cent of the reserve in 1908. The value of the real estate owned 
formed a small proportion of the reserve, though there is a tendency 
for the proportion to increase. There has been a decrease in the 
proportion of the reserve invested in bonds of the Empire and of the 
various federated States, due, it is stated, to the fact that the net 
interest rate on this class of securities is lower than the rate secured 
for the other classes. 

On page 1376 mention was made of the scope of article 164 of the 
invalidity insurance law permitting the investment of not jnore than 
one-half of the reserve in institutions or purposes for the general 
welfare of the persons included in the insurance. The following 
table shows the investments of this class by the invalidity institutes 
for the even years 1900 to 1908 : 

INVESTMENTS OF THE RESERVE FOR WELFARE AND BETTERMENT PURPOSES BY 
THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES IN EVEN YEARS, 1900 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1909.] 





1900. 


1902. 


1904. 


190G. 


1908. 


(a) Building of workmen's dwellings, 


818, 594, 756 
13, 078,, 127 

12, 838, 763 
2,772,316 


S24, 620, 078 
16, 060, 184 

30, 407, 727 
5,807,971 


831,699,579 S41 . ns.^ .381 


550,975.921 
22, 810, 931 

80, 930, 900 


(b) Aids to agriculture, such as land mort- 
gages, branch railroads, road improve- 
ments , stock raising , betterments , etc ... . 

(c) Building of hospitals, convalescent 
institutes, sanatoriums, homes for the 
blind, etc., building of slaughter-houses, 


17,481,798 
42,436,354 


18, 801, 397 
.58. 437. 691 


(d) Building of institutions for use of the 
invalidity insurance, such as hospitals, 
sanatoriums, tuberculosis institutes, etc. . 


7,8.58,999 , 9,708,923 


12,788,145 


Total 


47, 283, 962 


76,890,500 


99.476,730 T^8.n93..39-^ 


173,505,897 











The total amount of the reserve invested in this manner in 1908 
was $173,505,897 as compared vv'ith $47,283,962 in 1900. While the 
groups of investments shown in the table are too large to show spe- 
cifically the type of investment regarded with the most favor, the 
group marked ''c" in 1908 had almost one-half of the total amount 
invested in this manner and shows the most rapid rate of increase 
since 1900. The investments in the group marked ^'d," including 
institutions, etc., which the insurance organizations put up for their 
own use, form the smallest proportion of investments of this kind. 
The most conspicuous feature of the table is the great variety of in- 
vestments which have been made under authority of the clause con- 
tained in article 164. 

The nature of the '^ general reserve" of the invalidity insurance 
system and its function in defraying the ''general cost" are explained 
on page 1385. The operations of the general reserve since its insti- 
tution in 1900 are shown in the following table: 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY, 



1421 



"GENERAL RESERVE" AND "GENERAL COST" OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE 

SYSTEM, 1900 TO 1908. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versichemiigsamts, 1910.] 





Operations of the ''general reserve." 


"General 
cost" de- 
frayed from 
the general 
reserve. 




Year. 


Amount 

at be- 

ginninj; of 

year. 


Amount 
added from 
tlie contri- 
butions of 
the current 
year. 


Interest 

added dur- 

in? the 

j-ear. 


Total. 


Amount of 

tlie general 

reserve at 

close of 

the year. 


1900 




812,258,044 
12,834,246 
13,231,446 
13,925,525 
14,669,159 
15,354,983 
16,196,011 
17,020,835 
17,540,061 


5137,913 
240,871 
325,081 
382,560 
418,191 
437, 593 
453,910 
470,876 
508,199 


S12,390,8.J7 
16,291,329 
19,430,779 
21,838,016 
23,526,119 
24,6-20,880 
25, 70ti, 746 
27,010,757 
28, 410, 723 


SO. ISO, 645 
10,417,077 
11,900.848 
13,399,247 
14,697,815 
15,564,055 
16,193,700 
16,648,294 
17,134,858 


$3,216,212 


1901 


$3,216,212 
5,874,252 
7,529,931 
8, 438, 7(i9 
8,828,304 
9,056,825 
9,513,046 

10,362,463 


5, 874, 252 


1902 

1903 


7,529,931 
8, 438, 769 


1904 


8,828,304 


1905 


9, 05(), 825 


1906 -' 


9,513,046 


1907 


10,3C.2,463 


1908 


11,275,865 







In the nine years since the creation of this reserve the amount of 
the ''general cost" has almost doubled. The amount of the ''gen- 
eral reserve" has increased rapidly during the same period and in 
190S was approximately two-thirds of the "general cost" for that 
year. 

LITIGATION. 



Though the term litigation is not exactly applicable to the contro- 
versies which arise under the administration of the invalidity insur- 
ance law, it is used here to describe the controversies between the 
insurance organizations and insured persons in regard to benefits 
granted in accordance with the procedure described on page 137S. 

The following table shows the number of decisions rendered b}' the 
insurance institutes wliich are subject to appeal, and the number of 
appeals taken from such decisions to the arbitration courts for the 
period 1891 to 1909: 

NUMBER OF DECISIONS MADE BY INSURANCE INSTITUTES AND NUMBER OF 
APPEALS MADE THEREFROM, 1891 TO 1909. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] 



Year. 



Number of deci- 
sions of the insur- 
ance institutes 
relating to— 



I Return 
Pensions.! of contri- 
I bution. 



1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
189() 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 



163, 

82, 
79, 
97, 
104, 
113, 
121, 
128, 
136, 
170, 



86, 527 
130,815 
155,801 
171,872 
194,142 



Number 

ol appeals 

made 

from 

decisions. 



16.553 
19,441 
13,550 
15,831 
18.819 
30, 643 
20,009 
20, 716 
20.0<i7 
16,835 



Year. 



i 1901 
I 1902 
I 19a3 
' 1904 
1905 

; 1906 

1907 

I 1908 

1909 



Number of deci- 
sions of the insur- 
ance institutes 
relatino; to - 



I Return 
Pensions, of contri- 
bution. 



Number 
of api)eal3 

made 

from 
decisions. 



177,106 
193,733 
207,414 
202. .533 
189,305 
181,249 
181,858 
180,907 
189, 424 



196,373 


193 


2(iS 


197 


924 


197 


838 


196,392 


197 


729 


199, 265 


199 


455 


197 


313 



18.213 
22,092 
23,816 
27,584 
2.5, 823 
2t). 402 
25.923 
27, 487 
28,831 



1422 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



It is stated elsewhere in the official report that in 1909 the number 
of decisions rendered in cases relating to pensions included 93.5 per 
cent of invahdity cases and 6.5 per cent of old-age cases; of the 
decisions rendered 71.4 per cent related to determination of pensions 
granted, 21.1 per cent were disallowals of pensions, 6.9 per cent were 
^\athdrawals of pensions, and 0.6 per cent related to other subjects. 

The last column of the preceding table indicates that there has 
been a tendency for the number of appeals to increase during the 
last ten years. 

The number of appeals, complaints, etc., pending and the number 
settled by decision of the arbitration courts and settled otherwise, 
is shown in the following table for the years 1891 to 1909: 

NUMBER OF APPEALS TO BE DECIDED AND NUMBER OF DECISIONS RENDERED, 1891 

TO 1909. 



[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1892 to 1910.] 






Number 

of 
appeals, 

com- 
plaints, 
etc., to be 
decided. 


Decisions rendered. 


Year 


Total 
number. 


Appeals decided by judgment 
of arbitration courts. 




Number. 


Per cent 
in favor 
of insti- 
tutes. 


Per cent 
in favor 

of 
insured 
persons. 


1891 


16, 581 
23, 935 

17, 892 
19,619 
23, 575 
25, 855 
25, 265 
25,717 
25, 189 
16, 835 
18,213 
22, 092 
23, 816 
27, 584 
31,675 
32, 015 
30,807 
33,121 
34, 191 


12,087 

19, 593 
14,104 
14, 863 
18,363 

20, 599 
20,264 
20, 595 
21,414 
13, 800 
14, 707 
18,096 
19, 393 
22, 418 
26, 774 
28,083 
26,112 
28, 580 
29, 158 


8,477 
14, 613 
10,319 
10,663 
13,257 
15, 124 
14,845 
15, 070 
15, 713 

9,791 
11,452 
14,527 
15, 426 
18, 107 
22, 591 
24, 085 
22, 183 
24, 484 
25, 023 


61.8 
68.1 
67.1 
67.6 
73.0 
75.6 
76.1 
74.7 
74.3 
77.3 
80.9 
82.2 
83.2 
84.3 
83.6 
83.0 
81.3 
81.6 
81.3 


38.2 


1892 


31.9 


1893 


32.9 


1894 


32.4 


1895 


27.0 


1896 


24 4 


1897 


23.9 


1898 


25.3 


1899 


25.7 


1900 


22.7 


1901 ... 


19.1 


1902 


17.8 


1903 


16.8 


1904 


15.7 


190o 


16.4 


1906 


17.0 


1907 


18.7 


1908 


18.4 


1909 


18.7 







Obviously many of the appeals can not be decided during the year 
in which they. are made; in the year 1909 for instance, there were 
pending approximately 5,000- appeals, etc., which were not settled 
during that year. Of the 29,158 cases settled, 25,023 v/ere decided 
by judgment of the arbitration courts, the cases included in the num- 
ber comprising the difference between the two numbers being set- 
tled by compromise, by order for rehearing, etc. Of the appeals 
settled by decisions of the arbitration courts, by far the great ma- 
jority of the cases — over 80 per cent since the law of 1900 went into 
effect — have been decided in favor of the insurance institutes. 

The following table shows the number of appeals made to the 
imperial insurance office from decisions of the arbitration courts in 
invalidity insurance cases during the period 1891 to 1909: 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1423 



NUMBER OF APPEALS MADE TO IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE FROM DECISIONS OF 
COURTS OF ARBITRATION, 1891 TO 1909. 



[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1892 to 1910.] 






Number of appeals 
from decisions of 
arbitration courts. 


Appeals 
made per 
100 decis- 
ions of 
arbitra- 
tion 
courts. 


1 

Year. 
f 


Number of appeals 
from decisions of 
arbitration courts. 


Appeals 
made per 
100 decis- 


Ye-ir. 


Appeals 
by insur- 
ance in- 
stitutes. 


Appeals 

insured 
persons. 


Appeals 
by insur- 
ance in- 
stitutes. 


Appeals 

insured 
persons. 


ions of 
arbitra- 
tion 
courts. 


1891 


fKj2 

2,030 
2,106 
2,057 
2,643 
3,339 
3, 268 
3,000 
3,028 
2, (-.91 


7.'^2 
1,301 
859 
710 
789 
765 
559 
642 
538 
423 


16.33 
22. 79 
29.31 
26.00 
25.88 
27.14 
25.78 
24.57 
22. 69 
31.80 


1 
1901 


2,826 
3,486 
3,720 
4,207 
6,386 
5,583 
4,917 
5,595 
5,200 


347 

429 
400 
531 
652 
707 
638 
710 
901 


27 71 


1892 


1902 


20. 95 


1893 


19a3 


26. 75 


1894 


1904 


20.50 


1805 


1905 


26. 73 


1890 


1900 


2() 12 


1897 


1907 


25 04 


1898 


1908 


2.5. 75 


1899 


1909 - . 


24 02 


1900 











Since 1900 there has been a gradual though well-defined tendency 
for the number of appeals per 100 decisions rendered to decrease. 
The insurance institutes in 1909 made over 85 per cent of the appeals 
fded in that year. 

The following table shows the operations of the imperial insurance 
office as a court of last resort in deciding appeals in invalidity 
cases during the period 1891 to 1909: 

NUMBER OF APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COURTS AND NUMBER OF 
DECISIONS ON THESE APPEALS BY IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE, 1891 TO 1909. 



[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 


1892 to 1910.] 






Appeals 
on calen- 
dar of 
imperial 
insurance 
office. 


Decisions rendered by imperial insur- 
ance office. 




Total 
numljer. 


Decisions in form of judg- 
ments 


Year. 


Total 
numl:)er. 


Per cent 
affinning 
previous 
decision. 


Per cent 
modify- 
ing pre- 
vious de- 
cision or 
returning 
case for 
rehearing. 


1891 

1892 

1893 


1,-5.37 
4,515 
4,432 
3, 762 
4,507 
5, 327 


.593 
3,277 
3, .593 

2, 861 

3, 426 
4,046 
4,122 
3,939 
3, 721 
3. 464 
2,813 
3,176 
4, 278 
4,797 
5. 105 
5,488 
6,323 
6, 475 
5,990 


555 
3,020 
3,368 
2,654 
3,211 
3,800 
3,907 
3,748 
3,574 
3,040 
2,510 
2,770 
3,835 
4,327 
4,567 

4,7as 

5,799 
5,929 
5,433 


64.50 
60. 40 
67. 96 
68.77 
71.72 
74.92 
77.68 
75.72 
78.20 
65. 92 
74.58 
76.82 
76.53 
78.97 
79. 61 
.SO. 49 
78.43 
79. 85 
80.97 


3.5.50 
39.60 
32 04 


1894 

1895 


31.23 
28 28 


1890 


25 08 


1897 


5,245 
5,138 
4,822 
4,215 
3, 924 
5, 026 
5,976 
6, 496 
7,737 
8.922 
8,989 
8,971 
8,657 


2*? 3'' 


1898 


24 28 


1899 


21 80 


1900 


34.08 


1901 


25. 42 


1902 


23.18 


1903 


23.47 


1904 


21 03 


1905 


20.39 


1906 


10. 51 


1907 


21.57 


1908 


20.15 


1909 


19 03 







1424 



KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIOIs^EK OF LABOR. 



The number of cases decided by the imperial insurance office shows 
a rapid increase in the work of that institution; the number of deci- 
sions rendered in the form of judgments during the last three years 
has been the largest since the enactment of the original law of 1889. 
The last column of the table shows that the number of complete 
or partial modifications of the original decisions made by the im- 
perial insurance office is decreasing; most probably the decrease is 
due to a better understanding of the provisions of the law. 

SPECIAL STATISTICS OF INVALIDITY. 

Since 1900 data relating to the age of the persons receiving pen- 
sions of various kinds have been published in the annual reports of 
the invalidit}- insurance sj^stem. The following table shows the age 
of the persons granted pensions for invalidity, for sickness, and for 
old age during the period 1900 to 1908: 

NUMBER OF PENSIONS GRANTED EACH YEAR AND NUMBER PER 1,0C0 GRANTED AT 
SPECIFIED AGE OF PENSIONERS, 1900 TO 1908. 

A. INVALIDITY PENSIONS. 

[Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts. 1902-1910.] 





Pensions 
granted. 




Number 


per 1,000 of pensions granted at 


the age of— 




Year. 


20 to 

24 
years. 


25 to 

29 
years. 


30 to 

34 
years. 


35 to 

39 
years. 


40 to 

44 
years. 


45 to 

49 
years. 


50 to 

54 
years. 


55 to 

59 
years. 


60 to 

64 
years. 


05 to 

69 
years. 


70 years 
. and 
over. 


1900 .-. 


124, 588 
129, 234 
141,481 
150,209 
142, 296 
124,111 
111,885 
112,184 
117,224 


23 
26 
26 
26 
26 
28 
30 
29 
27 


38 
43 
44 
44 
44 
48 
47 
45 
45 


37 
37 
41 
40 
43 
46 
49 
48 
47 


40 
42 
44 
46 
45 
46 
45 
47 
48 


51 
53 
54 
54 
53 
53 
56 
57 
53 


67 
66 
68 
C8 
70 
71 


101 
107 
109 
108 
104 
98 


147 

150 
146 
149 
144 
140 
135 
139 
137 


198 
188 
204 
202 
203 
196 
193 
188 
188 


192 

187 
181 
176 
175 
175 
175 
178 
183 


106 


1901 


91 


1903 


83 


1903 


87 


1904 


93 


1905 


99 


1900 


70 


90 


104 


1907 


69 I 94 

70 93 


106 


1908 


109 











B. SICKNESS PENSIONS. 



1900. 
1901- 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 



6,463 


105 


151 


121 


126 


124 


118 


100 


89 


47 


10 




7,391 


97 


167 


126 


129 


123 


114 


113 


78 


38 


14 




8,695 


101 


165 


131 


130 


123 


115 


111 


73 


38 


12 




8,977 


109 


161 


139 


132 


121 


115 


108 


71 


36 


/ 




10,517 


96 


157 


140 


126 


122 


119 


116 


74 


39 


10 




11,833 


82 


144 


133 


119 


121 


129 


115 


89 


51 


16 




12,569 


86 


136 


131 


. 120 


123 


124 


119 


95 


50 


15 




11,537 


84 


128 


124 


119 


124 


124 


119 


102 


57 


18 


1 


12,209 


82 


130 


125 


121 


117 


121 


118 


108 


01 


16 









C. OLD-AGE 


PENSIONS. 










Total 
old-age 
pensions 
granted. 


Number per 1,000 of pensions granted at the age of— 


Year. 


70 years. 


71 years. 


72 years. 


73 years. 


74 years. 


75 to 79 
years. 


80 5'ears 
and over. 


1900 


19, 790 
14,759 
12,816 
12,374 
12, 009 
10,710 
10, 739 
10, 769 
11,003 


581 
705 
730 
751 
773 
794 
787 
789 
796 


240 
204 
198 
189 
180 
107 
175 
167 
102 


70 
3S 
30 
30 
24 
20 
20 
24 
22 


32 
19 
13 
12 
9 
9 
8 
9 
10 


21 
9 

5 
5 
3 
5 
5 
4 


43 
19 
11 
10 
7 
5 

t 

5 


13 


1901 

1902 


C 
5 


1903 


3 


1904 


2 


1905 


o 


1906 

1907 

1908 


1 
1 
1 







CHAPTER V. WOEKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1425 

The purpose of the preceding table is to show the relative propor- 
tion of cases of invalidity occurring at the ages indicated. Other 
things being equal, and if the data covered a period of suflicient 
length, the change in the age of the pensioners would denote a 
change in- the trade life of the wage-earning population insured under 
the system. As there has been practically no change in the insur- 
ance s^^stem since the law of 1899 went into effect, the tendencies 
disclosed b}' the 9 years' operations shown in the preceding table 
are of interest as indicating the possible changes in the age at which 
workers become invalids. 

During the period 1900 to 1909, the proportion of invalidity pen- 
sions granted shows a tendency to decrease in the higher ages, such 
as those over 50; the proportion of pensions granted to persons over 
70 is, however, an exception to this tendency. The proportion of 
invalidity pensions granted to the age groups under 50 shows a ten- 
dency to increase corresponding to the decrease in the higher age 
groups. 

The second of the preceding tables shows the number of sickness 
pensions or pensions for temporary invalidity granted at the ages 
specified. The proportions shown in this table are apt to fluctuate 
more than those in the first table, because the total number of cases 
on which the computations are based is much smaller than in the case 
of the invalidity pensions. The table indicates that there has been a 
general tendency for the number of pensions of this class to decrease 
in the younger age groups and to increase correspondingly in the 
age groups 50 to 64. 

The third table shows the number of old-age pensions granted at 
the various ages; the right to the pension begins with the age of 70, 
subject to the conditions explained on page 1368. The table indi- 
cates that there has been a tendency to accept pensions more 
promptly at the age of 70. 

The occupation groups of the persons granted invalidity pensions 
during the periods 1891 to 1895 and 1896 to 1899 are shown by age 
groups and by sex in the following table: 

NUMBER OF PERSONS PER 1,000 CASES RECEIVING INVALIDITY PENSIONS, IN 
SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS, FOR THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1S99, BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS. 

[Source: Statistik der Ursachen der Erwerbsunfiihigkeit (Invaliditiit): Beibeft zu Amtliche Nachrichten 
des Reichs-Versicheningsamts, 1898, 1903.] 



Occupation group. 



Period. 



i20 to 25 to'so to .3.5 to 


40 to 45 to 50 to 


55 to 60 to 


i"- 


29. 


34. 


3.. 


44. 


49. 


54. 1 59. 


64. 


13 


18 


21 


27 


40 


69 


99 


157 


249 


18 


24 


27 


34 


43 


65 


100 


165 


256 


21 


34 


46 


58 


78 


98 


138 


167 


186 


30 


48 


52 


66 


74 


101 


1-29 


161 


1S4 


17 


38 


50 


63 


66 


87 


119 


146 


197 


29 


53 


57 


07 


75 


88 


111 


152 


191 


12 


26 


41 


58 


69 


90 


104 


143 


222 


18 


31 


37 


46 


57 


80 


105 


154 


240 



69. 



Agriculture, forestry, etc (1896^1899 

Industries, milling, building trades, etc JjJ^^J^}!^ 

Commerce and transportation {l896^1899 

Household service, day labor, etc 11896^1899 



317 
268 
174 
155 
217 
177 
235 
232 



1426 



KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER OF PERSONS PER 1,000 CASES RECEIVING INVALIDITY PENSIONS, IN 
SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS, FOR THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY 
GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS— Concluded. 



Occupation group. 


Period. 


20 to 

24. 


25 to 
29. 


30 to 
34. 


35 to 
39. 


40 to 
44. 


45 to 
49. 


50 to 

54. 


55 to 
59. 


CO to 
64. 


65 to 
69. 


MALES— concluded. 

Military, civil, etc., service and liberal 
professions. 

Domestic service in home of the em- 
ployer. 


/1891-1895 
\189G-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 

/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 

fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
11891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/ 1891-1895 
\189G-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/ 1891-1895 
\1896-1899 

/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


11 
18 
17 

28 


8 
18 
45 
65 


15 
23 
56 
37 


24 
27 
63 

56 


31 
32 

62 
53 


53 
57 
113 
103 


78 
101 
121 

93 


148 
158 
127 
149 


248 
259 
190 
211 


384 
307 
206 
205 


Total 


17 
25 


27 
38 


35 
42 


45 
52 


61 
60 


81 
85 


118 
115 


160 
101 


214 
216 


242 




206 


FEMALES. 

Agriculture, forestry, etc 


28 

46 

K6 

60 

25 

33 

4 

9 

7 

4 

49 

58 


30 
47 
56 
67 
30 
47 
4 
12 
20 
21 
51 
71 


25 
38 
51 
56 
25 
40 
10 
10 
20 
27 
42 
58 


33 
40 
54 
60 
30 
31 
15 
14 
27 
35 
39 
51 


49 
48 
69 
65 
54 
44 
28 
31 
74 
47 
46 
53 


73 
77 
87 
87 
64 
81 
44 
61 
77 
76 
.65 
74 


116 
118 
125 
118 
100 
109 
100 
109 
94 
99 
104 
103 


ICO 
1G5 
139 
148 
170 
179 
157 
182 
195 
164 
151 
143 


231 
219 
174 
178 
218 
228 
2G5 
282 
252 
293 
218 
209 


255 


Industries, mining, building trades, etc. 
Commerce and transportation 


202 
189 
161 
284 


Household service, day labor, etc 

Military, civil, etc., service and liberal 
professions. 

Domestic service in home of the em- 
ployer. 


208 
373 

290 
234 
234 
235 
180 


Total 


38 

48 


39 
54 


35 

44 


38 
45 


52 
53 


72 
78 


114 
114 


153 
158 


216 

212 


243 




194 



The term ''invalidity" as used in these tables must be understood as 
defined on page 1365. The purpose of the table is to show the ages at 
which invalidity occurs most frequently in the different occupation 
groups, the total number of invalidity pensions granted in each group 
of occupations being assumed to be 1,000. 

The totals for all occupations indicate that in the later period 
there was a tendency to grant invalidity pensions at an earlier age 
both in the case of males and of females, this tendency being most 
probably due to the efforts being made to stamp out pulmonary 
tuberculosis, as well as the readier recognition of this disease as a cause 
of invalidity. For the males in the various occupation groups, the 
rate in the group designated as military, civil, etc., service and liberal 
professions presents the most favorable showing in that it has the 
smallest proportion of invalidity cases in the younger age groups; 
the occupation group agriculture, forestry, etc., ranks next in this 
respect, while the highest rate of invalidity cases is found in the 
younger age groups in the occupation group commerce and transpor- 
tation. 

For the females in the various occupations, the rate in the occupa- 
tion group household service, day labor, etc., shows the lowest pro- 
portion of invalidity cases in the younger age groups. On the 
other hand, the two groups, industries, mining, building trades, etc., 
and domestic service in the home of the employer, show the highest 
rates in the younger age groups and may be considered as making 
the least favorable showing in regard to the invalidity caused to the 
insured workers. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1427 

The causes of invalidity, by groups of occupations and by sex, 
are shown for the two periods 1891 to 1895 and 1896 to 1899 in the 
following tables: 

NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 
THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS. 

ISource: Statistik der Ursachen der Erwerbsunfiihip:keit (Invaliditat): Belheft zu Amtlichc Nachrichten 
des Relchs-Versicherungsamts, 1898, 1903.] 

MALES. 



Nature of disease. 



Period. 



Agri- 
cul- 
ture, 
for- 
estry, 
etc. 



In- 
dus- 
tries, 
min- 

b'ulfa- 

ing 

trades, 

etc. 



Com- 
merce 
and 
navi- 
ga- 
tion. 



House- 
hold 
serv- 
ice, 
day 

labor, 
etc. 



Mili- 
tary, 
civil, 
etc., 
serv- 
ice 
and 
lib- 
eral 
pro- 
fes- 
sions. 



Do- 
mes- 
tic 
serv- 
ice 
in 
home 
of the 
em- 
ploy, 
er. 



To- 
tal. 



j 1891-1895 
\1S9(1-I899 



Debility, anemia, old age {i89G-1899 

Articular rheumatism, gout 

Muscular rheumatism .' 

Pulmonary tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis of other organs 

Cancer, etc 

Other general diseases 

Mental diseases 

Apoplexy , etc 



;1891-1895 
\ 1890- 1899 
(1891-1895 
\189(V-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189G-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
"11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 

Epilepsy. etc |{{K899 

Diseases of the spinal column '{l896^1899 

Nervous diseases jfeS 

Diseases of the eye \{mt\m 

Diseases of the ear '{lEI'g 

Diseases of the respiratory organs j/ 1891-1895 



Diseases of the pleura - -'{iggG-iSM 

Diseases of the lungs other than tuber- (1891-1895 

culosis. I\1896-1899 

Diseases of the heart and large blood (1891-1895 

vessels. \1896-1899 

Other diseases of the blood vessels, /1891-1895 

lymphatics, etc. \1896-1899 

Diseases of the stomach {"mtlm 

Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen. {139511^99 
Diseases of the other digestive organs. -'{Jlgjljggg 
Ventral hernia \{\llt\l^ 



Diseases of the kidnej's. 



1(1891-1895 
,\1.S9(V-1899 

Diseases of the genito-urinary organs... ■|jy;j,.~|^Q(j 

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous (1891-1895 



tissues. 



1189()-1S99 



Diseases of the organs of locomotion . - ■ {i^9(\.}^99 

Invalidity resulting from mechanical (1891-1895 

injuries. |\l — 



118 

188 

70 

67 

20 

16 

65 

78 

7 

7 

17 

25 

4 

4 

7 

12 

25 

19 

7 

9 

23 

18 

22 

20 

53 

43 

3 

3 

37 

34 

4 

4 

196 

166 

54 

62 

11 

15 

31 

31 

10 

8 

2 

1 

44 

33 

12 

12 

9 

8 

36 

24 

84 

71 

29 

22 



97 

125 

60 

55 

24 

17 

170 

206 

11 

12 

15 

25 

7 

9 

14 

21 

30 

27 



25 

22 

17 

18 

41 

35 

3 

3 

51 

40 

5 

6 

220 

170 

50 

58 

6 

9 

33 

29 

12 

11 

2 

1 

13 

10 

10 

12 

6 

5 

13 

12 

40 

36 

17 

17 



111 

116 

69 

78 

38 

23 

125 

169 

8 

8 

13 

21 

7 

9 

25 

29 

43 

35 

8 

10 

35 

31 

23 

20 

40 

34 

8 

5 

34 

33 

6 

6 

158 

138 

53 

65 

9 

11 

34 

28 

13 

12 

2 

2 

16 
14 
12 
11 
6 
6 
15 
11 
42 
36 
47 
39 



95 

143 

60 

24 

17 

138 

133 

11 

8 

15 

28 

7 

6 

10 

15 

34 

28 



31 
24 
22 
20 
53 
38 
3 
3 

36 

32 

5 

5 

199 

177 

57 

57 

10 

14 

28 

27 

10 

12 

2 

2 

20 

21 

13 

11 



132 

186 

62 

64 
16 
17 



26 
26 
21 
20 
48 
36 
6 
3 

42 

34 

5 

4 

211 

174 

53 

58 

9 

12 

23 

28 

11 

8 

2 

1 

27 

23 

12 

12 



92 

121 

62 

96 

17 

12 

144 

146 

13 

9 

13 
9 
7 



33 

16 

7 

9 

171 

134 

69 

93 

16 

25 

32 

31 

10 

19 

4 



107 

150 

64 

62 

23 

17 

122 

150 

9 

10 

16 

25 

6 

7 

12 

18 

29 

25 

8 

9 

25 

21 

20 

19 

46 



44 
37 
5 
5 
205 
167 
52 
60 
8 
11 
32 
30 
11 
10 
2 
1 
26 
20 
11 
12 
7 
6 
23 
17 
59 
50 
24 
20 



1428 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 
THE PERIODS 189 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS— Concluded. 

FEMALES. 



No. 



Nature of disease. 













Mili- 






In- 






tary, 


Period. 


Agri- 
cul- 
ture, 
for- 
estry, 
etc. 


dus- 
tries, 
min- 

^d- 
ing 

trades, 
etc. 


Com- 
merce 
and 
navi- 

tion. 


House- 
hold 
serv- 
ice, 
day 
labor, 
etc. 


civil, 

etc., 1 
serv- 
ice 
and 
lib- 
eral 
pro- 
fes- 
sions. 


/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


142 


139 


156 


183 


178 


242 


194 


176 


267 


243 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


87 


72 


74 


102 


82 


84 


75 


96 


101 


71 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


23 


16 


36 


33 


10 


13 


12 


21 


20 


18 


(1891-1895, 
\1896-1899 


46 


149 


76 


35 


57 


63 


157 


96 


45 


64 


11891-1895 
\1 896-1899 


8 


17 


12 


3 


10 


9 


13 


8 


4 


8 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


22 


23 


16 


18 


20 


29 


29 


25 


23 


29 


(1891-1895 


5 


7 


2 


5 


2 


11896-1899 


7 


9 


11 


7 


16 


(189M895 
\189(M899 


10 


15 


8 


7 


22 


22 


19 


15 


8 


13 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1S99 


25 


24 


29 


24 


32 


17 


18 


21 


17 


22 


(1891-1895 
\189G-1899 


11 


11 


7 


4 


7 


15 


12 


6 


9 


14 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


15 


16 


11 


13 


7 


10 


11 


9 


7 


6 


/1S91-1895 


25 


29 


32 


20 


52 


\189G-1899 


20 


29 


31 


18 


42 


(1891-1895 
\189(M899 


09 


59 


09 


66 


52 


51 


51 


46 


45 


47 


(1891-1895 
1189(^1899 


5 


4 


5 


5 


5 


4 


3 


4 


4 


2 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


29 


24 


35 


33 


32 


22 


22 


33 


23 


27 


(1891-1S95 
\1896-1899 


2 


2 


1 


2 




3 


3 


2 


2 


""3' 


J 1891-1895 


139 


122 


139 


130 


138 


\1896-1899 


93 


90 


104 


104 


96 


(1891-1895 
\1S96-1899 


78 


77 


81 


75 


82 


82 


81 


92 


82 


84 


(1891-1895 
\189(>-1899 


10 


10 


15 


23 


12 


15 


15 


28 


24 


14 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


20 


33 


20 


32 


35 


33 


28 


25 


31 


30 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


11 


12 


16 


12 


5 


9 


12 


11 


9 


13 


(1891-1895 
\1 896-1899 


1 


1 


2 


(a) 


2 


1 


1 






1 


(1891-1895 
\189e-lS99 


16 


7 


""8 


'■"is' 


20 


10 


6 


14 


14 


16 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


8 


8 


6 


9 


2 


10 


10 


9 


9 


15 


(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 


49 


30 


31 


44 


32 


38 


31 


39 


39 


37 


11891-1895 
\189(>-1899 


34 


22 


31 


30 


12 


23 


19 


20 


21 


18 


(1891-1895 


77 


55 


51 


54 


67 


\l89fr-1899 


62 


41 


43 


46 


37 


(1891-1895 


21 


16 


25 


20 


25 


\1896-1899 


13 


9 


15 


15 


14 



Do- 
mes- 
tic 
serv- 
ice 
in 
home 
of the 
em- 
ploy- 
er. 



Debility, anemia, old age 

Articular rheumatism, gout 

Muscular rheumatism 

Pulmonary tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis of other organs 

Cancer, etc 

Other general diseases 

Mental diseases 

Apoplexy, etc 

Epilepsy, etc 

Diseases of the spinal column 

Nervous diseases 

Diseases of the eye 

Diseases of the ear 

Diseases of the respiratory organs 

Diseases of the pleura 

Diseases of the lungs other than tuber- 
culosis. 

Diseases of the heart and large blood 
vessels. 

Other diseases of the blood vessels, 
lymphatics, etc. 

Diseases of the stomach 

Diseases of the intestines, liver or spleen 
Diseases of the other digestive organs. 

Ventral hernia 

Diseases of the Ifidneys 



Diseases of the geni to-urinary organs. . . 

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous 
tissues. 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion. . . 

Invalidity resulting from mechanical 
injuries. 



163 
207 
95 
97 
19 
14 
60 
79 
9 
10 
18 
20 
9 
11 
17 
29 
23 
17 
9 
12 
12 
10 
27 
29 
55 
46 



24 

20 

2 

2 

98 

70 

101 

103 

21 

23 

39 

35 

10 

9 

1 

1 

14 

10 

8 

12 

36 

34 

33 

25 

72 

53 

18 

15 



a Less than one. 



The term ^^nvalidity" as used in the preceding table is the same as 
defined in the discussion of the type of disabiHty reheved by the 
invalidity insurance system on page 1365. 



CHAPTER V. AVOBKMEn's INSUKANCE IX GERMANY. 1429 

The principal cause of invalidity is disease of the lungs in both 
sexes, but especially among the males; in the period 1896 to 1899 
per 1,000 males granted pensions (see last column of table) there were 
150 cases due to pulmonary tuberculosis (No. 4) and 167 cases due to 
diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis (Xo. 17), or together 
317 per 1,000 pensioners due to these two groups of causes. In the 
industries, mining, and building trades the proportion of pensioners 
due to these two causes is 376 per 1,000 pensioners. The lowest rates, 
naturall}', in connection ^^'ith diseases of the lungs are found by agri- 
culture, forestrj", etc., where the two causes together numbered 244 
per 1,000 male pensioners in the period 1896 to 1899. For females, 
the number of lung affections per 1,000 pensioners in the period 1896 
to 1899 was 184 for all occupations. The highest rates for the two 
causes together are found in industries, mining, and building trades, 
with 247 cases per 1,000 pensioners, and the lowest rates are found in 
household service, etc., and in domestic service in the home of the 
employer, in each of which occupations the two lung affections 
together had rates of 149 cases per 1,000 pensioners in the period 1896 
to 1899. 

Next to affections of the lungs, the group of diseases designated as 
debiht}', anemia, old age, etc. (cause No. 1), was the most frequent 
cause of invaUdity, witli 150 per 1,000 males and 221 per 1,000 female 
pensioners in the period 1896 to 1899 in all industries; in the preceding 
period the proportion of cases due to this cause was lower for both the 
males and females. 

Throughout the two tables the differences in the rates for males and 
for females are in many cases quite marked; the cause articular rheu- 
matism, etc. (No. 2). has a much higher rate for females than for 
males, the cause pulmonary tuberculosis (No. 4) is higher for males 
than for females. 

The changes in the rates in the t^vo periods may be and probably 
are influenced by the policy of the insurance organizations in more 
readily recognizing such diseases as pulmonary tuberculosis as the 
cause of invahdity. 

The data contained in the preceding tables are shown for age groups, 
industr}', and sex in the tables following for the periods 1S91 to 1895 
and 1896 to 1899. 



1430 



REPORT or THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. 



NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, ETC. 

[Source: Statistik der Ursachen der Erwerbsunfiihigkeit (Invaliditat): Beiheftzu Amtliche Nachrichten 



Num- 
ber. 



Nature of diseases. 



Period. 



Males. 



Age group. 



20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


35 to 


24. 


29. 


34. 


39. 


7 


8 


14 


17 


8 


14 


16 


21 


35 


42 


48 


46 


30 


36 


38 


44 


3 


G 


5 


6 


1 


1 


2 


6 


354 


286 


250 


204 


371 


330 


277 


210 


42 


37 


27 


26 


41 


37 


26 


20 


2 


8 


16 


14 


9 


9 


14 


23 


8 


8 





8 


8 


7 


7 


10 


20 


21 


24 


19 


41 


49 


33 


40 


19 


21 


36 


36 


23 


25 


22 


27 


30 


27 


24 


27 


39 


42 


29 


20 


30 


39 


48 


58 


29 


31 


45 


55 


15 


•21 


24 


19 


7 


19 


21 


24 


39 


62 


53 


53 


33 


48 


58 


59 


5 


1 


1 


6 


1 


3 


4 


3 


15 


19 


14 


. 24 


13 


12 


17 


24 


15 


12 


11 


6 


12 


11 


6 


8 


62 


69 


92 


113 


47 


59 


63 


88 


78 


65 


60 


48 


87 


()8 


70 


57 


5 


4 


6 


7 


3 


7 


6 


12 


10 


16 


24 


40 


11 


15 


31 


31 


5 


8 


7 


12 


4 


9 


10 


13 
4 
1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


6 


9 


< 


1 


5 


7 


12 


15 


20 


IS 


21 


17 


20 


30 


22 


7 


4 


5 


6 


4 


3 





8 


22 


11 


35 


35 


14 


13 


26 


29 


128 


120 


104 


105 


115 


88 


100 


92 


37 


59 


39 


33 


30 


38 


35 


41 



40 to 
44. 



Debility, anemia, old age 

Articular rheumatism, gout 

Muscular rheumatism 

Pulmonary tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis of other organs 

Cancer, etc 

Other general diseases 

Mental diseases 

Apoplexy, etc 

Epilepsy, etc 

Diseases of the spinal column 

Nervous diseases 

Diseases of the eye 

Diseases of the ear 

Diseases of the respiratory organs 

Diseases of the pleura 

Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis 

Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels 

Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. . 

Diseases of the stomach 

Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen 

Diseases of the other digestive organs 

Ventral hernia 

Diseases of the kidneys 

Diseases of the genito-urinary organs 

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion 

Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 



fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
1891-1895 
189&-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1 896-1899 
11891-1895 
\1896-1899 
;i891-1895 
\1896-1899 
ri891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
tl89C-lS99 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
1891-1895 
1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
;i891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\189G-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
;i891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189G-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1898-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1 896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\] 896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1 896-1 899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 



20 
33 
43 

48 

11 

7 

169 

185 

17 

12 

22 

32 



13 

28 

32 

31 

18 

25 

48 

36 

22 

25 

68 

53 

5 

4 

24 

22 

6 

6 

123 

103 

58 



10 

39 

49 

16 

13 

2 

1 

23 

20 

10 

21 

7 

6 

43 

36 

103 

93 

37 

32 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1431 



THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 189() TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUPS. 
AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, ETC. 

des Reichs-Versic'herungsamts, lvS98, 1903.] 



Males. 


Females. 




Age group. 










Age 


group 










.Niim- 
bor. 


45 to 


50 to 


55 to 


60 to 


65 to 


20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


35 to 


40 to 


45 to 


50 to 


55 to 


60 to 


65 to 




49. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


69. 


24. 


29. 


34. 


39. 


44. 


49. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


69. 




25 


40 


68 


122 


221 


42 


46 


32 


27 


46 


50 


77 


104 


169 


263 


\ 1 


48 


68 


124 


225 


363 


52 


56 


69 


64 


91 


117 


147 


203 


329 


474 


; ^ 


62 


63 


74 


82 


71 


84 


80 


67 


62 


74 


79 


84 


110 


95 


78 


} ^ 


54 


65 


75 


77 


70 


53 


73 


55 


69 


68 


80 


90 


92 


96 


83 


15 


16 


21 


24 


25 


5 


12 


3 


7 


15 


24 


29 


21 


25 


31 


} ' 


11 


16 


20 


21 


17 


4 


5 


4 


5 


6 


13 


18 


19 


17 


12 


129 


87 


56 


30 


17 


218 


163 


149 


145 


90 


76 


43 


30 


18 


10 


} ^ 


132 


96 


55 


32 


18 


284 


231 


161 


144 


86 


78 


46 


30 


17 


10 


13 


11 


5 


3 


2 


42 


34 


38 


11 


9 


17 


9 


3 


2 


3 


} ^ 


10 


9 


6 


3 


1 


49 


23 


26 


18 


11 


11 


6 


6 


2 


2 


27 


32 


18 


15 


12 


3 


7 


20 


37 


28 


42 


36 


20 


17 


12 


} ^ 


45 


39 


31 


22 


16 


9 


7 


24 


28 


50 


54 


43 


31 


27 


17 


4 


6 


4 


3 


2 


18 


12 


12 


13 


4 


8 


4 


6 


3 


2 


} ' 


6 


5 


4 


2 


2 


12 


10 


7 


10 


8 


8 


9 


•7 


5 


3 


10 


10 


8 


3 


3 


13 


29 


23 


22 


32 


15 


13 


6 


5 


4 


} « 


20 


17 


10 


5 


3 


48 


47 


59 


51 


48 


42 


25 


17 


5 


3 


31 


31 


22 


24 


22 


32 


44 


35 


40 


34 


27 


28 


21 


21 


22 


I „ 


25 


20 


19 


16 


15 


21 


20 


30 


23 


24 


23 


19 


18 


14 


11 f " 


10 


5 


5 


6 


4 


50 


39 


23 


40 


21 


21 


13 


5 


4 


2 


} " 


12 


12 


7 


4 


3 


46 


62 


46 


31 


27 


14 


13 


7 


6 


5 


37 


28 


25 


17 


13 


29 


46 


29 


27 


27 


21 


18 


12 


8 


8 


} " 


31 


27 


17 


11 


8 


17 


20 


26 


15 


17 


12 


12 


8 


5 


4 


22 


25 


27 


26 


17 


32 


22 


23 


35 


24 


35 


31 


32 


24 


15 


\ ,0 


22 


23 


25 


20 


15 


22 


28 


25 


21 


29 


27 


24 


23 


17 


10 / " 


53 


55 


57 


53 


48 


53 


78 


105 


68 


97 


78 


75 


75 


65 


ill ^3 


57 


51 


45 


39 


33 


44 


52 


88 


84 


77 


59 


63 


55 


43 


2 


2 


4 


3 


4 


3 


3 


9 


9 


1 


5 


6 


4 


5 


6 


} " 


4 


5 


4 


3 


2 


5 


4 


4 


5 


4 


8 


5 


3 


4 


2 


29 


38 


40 


38 


42 




15 


17 


9 


24 


19 


24 


34 


32 


36 


} ■= 


32 


37 


38 


40 


33 


'""io" 


10 


11 


23 


19 


22 


23 


25 


23 


24 


6 


5 


5 


2 


2 


13 


3 


6 


4 


1 


1 


2 


4 


2 


1 


} « 


4 


7 


4 


3 


2 


4 


4 


2 


5 


6 


4 


2 


3 


3 


(0) 


149 


185 


218 


221 


215 


37 


32 


67 


75 


80 


113 


119 


155 


173 


165 


} " 


150 


171 


189 


195 


175 


34 


39 


48 


45 


65 


74 


91 


109 


118 


115 


52 


49 


50 


55 


55 


61 


93 


79 


81 


63 


72 


76 


69 


86 


80 


} - 


59 


59 


65 


63 


60 


78 


79 


67 


75 


75 


82 


96 


94 


85 


08 


9 


10 


10 


12 


12 


8 


7 


12 


11 


10 


15 


22 


21 


19 


12 


} " 


15 


16 


17 


17 


14 


5 


5 


7 


11 


13 


18 


20 


17 


18 


12 


51 


52 


40 


27 


19 


26 


15 


26 


44 


29 


35 


36 


29 


20 


17 


} . 


56 


48 


40 


26 


18 


34 


39 


31 


58 


44 


42 


42 


36 


29 


19 


17 


13 


11 


9 


6 


5 


12 


15 


13 


15 


17 


12 


9 


9 


10 


I =' 


9 


12 


10 


8 


5 


4 


9 


5 


7 


18 


14 


12 


10 


8 


5 


2 


3 


2 


1 


1 


3 


...... 


3 


2 


1 


1 


2 


1 


(0) 


1 


} - 


2 


1 


1 


1 


(«) 






2 


1 


1 


1 


(«) 


1 


1 


(«) 


28 


38 


42 


55 


54 


■■■■5' 


3 




9 


15 


15 


17 


20 


17 


20 


} 23 


25 


29 


40 


41 


36 


1 


3 


...._.. 


8 


12 


10 


13 


13 


11 


9 


21 


16 


13 


9 


8 


13 


15 


12 


22 


6 


13 


9 


8 


6 


6 


I ^^ 


22 


17 


12 


8 


6 


21 


18 


16 


15 


18 


11 


11 


10 


6 


4 


6 


5 


8 


12 


10 


37 


34 


23 


57 


74 


64 


59 


43 


52 


40 


} ^ 


6 


8 


7 


8 


8 


28 


42 


50 


53 


75 


64 


48 


42 


28 


19 


56 


46 


45 


35 


27 


13 


22 


38 


31 


50 


38 


45 


38 


28 


30 


} -^ 


34 


35 


28 


21 


16 


18 


18 


20 


28 


25 


34 


33 


28 


20 


12 


97 


96 


97 


84 


63 


126 


107 


108 


90 


115 


83 


85 


92 


67 


49 


I OT 


81 


80 


83 


70 


46 


75 


75 


89 


86 


70 


64 


76 


73 


51 


39 r "' 


37 


33 


25 


29 


25 


29 


27 


26 


9 


15 


16 


26 


22 


22 


1} 28 


28 


27 


24 


19 


15 


22 


14 


21 


17 


13 


14 


13 


14 


12 



a Less than one. 



46598°— 10 91 



1432 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 
INDUSTRIES, MINING, BUILDING TRADES, ETC. 



Num- 
ber. 



Nature of diseases. 



Period. 



Males. 



Age group. 



20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


35 to 


24. 


29. 


34. 


39. 


13 


4 


14 


20 


7 


9 


14 


18 


13 


31 


29 


33 


15 


17 


24 


27 


13 


1 


5 


9 


2 


2 


3 


3 


548 


521 


459 


407 


624 


576 


505 


430 


50 


37 


26 


20 


47 


31 


30 


20 


4 


6 


5 


12 


4 


7 


11 


13 


2 


8 


9 


13 


9 


9 


9 


16 


19 


25 


37 


36 


35 


40 


50 


59 


11 


14 


26 


29 


9 


16 


19 


25 


26 


20 


16 


16 


24 


22 


20 


16 


18 


29 


35 


37 


16 


22 


31 


36 


8 


12 


20 


14 


7 


14 


17 


19 


29 


24 


34 


32 


18 


21 


22 


26 




2 


2 


3 


1 


2 


2 


3 


7 


14 


15 


26 


5 


8 


12 


20 


10 


6 


9 


5 


7 


7 


9 


8 


62 


77 


96 


121 


39 


54 


62 


87 


49 


51 


39 


41 


44 


44 


48 


50 


4 


2 


2 


3 


2 


1 


3 


4 


7 


13 


17 


32 


7 


14 


20 


21 


5 


10 


13 


12 


6 


5 


8 


12 




1 


(a) 


(a) 




(a) 


(a) 


1 






1 
2 


3 


(a) 


1 


H 


12 


14 


15 


10 


14 


16 


14 


3 


2 


4 


4 


3 


3 


4 


4 


7 


7 


10 


9 


4 


5 


8 


10 


61 


47 


37 


32 


39 


40 


29 


35 


23 


24 


26 


17 


16 


16 


22 


20 



40 to 
44. 



Debility, anemia, old age 

Articular rheumatism, gout 

Muscular rheumatism 

Pulmonary tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis of other organs 

Cancer, etc 

Other general diseases 

Mental diseases 

Apoplexy, etc 

EpUepsy , etc 

Diseases of the spinal column 

Nervous diseases 

Diseases of the eye 

Diseases of the ear 

Diseases of the respiratory organs 

Diseases of the pleura 

Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis 

Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels 

Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc 

Diseases of the stomach 

Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen 

Diseases of the other digestive organs 

Ventral hernia 

Diseases of the kidneys 

Diseases of the genito-urinary organs 

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion 

Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 



/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
il891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
J1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
J1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl-891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\189&-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189&-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1 896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189&-1899 
(1891-1895 
\l 896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189(>-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\189(>-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1 896-1 899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 



25 

23 

41 

42 

9 

9 

322 

352 

18 

17 

14 

26 

10 

16 

27 

44 

34 

26 

12 

14 

41 

39 

19 

23 

37 

30 

1 

3 

34 

28 

7 

6 

162 

113 

43 

51 

4 

4 

35 

32 

14 

14 

2 

2 

5 

3 

11 

16 

4 

4 

9 

11 

42 

33 

18 

19 



o Less than one. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1433 



THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION. SEX, AND AGE CROUPS— Con. 
INDUSTRIES, MINING, BUILDING TRADES, ETC. 



Males. 


Females. 


Ni 






Age group. 












Age group. 










lin- 
































b 


er. 


43 to 


50 to 


55 to 


60 to 


65 to 


20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


35 to 


40 to 


45 to 


50 to 


55 to 


60 to 


05 to 




-D. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


69. 


24. 


29. 


34> 


39. 


44. 


49. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


00. 






2G 


51 


7i> 


143 


251 


18 


30 


43 


47 


58 


71 


80 


133 


211 


298 






38 


67 


119 


205 


332 


41 


53 


72 


89 


116 


122 


146 


187 


27(> 


411 


* 


52 


66 


76 


75 


6.3 


20 


37 


30 


84 


59 


73 


75 


83 


i-l 


92 




2 


51 


61 


69 


70 


• 67 


17 


27 


39 


52 


49 


74 


94 


87 


10.3 


92 


17 
13 


27 
22 


34 

27 


31 
25 


28 
19 






2 
2 


6 
2 


14 
4 


16 
8 


15 
17 


26 
20 


17 
19 


24 
15 






""2 


'""3' 


3 


232 


149 


86 


48 


27 


546 


483 


381 


247 


232 


142 


95 


65 


33 


18 




4 


272 


162 


100 


54 


27 


597 


472 


373 


285 


203 


140 


82 


59 


28 


14 


10 


7 


7 




1 


61 


39 


33 


19 


21 


22 


19 


11 


3 


4 




5 


13 


12 


7 




3 


37 


38 


26 


22 


12 


17 


13 


8 


3 


2 


17 


21 


17 


16 


13 


5 


4 


16 


12 


38 


44 


30 


34 


21 


14 




6 


32 


34 


32 


29 


22 


6 


8 


19 


27 


34 


48 


45 


39 


26 


18 


10 


9 


6 




4 


9 


9 


14 


8 


9 


7 


8 


6 


4 


2 




7 


11 


10 


9 




3 


9 


8 


14 


13 


18 


10 


9 


10 


8 


3 




23 


12 


8 




3 


37 


32 


30 


41 


23 


24 


12 


8 


6 


3 




8 


29 


18 


11 




4 


29 


32 


35 


42 


36 


29 


19 


14 


6 


3 




33 


29 


29 


31 


33 


6 


6 


26 


14 


21 


24 


32 


29 


25 


29 




9 


30 


28 


30 


29 


28 


6 


7 


9 


16 


16 


23 


18 


23 


22 


17 


10 


8 


4 




3 


24 


28 


33 


17 


11 


11 


13 


4 


3 


4 




10 


8 


7 


6 




3 


19 


27 


28 


19 


16 


15 


10 


7 


5 


3 


40 


30 


24 


16 


12 


6 


26 


14 


43 


23 


20 


17 


14 


13 


5 




11 


30 


27 


17 


13 


8 


9 


9 


16 


19 


15 


15 


16 


11 


6 


4 


22 


18 


18 


20 


13 


18 


21 


37 


37 


41 


36 


42 


32 


24 


20 




12 


21 


19 


19 


18 


15 


13 


20 


33 


37 


46 


47 


42 


34 


20 


13 


34 


40 


43 


46 


49 


24 


21 


33 


39 


46 


56 


71 


81 


77 


61 




13 


32 


38 


42 


43 


38 


16 


29 


26 


32 


37 


47 


55 


63 


68 


61 


2 


4 


4 


4 


4 


...... 




2 


4 


1 


5 


8 


4 


4 


4 






2 


2 


3 


4 


3 




"■■4" 


1 


1 


5 


1 


6 


7 


3 


3 


14 


50 


70 


68 


57 


51 


6 


7 


8 


19 


11 


30 


23 


32 


28 


35 




15 


40 


55 


53 


47 


45 


8 


11 


9 


12 


18 


17 


28 


31 


24 


26 


6 


7 


6 


3 


3 


6 


4 


2 


6 


3 


2 


2 


2 


2 


1 




16 


7 


7 


6 


5 


3 


2 


3 


4 


4 


5 


3 


4 


3 


4 


2 


209 


246 


277 


272 


233 


39 


56 


65 


101 


97 


116 


132 


129 


168 


146 




17 


161 


209 


221 


224 


189 


38 


44 


49 


55 


66 


78 


90 


115 


119 


117 


46 


49 


47 


57 


56 


57 


77 


69 


72 


76 


79 


87 


86 


75 


76 




18 


52 


60 


67 


65 


58 


57 


62 


74 


84 


83 


91 


97 


88 


86 


72 


5 


4 


7 


10 


8 


4 


8 


...... 


...... 


9 


7 


16 


12 


11 


12 






6 


8 


10 


14 


13 


3 


3 






12 


18 


15 


21 


22 


13 


19 


43 


43 


42 


31 


23 


17 


15 


20 


23 


26 


34 


44 


50 


33 


29 \ 


20 


36 


41 


36 


28 


21 


11 


20 


21 


33 


32 


33 


34 


35 


28 


20 


; 


14 


15 


12 


10 


8 


9 


2 


12 


17 


11 


13 


9 


17 


11 


12 


} 


21 


16 


14 


13 


8 


6 


6 


9 


12 


10 


16 


16 


16 


15 


12 


10 


2 
2 


4 
2 


3 

2 


2 
2 


1 
1 










3 


"(a)' 


2 

1 


1 
2 


1 
1 


1 
(a) 






""2 


...... 


"i' 


'"'i' 


22 


6 


10 


13 


22 


27 




2 




2 


■""2" 


10 


9 


10 


8 


8 


■» 


23 


6 


10 


12 


16 


19 




3 


""2 


6 


8 


5 


9 


9 


7 


7 


I" 


15 


11 


10 


8 


6 


"iz 


6 


16 


6 


9 


11 


7 


11 


7 


5 


\ 


24 


14 


13 


U 


10 


7 


11 


13 


18 


15 


12 


13 


11 


9 


7 


3 


] 


3 


4 


6 


6 


12 


4 


22 


33 


56 


61 


47 


39 


29 


17 


18 


) 


25 


4 


4 


5 


6 


10 


9 


44 


41 


54 


54 


53 


37 


23 


22 


14 


11 


13 


15 


15 


17 


11 


9 


26 


18 


15 


24 


28 


23 


29 


21 




26 


12 


14 


15 


14 


14 


7 


5 


8 


11 


20 


18 


30 


27 


22 


17 


<0 


38 


42 


40 


38 


55 


54 


45 


58 


68 


60 


68 


56 


64 


34 


' 


27 


37 


38 


41 


36 


30 


36 


38 


47 


39 


. 58 


51 


44 


41 


41 


32 


16 


15 


17 


15 


13 


5 


2 


10 


4 


12 


16 


17 


12 


23 


24 


\ 


28 


19 


18 


17 


15 


12 


8 


7 


10 


9 


9 


8 


,2 


12 


10 


Sf 



o Less than one. 



1434 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. 



NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 
COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 



Num- 
ber. 



Nature of diseases. 



Debility, anemia, old age 

Articular rheumatism, gout 

Muscular rheumatism .- 

Pulmonary tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis of other organs 

Cancer, etc 

Other general diseases 

Mental diseases 

Apoplexy, etc 

Epilepsy, etc 

Diseases of the spinal column 

Nervous diseases 

Diseases of the eye 

Diseases of the ear 

Diseases of the respiratory organs 

Diseases of the pleura 

Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis 

Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels 

Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.. . 

Diseases of the stomach 

Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen 

Diseases of the other digestive organs 

Ventral hernia 

Diseases of the kidneys 

Diseases of the genito -urinary organs 

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion 

Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 



Period. 



fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
r 1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\] 896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\189&-1899 
J1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
il891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\189G-1899 
(1891-1895 
U896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\189&-1S99 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1 896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
11890-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
U896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189(>-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189fi-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 



Males. 



Age group. 



20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


35 to 


24. 


29. 


34. 


39. 




22 


6 


9 


9 


5 


7 


14 


32 


22 


45 


43 


32- 


30 


25 


42 




7 


8 


11 




3 


3 


3 


424 


414 


344 


239 


588 


506 


419 


358 


56 


36 


25 


22 


23 


17 


27 


10 


8 


7 


8 


9 


6 


5 


12 


15 




4 


6 


11 


12 


5 


9 


10 


40 


51 


75 


58 


29 


35 


78 


84 


16 


18 


31 


63 


29 


13 


34 


37 


32 


11 


25 


20 


20 


27 


22 


13 


16 


47 


45 


65 


26 


35 


36 


61 


8 


18 


25 


38 


11 


22 


22 


25 


32 


36 


45 


43 


9 


16 


34 


24 




4 




5 


3 


5 


5 






7 




20 


11 


10 


9 


20 


16 




11 


7 


9 


3 


4 


10 


88 


40 


39 


112 


40 


56 


52 


62 


64 


33 


47 


49 


35 


40 


50 


50 




4 


8 


9 


3 




2 


10 




15 


25 


16 


9 


16 


13 


20 


8 


11 


3 


22 


6 


6 


16 


10 
2 
1 
2 






2 
3 




4 






4 
14 


3 
16 




18 


11 


11 


13 


8 






11 

7 


2 
1 




2 


8 


4 


11 


5 


9 


9 


6 


10 


48 


33 


45 


31 


35 


37 


31 


39 


104 


134 


95 


78 


35 


86 


58 


GO 



40 to 
44. 



17 

14 

36 

50 

13 

7 

278 

278 

4 

14 

25 

25 

2 

22 

51 

66 

70 

41 

8 

15 

72 

74 

30 

24 

36 

35 

2 

3 

17 

19 

8 

11 

91 

80 

42 

52 

4 

3 

42 

22 

11 

12 

6 

1 

2 

8 

17 

22 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1435 



THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUPS— Con. 
COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTATION. 



Females. 



Age group. 



Age group. 



45 to 


50 to 


55 to 


60 to 


49. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


35 


51 


78 


166 


28 


64 


82 


188 


63 


75 


67 


94 


76 


80 


90 


105 


21 


40 


63 


53 


11 


30 


41 


39 


182 


107 


66 


37 


216 


126 


82 


40 


8 


8 


2 


4 


11 


5 


6 


2 


16 


13 


18 


12 


32 


32 


30 


18 


11 


5 


15 


7 


12 


11 


9 


6 


42 


19 


12 


9 


47 


25 


10 


12 


45 


40 


39 


47 


39 


45 


37 


38 


16 


12 


6 


2 


12 


8 


7 


3 


58 


44 


38 


23 


49 


35 


22 


18 


26 


24 


27 


18 


27 


24 


20 


20 


39 


45 


33 


39 


52 


30 


40 


33 


5 


13 


10 


10 


5 


5 


8 


7 


19 


29 


38 


54 


28 


35 


45 


47 


8 


9 


6 


4 


10 


9 


6 


4 


141 


173 


195 


194 


107 


102 


177 


187 


42 


72 


54 


46 


57 


87 


86 


66 


10 


9 


20 


9 


9 


12 


17 


16 


43 


60 


41 


32 


30 


43 


40 


23 


16 


19 


21 


10 


21 


12 


17 


11 




1 


1 


4 


7 


3 


3 


1 


16 


11 


28 


18 


10 


13 


18 


21 


30 


13 


10 


6 


8 


8 


16 


10 


6 


7 


5 


9 


6 


3 


7 


7 


16 


18 


20 


20 


15 


12 


12 


11 


39 


36 


44 


47 


34 


47 


36 


34 


47 


47 


43 


26 


35 


34 


36 


33 



65 to 



20 to 
24. 



254 

314 

83 

102 

46 

22 

25 

17 

2 

2 

9 

15 

2 

5 

10 

4 

37 

24 

2 

3 

10 

9 

17 

13 

45 

39 

10 

4 

46 

40 

1 

4 

186 

175 

63 



12 

476 

552 

95 

23 



12 



80 



23 



25 to 
29. 



400 

476 

40 

41 



24 



40 



30 to 
34. 



67 

143 

10 



10 
238 
276 

48 



29 



29 



105 



48 



57 



35 to 



240 
256 



25 



160 
73 

'73 

'u 

"12 



40 to 
44. 



22 



20 
22 
26 
178 
129 



45 to 
49. 



Ill 
84 
74 
65 
18 
33 
56 
93 



9 
56 
47 
111 



5 
18 
5 

130 
56 
37 

131 
37 
19 
37 
33 
18 
28 



50 to 
54. 



107 

121 

107 

117 

24 

24 

48 

52 

24 

3 

12 

48 



55 to 
59. 



84 

128 

91 

109 

63 

19 

56 

59 

7 

8 

14 

40 



2 

161 

122 

104 

93 

21 

42 

35 

27 

7 

6 

7 

'2i' 

17 
..... 

56 
42 
49 
29 
49 
48 
14 
11 



60 to 
64. 



164 
222 
66 
124 
33 
30 
33 
23 
16 



50 

"3' 

158 

114 

82 

121 

22 

33 

22 

22 

16 

15 

6 

2 

5 

13 

5 

7 

38 

28 

22 

21 

38 

36 

44 

15 



65 to 



344 
59 

121 
46 
16 
17 





4 


16 


4 


20 


11 


6 




8 


5 


10 


4 


44 


12 


18 


18 


6 


4 



176 
139 



Num- 
ber. 



1436 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 
HOUSEHOLD SERVICE, DAY LABOR, ETC. 



Num- 
ber, 



Nature of diseases. 



Period. 



Males. 



\nre prrOUP 



20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


35 to 


24. 


29. 


34. 


39. 




8 


21 


15 


U 


17 


14 


16 


18 


68 


22 


26 


29 


21 


26 


44 

7 




3 


6 


7 


481 


508 


366 


373 


491 


497 


404 


338 


56 


42 


38 


15 


29 


24 


17 


19 






5 


7 


18 


3 


11 


26 






27 


19 


18 


17 


6 


16 


37 




38 


22 


23 


21 


43 


33 


18 


1? 


22 


41 




21 


40 


35 


19 


9 


27 


34 


41 


27 


29 


28 




17 


27 


45 


35 


24 


40 


44 




25 


22 


30 


6 


21 


29 


30 


18 


34 


75 


30 


29 


24 


46 


42 
4 








3 




9 


21 


7 


6 


7 


17 


16 


18 


9 


27 


7 


6 


14 


6 


5 


56 


51 


86 


123 


41 


58 


72 


75 


56 


42 


32 


45 


94 


38 


51 


49 


18 














7 






5 


15 


6 


7 


23 


14 


19 


8 


5 


8 


17 


20 


9 


21 








2 








7 




3 


6 




18 


8 


5 


19 


17 


27 


8 


28 




9 




11 




3 


3 


5 


19 


9 


16 


7 




7 


11 


16 


56 


68 


G5 


49 


41 


72 


57 


44 


93 


59 


48 


34 


41 


24 


26 


37 



40 to 
44. 



Debility, anemia, old age 

Articular rheumatism, gout 

Muscular rheumatism . ..'. 

Pulmonary tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis of other organs 

Cancer, etc 

Other general diseases 

Mental diseases 

Apoplexy, etc 

Epilepsy, etc 

Diseases of the spinal coliumn 

Nervous diseases 

Diseases of the eye 

Diseases of the ear. 

Diseases of the respiratory organs 

Diseases of the pleura , 

Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis 

Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels 

Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc 

Diseases of the stomach . , 

Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen 

Diseases of the other digestive organs 

Ventral hernia 

Diseases of the kidneys 

Diseases of the genito-urinary organs . 

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion 

Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 



f 1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
■\1896-1899 
r 1891-1895 
\189&-1899 
;1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
tl896-1899 
ri891-1895 
tl896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
1l89ti-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1S99 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
tl896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
/I 891-1895 
U896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\] 896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189G-1899 



19 

27 

51 

47 

16 

4 

273 

285 

25 

17 

10 

21 



29 

17 

6 

13 
149 
96 
38 
64 
3 

13 

51 

36 

22 

8 

3 

2 

3 

9 

38 

21 

3 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1437 



THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1890 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUPS— Con. 
HOUSEHOLD SERVICE, DAY LABOR, ETC. 



Males. 










Females. 












Age group. 


Age group. 


Num- 
ber. 


45 to 


50 to 


55 to 


60 to 


65 to 


20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


35 to 


40 to 


45 to 


50 to 


.55 to 


60 to 


65 to 




49. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


69. 


24. 


29. 


34. 


39. 


44. 


49. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


69. 




34 


25 


53 


103 


236 


77 




65 


149 


58 


45 


71 


Ill 


174 


284 


1 > 


35 


54 


96 


191 


302 


24 


56 


77 


96 


69 


121 


148 


182 


293 


423 


48 


50 


62 


69 


76 




250 


97 


107 


70 


89 


116 


100 


86 


112 


2 


43 


84 


81 


77 


80 


12 


28 


66 


64 


65 


79 


100 


111 


117 


95 


17 

8 

215 


15 
20 
161 


30 
18 
85 


36 
22 
41 


29 
22 

28 










12 

11 

163 


7 
13 
59 


19 
19 
58 


37 
28 
41 


49 
22 
16 


30 

18 
12 












3 


384 


333 


258 


85 




203 


152 


82 


44 


28 


518 


333 


219 


112 


130 


99 


58 


.^5 


20 


12 




7 
13 


11 

7 


14 

7 


2 

4 


4 
2 


""i2' 


83 
37 








7 

7 


10 
3 


....„ 


1 
2 


3 
1 




22 


8 


7 


i ^ 


24 
34 


17 
37 


17 
46 


21 
29 


10 
19 










58 
47 


59 
30 


22 
35 


21 

18 


23 
26 


6 
16 






9 


22 


16 


} ^ 


7 

7 

15 

24 


10 
4 
11 
16 


4 
17 


3 

4 
11 
6 


9 
5 
4 
4 








64 


11 

4 

12 

33 


""'is' 

22 
19 


10 
12 
10 
4 


""9 

8 
8 


7 
6 
4 
4 


4 

2 
3 
3 


1 ' 


12 
77 
49 


28 
167 
56 










11 


32 


8 


29 


44 


32 


36 


29 






32 




12 


45 


29 


18 


23 


25 




39 


28 


30 


27 


24 


12 


28 


44 


48 


18 


24 


2.5 


22 


12 


11 


9 


15 
15 


6 
5 


2 
3 


7 
5 


3 
2 








21 
32 


23 
2.5 


...... 


3 
17 


8 
8 


4 
4 


1 
3 


10 


24 


65 


66 


65 


36 


35 


21 


16 


77 




32 


21 


12 


52 


22 


18 


10 


6 




39 


33 


22 


14 


8 


24 


9 


55 


16 


54 


13 


7 


4 


4 


2 




24 


25 


32 


21 


11 




84 


32 


64 


12 


7 


26 


18 


24 


16 




27 


13 


24 


23 


15 




18 


55 


48 


15 


30 


28 


22 


15 


12 




60 


63 


49 


58 


51 


154 




97 


85 


70 


45 


77 


90 


66 


53 


} ^^ 


39 


38 


38 


38 


40 


36 


9 


44 


88 


62 


64 


67 


44 


44 


33 


2 
3 


4 
5 


5 
3 


2 
2 


6 
5 






32 






7 
6 


6 

7 


2 

4 


7 
6 


4 
2 


■ 








7 


14 


27 


36 


39 


41 


49 










11 


15 


26 


45 


28 


40 




28 


30 


38 


46 


31 


12 




11 


16 


29 


26 


43 


27 


32 


25 


15 


10 

9 

169 


2 
4 

218 


8 

7 

242 


2 

5 

236 














7 

"iii 






5 

2 

145 


1 

2 

132 


} 18 


1 
216 










4 

116 


3 
116 


3 
133 






65 


85 


17 


150 


212 


192 


219 


199 


48 


65 


55 


72 


87 


75 


80 


109 


10-5 


123 


34 


54 


74 


71 


59 


154 




32 


43 


ia5 


89 


61 


64 


91 


70 


18 


61 


53 


54 


57 


60 


85 


83 


33 


56 


62 


82 


81 


94 


86 


77 


10 

8 


6 

12 


15 


14 
20 


11 
16 














10 

18 


27 
30 


23 
25 


32 

24 


1 






11 


16 


14 


26 


J ^^ 


29 


46 


41 


31 


13 




83 




21 




52 


19 


47 


35 


27 


' 


50 


42 


33 


25 


17 


12 


9 


22 


72 


33 


41 


45 


44 


29 


18 


■ 20 


12 


6 


20 


5 


7 








21 


23 


15 


22 


14 


8 


10 




23 


9 


17 


9 


8 


12 




11 


8 


11 


13 


12 


12 


10 


6 


} ^^ 


....„ 
12 


4 
4 

8 


3 

1 

23 


2 

(«) 
32 


2 

2 

30 




















1 
12 


















1 
25 


1 
24 


■ 22 








21 


12 


30 


13 


} 23 


16 


16 


30 


30 


22 










14 


15 


24 


20 


11 


10 


12 


17 


4 


13 


11 






32 


21 


12 


30 


26 


6 


9 


2 




18 


14 


10 


5 


6 


12 


28 


11 


16 


11 


21 


17 


10 


5 


5 


24 


2 


4 


12 


14 


8 






32 


106 


81 


74 


68 


49 


38 


34 




4 


7 


10 


9 


9 


12 


56 


88 


112 


87 


73 


56 


49 


32 


16 


} ^ 


29 


27 


17 


2,5 


16 








43 


35 


22 


51 


33 


33 


22 


■ 26 


15 


19 


26 


20 


16 








8 


25 


22 


27 


26 


25 


16 


51 


71 


56 


64 


46 






194 


43 


46 


89 


80 


60 


52 


40 


■ 27 


61 


54 


66 


52 


42 


36 


74 


66 


48 


65 


56 


55 


57 


46 


31 


41 
24 


23 
28 


21 

27 


19 
17 


20 
15 


77 
48 








46 
11 


22 
19 


29 
9 


2.5 
19 


15 
16 


18 
14 


• 28 


9 


11 


If) 



a Less than one. 



1438 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 

MILITARY SERVICE, CIVIL AND ECCLESIASTICAL SERVICE, LIBERAL 
PROFESSIONS, ETC. 



Num- 
ber 



Nature of diseases. 



Period. 



Males. 



Age group. 



20 to 
24. 



25 to 



30 to 
34. 



35 to 
39. 



40 to 
44. 



Debility, anemia, old age 

Articular rheumatism, gout 

Muscular rheumatism 

Pulmonary tuberculosis 

Tuberculosis of other organs 

Cancer, etc 

Other general diseases 

Mental diseases 

Apoplexy, etc 

Epilepsy, etc 

Diseases of the spinal column 

Nervous diseases 

Diseases of the eye 

Diseases of the ear 

Diseases of the respiratory organs 

Diseases of the pleura 

Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis 

Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels. 

Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. . . 

Diseases of the stomach 

Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen 

Diseases of the other digestive organs 

Ventral hernia 

Diseases of the kidneys 

Diseases of the genito-urinary organs 

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion 

Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 



/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
J 1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189&-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189&-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
U896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189&-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189(>-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189(>-1899 



622 
51 
36 



102 
18 



357 

505 

71 



107 
63 



275 

433 

78 

43 



7 

39 

106 

78 

28 



20 



. 7 



25 
19 
12 
12 
325 
338 
13 
18 



125 



12 



25 



11 

215 

283 

19 

16 

9 

26 

9 

16 
65 
63 
66 
47 



131 
58 
37 
63 
9 
5 
19 
31 
37 



CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1439 



THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE r. ROUPS-Con. 

MILITARY SERVICE, CIVIL AND ECCLESIASTICAL SERVICE, LIBERAL 

PROFESSIONS, ETC. 



Males. 



Females. 



Age group. 



Age group. 



Num- 
ber. 



45 to 


50 to 


55 to 


60 to 


49. 


54. 


59. 


64. 


28 


26 


55 


131 


26 


64 


113 


197 


50 


42 


61 


75 


41 


88 


75 


84 




8 


26 


13 




20 


16 


22 


188 


125 


75 


48 


241 


130 


92 


49 


28 


11 


2 


7 


15 


7 


5 


3 


6 


23 


24 


22 


23 


36 


33 


24 


11 


8 


2 


13 


15 


7 


8 


6 


33 


30 


22 


9 


23 


18 


20 


8 


61 


53 


49 


52 


29 


54 


31 


36 


11 


8 


2 


5 




6 


5 


10 


66 


49 


32 


20 


49 


39 


34 


20 


22 


26 


14 


30 


15 


16 


27 


22 


72 


64 


45 


48 


38 


36 


40 


40 


6 


8 


12 


5 


3 


2 


3 


3 


16 


30 


34 


43 


20 


44 


34 


38 


16 


8 


4 


5 


3 


5 


5 


3 


160 


136 


242 


207 


119 


192 


184 


203 


33 


80 


44 


64 


75 


44 


61 


60 




19 


10 


4 


9 


15 


18 


11 


33 


30 


26 


25 


46 


41 


33 


26 




15 


16 


14 


14 


11 


21 


6 






2 
2 
24 


5 
"3i' 






16 


19 


14 


6 


24 


31 


16 


19 


18 


9 


20 


24 


12 


10 




4 


16 


6 


3 


8 


5 


10 


28 


30 


:« 


18 


29 


10 


17 


16 


61 


87 


67 


65 


78 


54 


54 


45 


39 


42 


38 


26 


52 


23 


28 


17 



65 to 



20 to 
24. 



224 

352 

69 

56 

21 

20 

27 

27 

1 

1 

12 

14 

4 

2 

5 

3 

33 

31 

2 

1 

12 

9 

13 

12 

43 

33 

5 

6 

57 

38 

3 

3 

250 

194 

47 

60 

11 

13 

21 

23 

7 

3 

1 

1 

34 

30 

8 

5 

10 

11 

14 

8 

48 

35 

18 



333 
200 



333 
600 
334 



200 



25 to 

29. 



125 
"42 



500 
333 



83 



125 

"42' 



42 
125 

83 
125 



30 to 
34. 



161 



65 



125 
323 



65 
125 



125 
65 



65 
125 



250 
32 



32 



32 



32 
250 



64 



35 to 



91 
100 
91 
25 



272 
150 



25 



50 



25 



50 
91 

100 
91 

125 



75 



25 



25 



50 



40 to 
44. 



134 
74 
33 
56 



19 
100 
222 



33 

ie?' 

130 

■'37' 
67 
37 

"37 



33 



45 to 
49. 



32 
115 

65 
57 
32 
12 
129 
103 
32 
12 
32 



34 



50 to 
54. 



79 
123 
106 

61 



26 
18 
26 
35 
26 
44 

"ii 

132 
44 
53 
17 



55 to 
59. 



176 
101 
85 
25 
37 
25 
32 
13 
11 
13 
37 



5 
38 
37 

"5 

228 

122 

51 

90 

25 

5 

51 

53 



60 to 
64. 



225 
244 



86 


60 


10 




21 


8 


20 


11 


33 


15 




11 


3 


4 


10 


11 


24 


15 


10 




21 




19 


11 


6 




29 


52 


18 


26 


10 




3 


4 


9 





39 



49 
35 

"6 

127 

137 

69 

101 

10 

21 

29 

24 

10 

3 



&5 to 



347 
4()3 
63 



52 

2() 
21 W 

37 ; 

11 
8 
31 
11 



126 
108 
126 
75 
21 
11 
11 
15 



4 
11 
15 

tI 

42 X 
30 / 

•T:} 

I 



1440 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER PER 1,CC0 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR 
DOMESTIC SERVICE IN THE HOME OF THE EMPLOYER. 





Nature of diseases. 


Period. 


Males. 


Num- 
ber. 


Age group. 




20 to 
24. 


25 to 
29. 


30 to 
34. 


35 to 
39. 


40 to 
44. 




Debility, anemia, old age 


/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
fl891-1895 
il896-1899 
/1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189^1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\l896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\189f>-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
11891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
11896-1899 
(1891-1?295 
11896-1899 
(1891-1895 
\1 896-1 899 
(1891-1895 
\l896-1899 








19 




1 








2 


Articular rheumatism, gout 


71 


27 


■""84' 


38 
111 


39 
59 




Muscular rheumatism 






3 








56 

269 

278 

19 

56 


■'igo^ 

294 
■■■26^ 


4 


Pulmonary tuberculosis 


"429" 
556 


'"622" 
714 

27 
48 


■"283' 

250 

22 

'"22" 


5 


Tuberculosis of other organs 




Cancer, etc 


6 






7 


Other general diseases 


72 


'"'27' 


22 


"'39' 
56 
58 
111 
38 


■■■26' 

""iis^ 

118 

■■■59' 
176 
39 

■■■26' 




Mental diseases 


8 


■■222' 


54 
48 
27 


43 
'"'22' 


9 


Apoplexy, etc 




Epilepsy, etc 








■"58" 
56 
58 


10 








11 


Diseases of the spinal column 


'""n' 




"'"87' 




Nervous diseases 










39 
56 
38 


12 










Diseases of the eye 






""65" 
83 


13 








Diseases of the ear 



























Diseases of the respiratory organs 




























Diseases of the pleura 












39 

■'ii7' 

117 
98 
59 
39 
59 




■"72" 
111 


48 
81 
48 
27 


"m 

167 
65 
83 


55 
96 
55 

58 


17 


Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis 


18 


Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels 




Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. . . 
Diseases of the stomach 








19 










20 


71 


■■"47' 


44 

83 


19 




Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen 




19 
55 
19 














Diseases of the other digestive organs 




















Ventral hernia 




























Diseases of the kidnevs 


24 




27 


22 


39 


39 
59 
20 




Diseases of the gen! to-urinary organs 










19 












Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues 

Diseases of the organs of locomotion. . 












39 

■■■39^ 

59 
59 


26 








55 
19 

■■■39^ 


27 


214 

"'iii' 


27 

""54' 
47 


130 
167 
43 
83 


28 


Invalidity resultinc; from mechanical injuries 

















CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S TNSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 



1441 



THEPERIODSlS91T01895ANDl896T01899,BYOCCUPATIOX,SEX. AND AGE CROUPS— Con. 
DOMESTIC SERVICE IN THE HOME OF THE EMPLOYER. 



Males. 



Females. 



Age group. 



Age group. 



Num- 
ber. 



45 to 

43. 



108 
182 
32 
30 
11 
30 



151 
30 



21 



50 to 
54. 



170 
100 
20 



30 
33 
10 
100 
60 



50 



33 
190 
100 

80 
133 





67 


21 


20 


65 


100 


61 


33 


32 


30 


30 





00 to 
59. 



105 
83 
67 

125 
10 
21 

114 
21 
10 



10 



48 
104 



21 



152 
146 
67 
125 
10 
42 



21 



19 
21 
133 
21 
28 
21 



00 to 
64. 



127 
191 
89 
147 
38 
15 
70 
44 



13 



57 



204 
206 



44 



65 to 



218 
258 
82 
91 
29 
15 
18 
15 



12 



15 



167 
47 

137 
29 
15 
18 
30 
12 
15 



20 to 


25 to 


30 to 


.35 to 


40 to 


24. 


29. 


34. 


39. 


44. 


44 


40 


33 


32 


76 


44 


52 


76 


79 


110 


47 


66 


76 


79 


74 


67 


64 


63 


51 


76 




4 


8 


3 


10 


3 


3 


3 


8 


7 


268 


219 


193 


141 


96 


322 


265 


193 


139 


100 


60 


24 


14 


18 


15 


41 


30 


27 


17 


8 


7 


13 


5 


17 


30 


7 


5 


7 


20 


34 


12 


16 


16 


3 


12 


15 


12 


17 


20 


10 


30 


35 


49 


59 


27 


63 


65 


74 


72 


70 


28 


27 


16 


35 


22 


18 


17 


22 


27 


18 


19 


46 


27 


17 


15 


29 


37 


25 


37 


15 


33 


18 


19 


20 


27 


15 


18 


26 


22 


16 


16 


38 


46 


38 


34 


22 


18 


31 


46 


50 


37 


38 


60 


59 


69 


32 


47 


59 


52 


60 






8 
4 


3 

6 


10 
11 


6 


6 


12 


11 


16 


17 


10 


8 


10 


6 


18 


14 


5 




5 


6 


2 


3 


5 


2 


2 


3 


54 


64 


63 


62 


54 


36 


39 


42 


32 


41 


77 


73 


98 


94 


96 


65 


74 


90 


83 


96 


2 


4 


5 


15 


12 


6 


8 


11 


11 


24 


19 


38 


60 


47 


52 


18 


39 


45 


46 


52 


9 


9 


11 


9 


15 


8 


7 


12 


9 


9 


2 


2 


3 




2 


1 


1 


2 


2 


1 




4 




9 


7 


2 


4 


4 


7 


3 


16 


13 


16 


12 


7 


11 


21 


16 


26 


12 


26 


35 


46 


62 


66 


26 


32 


39 


53 


45 


30 


31 


14 


9 


32 


13 


14 


15 


28 


27 


114 


108 


71 


108 


106 


90 


77 


68 


72 


74 


33 


24 


22 


2o 


22 


29 


30 


21 


15 


14 



45 to 50 to 
49. 54. 



134 

100 

74 

7 

15 
64 
70 
10 



35 



11 

22 I 

45 I 

33 

29 

12 

10 

22 

15 



54 

64 

53 

4 

11 

22 

17 

5 

3 

76 

50 

88 

106 

12 

27 

64 

47 

12 

12 



121 

140 

78 

107 

27 

12 

37 

42 

6 

2 

21 

28 

11 

17 

24 

26 

33 

15 

13 

12 

17 

10 

38 

44 

50 

46 

13 

13 

26 

22 

1 

1 

92 

67 

102 

114 

31 

35 

52 

46 

10 

16 

1 

1 

10 
13 
11 
18 
31 
39 
42 
34 
85 
68 
17 
12 



55 to 
59. 



141 

198 

106 

131 

27 

18 

25 

26 

6 

5 

28 

26 

8 

12 

10 

14 

21 

16 

4 

5 

10 

3 

20 

33 

57 

51 

10 

8 

23 

26 

2 

2 

124 

83 

116 

120 

31 

30 

33 

35 

11 



60 to 
64. 



190 

275 

119 

127 

22 

21 

17 

15 

2 

4 
15 
21 

7 

9 

8 

5 
22 
13 

3 

2 

6 

4 

30 
19 
58 
45 

7 

4 
29 
26 

l\ 

111 i 

89 

112 

121 

26 1 

27 ! 
39 I 

31 ' 
12 

w. 

18 i 

n\ 

5 I 

7 ! 
30 I 

32 i 
36 ; 

26 
57 
42 
16 i 
13 ' 
I 



05 to 



307 
425 



99 ,\ 
93 f 

11 
10 
2 



15 
13 

7 

5 

3 

18 
13 

n 

5i\ 

5 If 
30 \ 
23 / 

1 

1 
117 
98 
97 

96 r 

21 \ 
20 / 
25 \ 
20 ,/ 



% 

10 
6 
4 
28 
20 
32 
21 
48 
26 
12 
13 



10 



15 



18 



28 



o Less than one. 



1442 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



The proportion of invalidity pensions which are discontinued 
because of the death or recovery of the pensioners is of great impor- 
tance in computing the cost of a system of invaUdity insurance. In 
the following table the invalidity pensions discontinued (death, 
recovery, etc.), during the period 1891 to 1899 are shown by classes 
of pensioners, the classes being arranged by length of time for which 
pensions have been received. 



PER CENT OF PERSONS RECEIVING INVALIDITY PENSIONS GRANTED FROM 1891 TO 
1899 WHO CEASED TO RECEIVE SUCH PENSIONS DURING EACH SPECIFIED YEAR 
AFTER PENSION WAS GRANTED. 

[Source: Statistisches Handbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1907.] 



Age when pen- 


Per cent of persons ceasing to receive pensions during each specified year 

was granted. 


after pension 


sion was granted. 


1st 
year. 


2d 
year. 


3d 
year. 


4th 
year. 


5th 
year. 


6th 
year. 


7th 
year. 


8th 
year. 


9th 
year. 


10th 
year. 


11th 
year. 


12th 
year. 


MALES. 

20 . ... 


60.00 
53.70 
47.90 
42.40 
36.95 
31.70 
26.60 
21.65 
17.20 
14.30 
13.10 
13.35 
16.40 

53.10 

37.70 

27.00 

21.30 

17.30 

14.25 

11.70 

9.70 

8.00 

7.18 

7.35 

9.30 

13.80 

56.50 
46.20 
39.90 
35.30 
30.80 
26. 40 
22.] 5 
18.05 
14.50 
12.20 
11.38 
12.14 
15.60 


35.00 
31.30 
27.80 
24.55 
21.50 
18.50 
15.55 
12.90 
11.10 
10.40 
10.80 
13.10 
17.40 

22.10 

17.60 

14.00 

11.35 

9.50 

8.20 

7.26 

6.48 

6.05 

6.17 

7.20 

10.20 

14.90 

28.20 

24.95 

22. 25 

19.80 

17.55 

15.30 

13.05 

10.90 

9.55 

9.13 

9.72 

12.23 

16.65 


21.30 

19.10 

17.10 

15.15 

13.45 

11.95 

10.50 

9.45 

9.01 

9.21 

10.65 

13.85 

18.50 

12.60 

10.30 

8.40 

6.90 

5.86 

5.24 

4.92 

4.79 

4.95 

5.60 

7.50 

11.00 

16.10 

16.60 

14.85 

13.35 

12.10 

10.88 

9.78 

8.73 

8.00 

7.76 

8.12 

9.71 

13.00 

17.80 


14.65 

13.20 

11.95 

10.95 

10.00 

9.25 

8.62 

8.13 

8.05 

8.74 

11.15 

14.65 

19.70 

8.70 
7.10 
6.00 
5.00 
4.40 
4.18 
4.10 
4.15 
4.50 
5.65 
8.10 
11.85 
17.40 

11.25 

10.20 

9.45 

8.70 

8.04 

7.54 

7.15 

6.87 

6.94 

7.90 

10.24 

13.80 

19.05 


10.60 
9.75 
9.14 
8.60 
8.17 
7.89 
7.64 
7.39 
7.60 
9.15 
11.75 
15.50 
21.00 

6.95 
5.80 
4.80 
4.00 
3.78 
3.70 
3.72 
3.85 
4.50 
6.00 
8.75 
12.80 
18.80 

8.50 

7.74 

7.24 

6.83 

6.59 

6.44 

6.33 

6.23 

6.61 

8.22 

10.85 

14.65 

20.40 


8.00 

7.65 

7.37 

7.15 

7.00 

6.90 

6.90 

6.92 

7.45 

9.60 

12.40 

16.40 

22.40 

5.60 
4.75 
4.00 
3.50 
3.39 
3.36 
3.45 
3.76 
4.75 
6.45 
9.45 
13.80 
20.30 

6.60 
6.19, 
5.93 
5.78 
5.72 
5.68 
5.75 
5.90 
6.63 
8.67 
11.52 
15. 60 
21.80 


6.50 

6.27 

6.12 

6.09 

6.09 

6.18 

6.31 

6.50 

7.85 

10.10 

13.10 

17.40 

23.90 

4.55 

4.00 

3.50 

3.18 

3.10 

3.16 

3.35 

3.92 

5.00 

6.95 

10.20 

14.90 

21.80 

5.35 

5.15 

5.07 

5.07 

5.07 

5.17 

5.35 

5.69 

6.99 

9.15 

12.23 

16.65 

23.30 


5.40 

5.40 

5.40 

5.45 

5.55 

5.65 

5.90 

6.55 

8.25 

10.60 

13.85 

18.50 

25.50 

3.82 

3.41 

3.14 

2.92 

2.86 

3.03 

3.38 

4.10 

5.30 

7.50 

11.00 

16. 10 

23.40 

4.50 
4.44 
4.49 
4.58 
4.68 
4.80 
5.11 
5.82 
7.38 
9.67 
13.00 
17.80 
24.90 


4.70 

4.74 

4.84 

4.99 

5.14 

5.29 

5.70 

6.80 

8.70 

11.15 

14.65 

19.70 

27.20 

3.32 

3.10 

2.91 

2.79 

2.80 

3.03 

3.50 

4.30 

5.60 

8.10 

11.85 

17.40 

25.10 

3.90 

3.98 

4.11 

4.25 

4.38 

4.58 

5.04 

6.05 

7.79 

10.24 

13.80 

19.05 

26. 60 


4.14 

4.24 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5.05 

5.90 

7.10 

9.15 

11.75 

15.50 

21.00 

29.00 

2.95 

2.85 

2.75 

2.70 

2.79 

3.11 

3.62 

4.50 

6.00 

8.75 

12.80 

18.80 

26.90 

3.50 

3.65 

3.81 

3.98 

4.17 

4.47 

5.22 

6.32 

8.22 

10.85 

14.65 

20.40 

28.40 


3.80 

3.94 

4.13 

4.37 

4.68 

5.17 

6.10 

7.45 

9.60 

12.40 

16.40 

22.40 

30.90 

2.74 

2.72 

2.71 

2.71 

2.83 

3.19 

3.76 

4.75 

6.45 

9.45 

13.80 

20.30 

28.80 

3.25 

3.42 

3.65 

3.86 

4.12 

4.59 

5.41 

6.63 

8.67 

11.52 

15.60 

21.80 

30.30 


3 68 


25 


3.83 


30 


4.03 


35 


4.34 


40 

45 


4.75 
5.32 


50 


6.30 


55 


7.85 


60 


10.10 


65 


13.10 


70 


17.40 


75 

80 


23.90 
32.90 


FEMALES. 
20 


2.68 


25 


2. €9 


30 


2.70 


35 


2.73 


40 


2.89 


45 


3.29 


50 


3.92 


55 


5.00 


60 


8.95 


65 


10.20 


70 


14.90 


75 


21.80 


80 


30.80 


BOTH SEXES. 
20 


3.17 


25 


3.36 


30 


3.61 


35 


3.86 


40 


4.19 


45." 


4.73 


50 


5.61 


55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 


6.99 
9.15 
12.23 
16.65 
23.30 
32.30 







The basis of the rates given in the preceding table consists of 444,654 
cases of invalidity pensions granted in the years 1891 to 1899, inclu- 
sive; approximately 70 per cent of these were males and 30 per cent 
females. The number of these pensioners ceasing to receive pensions 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1443 

during the period was 210,482, of which approximately 95 per cent 
were due to death, 4 per cent to recovery, and 1 per cent to other 
causes. 

The general tendency shown by the table may be summed up })y 
stating that, except for the three highest ages, the probabihty of 
ceasing to draw a pension — of ceasing to be an invalid either through 
recovery or death — is much greater in the younger ages than in the 
older. 

The proportion of demissions is quite large in the younger ages; 
at the ages of 20 and 25 approximately one-half of the invalids drop 
out in the first year; of those in middle age, e. g., 45 and 50, approxi- 
mately one-fourth drop out in the first year while of those in the ages 
of 70 and 75, approximately one-eighth drop out in the first year. 
Of those who are in the second year of the receipt of pensions, in the 
ages of 20 and 25, approximately one-fourth drop out during that 
year, in the ages 40 and 45 about 15 per cent of the second year pen- 
sioners drop out in that year, while in the ages 70 and 75 from 10 to 
12 per cent of the second year pensioners drop out in that year. The 
cause of the high proportion of demissions in the younger ages is 
stated to be due to the fact that the invalids of the younger ages 
suffer principally from severe diseases, many of which are likely to 
end fatally; pulmonary tuberculosis, which is responsible for a large 
proportion of the cases of invalidity in the younger ages, frequently 
causes death in a short time. The cases of invalidity in the higher 
ages include many instances in which there is a gradual deterioration 
of the physique of the pensioner; these cases usually suffer from 
sickness of various kinds, in which there is loss of earning power, but 
their death rate is perhaps not much in excess of the average rate of 
a standard population. 

Considerable difference exists between the rates for the sexes; as a 
rule the proportion of females dropped from the pension rolls is much 
smaller than the proportion of males. 

The data relating to the proportion of persons ceasing to receive 
pensions, whose invalidity was caused by pulmonary tuberculosis, 
show approximately the same tendencies as the data for all cases. 
The ratio of tuberculosis pensioners who drop out is greater for the 
younger than for the older ages; in the ages 20 to 24 years the pro- 
portion of males who drop out in the first year after the pension has 
been granted is about 80 per cent and decreases steadily with increas- 
ing age, and even in the age 65 to 69 the number of tuberculosis pen- 
sioners who drop out in the first year after the granting of the pension 
is only about 39 per cent. The same ratios are found in the case of the 
females. In general it may also be said that the probability of ceas- 
ing to draw a pension decreases with length of time the pensioner has 



1444 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

been on the roll; for the males of the age 20 to 24 it is probable that 
80 per cent will drop out in the first year thej have been drawing 
pensions, while of those who have been drawing pensions for nine 
years only 8 per cent are likely to drop out. 

Data relating to the probability of old-age pensioners ceasing to 
receive pensions have been compiled for 316,484 persons granted pen- 
sions during the years 1891 to 1897; up to the end of the year 1899 
about 51 per cent of this number had dropped out, of whom 72 per 
cent were males and 28 per cent were females. The males are there- 
fore more strongly represented among the demissions than among 
the admissions. The ratio of demissions per 100 pensions granted 
was 52 males and 48 females. Of the 160,892 demissions 152,446, 
or about 94 per cent, were due to the death of the pensioner, and 
7,791, or about 5 per cent, to the substitution of a higher invalidity 
pension for the old-age pension, while less than one-half of 1 per 
cent was due to miscellaneous causes. 

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE. 
INTRODTJCTION. 

The compulsory workmen's insurance system of Germany provides 
relief in case the worker is physically unable to perform work because 
of accidental injury, sickness, or invalidity. The worker may, how- 
ever, be physically able and willing to work, but because of lack of 
opportunity may be plunged into distress just as severe as if he 
had suffered a loss of ability to work. Relief for distress due to 
this cause is provided by a variety of methods, some of which are 
classed as insurance, though none of the systems of insurance against 
unemployment has as yet been developed to the stage long since 
attained by the sickness, accident, and invalidity insurance. In fact, 
it may be said that unemployment insurance in Germany is as yet in 
a period of development- 

In Germany the greatest amount of relief provided in case of unem- 
ployment is that furnished by the trade unions of industrial workers 
and similar voluntary associations of employees organized on occu- 
pational lines. The organizations which have solely for their purpose 
the insurance of workers against unemployment are comparativel}^ 
few in number, the number of persons protected is small, and the 
benefits provided are frankly admitted to be inadequate. The nature 
of the problem of unemployment insurance practically compels the 
voluntary insurance organizations to restrict themselves to meager 
and inadequate benefits. While the number of insurance organiza- 
tions in Germany is not large, they are sufficiently varied in character 
to make of interest their experience as part of the movement to 
develop a practicable system of unemployment insurance. Many of 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1445 

the organizations receive subsidies from the municipal or other local 
government in which they operate ; that these subsidies are but small 
in amount does not, however, lessen the importance of the experience 
derived from the operations; in some cases the subsidies have pur- 
posely been made small in order to encourage a sound and natural 
development instead of unduly stimulating growth by larger grants. 

From the technical insurance point of view the basis on which a 
system of msurance against unemployment must be established is 
defective in certain important features. In any system of insurance 
where compensation is provided for loss due to a specified occurrence 
the latter should be an event independent of the will of the insured 
person or at least directly in conflict with his own interest. In unem- 
ployment insurance it is practically impossible to control the charac- 
ter of the unemployment ; frequently that due to the will or conniv- 
ance of the insured person or continuing for the same reason can not 
be distinguished from involuntary and unavoidable unemployment. 
This fact makes it necessary to restrict the benefits to small amounts 
which only partially indemnify the insured person for his losses on 
account of unemployment. 

The question of fault in connection with the origin of the worker's 
unemployment involves a number of administrative problems. For 
instance, under certain circumstances a worker may be entirely justi- 
fied in voluntarily giving up his position, and to pass on such cases 
quickly and impartially special administrative machinery will have 
to be devised. The question of whether a workman shall be required, 
regardless of the rate of pay or other conditions, to accept a position 
offered to him or to forfeit his rights under the insurance is also one 
of the administrative problems calling for special consideration, par- 
ticularly as this phase of the insurance may cause conflict with the 
trade unions. 

The causes of unemployment are usually divided into two classes — 
the voluntary and the involuntary causes. 

Unemployment due to voluntary causes includes that arising from 
trade disputes, whether the dispute affects only one person or a 
group of persons engaged in a strike or lockout; the class of unem- 
ployment due to lack of desire to work is however the most important 
class of voluntary unemployment and constitutes the most serious 
problem in the way of introducing a successful system of insurance 
against unemployment. The necessity of distinguishing unemploy- 
ment which originated or which is continued because of the mental 
attitude of the workman, from unemployment originating or con- 
tinuing in spite of sincere efforts to obtain employment — in other 
words of distinguishhig between two psychological factors — has 
always been the factor which makes the status of this problem more 
or less doubtful as an insurance question. 



1446 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The causes of involuntary nn employment — aside from the physical 
disability of the workman — are either the recurrent or the special 
depressions in industr}^ Man}^ industries practically suspend 
operations at regular intervals each year, as is the case in agriculture, 
transportation on inland waterways, the building trades, quarrying, 
etc. ; certain industries, the so-called seasonal trades, have recurrent 
periods of activity and depression, such as the clothing trades, certain 
textile industries, etc. In addition to these more or less regularly 
recurring periods of depression each year in specified industries, 
periods of general industrial depression occur at intervals of every 
few years, which cause widespread unemployment. In some of the 
industries just mentioned, for instance, in the building trades, the 
wages are to some degree adjusted to the recurrent periods of unem- 
plo3^ment. Any system of unemployment insurance must therefore 
be adjusted to meet these risks as well as those of persons engaged in 
industries where employment is less subject to wide fluctuations. 
Partly for this reason and partly because it permits of a more efficient 
system of control, state subsidies to organizations conducting unem- 
ployment insurance have most frequently been granted to trade 
unions and similar associations organized on occupational or industrial 
lines. 

The existing institutions for providing insurance against unem- 
ployment may be divided into three classes: (1) Systems of unemploy- 
ment relief subsidized by the municipality or other government; 

(2) institutions created by employers for their own establishments; 

(3) unemployment relief conducted by trade unions. 

INSURANCE AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT BY THE LARGER POLITICAL 

DIVISIONS. 

One specialized form of unemployment relief provided by the 
imperial accident insurance law is contained in the provision that 
the employers' mutual accident associations may grant a person in 
receipt of a partial disability pension, a full pension so long as he is 
actually out of work because "of the accident and not through any 
fault of his own. (See art. 9, par. 5, of the law.) This provision 
relates only to persons partially disabled by accident; furthermore, 
the injured worker does not possess a right to such a benefit and may 
make a claim only if the accident association establishes the benefit. 

At the present time there is no imperial or state system of unem- 
ployment insurance in Germany. Up to the close of the 3^ear 1909, 
three of tlie States — Bavaria, Baden, and Hessen — have had under dis- 
cussion the adoption of a state system of insurance, but in each case 
no affirmative action has been taken. In tlie discussion in the upper 
chamber of tlie State of Hessen the minister of the interior stated 
that the result of the investigation of unemployment in Hessen 



CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1447 

showed that in the case of small mimicipaUties the need for sucli an 
insurance system had not yet been demonstrated; for the hirice 
munici]:>ahties it liad been proved that such a system of insurance 
was either desirable or necessary. In the opinion of the minister, 
neitlier the villages, nor the townships, nor the cities would he able 
to carry on such a system of insurance by themselves; the })ur(kMi 
must fall on the widest possible area, namely, that of the Empire. 
Since an imperial law on this subject is not to be ex])ectcd in the 
near future, it nmst remain, therefore, a problem of the cities to 
take measures against the distress caused by unemployment by 
maintaining relief or emergency work, or adopting similar measures. 
In particular, the minister urged that the system of public employ- 
ment agencies sliould be more fully developed. The trade unions 
and other workmen's organizations were without doubt adapted to 
assist in the administration of a system of unemplo\ment insurance, 
the principal diiliculty being that at the present time no plan for 
unemployment insurance which is free from serious defects has been 
developed. 

INSTITUTIONS SUBSIDIZED BY MUNICIPALITIES FOE INSURANCE AGAINST 

UNEMPLOYMENT. 

In Germany the most hnportant special institutions for insurance 
against unemployment are those subsidized by the municipalities. 
The leading unemployment insurance funds are those of Cologne, 
Leipzig, and Strassburg, but during the years 1909 and 1910 a long 
list of cities and towns have provided subsidies for organizations 
furnishing unemployment relief. A few of the subsidy plans adopted 
are mentioned in the following pages. 

THE COLOGNE MUNICIPAL FUND FOR INSURANCE AGAINST UNEMPLOY- 
MENT IN WINTER. 

The municipal fund of Cologne had its origin in a resohition 
passed by the municipal council on October 31, 1S94, wliich read as 
follows: 

There may be attached to the Municipal Employment Exchange 
a savings and insurance fund for cases of unemployment, if such 
an institution is created w^ith the approval and support of the city. 
In such a case the office rooms and ofhcials of the employment 
exchange shall, as far as possible, be placed at the service of the 
new institution free of charge, and the insured workmen who have 
paid their contributions shall first receive consideration in being 
given opportunities for employment. 

The unemployment fund was founded on March (i, 1896, at a 
meeting of the citizens of Cologne at which the oberburgermeister 
presided, and began operations on May 6, 1896. 
46598°— 10 92 



1448 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The constitution adopted at the meeting which estabhshed the 
fund provided that insurance in the fund should be voluntary; 
membership was restricted to male workmen thrown out of employ- 
ment between the dates of December 15 and March 15. The fund, 
therefore, is not a municipal institution, but a private institution 
receiving a subsidy from the municipality; two officials of the munici- 
pality are ex officio members of the directorate. 

Only male workmen at least 18 years of age who have resided 
for not less than 2 years in the city of Cologne may insure them- 
selves in the fund. The dues or contributions were fixed at a uniform 
rate of 25 pfennigs (6 cents) per week, and were to be paid beginning 
April 1 for 34 weeks continuously. The benefits provided in return 
for these dues or contributions consisted of preference in being given 
positions from the employment exchange, and if such employment 
could not be provided, then in the payment of a pecuniary benefit 
for 8 weeks. The pecuniary benefit is varied in two ways, first, a 
higher class of benefits is paid to married persons with children, and, 
secondly, the benefits are decreased with the length of time for which 
they are received. Under the system of benefits at first adopted 
the highest amount which a workman could receive in return for 
paying dues for 34 weeks was 2 marks (47.6 cents) for 20 days, and 1 
mark (23.8 cents) for 28 days, or together 68 marks ($16.18), for which 
he had paid 34 times 25 pfennigs, or an amount equal to 8.50 marks 
($2.02). The insured person has no right to benefits if the unemploy- 
ment was due to his own fault or occurred because of a strike or if he 
declined to accept a job that was offered him at the employment 
exchange. The insured person has no special right to employment in 
his own occupation, but the administration of the fund makes every 
effort to provide employment appropriate to the physical and mental 
capacities of the individual. To protect the fund the board of 
directors is authorized, and also, upon the notification of the super- 
visory officials,' is required, to stop the sale of due books as soon as 
the amount of contributions paid in by the insured persons reaches 
the point where, under the assumption that all persons entitled to 
benefits should become unemployed, two-thirds of the total assets 
of the fund, including the municipal subsidy, would be exhausted. 

The officials of the fund consist of the board of directors, the 
committee of the insured persons, and the general meeting; the 
board of directors consists of 6 members elected from the committee 
of the insured persons, of 6 employers, and of 6 persons neither 
employers nor workmen. In addition, the oberburgermeister and 
the director of the employment exchange are ex officio members 
of the board. The committee of the insured persons is elected from 
their number in the proportion of 1 member to every 50 insured 
persons. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1449 

The receipts of the fund are composed of contributions of honorary 
members and patrons, (kies of the insured persons, subsidy of the 
municipal council, and donations from associations, societies, employ- 
ers, etc.; at the end of the first year the patrons had contributed 
70,500 marks (816,779), honorary members had contributed 3,170 
marks ($754.46) in addition to annual contril)utions of 5,025 marks 
($1,195.95), while the municipality provided a subsidy of 25,000 
marks ($5,950). At the close of the first year the assets of the fund 
amounted to 103,582 marks ($24,652.52). 

Obviously the Cologne fund is not capable of becoming self- 
supporting, since the only persons who would take out insurance 
would be those who expect to be unemployed for some length of 
time during the winter. One writer sums up the situation by char- 
acterizing the fund as a benevolent institution intended to stinndate 
saving; a workman who saves 8.50 marks ($2.02) has this sum returneil 
to him during the winter in the form of unemployment benefits, 
together with a considerable premium. The statistical data given 
below indicate that the fund can rarely expect the workjnen to i)ay 
as much as 75 per cent of the amount given in benefits. 

During the first few years the board of directors practically reduced 
the requirements imposed on the insured persons; but following that 
period there has been a tendency to increase the requirements. 
In the year 1903, for instance, the dues were raised from a uniform 
rate of 25 pfennigs (6 cents) to 30 pfennigs (7.1 cents) for unskilled 
workers and 40 pfennigs (9.5 cents) for skilled workers. A further 
restriction was introduced in the requirement that onh' those persons 
might become members of the fund who could show that they had a 
regular occupation, which meant the exclusion of casual workers 
from the insurance. In the same year the date when benefits should 
begin was changed to December 1 and the date of their ending to 
March 1. In 1905 an increase in the weekl}^ dues was again made, 
the rates this time being 35 pfennigs (8.3 cents) for unskilled workmen 
and 45 pfennigs (10.7 cents) for skilled workmen. 

In actual practice the fund has developed into a system of insur- 
ance for workers in the building trades and in trades closely connected 
therewith. In the year 1908-9, for instance, the occupations of 
those drawing benefits were masons, plasterers, carpenters, painters, 
pavers, stonecutters, cabinetmakers, and paper hangers. 

A great advantage possessed by the Cologne fund consists of its 
close affiliation with the municipal employment exchange, which 
has materially reduced the number of da3's of benefits required to 
be paid; in fact during the first few years the number of days was 
reduced more than one-half because of employment provided through 
the efforts of the exchange. 



1450 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The most dfficult point in any system of unemployment insurance, 
namely, that of control of the unemployed, is provided for in Cologne 
by requiring the insured person to appear twice each day at the office 
of the municipal employment exchange, and it is stated that no 
complaints have arisen on this account from the insured persons. 
The reports of the fund admit that the beneficiaries may secure 
casual employment which they do not report to the fund, but as the 
number of insured persons is comparatively small, it is believed 
that an adequate supervision of the workers is maintained. 

The operations of the fund during the fiscal year 1908-9 showed 
that there was an endowment of 136,360 marks ($32,454), the annual 
dues of 213 honorar}^ members amounted to 2,335 marks ($556), the 
interest and miscellaneous income amounted to 6,330 marks ($1,507), 
and the dues of the insured persons amounted to 26,585 marks 
($6,327). The expenditures for the fiscal year 1908-9 were: For ad- 
ministration, 5,485 marks ($1,305) ; for benefits to unemployed persons, 
61,934 marks ($14,740) ; and miscellaneous expenses, 146 marks ($35). 
The dues of the insured persons were 42.9 per cent of the benefits 
received by them. The number of insured persons was 1,957, among 
whom were 1,435 skilled workers, with weekly dues of 45 pfennigs (10.7 
cents), and 522 unskilled workers, ^\ath weekly dues of 35 pfennigs (8.3 
cents). Among the skilled workers were 366 masons, 420 plasterers, 
163 carpenters, 383 painters, 54 pavers, etc., and 49 miscellaneous. 
Of the number of insured persons, 1,786 were entitled to benefits. 
The number of married men was 1,573 and the unmarried 348. The 
number of insured persons who reported themselves as out of work 
and asked for benefits was 1,481, or 82.9 per cent of the total number 
of insured persons entitled to benefits. This percentage has been 
exceeded in one year only, namely, 1906-7, when it was 84.8 per cent. 

The number of days of unemployment was 62,867^, from which 
must be deducted 1,918 days during which work was provided for 46 
persons; in addition, 1,159 insured persons were given casual work 
for 24,896 days. The large amount of temporary employment which 
was supplied to the insured persons was made possible by the close 
relation which the unemployment fund has to the municipal emplo}^- 
ment exchange. The time for which full benefits had to be paid was 
37,971 i days, for which 61,934 marks ($14,740) of benefits were paid ; of 
this number of days 23,9621 received 2 marks (47.6 cents) per day and 
14,009 received 1 mark (23.8 cents) per day. The benefits were paid to 
] ,050 skilled and 383 unskilled workers. Among the skilled workers 
were 294 masons, 353 plasterers, 97 carpenters, 228 painters, 47 pavers, 
and 31 miscellaneous. The average amount paid to each person 
receiving benefits was 43.22 marks ($10.29). The number of days of 
unemployment for which benefits were paid in the form of groups of 
days of unemployment is shown in the following table : 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE TN GERMANY. 



1451 



NUMBER OF DAYS OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR WHICH BENEFITS WERE PAID IN THE 

YEAR 1908-9 BY THE COLOGNE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 





Number of persons unemployed for— 


Class of laborers. 


lto5 
days. 


6to 

10 

days. 


11 to 

15 
days. 


16 to 

20 
days. 


21 to 

25 
days. 


26 to 

30 
days. 


31 to 

35 
days. 


36 to 

40 
days. 


41 to 
45 

days. 


46 to 

47 
days. 


48 
days. 




34 
94 


34 

77 


36 
85 


49 
117 


42 
110 


43 
121 


43 
146 


33 
83 


26 
62 


9 
25 


34 


Skilled laborers 


130 






Total 


128 


111 


121 


166 


152 


164 


189 


116 


88 


34 


164 







In the followinj:^ tables a summary of the operations of the fund 
since its creation in 1896 is given: 

NUMBER OF MEMBERS AND EXTENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS OF THE 

MUNICIPAL UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND OF COLOGNE, 1896-97 TO 1908-9. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



Year. 


Number of insured 
persons. 


Persons entitled to 
benefits who be- 
came u n e m - 
ployed. 


Number of days on 
which unem- 
ployed persons- 


Propor- 
tion of 
expenses 
for bene- 
fits met 
by con- 
tributions 
of insured 
persons. 




EnroUed. 


Entitled 
to bene- 
fits. 


Number. 


Per cent. 


Were 
given 
work. 


Received 
benefits. 


Percent. 


1896-97 


220 

324 

347 

256 

571 

1,205 

1,355 

1,624 

1,717 

1,610 

1,255 

1,505 

1,957 


132 

236 

282 

226 

536 

1,105 

1,265 

1,501 

1,596 

1,463 

1,155 

1,382 

1,786 


96 

151 

144 

154 

441 

842 

1,008 

1,164 

1,271 

1,087 

980 

1,127 

1,481 


72.7 
64.0 
51.1 
68.1 
82.3 
76.2 
79.7 
77.5 
79.6 
74.3 
84.8 


2,181 

2,646 

2,858 

3,709 

6,479 

15,853 

28,947 

26,716 

29,649 

28,715 

18.238 


1,408 
2,197 
2,026 
2,773 
12,659 
18,259 
16,046 
22,910 
25,034 
13,414 
24,086 
29,899 
37,971i 


42.5 


1897-98 . 


63 5 


189^99 


73.1 


1899-1900 


42.7 


1900-1901 


23.6 


1901-2 . . 


41.4 


1^2-3 


49.7 


1903-4 


49.5 


1904-5 


48.5 


1905-6 


91.7 


1906-7 


43.0 


1907-8 ... 


81.5 1 20,042 
82.9 i 24.896 


42.5 


1908-9 


42.7 











RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND RESERVE OF THE MUNICIPAL UNEMPLOYMENT 
INSURANCE FUND OF COLOGNE, 189fv-97 TO 1908-9. 

[Source: Mitteilungen des Statistischen Amts der Stadt Magdeburg No. 19, Die Bisherigen Erfahrungen 
auf dem Gebiete der Arbeitslosenversicherung.) 





Receipts. 


Expenditures. 




Year. 


Contri- 
butions of 
insured 
persons. 


Contri- 
butions of 
honorary 
members 

and of 
patrons. 


Contri- 
butions of 
city. 


Interest 

and mis- rp-,„, 
ceUaneous ^°^^•■ 
receipts. 


Pay- 
ments to 
insured 
persons. 


Costs of 
adminis- 
tration. 


Total. 


Reserve. 


189«-^97 .... 
1897-98 


$238 

527 

582 

478 

1,086 

2,959 

3.424 

4,70«i 

4,946 

5,lf^ 

4,092 

4,918 

6,327 


$18,730 
1,220 
1,249 
959 
851 
794 
766 
724 
709 
665 
611 
582 
556 


$5,950 


$943 $25,861 
1,021 ! 2,7(.8 
1,075 2,90<i 
1,118 2,5.=i5 
1,165 3,102 
1,121 1 4,874 
1,154 j 10,104 
1,284 1 11,474 
1,299 11,714 
1,382 ! Il,9(i7 
1,513 1 10.976 
1,600 ! 11.860 
1,507 1 13,150 


$5(.0 

830 

796 

1,121 

4,602 

7,151 

6.856 

9,500 

10,194 

5,627 

9,523 

11,583 

14,740 


$648 

557 

497 

459 

497 

703 

883 

937 

1,042 

959 

1,053 

1,129 

01,340 


$1,208 

1,387 

1.293 

1.5W) 

5, 099 

7,8.54 

7,739 

10,4.37 

11,236 

6,586 

10, 576 

12,712 

16,080 


$24,653 
26, 033 


1898-99 




27 647 


189&-1900.. 




2.S. 622 


1900-1901 




2(i, 625 


1901-2 




2.3, (V44 


1902-3 

1903-4 

1904-5 

1905-<i 

190C^7 

1907-8 

1908-9 


4,760 
4,760 
4,760 
4.760 
4.760 
4,760 
4.7r,0 


26,010 
27.047 
27, 524 
32. 905 
33. 305 
32. 4r>4 
32,454 



a Including a few small items of return of dues. 



1452 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

The number of persons insured fluctuates considerably, as shown 
in the first of the two tables, but in general the number may be said to 
show a tendency to increase. The most important item is shown in the 
column giving the proportion of persons entitled to benefits who apply 
for relief. While in 3 of the years the percentage is below 70, ever since 
the reorganization of the fund, in 1900, the proportion of persons 
claiming benefits has been in excess of 74 per cent. During the 
winter of 1906 the proportion was as high as 84.8 per cent. The 
proportion of the expenditures for benefits met by the contributions 
of the insured persons shows great fluctuations. In 1900-1901 it 
amounted to onty 23.6 per cent, while in the year 1905-6 it reached 
the amount of 91.7 per cent. Since the year 1901-2 the proportion 
has varied between 41.4 and 49.7, with the exception of the year 
1905-6. The experience of the fund is therefore that from 75 to 85 
per cent of the insured persons entitled to benefits will make claim for 
the same, while the proportion of benefits defrayed by dues of the 
insured persons will be between 40 and 50 per cent. 

The unemployment insurance, as conducted by the Cologne fund, 
may be characterized as an insurance of the seasonal industries, espe- 
cially that of the building trades. Like all voluntary institutions, it 
has the weakness that it is principally what would in insurance ter- 
minology be called the '^poor risks " which are included in its opera- 
tions and in consequence has a large deficit, which must be supplied 
by subsidies of various sorts. Although this fund is heavily subsi- 
dized by the municipality, the city authorities find it necessary to 
institute emergency work during the winter. Thus, in the winter of 
1908-9, emergency work of various kinds was carried on, of which 
the cost was 172,447 marks ($41,042), this figure being obtained by 
deducting from the total appropriation the amount obtained from 
the product of the work. The sick fund for municipal employees 
estimates that the loss on the work was actuaUy 192,447 marks 
($45,802). The number of persons employed in this emergency work 
was 1,991, who received 37,271 days of employment, while in the 
writing room 86 persons were given work for 995 dsijs. Among the 
persons employed were 613 skilled workers (including 369 building 
trades employees) and 1,378 unskilled workers, among whom were 
671 building trades employees. 

The census of the unemployed of the city, taken on January 24, 
1909, gives an indication of the extent to which the unemployment 
fund and the emergency work affords a solution of the problem of 
relieving the unemployed. On the date mentioned the census showed 
there were 3,478 persons out of work, not including 620 persons 
employed on the emergency work and 710 persons receiving benefits 
from the unemployment insurance funds, making the number of 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1453 

unemployed on the date mentioned 4,808 persons, of whom only 14.8 
per cent were insured against unemi)l()yment. It is of interest, also, 
to note that among the 3,478 unem])l()yed persons disclosed b}' tlie 
census the building trades formed a large proportion — the skilled 
building-trades workers formed 25.5 per cent, while the unskilled 
trades workers and casual laborers formed 20.7 per cent. The impor- 
tant part which workers in the building trades constitute in the question 
of relief of unemployed persons is indicated b}' the fact that skilled 
building trades workers formed 67.5 per cent of those receiving bene- 
fits from insurance funds, 18.5 per cent of those employed on emer- 
gency works, and 25.5 per cent of the other persons out of work. 

LEIPZIG. 

In the year 1903 an unemployment insurance fund for the city of 
Leipzig was created by a society of private persons who voluntarily 
contributed varying amounts for the support of the organization. At 
the beginning of the work an attempt was made to collect subscrip- 
tions for an endowment fund of 100,000 marks ($23,800); but this 
attempt was given up in June, 1904, and the society was reorganized 
in the following year with somewhat different methods of administra- 
tion. Under the new plan the principal supporters of the fund were 
the workmen's organizations, which insured a large number of their 
members under a collective policy and collected the dues from 
those who were insured. Private persons interested in the fund 
raised an endowment of 60,000 marks ($14,280) ; but up to the end of 
1909 the municipahty had not provided a subsidy to assist the fund 
in this work. By March, 1905, approximately 100 persons were 
insured, and the society decided to begin operations at that time. 

The constitution is an elaborate document, the principal provisions 
of which may be summarized as follows: Membership in the fund is 
voluntary, is restricted to male workers who have resided in Leipzig 
for at least 1 year without interruption, who are not under 16 and 
not over 60 years of age, and who agree to pa\^ dues in accordance 
with the specified schedule. According to the constitution, this sched- 
ule must be arranged to include classes of risks, which, in 1909, were 
as follows : 

Weekly dues. 

Class 1 30 pfennigs ( 7 cents) 

Class II 40 pfennigs (10 cents) 

Class III 50 pfennigs (12 cents) 

Class IV CO pfennigs (14 cents) 

The right to benefits begins after a member has paid dues for 42 
weeks. The benefits for each workday range from 1 mark to 1 .60 
marks (23.8 cents to 38 cents). The benefits are paid for 42 days, 



1454 



KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOaSTER OF LABOE. 



beginning with the fourth day of unemployment, if the unemploy- 
ment was not due to the worker's own fault. The usual reasons 
for disallowing claims for benefits have also been adopted by this 
fund. 

A special feature of the fund is the system of collectiYe insurance, 
according to which trade unions or other organizations may insure 
their members in a body by making the union responsible for the 
collection of dues; to secure this right not less than one-third of 
the members of the union must be insured, this number to include 
not less than 50 persons. In such cases the dues per person are 
reduced to 10 pfennigs (2 cents) per week, and each person so included 
becomes entitled to benefits of 75 pfennigs (18 cents) per day. If 
the member pays dues for an extended period without making a 
claim for benefits, he thereby becomes entitled to a higher rate 
of benefits, depending on the length of time for which no claim 
was made. 

The constitution makes no mention of any connection between 
the employment office and the insurance fund; arrangements are 
made for the unemployed member to report daily at the office of 
the fund, but not at the office of the employment agency. 

The operations of the fund for the four years 1905-6 to 1908-9 
are shown in the following tables : 

NUMBER or PERSONS INSURED AND PERSONS UNEMPLOYED, IN THE UNEMPLOY- 
MENT INSURANCE FUND OF LEIPZIG, 1905 TO 1909. 





[Source: 


Reichs-Arbeitsblatt 


, 1910.] 










Fiscal year (May 1 to April 30). 




Number 

of 

insured 

persons 

at end of 

year. 


Insured persons 
unemployed. 


Days unemployed. 




Number. 


Per cent. 


Number, 


Per per- 
son unem- 
ployed. 


1905-6 


143 
171 

244 
227 


13 
14 
20 

38 


9.1 

8.2 
8.2 
16.7 


275 
241 

388 
1,042 


21 2 


1906-7 


17.2 


1907-8 


19 4 


1908-9 


27.4 







CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1455 



FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND OF LEIPZIG, 

1905 TO 1909. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 





Benefits paid. 


Receipts. 


Assets 

at 

clo.se of 

year. 


Fiscal year (May 1 to April 30). 


Amount. 


Per 

person 
receiving 
benefits. 


Dues of 
Insured 
persons. 


Interest 
and mis- 
cellane- 
ous. 


1905-6 


$54.74 
48.55 
118.05 
297.26 


$4.21 
3.47 
5.90 
7.82 


$157.32 
176. 12 
237.29 
272. 03 


$147. 32 
210.63 
240. 14 
237.05 


$4,273.05 


1906-7 ■ 


4,515.10 


1907-8 


4 687. ()5 


1908-9 


4,636.95 







The number of persons included in the fund is shown by the 
preceding tabic to be comparatively small, although there has been 
an increase during the period included. As compared with the 
industrial population of the city the operations of the fund are 
unimportant. 

The insured persons are divided into classes, as already mentioned, 
the classification being determined according to the risk of unem- 
ployment in each class. In the years 1907-8 and 1908-9 the num- 
ber of persons insured was as follows : 

NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED IN THE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND OF 
LEIPZIG, BY CLASSES AND OCCUPATIONS, 1907-8 AND 1908-9. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



1 
Class and occupation. | 1907-8. 


1908-9. 


Class and occupation. 


1907-8. 


1908-9. 


CLASS l: DUES 30 PFENNIGS (7.1 
CENTS) PER WEEK. 

Factory workers 


34 

36 
7 
4 
9 


41 

28 
7 
8 
3 


CLASS hi: dues 50 pfennigs (11.9 

CENTS) PER WEEK. 

Bookbinders, lithographers, etc. . . 
Workers in stores etc 


3 


.-l 


Employees in commerce and 


115 1 94 


Painters, leather workers, etc 

Carpenters 


(i 7 


Blacksmiths, locksmiths, etc 




1 


Printers, lithographers, etc 






Total 


124 


105 




CLASS iv: dues 60 PFENNins (14.3 
CENTS) PER WEEK. 

Masons * 




Total 


90 


87 


2 








CL.VSS 11 : DtJES 40 PFENNIGS (9.5 
CENTS) PER WEEK. 


11 
2 
7 
3 
3 


4 
11 
8 
4 
3 


s 




2 1 


Building trades, etc 


1 Stove mounters 




1 




Total 






4 


5 


Engineers, firemen, etc . . . 






Paper hangers, tailors, etc 




Total 


26 


30 









1456 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOITER OF LABOR. 

The fund is important as being an illustration of the possibility 
of conducting unemployment insurance almost entirely on the 
basis of unofficial support. While the scope of the fund's opera- 
tions is very restricted, it has shown itsef capable of conducting a 
system of relief within the limits adopted. Some fear had been 
entertained that in times of business depression the insured persons 
would exploit the fund by making use of the full amount of their 
claims to benefits; the year 1908-9 proved to be one in which unem- 
ployment was widespread, but there was no difficulty in meeting 
the claims presented. 

STRASSBURG. 

In the year 1907 the municipal council of Strassburg made an appro- 
priation of 5,000 marks ($1,190) for the purpose of providing a system 
of unemployment relief modeled after what is usually called the Ghent 
system. The regulations adopted by the council are as follows : 

1. The city of Strassburg grants in the first instance as an experi- 
ment for the duration of one year a sum not exceeding 5,000 marks 
($1,190) for the purpose of encouraging insurance against unemploy- 
ment. 

2. This sum is to be used for the purpose of granting to every 
unemployed person, who. belongs to an out-of-work fund of an asso- 
ciation of workmen, salaried persons, etc., a subsidy as an addition 
to the amount paid to him by such fund. 

3. The addition shall be made only for benefits given on the spot 
in the case of involuntary unemployment. If the unemployment is 
due to strikes and lockouts or their consequences, or to sickness, 
accident, or invalidity, the municipal subsidy shall not be granted. 
The same holds true if unemployed persons, who originally had a 
right to relief, are subsequently affected by strikes or lockouts. 

4. The subsidy shall be paid only to those unemployed persons who, 
at the commencement of the period of unemployment, shall have 
resided in Strassburg for an uninterrupted period of at least one year. 

5. The subsidy shall be 50 per cent of the benefit received by the 
unemployed person from his union; the maximum amount of the 
municipal subsidy shall, however, be 1 mark (23.8 cents) per day for 
which benefit is paid. As soon as it shall be seen that the granting 
of 50 per cent would cause the municipal appropriation of 5,000 
marks ($1,190) to be exceeded, a proportionate decrease in the 
subsidy shall be made. 

6. The subsidy shall cease to be paid if the unemployed person is 
provided with suitable work in his trade. Unmarried persons must 
also accept work away from Strassburg except in special circum- 
stances. 

7. Those associations of workmen, salaried persons, etc., which 
grant to their members an out-of-work benefit have a claim to the 
municipal subsidy as soon as they make application to that effect to 
the municipal government, and agree to abide by the provisions of 
these regulations. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1457 

8. All such associations must deliver to the inuiiicij)al t^^overnineiit 
a copy of their constitution and of the regulations then in force for the 
out-of-work benefit fund, and must administer this fund separately 
from the other objects of the association. They must keep a current 
register, in which shall be reo;ularly entered: 

(a) Name, first name, residence, and occupation of all members 
who receive the out-of-work benefit. 

(b) The amount of the benefit paid to each unemplo3^ed person from 
the funds of the association in accordance with its rules. 

{c) The amount added by the city per day and per capita of the 
unemployed persons concerned. 

(d) The date when the unemployment begins, as well as of the 
commencement of the right to receive benefits. 

(e) The number of days of unemplo3'ment and the number of days 
in respect of which a claim to receive benefits exists. 

9. The associations obligate themselves to exert every effort to 
reduce unemployment as much as possible. In case of unemploy- 
ment, therefore, the members must register themselves at the munici- 
pal employment office, not later than the first working day after the 
commencement of the unemployment, and must report in person 
daily at the appointed time m order to establish the fact of their 
unemployment. 

So far as concerns the period which, according to the regulations, 
must elapse before the right to receive out-of-work benefits shall 
commence, that period shall in all cases be deemed to begin from the 
date of his first registration at the municipal employment office. 

The municipal subsidy will be paid only for tliose da3^s on which 
it is proved that the person has reported in person at the employment 
office. 

10. The associations shall advance the amount necessary to pay to 
their members the municipal subsidy. In the first half of every month 
they shall forward to the municipal government their accounts for the 
preceding month, with a copy of their list of unemployed members. 

If the accounts are not presented at the proper time, the municipal 
subsidy shall not be paid until one month later. 

11. The associations shall allow the authorized representatives of 
the municipal government to inspect their accounts for the purpose 
of verifying the due observance of the provisions of these regulations. 

12. Every fraudulent act by a member, committed with the object 
of obtaining a subsidy to which he has no right, shall be punished by 
the exclusion of the person concerned from the grant of the subsidy 
for a period of one year. 

If it is proved that an official of the association has abetted the 
person defrauding the cit}", the association may be excluded from the 
right to receive the municipal subsidy for a year. 

13. Disputes arising out of these regulations are to be decided by a 
committee of the board of management of the municipal employment 
office, acting as a board of arbitration. This committee shall consist 
of the president of the board of management and of one emphn^er and 
one workman selected from those elected by the municipal council to 
sit on that committee. 

The two last-named members shall be elected by the committee as 
a whole. 



1458 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



As a result of the experience of the first year's operations the 
council made a second appropriation of 5,000 marks ($1,190) to con- 
tinue the work for the following year, and during the year 1908 the 
committee of the council in charge of the fund resolved to place the 
surplus of the first year and of future years in a special reserve to be 
drawn on during periods of general business depression. 

The following table shows the operations of the fund for the year 
1907: 

UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE IN STRASSBURG, 1907. 

[Source: Mitteilungen des Statistischen Amts der Stadt Magdeburg, No. 19, Die Bisherigen Erfahrungen 
auf dem Gebiete der Arbeitslosenversicherung.] 



Unions of- 



Average 
number 
of mem- 
bers. 



Unemployment aided by the 
city. 



Cases of 
unem- 
ploy- 
ment. 



Persons 
unem- 
ployed. 



Days of 
unem- 
ploy- 
ment. 



Amount of benefits 
provided by— 



The 
unions. 



The city. 



Average 
amount 
of benefits 
provided 
by city 
per day 
and per 
person. 



Sculptors 

Bookbinders 

Book printers 

Book printers' helpers 

W ood workers 

Woodworkers (Christian Union 

of) 

Lithographers 

Metal workers 

Blacksmiths 

Tobacco workers 

Paper hangers 

Carpenters 

Total 



23 

51 

672 

137 

639 

61 
63 
1,057 
68 
33 
36 
305 



2 

5 

31 

7 
39 

ol 
5 

39 
1 

a2 

5 

16 



77 
795 
115 
600 

18 

60 

498 

12 

78 

143 

134 



$69. 97 
04.98 

748. 51 
48.55 

289. 17 

18.56 
91.87 

298. 69 
10.23 
18.33 
59.02 

104. 96 



$13.09 
14.04 

185. 64 
11.06 
90.44 

1.19 
13.09 
73.31 
1.43 
5.47 
21.42 
18.80 



$0.15 
.17 
.23 
.10 
.15 

.06 
.22 
.15 
.12 
.07 
.15 
.14 



3,145 



264 



153 



2,618 



1,822.84 



).58 



17 



a Women. 



A summary of the report for the year 1908 is given in the labor 
bulletin of the German statistical office {Reichs-Arheitsblatt). 
According to this summary, on January 1, 1909, the number of 
members of the 29 unions affiliated with the fund was 4,872; the 
union of metal workers had 1,141 members, the bookbinders 704, 
woodworkers 560, transportation workers 434, city and state em- 
ployees 414, commercial employees 308, carpenters 270, factory 
workers 250, and bookbinders' helpers 141, while the other unions 
had together less than 100 members. Of the 29 unions affiliated 
only 18 drew benefits during 1908. The number of cases in which 
benefits were granted was 443 and the number of persons aided 247. 
The number of days of unemployment for which benefits were paid 
by the fund was 4,989, while the number of days of unemployment for 
which the unions themselves provided benefits was 10,608. The dif- 
ference between the two was due principally to the fact that the munic- 
ipal subsidy was granted only to persons who have resided in the 
city for one year. The total amount of municipal subsidy was 3,507 
marks ($834.67) in 1908, as compared with 1,889 marks ($449.58) 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1459 

in 1907. The increase in 1908 is due almost entirely to the increasing 
claims of the three large unions of metal workei^s, woodworkers, and 
carpenters. The amount paid for out-of-work benefits by the unions 
themselves was 14,328 marks ($3,410.06), or approximately four 
times the amount of the municipal subsidy. 

The month of the year in which the demands on the funds were 
heaviest was January, while in June the smallest amount was ex- 
pended. The six winter months from October to ^larch included 
82 per cent of the expenditures. The average duration of a case of 
unemployment was 20 days. The following table shows by num- 
ber of days the length of time for which benefits were granted : 

NUMBER OF MEMBERS RECEIVING BENEFITS FROM THE UNEMPLOYMENT INSUR- 
ANCE FUND OF STRASSBURG IN 1908 FOR EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS. 







(Source: 


Reicbs-Arbeitsblatt 


1910.] 








Unions of— 


Members receiving benefits lor each specified number of days. 


Total. 


1 to 5. 


6 to 10. 


11 to 20. 


21 to 30. 


31 to 50. 


51 to 100. 


Over 100. 


Metal workers 

Woodworkers. 


14 
15 
17 
4 
4 


9 
9 

7 
7 
4 


13 
14 
11 
8 
17 


6 
12 
13 
2 
6 


12 
10 
10 
4 

7 


4 


2 


60 
(30 


Carpenters 






58 


Book printers 

All other 


6 




31 




38 










Total 


54 


30 63 


39 


43 


10 


2 


247 



The system of unemployment relief of the city of Strassburg is 
intended principally for the skilled workere in various trades, except 
the masons and stonecutters, for whom the emergency works are to 
be conducted. According to the occupation census of 1907 there 
were in Strassburg 17,200 persons engaged in industrial and the ordi- 
nary trades; it is estimated that 3,750 of these are unskilled workers, 
leaving 13,450 persons to be classed as skilled workers. Of this 
number, 4,077 persons, or 30.4 per cent, belong to the unions afhliated 
with the unemployment insurance commission. For unskilled workers 
in the building trades the municipal administration provided emer- 
gency works in the winter of 1907-8, the cost of which was approxi- 
mately 63,000 marks ($14,994), and on which approximately 1,200 
unemployed persons received work. The average expenditure for a 
person on the emergency works was therefore 52.50 marks ($12.50), 
as compared with 12.66 marks ($3.01) of subsidy for the insured 
persons. 

The advantages of the Ghent system as used in Strassburg consist 
of the ease of control as far as the risk and the continuance of the 
unemployment are concerned, and in addition the comparative 
cheapness as compared with other methods. In Strassburg condi- 
tions were favorably affected because of the frequent use which was 



1460 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

made of the municipal employment exchange. Attention is also 
called to the fact that the unemployment insurance did not prevent 
the membership of aJBSliated unions from decreasing from 5,372 on 
January 1, 1908, to 4,872 on January 1, 1909. 

Two independent suburbs of Strassburg — Schiltigheim and Bisch- 
heim — the former of 14,000 and the latter of 19,000 inhabitants, have 
each made appropriations for the same purpose as the appropriation 
of Strassburg. For the first-named city the amount was 500 marks 
($119) and for the second city 300 marks ($71.40). 

MtJLHAUSEN. 

One of the most recent attempts to establish a municipal system of 
unemployment relief is that provided by a recent act of the city 
council of Miilhausen in Alsace-Lorraine. The act bears the date of 
November 4, 1909, and came into force on December 1, 1909. Its 
provisions are as follows : (°) 

Article 1 . For a period of three years the city of Miilhausen will 
grant a subsidy to the out-of-work benefits provided by the workmen's 
organizations existing in Miilhausen. 

Art. 2. To each unemplo3^ed workman, who is a member of the 
out-of-work fund of one of the local unions of workmen and salaried 
workers, shall be granted a subsidy in addition to the out-of-work 
benefit which he receives from his fund . 

Art. 3. The subsidy will be granted only in cases of involuntary 
unemployment. If the unemployment is caused either by a strike, 
a lockout, or the result thereof, or due to accident or invalidity, then 
the municipal subsidy will not be granted. The same rule shall apply 
if the unemployed workman was originally entitled to benefits but 
afterwards a strike or lockout takes place. 

Art. 4. The subsidy will be granted only to such unemployed 
workmen who at the time when the unemployment begins, have 
resided without interiiiption for at least one year in Miilhausen and 
have been employed in the city during this time. 

Art. 5. The subsidy shall be 70 per cent of the amount of the 
benefit received by the unemployed person at the time from his asso- 
ciation; those unemployed persons, however, who have families or 
dependents to support shall receive from the subsidy an amount 
equal to 80 per cent of the out-of-work benefit. The maximum 
amount of the municipal subsidy may not exceed one mark 
(?-3.8 cents) per day of benefits. As soon as it becomes evident that 
by providing the subsidy of 70 per cent (or 80 per cent, as the case 
may be) the total amount of the annual appropriation made by the 
city will be exceeded, then a proportionate reduction in the amount of 
the subsidy shall be made. 

Art. 6. The subsidy shall cease as soon as the unemployed person 
has appropriate work provided for him. Unmarried persons must 
accept employment elsewhere unless they can show that special cir- 
cumstances prevail in their case. 

a Reichs-Arbeiteblatt, 1910. 



1 



I 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1461 

Art. 7. The right to the municipal subsidy shall be granted to those 
associations of workmen and salaried persons who provide out-of-work 
benefits for their members as soon as they make proper application 
at the mayor's office and agree to comply without reservation to the 
provisions of this act. 

Art. 8. Each association must deposit in the mayor's office copies 
of its constitution and the existing regulations of its out-of-work 
benefit fund and must administer this fund entirely separate from 
other purposes of the association. It must keep a current register 
and supply the municipal administration with a copy thereof, and the 
register shall contain the following: 

(a) Name, first name, residence, and occupation of all members who 
receive out-of-work benefits. 

(h) The amount of the benefit which is paid by the fund of the 
association to each person in accordance with the regulations. 

(c) The amount provided by the city per day and per person in 
each case of unemployment. 

{d) The date when the unemployment begins as well as the date 
when the right to benefits begins. 

(e) The number of days of unemployment as well as the days for 
which there was a right to benefits. 

Art. 9. The associations must obligate themselves to exert every 
effort to secure the greatest possible reduction of unemploynent. 
In case of unemployment, the members must, therefore, not later than 
the first working day after the unemployment begins, register them- 
selves at the municipal employment office and must each day report 
at the time required for purposes of supervision. 

The preliminary period, if such be required by the constitution of 
the funds, shall begin only from the date on which the member registers 
at the municipal employment office. 

The municipal subsidy will be paid only for those days on which the 
member registers at the municipal employment office. 

Art. 10. The associations shall advance the amount necessary to 
pay their members the municipal subsidy, and shall require a receipt 
therefor. During the first half of each month they shall forward to 
the mayor's office the accounts for the preceding month with a copy 
of the list of unemployed persons. 

If the accounts are not forwarded within the time specified, the 
municipal subsidy shall not be paid until the following month. 

Art. 11. The associations obligate themselves to permit the repre- 
sentatives of the mayor's office to supervise their bookkeeping in order 
to properly control the execution of this act. 

Art. 12. Any member of an association who commits a fraudulent 
act for the purpose of obtaining the subsidy to which he is not entitled 
shall be excluded from the right to the subsidy for a period of one 
year. If it is shown that a member of the directorate or an official 
of an association has abetted such a person, the association may be 
excluded from the right to receive the municipal subsidy for a period 
of one year unless the association removes the official in question from 
his office. 

Art. 13. To decide on controversies arising under this act there 
shall be an arbitration board, consisting of the director (Dezernenten) 
of the municipal employment office and one employer and one work- 
man, appointed by the municipal council. 



1462 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOISTER OF LABOR. 

The Miilhausen plan follows closely the plan adopted by the city 
of Strassburg. The amount of the subsidy is fixed at a higher rate, 
being 70 per cent, and in case there are dependents, 80 per cent of the 
union benefit, instead of the 50 per cent provided by Strassburg. The 
highest amount which may be granted from the municipal subsidy 
is one mark (23.8 cents) so that the largest benefit which a workman 
can obtain is 3 marks (71.4 cents) per day. It will be noted that the 
scheme makes no provision for unorganized workmen but by decision 
of the communal council arrangements are to be made as soon as pos- 
sible to provide such workmen with a similar benefit. 

ERLANGEN. 

The municipal council of Erlangen by the acts of December 31, 
1908, and January 5, 1909, instituted a system of unemployment 
relief to be adopted in accordance with the following decree :(°) 

Article 1. As an experimental measure an amount not to exceed 
1,200 marks ($285.60) is hereby appropriated for the year 1909 for 
the relief of unemployed skilled workers who, because of their occupa- 
tion and physical condition, are not adapted to the regular emergency 
works. 

Art. 2. Married and unmarried persons residing in this city and 
having a legal residence here as well as married persons out of work 
who have resided here for at least three years who are members of a 
local unemployment fund, shall receive a subsidy from the commune 
whenever unemployment relief is paid by their fund. 

Art. 3. The communal subsidy is paid only if the unemployment 
is not due to the worker's own fault, but due to lack of employment 
and not caused by a strike, lockout, or the results thereof, or due to 
sickness, accident, or invalidity. The communal subsidy will, in 
addition, not be granted even if the unemployed person was originally 
entitled to benefits, but is later affected by a strike or a lockout. 

Art. 4. The amount of the communal subsidy shall be one-half of 
the benefit received by the unemployed person from his out-of-work 
fund, but shall not exceed the amount of 60 pfennigs (14.3 cents) for 
each day of benefits. 

Art. 5. The communal subsidy may not be paid for a longer 
period than six weeks and shall cease as soon as the unemployed 
person is given opportunity to work in his occupation. 

Art. 6. The members of the local funds described above obtain 
the right to the communal subsidy as soon as the administration of 
their fund makes application to the municipal government and agrees 
to the provisions of this act. 

Art. 7. The funds must forward to the municipal government 
copies of their constitutions and the regulations of their unemploy- 
ment relief system, and the unemployment relief must be adminis- 
tered separately from all their other operations. They must keep a 
set of books in which are accurately entered the following: 

(a) The name, first name, residence, and occupation of all members 
who receive unemployment relief. 

a Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1463 

(b) The amount of the rehef granted earli uneniployod inoniber in 
acconhmce with the provisions of the constitution. 

(c) The amount <jrantecl each day to each unemployed person from 
the municipal subsi(l3\ 

(d) The date on which the unemployment be<^ins as well as the 
date on which the rijjjht to benefits be<rins. 

(e) The number of days of unemployment as well as the nund)er 
of days for which the niend)er is entitled to benefits. 

Art. 8. Each unemplo^^ed member who makes a claim to the mu- 
nicipal subsidy must, not later than the first working day after unem- 
ployment begins, report at the numicipal emi)loyment ollice for 
registration, and on each working day following report at the hour 
required for purj)oses of control. For the first 7 days after reg- 
istry at the munici})nl employment oilice the subsid}- shall not be 
paid. The communal subsidy is to be paid only for those days on 
which the beneficiary registers himself at the municipal employment 
office. 

Art. 9. The funds sliall advance the amount necessary to pay their 
members the municipal subsidy. The funds must forward to the 
municipal government their accounts and the list of unemployed 
persons not later than the fifteenth day after the end of each month. 

If the accounts are not forwarded within the time specified, the 
municipal subsidy will not be paid until one month later. 

Art. 10. The funds must permit the representatives of the munici- 
pal government to supervise the keeping of their accounts in order to 
secure information of operations under this act. 

Art. 11. Whoever attempts to secure a municipal subsidy with- 
out any right thereto, shall be excluded for the period of one year 
from any right to benefits, and in addition be subject to the legal 
penalty therefor. 

If it is shown that an official of a fund has abetted a member in such 
fraudulent act, the fund may be excluded from the receipt of bene- 
fits for one year. 

Art. 12. The communal subsid}" as specified in tlie foregoing para- 
graphs shall be granted in the same amount and for the same period 
to those unemployed skilled workers who are not members of an 
unemployment relief fund; these persons must comply with the 
requirements, conditions, and expenditures specified in the preceding 
paragraphs. If in computing the subsidy various amounts and 
times must be considered, then the average of these figures shall be 
used. In such cases the communal subsidy will be paid by the 
municipal treasury (Stadtlcaemmerei). 

Art. 13. Controversies arising under this act shall be decided by 
an arbitration board consisting of three persons. The chairman of 
this board shall be the president of the municij)ality or a representa- 
tive appointed by him; one of the associates shall be chosen by the 
municipal council and a second associate shall be chosen from among 
the workmen by the council of the representatives of the commune 
{Gemeindehevollmaechtigten). 

Art. 14. This act shall come hito force on Januar}^ 1, 1909. 

The plan provided by the Erlangen municipal law is based on 
the Ghent system; the act is restricted to persons who are engaged 
46598°— 10 93 



1464 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 

ill skilled occupations, and the institution is specifically stated to be 
a supplement to the system of emergency works. To be entitled to 
benefits claimants must have resided in the city for three years, and 
if they are unmarried must have a legal residence in the city. The 
subsidy provided is 50 per cent of the rate paid by the funds but must 
not exceed 60 pfennigs (14.3 cents) per day of benefits and the period 
of benefit payments shall not exceed 6 weeks in any one case. An 
important provision is that the benefit shall be granted to the mem- 
bers of any fund or society for the relief of unemployment; this 
would include, for instance, unemployment funds created by the 
employers. An attempt is made, in article 12, to provide for persons 
not connected with organizations, but no indication is given of the 
methods used in administering this part of the relief. 

In the period from January 1 to September 30, 1909, the subsidy 
was granted to 85 unemploj^ed persons, of whom 57 were connected 
with organizations and 28 were not connected with such. The num- 
ber of days for which benefits were paid was 1,892, and the amount 
paid was 1,123 marks (S267.27). The average for each organized 
beneficiary was 21.4 days of benefits and 12.62 marks ($3) of benefits, 
and for each unorganized workman 24 days of benefits and 14.42 
marks ($3.43). The number of organizations affiliated with the sj^stem 
of municipal subsidies was 15, of which 9 made claims for relief. The 
largest number of unemployed persons belonged to the book printers' 
union, while the woodworkers, metal workers, leather w^orkers, coopers 
and glove makers followed in the order named; the number of days 
for which benefits v*'ere claimed w^as highest among the printers, while 
tliose next in order were coopers, metal workers, carpenters, and 
w^ood workers. 

Most of the benefi.ts were paid for the winter months, beginning 
with January and ending with March, though the coopers and printers 
showed considerable unemployment in April and May, and the 
printers, leather workers, and glove makers showed a tendency to be 
unemployed in August and September. The ages most frequently 
represented were from 20 to 30 j^ears among the organized workers, 
and from 31 to 40 among the imorganized workers. 

Tlie expenditures made under the scheme above described are not 
to be regarded as inconsiderable, in view of the size of the city and the 
extent of its industrial population. It is probable that the appro- 
priation originally^ made will not be sufficient to provide the benefits 
which will apparently be necessary to conclude the year. 

MAINZ. 

The city council of Mainz on December 30, 1909, made a grant of 
10,000 marks ($2,380) to provide a cash subsidy to persons out of 
work, the money to be available after January 10, 1910. The plan 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1465 

provides for the following]: })ayinents: Unmarried persons without 
dependents, 3 marks (71.4 cents) per week; married persons with chil- 
dren over 14 years of age, 4 marks (95.2 cents) per week; married 
persons with chihlren under 14 }ears of age, 5 marks (SI. 19) per 
week. Benefits are paid only to male workmen, commercial em- 
ployees, technical officials, etc., over 18 years of age. The appli- 
cant for a subsidy must have resided in ^lainz for at least 1 year 
and must have been regularly employed between April 1 and the 
date when the application is made. 

The persons out of work who are members of trade unions and 
similar organizations, will be supervised by their organizations, 
while unorganized claimants will report to the police d(^partment, as 
these officials usually perform duties of this kind in German cities. 

OTHER CITIES. 

In the spring of the year 1910 a large number of German cities had 
commissions that were investigating the advisability of instituting 
municipal systems of unemployment insurance. ^lost of these com- 
missions paid special attention to the Ghent system. Among these 
cities may be mentioned Dresden, Leipzig, Magdeburg, Ilalle on the 
Saale, Frankfort on the Main, Cassel, Cologne, Diisseldorf, Solingen, 
Duisburg, and Elberfeld. 

For the city of Berlin a committee has been investigating these 
questions since Januar}', 1908. In April, 1908, a definite proposal 
was made in the municipal council to provide subsidies under the 
Ghent plan; but action on the proposal was postponed. Owing to 
the fact that Berlin is surrounded by a number of smaller cities which 
are practically residence or factory districts of the same municipal 
area, the problem of providing unemployment insurance is compli- 
cated by a necessity of cooperative action by the entire group of 
municipalities. 

In several of these municipalities the question has been under 
discussion for the last two years. In Charlottenburg, for instance, 
the municipal council made a special study of the municipal unemploy- 
ment insurance systems in Germany, and has published a report in 
which the adoption of the Ghent system was recommended. In 
Schoneberg a committee of the council has been in existence since 
1907, which in 1909 recommended that no action be taken until a 
combined attempt to solve the question was made by the communi- 
ties comprising Greater Berlin. Similar action was taken in the 
year 1909 by the council of Kixdorf. An informal conference on 
the toi)ic was held in the city hall of Berlin on Jaiuiary 6, 1910, in 
which representatives were present from Berlin i)roper, as well as 
from Charlottenburg, Schoneberg, Kixdorf, Wilmcrsdorf, Licliten- 
berg, Teltow, Nieder-Barnini, and Boxhagen-Rummelsburg. No 



1466 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

formal resolutions were passed, but a general agreement was reached 
that only cooperative action on the part of the municipalities inter- 
ested would result in a satisfactory arrangement. 

UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF CONDUCTED BY INSTITUTIONS CREATED BY 
EMPLOYERS FOR THEIR OWN ESTABLISHMENTS. 

A large number of firms in Germany have created funds or insti- 
tutions for their employees to provide benefits in case the establish- 
ment shuts down or the employee is dropped from the pay roll because 
of lack of work. A brief mention of one or two of these establish- 
ment institutions is here given, since they form an interesting ex- 
ample of one of the many efforts now being made to counteract the 
distress due to unemployment. 

The most important institution of this class is that of the firm of 
Karl Zeiss, of Jena. The employment contract of this firm provides 
that if, after having been employed regularly for three years, an 
employee is dismissed because of lack of work, such employee has a 
claim to full wages for the succeeding six months. The firm of 
Heinrich Lanz in Mannheim, machinery manufacturers, has a fund 
or society for its employees the constitution of which provides that 
whenever a married member who has been employed for at least 1 
year is dismissed because of lack of work, and is unable to find other 
employment, such member shall receive benefits beginning 14 days 
after the date of dismissal, but not earlier than December 1, and to 
continue not later than the end of February of the same winter. An- 
other instance is that of the firm of A. L. Mohr, of Altona, oleomar- 
garine manufacturers, where the fund or society collects dues from 
the members, the weekly dues being 10 pfennigs (2 cents) for men 
and 5 pfennigs (1 cent) for women, and the benefits being 1.6 marks 
(38 cents) per day for not more than 13 wrecks after the date of dis- 
missal. The firm makes up any deficit caused by the payment of 
these benefits. From the creation of the fund in 1896 to the year 
1904 benefits to the amount of 30,275 marks ($7,206) have been 
paid, the means for which were secured from dues of the workmen 
to the amount of 18,129 marks ($4,315), or 59.9 per cent; from the 
subsidy of the firm 11,794 marks ($2,807), or 39 per cent, and from 
interest 352 marks ($84). (°) 

SYSTEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF CONDUCTED BY TRADE UNIONS. 

In practically all countries trade union provision for relief in cases 
of unemployment was recognized at an early date as one of the most 
important means of advancing the purposes of trade unions. In all 

o An account of other funds of this type will be found in Professor Schanz's Dritter 
Beitrag zur Frage der Arbeitslosenversicherung and in the May, 1910, number of the 
Reichs-Arbeitsblatt. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1467 

cases the avowed purpose of the out-of-work benefits is to prevent 
unemployed members from reducing the level of wages as determined 
on by the unions. Such systems of benefits, when paid T)y the trade 
unions, are, at bottom, methods of maintaining or raising the level 
of wages, rather than that of aiding the individual Avorkers. For 
this reason, the unions frequently make no distinction between 
unemployment due to trade disputes, such as strikes and lockouts, 
and unemployment due to industrial depression, except that unem- 
ployment due to a trade dispute conducted by the union receives 
benefits at an earlier date than unemployment due to other causes. 

Systems of unemployment benefits conducted by the mutual 
associations of workmen engaged in the same trade have the great 
advantage of placing the supervision and control of the cases of 
unemployment in the hands of the insured persons' fellow-workers 
who, because of their know^ledge of the trade conditions and because 
of their acquaintance with the workman himself, are in a position 
to discourage any attempts at imposition on the insurance fund. 
The disadvantages of the S3^stem are the same as those which apply 
to other forms of voluntary workmen's insurance when conducted 
by the insured persons themselves without financial support from 
the employer or the community at large, though there is the addi- 
tional disadvantage of having the insurance conducted by an organ- 
ization whose objects are primarily not of an insurance character. 

According to the data presented by the Statistical Year Book of 
the German Empire, the largest amounts of unemployment relief 
in Germany are furnished by the unions of the metal workers, wood- 
workers, and printers, and it is also notable that a long list of unions 
make no provision whatever in this field — this being especially true 
of the unions whose members are included in the industries of marked 
seasonal character, such as the building trades, clothing trades, etc. 

WTiile it is customary to refer to the unemployment relief of trade 
unions as insurance against unemployment, the unions themselves 
are careful to class this relief as a benefit to which the insured has no 
right on the basis of a contract; this method of administration places 
the union outside of the control of the state insurance department, and 
also leaves the union free to conduct its finances in the way deemed 
most advantageous for the principal purposes of the organization. 

While the total amounts expended by the unions are not incon- 
siderable, it must be recognized that the relief provided by no means 
represents an adequate provision for the distress caused by unem- 
ployment. Even among the financially strong unions the amount 
expended is small in comparison \nth the need, while among the 
financially weaker unions it either does not exist or is restricted in 
scope to very narrow limits. The methods of restricting this class 
of relief emphasizes the trade union character of the insurance. As 



1468 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 

a rule, a member becomes entitled to the benefits only after a period 
of membership of one 3^ear or more, and in some cases — such, for 
instance, as the Magdeburg printers — a membership of 75 weeks is 
required. (°) The usual waiting time after the beginning of the 
unemployment seems to be about one week, though in a few in- 
stances it begins either in a shorter time or at once with the loss 
of the position. The period for which benefits are paid is always 
carefully specified in the by-law§, and in the case of Magdeburg it 
may be assumed to be typical in this respect. The usual practice 
seems to be to pay benefits for a specified number of days included 
within each 52 weeks. The number of days for which benefits are 
paid varies in the different unions, and in each union it is often 
made to vary with the length of the membership of the beneficiary. 
Thus, in the case of the printers of Magdeburg, the duration of the 
benefits ranges from 10 to 40 weeks, according to the length of 
membership. The amount of the benefits likevrise varies in many of 
the unions according to the length of the membership. In the case 
of the Magdeburg printers, for instance, the amount ranges from 
1 mark (23.8 cents) to 1.50 marks (35.7 cents), though in this case 
the amount is increased by a supplementary benefit added by the 
local union to that provided by the national organization. 

The methods of supervision and control in use by the unions con- 
sist most frequently of having the person in receipt of a benefit pre- 
sent himself at the office of the union once each day or oftener, at which 
time his card is stamped, and the benefit is paid only for the days 
stamped on the card. The benefit is not paid for days on which 
the member had work, either in his own trade or elsewhere. As a 
rule, the unions make little attempt to ascertain whether the unem- 
ployment was due to the fault of the worker, the rates of the benefit 
paid being so low and the waiting time after the beginning of unem- 
ployment is so long that there is little inducement to give up a 
position for the sake of the benefits provided. Thus, in Magdeburg 
in 1907, out of 1,828 cases of unemployment, the cause was lack of 
work in 1,187 cases, or 64.9 per cent; disputes in 115 cases; sick- 
ness in 159 cases, while '^ other causes" appear in only 367 cases. 

One of the unions of commercial employees has an unemployment 
fund which requires special mention. The German National Union 
of Commercial Employees {Deutsclinationalen Handlnngsgeliilfenver- 
handes) conducts a special unemployment insurance fund which pro- 
vides benefits to which the members have a contractual right. The 
fund is subject to the supervision of the imperial insurance office for 
supervising private insurance companies. The Magdeburg study 

"Die Bisherigen Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiete der Arbeitslosenversicherung; Mit- 
teilimgen des Statistischen Amts der Stadt Magdeburg, 1908, i). 12. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1469 

already montionoJ quotes the following statement from the annual 
report of the imperial supervising insurance ofFice: 

Each year one-fifth of the dues of the regular members must be 
turned over to the unemployment fund, the accounts of which must 
be administered separately. Of the amounts regularly turned over 
to this fund each year ono-fifth must be placed to the credit of the 
reserve fund for the meeting of the accrued obligations, and this 
reserve fund must be accumulated until it is ten times the aimual 
amount expended for benefits during the last five years; as soon as 
the reserve fund reaches the amount mentioned, then one-tenth of 
the regular income of the insurance fund must be put aside for the 
accumulation of a crisis reserve fund, until the last-named reserve is 
equal in amount to the reserve previously mentioned. The insur- 
ance against unemployment — or, as it is called, lack of position — is 
closely affiliated with the emj^loyment agency organization. The 
claim to the ])cnefits of the fund arises only when the insured person 
has made formal a])plication for a position through the emplo3^mont 
agency, and under specified conditions he is granted the regular 
benefits until such position is provided for him. The question of 
whether the unemployment was due to the fault of the insured per- 
son and the control of the actions of the beneficiary are regulated 
by the obligation of the members to use the employment agency. 
The supervising insurance office is of the opinion that it should not 
oppose this first attempt to meet the risk of unemployment on an 
insurance basis because at the present time there is already a con- 
siderable reserve accumulated for the unemployment fund, such 
as would be of especial importance in meeting obligations during a 
period of industrial de])ression; furthermore, because the insurance 
is obligatory for all members, the unfavorable rislcs will not form the 
majority of the insured persons, and since the society is an association 
organized on trade lines, it is peculiarly adapted to restrict unemploy- 
ment by means such as an employment agency, and through such 
means can diminish possible abuses. In addition, the commercial 
employees have much greater permanency of tenure of position than 
is the case with workmen. 



EXPENDITURES BY TRADE UNIONS. 

The summary of expenditures for benefits of various kinds is shown 
for three groups of unions for the year 1908 in the following table: 

EXPENDITURES FOR TXEMPLOYMENT AND OTHER BENEFITS DV THREE GROUPS 

OF TRADE UNIONS IN THE YEAR 190S. 

[Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das Deutsche Reicli, 1909.] 



Groups of unions. 



Unem- 
ployment 
benefits. 



Lilx?ral un'\ons(Frcie 

Geu-erkschafUn). . . $1, 935, 9S4 
Hirsch-D u n c k e r < 

unions j G8,5C0 

Christian unions 32, 000 



Strike 
benefits. 



$1,147,01; 



031,021 
101,148 



Victim- 
ized 
bene- 
fits. 



Travel 
bene- 
fits. 



Re- Other 
moval benefits 
bene- and relief 



fits. 



features. 



$342, 7S3 '8281,870 

(ft) If), 985 
C) 



$r.9,057 J82,39G,447 

I 



Total ex- 
pendi- 
tures for 
benefits. 



r., 173, 1C4 



c 116, 563 
c 140, 032 



Total of 
all ex- 
pendi- 
tures. 



S10,009,089 



312.005 
054, 5S4 



o Including expenditures for victimized I'cnefits. 
f> Included in strike Ijenefits. 

eThis total does not agree with the sum of the items; the figures are the equivalents of t'.iose given in 
the original source. 



1470 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



As shown in the preceding table, the first-named group of unions^ 
the Hberal unions {FreieGewerlcscliaf ten), out of a total of expenditures 
of approximately ten million dollars, devoted nearly two million dol- 
lars for unemployment benefits. The other two groups spent com- 
paratively small amounts for this class of benefits, so that the largest 
amounts expended for unemployment relief are provided by the first- 
named group. In the following table the industries in which the 
membership of the unions in this group are engaged are shown, 
together with the number of members, the total expenditures, and 
the proportion of total expenditures devoted for benefits to relieve 
unemployment : 

EXPENDITURES OF THE LIBERAL TRADE UNIONS (FREIE GEWERKSCHAFTE N)¥0'R 
UNEMPLOYMENT, TRAVEL, ETC., BENEFITS IN THE YEAR 1908. 

[Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1909.] 



Unions of- 



Asphalt workers 

Bakers and confectioners. . . 

Barbers 

Building trades workers 

Mine workers 

Sculptors 

Flower makers 

Coopers 

Brewery workers 

Bookbinders 

Book printers 

Book printers' helpers 

Office employees 

Roofers 

Factory workers 

Butchers 

Lithographers {Formstccher) 

Gardeners 

Restaurant workers 

Municipal workmen 

Glass workers 

Glaziers 

Dock, etc., workers 

Commercial employees 

Glove makers 

Woodworkers 

Hotel waiters 

Hatters 

Insulators, etc 

Coppersmiths 

Furriers 

Warehousemen 

Leather workers 

Lithographers 

J'ainters 

Engineers 

Masons 

Metal workers 

Millers 

Music engravers 

Photographers 

Leather goods workers 

Porcelain workers 

Saddlers 

Ship carpenters 

Umbrella makers 

Blacksmiths 



Average 
number 
of mem- 
bers. 



18 

2 

55 

112 

4; 

7, 
33, 

2i; 

55. 

13, 

4, 

5, 

136! 

3; 

4, 
6, 

28! 

ig: 

4, 
23! 
8! 
3, 
146, 
3 

7; 

4, 

2: 

2: 

7; 

16! 

39: 

18 

175 

360 

4 



515 
289 
110 
526 
192 
175 
498 
705 
422 
978 
482 
492 
477 
938 
195 
017 
429 
800 
933 
IGO 
859 
378 
986 
750 
228 
337 
078 
005 
875 
189 
636 
091 
491 
648 
485 
370 
019 
099 
436 
423 
273 
801 
974 
796 
929 
239 
193 



Total ex- 
penditures. 



11 

256 
264 
51 

46 

140 

108 

553 

44 

16 

15 

538: 

8: 

3 

21 

39 

110: 

89: 

30 

116 

23: 

32 

1,090 

6 

42: 

4 

34: 

8 

3 

45 

218 

178: 

61 

619 

2, 769 

22 

() 

1 

14 

105 

45 

20 

111 



192. 14 
163.71 
311.43 
856. 98 
859. 25 
040. 77 
991.51 
543. 99 
663. 00 
603. 21 
501.61 
982. 24 
398. 68 
703. 95 
899.35 
447. 81 
467. 81 
432. 61 
135. 29 
483. 88 
768. 36 
579.43 
371.53 
466. 80 
690. 49 

990. 10 
502. 40 
536. 07 

004. 11 
526. 42 
287. 16 
337. 24 
229. 28 
880. 51 
241.77 
757. 43 
274.57 
829. 48 
866. 56 
286. 06 
852. 59 
928. 31 
265. 26 
132.18 
643. 41 
(i07. 61 
115.77 



Per cent of totalexpenditures 
for specified purposes. 



Unem- 
ploy- 
ment re- 
lief. 



20.2 
9.8 



1.6 
47.5 



18.0 
7.9 
33.6 
30.4 
21.1 
4.8 



14.3 

1.9 

19.2 

10.6 



2.8 
26.8 
48.0 



8.2 
76.6 
30.7 



39.3 
"21^2' 



37.6 
18.1 



39.2 



28.0 
10.1 
19.6 
20.4 
23.1 
27.2 
23.5 
17.2 
1.9 
15.3 



Travel. 



3.4 



7.7 
1.2 

.4 
2.7 
1.7 

.7 



1.9 
3.7 

.4 

1.7 

1.5 

11.5 

.5 



4.0 
3.6 
1.7 



2.1 

3.8 

1.6 

.4 

.4 

.2 



3.4 
.4 
.4 

2.8 



Re- 
moval, 
death, 
and dis- 
tress 
benefits. 



1.2 
L9 



4.4 
6.7 
1.9 

.4 
2.6 
3.8 
1.2 
4.5 

.3 
3.8 
7.2 
4.4 

.5 
3.7 
2.1 
5.1 
6.5 
3.6 
2.3 
5.4 



.4 
3.7 
2.6 
5.4 
10.7 
4.0 
1.2 
6.7 
4.7 
8.0 
2.4 
4.9 
5.4 
3.0 
10.0 
1.1 

.3 
1.9 
3.3 
2.7 

.8 
3.3 
1.8 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1471 

EXPENDITURES OF THE LIBERAL TRADE UNIONS (FREIE GEWERKSCHAFTEN) FOR 
UNEMPLOYMENT, TRAVEL, ETC., BENEFITS IN THE YEAR 1908-Concludcd. 



Unions of- 



Average 
number 
of mem- 
bers. 



Total ex- 
penditures. 



Percent of total expenditures 
for speuilied purposes. 



Unem- 
ploy- 
ment re- 
lief. 



Travel. 



Re- 
moval, 
death, 
and dis- 
tress 
benefits. 



Tailors 

Shoemakers 

Seamen 

Stone workers 

Stone setters 

Stueco workers 

Tobacco workers 

Upholsterers 

Textile workers 

*'otters 

Transportation workers. 

"Wood engravers 

Cigar sorters 

Carpenters 

Musicians 



39,300 
37,097 

7,541 
17,810 
10,350 

7,3(>1 
28, 55() 

8, 275 

110,403 

10,839 

88, 090 

502 

2,901 
51,119 

1,042 



$115,105.82 

179,989.04 
22, 712. 34 
04,8.53.33 
70,882.11 
51,.yJ3.40 

139,497.27 
59, 400. 70 

519,005.39 
55,593.94 

370, 483. 39 

1,727.17 

17,527.03 

310,015.71 
4,520.05 





4.9 


15.0 


3.2 




7.5 


.3 


.8 
3.0 


5.9 




34.0 


4.6 
1.3 




5.0 


13.0 
40.2 
20.0 
35.4 


.3 

3.4 

2.0 

2.5 

.2 



1.4 
2.3 
5.3 

.7 
4.9 
2.0 
2.8 
2.8 

.7 
5.0 
4.6 
7.1 
2.9 

.1 
5.0 



A few of the German unions have had systems of unemployment 
relief for considerable periods of time. Among such may be men- 
tioned the German Book Printers' Union (Deutsclier Buclidruckerver- 
hand) which has paid this benefit since 1880. As an illustration 
of the activity of a prominent union in this direction, the following 
table is given to show the expenditures for benefits of the union just 
mentioned since 1867: 



EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS, ETC., BY THE GERMAN BOOK PRINTERS' UNION 
{DEUTSCHER BUCHDRUCKERVERBAND), 1807 TO 1907. 

[Source: W. Kulemann, Die Berufsvcreino, vol. 2.] 





Average 
number 

of 
members. 


p:xpenditures for— 


Year. 


Support 
of trade 
aeree- 
ment. 


Unem- 
ploy- 
ment 
benefits. 


Travel 
benefits. 


Inva- 
lidity 
benefits. 


Sick, in- 
cluding 
death 
benefits. 


1867 


3,192 
5,000 
0,589 
(«) 
0,227 
7,471 
7,0.30 
7, 325 
7, 270 
0,.380 
5,511 
5,090 
5,724 
0,278 
8,702 
9,021 
10,110 
10,048 
11,423 
12,824 


1 








1868 


$2,083 

002 

1,893 

248 

5,223 

29, 090 










1869 










1870 










1871 











1872 

1873 













1874 


10, 2.55 

10, 7.30 

1,337 

15,877 






• 




1875 




$0, 839 
28,020 
10,470 
11,. 393 
14,757 
12, 495 
15, 404 
27, 287 
31,401 
29,889 
25,485 
21,952 






1870 








1877 








1878 


1,(K)7 
247 








1879 








1880 


2,282 
382 
2, 150 
5,242 
8,152 
4,308 
5,200 


$4,000 
3, .309 
5,859 
0,791 
8,290 
8,512 

13,435 


$24 
197 
551 
2,114 
3,000 
5,291 
12,059 




1881 


S3, 178 


1882 


35,208 


1883 


54,013 


1884 


50,917 


1885 


04,091 


1886 


70, .384 



a Not reported. 



1472 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS. ETC., BY THE GERMAN BOOK PRINTERS' UNION 
(DEUTSCHER BUCHDRUCKERVERBAND), 1867 TO 1907- Concluded. 





Average 
number 

of 
members. 


Expenditures for— 


Year. 


Support 
of trade 
agree- 
ment. 


Unem- 
ploy- 
ment 
benefits. 


Travel 
benefits. 


Inva- 
lidity 
benefits. 


Sick, in- 
cluding 
death 
benefits. 


1887 


11, 856 
11,043 
12, 792 
15,377 
10, 921 
15, 188 
15,749 
17,334 
19, 188 
21,437 
22, 854 
24,942 
20, 344 
28, 8.38 
30, 697 
33, 369 
35,970 
38, 970 
42,717 
46,625 
51,012 


$03,390 

6,255 

4,204 

9,404 

198,892 

51,894 

2,176 

4,027 

5,422 

17,770 

15,004 

11,699 

8,052 

2, 945 

2,538 

5,900 

0, 085 

8, 705 

2,420 

2,509 

3,005 


S31,145 
18,252 
13,450 
13, 422 
12,217 
56,056 
22,112 
24, 172 
23, 253 
30, 307 
31,001 
33, 722 
37,891 
63, 578 
122,319 
140, 572 
129, 186 
122, 428 
110,930 
105,523 
129, 044 


!?35,085 
19,872 
14,850 
20,513 
21,535 
28, 837 
23,909 
27, 350 
20, 381 
32, 901 
32, 098 
27,412 
27,342 
37, 204 
58,533 
73, 007 
57,800 
46, 083 
40, 572 
34,140 
33,956 


317,933 
10,411 
18,718 
19,911 
23, 154 
27, 087 
29,507 
31,207 
30,288 
30,828 
33,008 
16, 172 
36, 192 
40, 382 
4.3,016 
47, 402 
51,800 
52, 157 
59,151 
54, 064 
68, 198 


$78,398 
72,(i85 
71,490 


1888 


1889 


1890 


82, 687 


1891 


89,863 
108, 362 
75,403 
75,799 
77,694 
78,044 
86,906 
93 138 


1892 . . . 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


114, 38r 
130,202 
136 320 


1900 


1901 


1902 


136, 630 


1903. . . . 


147, 080 
170, 503 


1904 


190,") 


180 914 


1900 


193, 987 


1907 


208,611 





STATISTICS OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 

The sources of information in regard to unemployment in Ger- 
many consist of, first, the data secured by the two censuses of 1895; 
second, the data secured by a number of municipal unemployment 
enumerations; and, third, the statements of the labor unions in 
regard to the proportion of their members out of work. The statis- 
tical data collected in connection with the sickness insurance have 
also been utilized by tlie imperial statistical ofhce to show the fluc- 
tuations in the degree of employment and form an important source 
of information on this point. Also, some information has been col- 
lected from the numerous employment agencies which cover the 
industrial areas of the Empire as to the fluctuations in the labor 
market. Of all these, how^ever, the data collected by the two cen- 
suses of 1895 and the reports as to the number of members of trade 
unions out of work, are the most important sources of information 
from which data can be secured to form the basis for a system of 
unemployment insurance. At the time of writing this report the 
information collected by the industrial census of 1907 on the subject 
of unemployment v/as not available. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1473 

In the 3'car 1895 two censuses were taken; the first was the inchis- 
triiil census of June 14, 1S1)5, and the second was the popuhUion 
census of December 2, 1895. Both of these censuses contained the 
follownif]: questions addressed to persons trainfully employed: (a) 
Are you at present employed'^ (b) If not, liow many days liave you 
been out of work? (c) Are you out of work because of pliysical 
disabilit}' ? 

PEUSOXS I'NEMrLOVKl). 

An important f(»ature in ('(unuMtion with the data cohected is the 
fact that the first census was taken in rhiiie, when practically all 
occu})ations were in full operation, while the second eiuimcration was 
taken in December, when uncm|)l()yment is more extensive, 'i'ho 
data collected showed that on June 14 there were 299, 'j52 persons 
out of work, while on December 2 the number was 771,005; both 
of these figures represent the entire nund)er of persons out of work, 
and include, therefore, not only those unemployed because of lack of 
o])portunity to work, but also those incapacitated for work because 
of sickness, accident, etc. In comparison with tlie entire population 
of approximately 52,250,000, the total number unemplo^^ed in June 
was 0.58 per cent and in December 1.48 per cent; in comparison with 
the 22,250,000 persons shown by the census as <i;ainfully empl()3'ed, 
the total number of persons unemployed in June was 1.35 per cent 
and in December nA6 per cent. As tlie number of persons gainfully 
employed included many independent persons, a more accurate pic- 
ture is gained by omitting such persons from the count; tlie number of 
nonindependent persons (including salaried employees) is approxi- 
matel}' 15,500,000, of whom 292,678, or 1.89 per cent, were unem- 
ployed in June, and 762,678, or 4.88 per cent, were unemploj-ed in 
December. 

The classification of wage-earners into five grand groups of indus- 
tries and occupations and the number unemployed at each of the two 
census dates arc shown in the followin<r tables. 



1474 



EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF WAGE-EARNERS UNEMPLOYED ON JUNE 14 AND ON 
DECEMBER 2, 1895, CLASSIFIED BY PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 111.] 



Industry group. 



A . Agriculture, forestry, etc 

B. Industry, including mining and build 

ing trades 

C. Commerce and transportation 

D. Domestic service, day labor, etc 

E. Public service and liberal professions 

Total 



Total number of wage- 
earners on— 



June 14, 

1895. 



5,724,026 

6,506,845 

1,494,954 

1,771,807 

649,039 



16,146,671 



December 
2, 1895. 



5,780,543 

6,571,094 

1,509,715 

1,789,301 

655,447 



Number of 

wage-earners 

unemployed 

on— 



June 
14,1895. 



19,204 

97,782 

26,180 

30,907 

4,931 



16,306,100 1179,004 



Decem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 



162,472 

274,625 

41,994 

68, 423 

6,126 



553,640 



Per cent of 
wage-earn- 
ers unem- 
ployed on — 



June 

14, 

1895. 



0.33 

1.53 
1.75 
1.74 



1.11 



De- 
cem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 



2.81 

4.18 

2.78 

3.82 

.93 



3.40 



Wage- 
earners 
unem- 
ployed 
in De- 
cember 
per 100 
unem- 
ployed 
in June. 



846. 03 

280. 85 
160. 40 
221. 38 
124. 23 



309.29 



The preceding table does not include those out of work because of 
temporary disability. The percentage of workmen unemployed in 
June, was 1.11, as compared with 3.40 in December. Taking the 
number unemployed in June as 100, this would mean that 309.29 
persons were unemployed in December, or, in other words, about 
three times the number for the whole population of w^orkmen. In 
each one of the five grand groups there is a marked increase in the 
percentage of workmen unemployed in December as compared with 
June, though the amount of this increase varies greatly in the different 
groups. Naturally the highest increase is found in the agricultural 
industries, and the least in the group which includes workmen 
employed in the public services, in the liberal professions, etc. The 
group marked '^B" is the one of greatest interest in the present con- 
nection, and in order to bring out the changes in the two census dates 
the following table gives this group divided into 16 subgroups, 
together with a briefer classification of the first and third groups. 



CHAPTER V. — WOEKMEX'S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1475 



NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF WAGE-EARNERS UNEMPLOYED ON JUNE 14 AND 
DECEMBER 2, 1S95, FOR 3 INDUSTRY GROUPS. 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 111.] 



Industry group. 



A. Agriculture, forestry, etc.: 

Agriculture, etc 

Forestry and fisheries 

B. Industry, including mining and building 

trades: 

Mining and smelting 

Stones and earth 

Metal working 

Machinery, tools, etc 

Chemicals 

Forestry by-products, etc 

Textiles 

Paper 

Leather 

Wood and cut materials 

Foods and drinks 

Clothing and cleaning 

Building trades 

Printing and publishing 

Art work and art trades 

Industrial employees, not specified 

C. Commerce and transportation: 

Commerce 

Insurance 

Transportation 

Hotels and restaurants 



Total 13,725,825 143,166 479,091 



Total 
niimber of 
wage-earn- 
ers on June 
14, 1895. 



5,607,313 
116,713 



564,922 

468,489 

719,775 

304,463 

92, 582 

38,116 

878, 494 

121,526 

123,914 

456, 229 

656,970 

775,671 

1,151.851 

10(i,536 

18.765 

28,542 

626,637 

18,216 

533,150 

316,951 



Number of Per cent of 

wage-earners | wage-earners 

unemployed (o) . unemployed (a) 

on— on— 



June 
14,1895. 



18,442 

7(i2 



2,622 

3,058 

12,719 

4,627 

900 

403 

6,537 

1,775 

2,855 

8,068 

14,304 

16, 466) 

19,408 

2,847 

466 

727 

15,866 

203 

4,163 

5,948 



Decem- 
ber 2, 



158,340 
4,132 



3, 422 

20,615 

16,098 

6,273 

1,056 

494 

7,723 

1,773 

5,322 

11,033 

18,946 

27,982 

145,121 

2.864 

712 

5,191 

18,326 

227 

11,603 

11,838 



June 
14, 1895. 



0..33 
.65 



.46 

.65 
1.77 
1.52 

.97 
1.06 

.74 
1.46 
2.30 
1.77 
2.18 
2.12 
1.68 
2.67 
2.48 
2.55 

2.53 
1.11 

.78 
1.88 



Decem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 



2.82 
3.54 



.61 
4.40 
2.24 
2.06 
1.14 
1..30 
.88 
1.4() 
4.29 
2.42 
2.88 
3. 61 

12.60 
2.69 
3.79 

18.19 

2.92 
1.25 
2.18 
3.73 



Wage- 
earners 
unem- 
ployed 
in De- 
ceml)er 
l)er 100 
unem-- 
ployed 
in June. 



858.58 
542. 26 



130. 51 
674. 13 
126. 57 
13.5. 57 
117.33 
122.58 
118.14 
99.89 
186. 4J 
1.36.75 
1.32. 45 
169. 94 
747.74 
100.60 
152. 79 
714. 03 

115.50 
111.82 

278. 72 
199. 02 



1.04 



3.49 



334. 64 



a Not including those unemployed on account of physical disability (sickness, accident, etc.). 

The most important fluctuations shown by the preceding table 
occur in the case of agricultural w^orkers, of the building trades, and 
employees not specified. In the first the percentage of unemplo3^ed 
increased from 0.33 per cent in June to 2.82 per cent in December; 
the building trades employees increased from 1.68 per cent in June to 
12.60 per cent in December, wdiile the employees not specified increased 
from 2.55 per cent in June to 18.19 per cent in December. As a rule, 
the unemployment w-as most serious in the ranks of the unskilled 
workers and low^est among the highly skilled trades. 

The classification of the unemployed persons according to age 
brought out the fact that relatively more of the persons of the younger 
age groups were out of work than of the older; the official pubHcation 
states that the young inexperienced workers were more exposed to 
the risk of dismissal, and w^ere perhaps more ready to accept dismissal 
than the older w^orkers. The proportion of unemployed pesons who 
were heads of families was 34.92 per cent in June and 41.15 per cent 
in December; the size of the families of the persons unemployed was 



1476 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOXEE OF LABOR. 



not above the average, a fact which is explained by the official pub- 
lications on the ground that wage-earners with large families would 
make especial efforts to secure employment of some kind . These two 
enumerations also show that the majority of unem^ployed persons 
were unmarried; the proportion of unmarried men was 59.39 per cent 
in June and 51.77 per cent in December. 

The census also shows the information classified by size of the 
locahty. In presenting the statistics in this form, the original report 
gives the total number of persons out of work, regardless of the cause 
of the unemployment, and therefore includes those out of work 
because of sickness, accident, etc. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS UNEMPLOYED FROM ALL CAUSES, AND OF 
TOTAL POPULATION IN LOCALITIES OF SPECIFIED SIZE, JUNE 14 AND DECEMBER 2, 

1895. 



Population of locality. 


Number of persons 
unemployed. 


Number of inhabitants. 


Per cent of 

unemployed in 

each class of 

locality. 


Per cent of 

population in 

each class of 

locality. 




June 14, 
1895. 


Decem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 


June 14, 
1895. 


December 
2, 1895. 


June 
14,1895. 


Decem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 


June 
14,1895. 


Decem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 


Under 10,000 


115,001 
67,734 
116,557 


454,648 
139,587 
176,770 


36,218,131 
8,524,363 
7,027,790 


36,202,750 
8,771,439 
7,272/400 


38.44 
22.63 
38.93 


58.97 
18.10 
22.93 


69.96 
16.47 
13.57 


69.29 


10,000 to 100,000 


16.79 


Over 100,000. 


13.92 






Total ... 


299,352 


771,005 


51,770,284 


52,246,589 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 







Attention should be called to the fact that the data in the above 
table include not only those out of work because of lack of emploj^- 
ment, but also those disabled by sickness, accident, etc. 

The above table shows that the smallest number, both absolute 
and relative, of unemployed persons was found in the second class 
of localities, those with from 10,000 to 100,000 persons. Part of the 
difference is due to the fact that in winter many of the agricultural 
workers move to the provincial cities to secure such employment as 
they can find during the period when agricultural operations are at a 
standstill. 

DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT. 

The census was restricted to collecting information as to the dura- 
tion of unemployment by inquiring how many days the worker had 
been out of work since his last employment, up to the date of the 
census. 

The following table gives a summary statement of the duration of 
the unemployment (not including unemployment due to sickness, 
accident, etc.) of all the unemployed wage-earners ascertamed by 
the census. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN ^S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1477 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF WACiE-EARNERS UNEMPLOYED EACH CLASSIFIED 
NUMBER OF DAYS, JUNE 14 AND DECEMBER 2, 1895. 

[Source: Slatistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 111.) 



Duration of unomploymenl. 



Number. 



June 14, 
1895. 



Decem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 



June 14, 
1895. 



Decem- 
ber 2, 
1895. 



Iday 

2 to 7 days 

8 to 14 diiys 

15 to 28 days 

29 to 90 days 

91 days and over 
Not reported 

Total 



2,104 
17,471 
39,659 
19,782 
39,398 
25, 25G 
35,334 



15,791 
70,589 

155, 200 
98, 180 

132,810 
39,051 
42,013 



1.17 
9.70 
22.10 
11.05 
22. 01 
14.11 
19.74 



179,004 



553,640 



100.00 



2.85 
12.75 
28.03 
17.74 
2:?. 99 
7.05 
7.59 



100.00 



In both Juno and December the largest number of workmen had 
been unemployed at the census date for a period of 8 to 14 days; the 
next largest group was that which had been unemployed from 29 to 
90 days, or, in other words, in both June and December not far from 
one-fourth of the persons unemplo3^ed had been out of work from 1 
to 2 weeks, while another fourth had been out of work from 1 to 3 
months. 

In order to show the duration of unemployment b}' the various 
groups of industries, the following tables show the number and pro- 
portion of persons out of work at the two census dates, according 
to the standard classification of industries. 



1478 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS OUT OF WORK ON JUNE 14 AND 
[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 111.] 
NUMBER. 



Industry group. 



GENERAL GROUrS. 

A. Agriculture, forestry, etc 

B. Industry, including mining and building trades 

C. Commerce and transportation 

D. Domestic service, day labor, etc 

E. Public service and liberal professions 

Total 

SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES. 

A. AgTiculture, forestry, etc.: 

I. Agriculture, etc 

II. Forestry and fisheries 

B. Industry, including mining and building trades: 

III. Mining and smelting 

IV. Stones and earth , 

V. Metal working 

VI. Machinery, tools, etc 

VII. Chemicals 

VIII. Forestry by-products, etc 

IX. Textiles 

X. Paper 

XI. Leather 

XII. Wood and cut materials 

XIII. Foods and drinks 

XIV. Clothing and cleaning 

XV. Building trades 

XVI. Printing and publishing 

XVII. Art work and art trades 

XVIII. Industrial employees, not specified 

C. Commerce and transportation: 

XIX. Commerce 

XX . Insurance 

XXI. Transportation 

XXII. Hotels and restaurants 

Total Groups A, B, and C 



Persons out of work (a) each specified 
period on — 



June 14, 1895. 



1 day. 



322 
1,078 
277 
401 
26 



2,104 



310 
12 

37 

32 

119 

44 

9 

6 

83 

22 

29 

C9 

182 

141 

275 

17 

1 

12 

135 

1 

67 

74 



1,077 



2 to 7 
days. 



2,007 

10,119 

2,208 

2,906 

231 



8 to 14 
days. 



3,235 

23,000 

5,265 

7,291 



17,471 I 39,659 



1,937 
70 

251 

351 

1,408 

395 

92 

29 

565 

137 

281 

853 

1,422 

1,474 

2,529 

232 

39 

01 

1,041 

4 

495 

668 



14,334 



3,074 
161 

442 

615 

2,820 

917 

175 

103 

1,259 

425 

717 

1,924 

2,908 

5,156 

4,830 

553 

97 

119 

2,909 

22 

880 

1,454 



31,560 



15 to 28 
days. 



1,492 

12,192 

2,522 

3.179 

397 



19,782 



1,417 
75 

224 

307 

1,583 

582 

78 

42 

700 

249 

425 

1,043 

1,716 

2,168 

2,532 

419 

59 

65 

1,358 

12 

496 

656 



16,206 



a Not including those out of employment on account of physical disability (sickness, accidents, etc.). 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1479 



DECEMBER 2, 1S95, BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRY CROUPS. 
[Source: Statistik dcs Dciitschon Reichs, vol. 111.] 
NUMBEU. 







Persons out of 


work (a) each specified period on— 






June 14, 1895. 






December 2, 


89.5. 






29 to 90 


91 days 


Not 


Iday 


2 to 7 


8 to 14 


15 to 28 


29 to 90 


91 days 


Not 


days. 


or over. 


reported. 


days. 


days. 


days. 


days. 


or over. 


reported. 


2,f.38 


2,171 


7,339 


3,909 


16,804 


45.908 


30,077 


38,813 


0,808 


13,973^ 


21,110 


13,572 


16,645 


8,145 


40. 320 


83, 993 


45, 290 


01,239 


18,200 


17,432 


7,295 


5,196 


3,417 


1,275 


4,062 


8,219 


5,313 


13,033 


0, 679 


2,213 


C,8(>5 


3,3ti0 


6,9a5 


2,243 


8,352 


16, 192 


10, 797 


10,915 


0,052 


7, 872. 


1,484 


957 


1,028 


159 


451 


834 


697 


2,210 


1,252 


523 


39,398 


25,256 


35,334 


15,791 


70,589 


155,206 


98, 180 


132,810 


39,051 


42,013. 


2,474 


2,082 


7,148 


3,838 


16,277 


44,583 


35,393 


37,903 


6, 063 


13, (.23 


164 


89 


191 


131 


527 


1,385 


084 


850 


205 


350^ 


478 


358 


832 


S7 


351 


005 


353 


829 


567 


030 


723 


403 


627 


5l« 


2.194 


5,333 


3,847 


6,906 


808 


902 


2,886 


1,847 


2,056 


420 


1,735 


3,789 


2,025 


4,307 


1,911 


1,311 


1,238 


845 


(m 


ir.3 


727 


1,417 


933 


1,732 


911 


390' 


250 


158 


138 


31 


101 


225 


146 


318 


175 


60 


102 


73 


48 


15 


84 


104 


102 


117 


50 


22. 


1,429 


1,069 


1,432 


199 


978 


1,736 


1,090 


1,831 


1,128 


755 


444 


273 


2-25 


61 


214 


428 


259 


470 


236 


105 


074 


330 


309 


118 


464 


1,405 


1.015 


1,554 


447 


319 


1.742 


1,133 


1,304 


4a5 


1,427 


2,872 


1,798 


2,559 


1,045 


927 


3,470 


1,981 


2,025 


576 


1,900 


4,353 


2,971 


5,095 


2,387 


1,658 


3,412 


1.510 


2. mo 


904 


3, 026 


8,074 


4,289 


5,525 


2,610 


2,954 


3,172 


2,980 


3,090 


4,371 


25,495 


51,711 


24,023 


27,831 


4,538 


6,552 


861 


434 


331 


78 


275 


557 


401 


842 


545 


166 


130 


86 


54 


15 


85 


146 


101 


215 


128 


22 


105 


92 


273 


137 


658 


1,238 


737 


1,108 


654 


059' 


4,928 


3,695 


1,800 


564 


1,712 


2,829 


1,964 


6,102 


4,191 


9;)4 


68 


78 


18 


10 


17 


26 


21 


78 


67 


8^ 


843 


606 


776 


423 


2,112 


3,490 


1,859 


2,242 


790 


681 


1,456 


817 


823 


278 


821 


1,808 


1,409 


5,211 


1,031 


500' 


31,049 


20,939 


27,401 


13,389 


01,786 


138, 180 


80,086 


113, 085 


31,747 


33,018 



46598°— 10- 



94 



1480 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



Is UMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS OUT OP WORK ON JUNE 14 AND DECEMBER 

[Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 111.] 

PER CENT. 



Industry group 



Persons out of work (a) each specified 
period on — 



June 14, 1895. 



2 to 7 
days. 



8 to 14 
days. 



15 to 28 
days. 



GENERAL GROUPS. 

A. Agriculture, forestry, etc 

B. Industry, including mining and building trades, 

C. Commerce and transportation 

D. Domestic service, day labor, etc 

E . Public service and liberal professions 

Total 

SPECIFIED IXDUSTRIES. 

A. Agriculture, forestry, etc.: 

I. Agriculture, etc 

II. Forestry and fisheries 

B. Industry, including mining and building trades: 

III. Mining and smelting 

IV. Stones and earth 

V. Metal working 

VI. Machinery, tools, etc 

VII. Chemicals 

VIII. Forestry by-products, etc 

IX. Textiles 

X. Paper 

XI. Leather 

XII. Wood and cut materials 

XIII. Foods and drinks 

XIV. Clothing and cleaning 

XV. Building trades 

XVI. Printing and publishing 

XVII. Art work and art trades 

XVIII. Industrial employees, not specified 

C. Commerce and transportation: 

XIX. Commerce 

XX. Insurance 

XXI. Transportation 

XXII. Hotels and restaurants 

Total Groups A,B, and C 



1.G8 
1.10 
1.06 
1.30 
.53 



1.17 



1.42 
.CO 
.21 

1.05 



10.45 
10.35 
8.43 
9.40 
4.C8 



9.76 



10.50 
9.19 

9.57 
11.48 
11.07 
8.54 
10.22 
7.20 
8.64 
7.72 
9.84 
10.57 
9.94 
8.95 
13.03 
8.15 
8.37 
8.39 

G. 56 

1.97 

11.89 

11.23 



1.1- 



10.01 



16.84 
23.58 
20.11 
23.59 
16.39 



22.16 



16.67 
21.13 

16.86 
20.11 
22. 17 
19.82 
19.44 
25. 56 
19.26 
23.94 
25.11 
23. 85 
20.33 
31.31 
24.89 
19.42 
20.82 
10.37 

18. 33 
10.84 
21.14 
24.45 



22.04 



12.47 
9.63 

10.29 
8.05 



11.05 



7.68 
9.84 

8.54 
10.04 
12.45 
12.58 

8.67 
10.42 
10.71 
14.03 
14.89 
12.93 
12.00 
13.17 
13.05 
14.72 
12. 66 

8.94 

8.56 

5.91 

11.91 

11.03 



11. 3-: 



a Not including those out of employment on account of physical disability (sickness, accidents, etc.). 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1481 

2,1805, BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRY (JROUPS-Conclmlod. 



[Soiireo: Slafislik dos Deutschon Rcichs, vol. 111.] 
PER CENT. 







Persons out of work(o) each specified period 


an— 






June 14. 1895. 


December 2, 1895. 


29 to 90 


91 days 


Not 


1 day. 


2 to 7 


8 to 14 


15 to 28 


29 to 90 


91 days 


Not 


days. 


or over. 


reported. 


daj"^. 


days. 


days. 


days. 


or over. 


reported. 


13.74 


11.30 


3S. 22 


2.44 


10. .34 


28.29 


22.21 


23.89 


4.23 


8.60 


21.00 


13.88 


17. 02 


2.97 


14.08 


30. 58 


10. 49 


22.30 


0. 03 


(•>. 3.-5 


27. S7 


19.85 


13.05 


3.04 


11 10 


19.57 


12. 05 


32.46 


15.91 


5.27 


22. 21 


10.87 


2-2.34 


3. 28 


12.21 


23.00 


15.78 


24.72 


8.85 


11.50 


30.09 


19.41 


20.85 


2.59 


7.30 


13.01 


11.38 


30. 08 


20.44 


8.M 


22.01 


14.11 


19.74 


2.85 


12.75 


28.03 


17. 74 


23.99 


7.05 


7.59 


13.42 


11.29 


3S. 70 


2. 12 


10.28 


28.10 


22. 35 


23. 98 


4.21 


8.00 


21.52 


11.08 


25.07 


3.17 


12. 70 


33. 52 


10. 55 


20.57 


4.96 


8.47 


18.23 


13. 6G 


31.73 


2.54 


10.26 


17. 08 


10.32 


24.22 


f 10. 57 


18.41 


23.04 


13.18 


20. 50 


2.74 


10. 04 


25. 87 


18. (Hi 


33.50 


4.21 


4.38 


22. 09 


14.52 


10. 10 


2.01 


10.78 


23.54 


10. 31 


20. 75 


11.87 


8.14 


20.75 


18.20 


13.10 


2.00 


11.59 


22. 59 


14.87 


27.61 


14.52 


0.22 


27.78 


17. 50 


15.33 


2.94 


9.50 


21.31 


13.83 


30.11 


10.57 


5.08 


25. 31 


18.11 


11.91 


3.04 


17.00 


21. 05 


20. 05 


23. 09 


10. 12 


4.45 


21.86 


10. 35 


21.91 


2.58 


12.00 


22.48 


14.19 


23.71 


14.00 


9.78 


25.01 


15.38 


12. 08 


3.44 


12. 07 


24.14 


14. 01 


20.51 


13.31 


5. 92 


23.01 


11.50 


13.97 


2.22 


8.72 


20. 40 


19.07 


29.20 


8.40 


5.99 


21.59 


14.04 


10.10 


3.07 


12.93 


20. 03 


ao.3o 


23.20 


9.47 


8.40 


24.20 


13.85 


18.35 


3.ai 


10.00 


22. 98 


15.08 


26.89 


12. 00 


8.75 


20.72 


9.17 


15. 82 


3.23 


12. 90 


28. 85 


15.33 


19.74 


9.33 


10.50 


10.34 


15.35 


15. 92 


3.01 


17.57 


3.5.03 


10.97 


19.18 


3.13 


4.51 


30.24 


15.24 


11. 0:5 


2.72 


9.00 


19.45 


14. 00 


29.40 


19.03 


5.80 


27.90 


18. 45 


11.59 


2.11 


11.94 


20.50 


14.18 


30.20 


17.98 


3.09 


14.44 


12.00 


37.55 


2. 04 


12.08 


23.85 


14. 20 


21.34 


12.60 


12. 09 


31.00 


23.29 


11. 35 


3. OS 


9.34 


15. 44 


10.72 


33.29 


22.87 


5.20 


33.60 


38.42 


8.87 


4.41 


7.49 


11.45 


9.25 


34.30 


29.52 


3.52 


20.25 


14.50 


IS. 04 


3.05 


18. 20 


30.13 


10.02 


19.32 


0.81 


5.87 


24.48 


13.73 


13.84 


2.35 


0.93 


15.78 


12.41 


44.02 


13.78 


4.73 


21.59 


14. C3 


19. 14 


2.79 


12.90 


28.84 


18.09 


23.73 


0.63 


7.02 



1482 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. 



UNEMPLOYED MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS. 

Since the year 1903 the data relating to the number of union mem- 
bers out of employment, compiled by the imperial statistical office 
in cooperation with approximately 60 unions, show the following per 
cent of unemployed union members at the date specified for the 
years 1903 to 1910: 

PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE END OF EACH 

MONTH, 1903 TO 1910. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



At the end of- 



January... 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. 



1903. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1907. 


1908. 


1909. 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


1.7 


2.9 


4.2 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


1.6 


2.7 


4.1 


(a) 


2.0 


1.6 


1.1 


1.3 


2.5 


3.5 


S 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


1.3 


2.8 


2.9 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


1.4 


2.8 


2.8 


3.2 


2.1 


1.5 


1.2 


1.4 


2.9 


2.8 


S 


(a) 


(a) 


.8 


1.4 


2.7 


2.5 


(a) 


(a) 


.7 


1.4 


2.7 


2.3 


'2.3 


1.8 


1.4 


1.0 


1.4 


2.7 


2.1 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


1.1 


1.6 


2.9 


2.0 


(a) 


(a) 


(a) 


1.1 


1.7 


3.2 


2.0 


2.6 


2.4 


1.8 


1.6 


2.7 


4.4 


2.6 



1910. 



2.6 
2.2 
1.7 






a Not reported. 



b Data not available. 



The preceding table is a summary of the data for all of the unions 
in the various industries. The figures show that there is a general 
tendency for the high point of unemployment to occur in the winter 
months, though the variation is not as great as that shown by the 
censuses of unemployment for all the industrial population. The fig- 
ures are also of interest as showing the relative extent of unemploy- 
ment from year to year; thus, 1905, 1906, and 1907 were apparently 
years of prosperity, as the proportion of members out of work was 
lower than in the period preceding or the period following these three 
years. 

The individual unions show great variations from the averages 
contained in the preceding table; thus, the miners' union shows com- 
paratively few unemployed persons. Other unions which show favor- 
able conditions include the metal workers, the woodworkers, etc. In 
the following table the proportion of members out of work on the 2d 
of April, 1910, is compared with the proportion out of work on March 
27, 1909, while the data for January 1, 1910, are also given for sake of 
comparison: 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 



1483 



PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT SELECTED DATES, 

1909 AND 1910. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



Union of- 



Journeymen barbers 

Cigar sorters 

Sculptors 

Glaziers 

Music engravers 

Bakers 

Senefeld U nion 

Coppersmiths 

Hatters 

Paperhangers and uphol- 
sterers 

City and state employees. 

Glass workers 

Metal workers 

Woodworkers 



Per cent of members 
out of work in the 
home city and in re- 
ceipt of travel ben- 
efits— 



April 2, 


March 


1910. 


27, 1909. 


10.7 


11.6 


9.6 


1.3 


9.4 


16.2 


9.0 


17.5 


7.7 


.2 


3.3 


5.6 


4.9 


5.9 


4.2 


7.4 


3.9 


2.9 


2.6 


6.7 


3.0 


5.1 


2.5 


4.9 


1.6 


4.5 


2.5 


4.5 



Janu- 
ary 1, 
1910. 



13.8 
7.1 

16.5 
6.1 
4.2 
5.7 
6.0 
4.3 
4.9 

15.0 , 

3.9 I 
2.4 ! 
4.9 ' 



Union of - 



Porcelain workers 

Wood workers ( H i r s c h - 

Duncker As.sociation of) . 

Factory workers 

Blacksmiths 

Saddlers and leather 

i workers 

Bookl)inders 

Printing trades 

Woodworkers (Christian 

Association of) 

Gardeners 

Wood engravers 

Book printers 

Sculptors 



Per cent of members 
out of work in the 
home city and in re- 
ceipt of travel "ben- 
efits— 



April 2, 


March 


1910. 


27, 1909. 


1.8 


4.3 


1.9 


4.0 


1.8 


4.0 


2.0 


3.9 


1.3 


3.7 


2.5 


3.7 


.5 


(a) 


1.3 


(«) 


1.2 


1.8 


2.1 


1.6 


2.9 


2.6 


1.7 


1.7 



Janu- 
ary I, 
1910. 



3.0 
1.8 
4.8 

3.6 
2.8 
5.3 

4.9 
4.7 
4.6 
4.2 
3.8 



o Not reported. 

All of the unions in the preceding table had 3 per cent or more of 
their members out of work on one of the specified dates; they are 
therefore the unions which during the last year have had the highest 
rates of unemployment. It is interesting to note that the building 
trades workers are not conspicuous in regard to this point. A large 
number of the groups included in the preceding table show a tendency 
to an improvement in conditions in April, 1910, as compared with 
March, 1909, though a few of them, namely, the cigar sorters, the 
music engravers, the hatters, the wood engravers, and the book 
printers show an increase in the number of unemployed persons. 
An increase in the percentage of unemployed persons in April, 1910, 
as compared with January, 1910, is shown by only three unions. 

The following table shoAvs the proportion of members of trade 
unions unemployed during the quarter specified, for the years 1903 
to 1910: 



CASES OF UNEMPLOYMENT PER 100 MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS, BY QUARTERLY 

PERIODS, 1903 TO 1910. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



Period. 


Cases of unemployment per 100 members iu— 


1903. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1907. 


1908. 


1909. 


1910. 


First quarter 


(«) 
8.6 
8.2 
• 7.8 


7.9 
7.9 
7.4 
8.6 


8.6 
7.0 
7.2 
6.3 


6.4 
G.l 
5.4 
5.7 


6.5 
6.1 
6.8 
7.1 


9.2 
9.4 
9.6 
11.2 


12.7 
9.5 
8.5 
8.4 


8.7 


Serona quarter 




Third quarter 


Fourth quarter 




a Not reported 






b 


Data not 


availab 


e. 







1484 



EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR, 



The fluctuations shown in the preceding table reflect the changes 
in industrial conditions from quarter to quarter^ and in a measure 
from year to year. In the preceding table comparison is not entirely 
accurate, as all the unions do not report regularly; if only the unions 
reporting during the first quarter of 1910 are compared with those 
reporting for the same period of 1909, the proportion of cases of un- 
employment during the first quarter of 1910 would be 8.9 per cent 
as compared with 12.8 per cent in 1909. 

In the first of the following tables data for selected unions are shown 
for the first quarter of 1910, first quarter of 1909, and fourth quarter 
of 1909, the table including only the male union members. Data 
for the same periods are given in the second table for the female 
members : 

PER CENT or MALE MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED IN SELECTED 

PERIODS, 1909 AND 1910. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 

Fourth 

Union of- ^}^^^- ^}^^^- ^}^^^- Union of- <1"^^'- ^^^^- ^^^r- 

"" "" ' ' *""' '"' ter, 

1909. 



Sculptors 

Glaziers 

Journeymen barbers 

Paper hangers, decora- 
tors, etc 

Gardeners 

Bakers 

Cigar sorters 

Woodworkers 

Hatters 

Copx>ersniiths 

Senefeld Union 

Book printers 

Blacksmiths 

Bookbinders 

Woodworkers (Christian 
Association of) 

Wood engravers 



First 


First 


Fourth 


quar- 


quar- 


quar- 


ter, 


ter, 


ter. 


1910. 


1909. 


1909. 


51.9 


61.5 


54.0 


38.2 


48.8 


25.3 


34.6 


37.3 


37.0 


32.3 


38.5 


30.5 


22.3 


34.9 


19.6 


20.3 


22.6 


20.3 


20.2 


9.9 


23.7 


19.2 


27.4 


17.7 


14.1 


12.6 


12.8 


14.1 


15.8 


11.9 


13.6 


14.6 


14.1 


12.9 


13.2 


15.2 


12.8 


14.4 


15.3 


12.5 


17.1 


13.4 


10.4 


(a) 


12.3 


9.0 


3.9 


13.8 



Factory workers 

City arid state employees 
(Christian Association 
of) 

Saddlers and leather 
workers 

Woodworkers (Hirsch- 
Duncker Association of) 

Metal workers 

Glass workers 

Sculptors (Hirsch- 
Duncker Association of) 

Transportation workers. . 

Shoemakers 

Brick and pottery work- 
ers ". 

Flour-mill workers 



First 


First 


quar- 
ter, 
1910. 


quar- 
ter, 
1909. 


9.0 


14.4 


5.2 


18.7 


8.9 


16.2 


8.8 
7.6 
8.5 


13.8 
12.4 
11.6 


6.2 
8.7 
6.5 


11.6 
11.0 
10.9 


5.5 
7.6 


10.6 
9.0 



6.7 

(a) 

11.1 

7.6 
7.9 
9.4 

11.0 
7.4 
6.3 

2.3 
7.6 



o Not reported. 



PER CENT OF FEMALE MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED IN SELECTED 

PERIODS, 1&09 AND 1910. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



Union of- 



Bookbinders 

Cigar sorters 

Paper hangers, decora- 
tors, etc 

City and state employees. 

Book printers and lith- 
ographers' helpers 

Hatters 

Brewery workers 

Saddlers and leather 
workers 

Metal workers (Christian 
Association of) 



First 
quar- 
ter, 
1910. 



13.1 
11.1 

10.1 
10.0 

8.7 

7.8 

7.2 

6.1 
2.4 



First 
quar- 
ter, 
1909. 



14.8 
4.5 

12.1 
(a) 

8.3 
6.1 
5.1 

10.4 

25.7 



Fourth 
quar- 
ter, 
1909. 



13.9 
30.6 

6.4 
5.2 

6.2 
17.8 
7.6 

6.6 

10.0 



Union of- 



Machinery workers, etc . 

Metal workers 

City and state employees 

(Christian Association 

of) 

Shoemakers and leather 

v.'or leers 

Shoemakers 

Glass workers 

Factory workers 

Woodworkers (Cbristian 

Association of) 



First 
quar- 
ter, 
1910. 



First 
quar- 
ter, 
1909. 



8.1 



(a) 



Fourth 
quar- 
ter, 
1909. 



3.1 

3.3 



(a) 



.3 
4.1 
2.4 
4.9 

15,9 



a Not reported. 



CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1485 

In the first quarter of the year 1910, 18 unions with 459,135 male 
members, or 34 per cent of the total number reporting, had more 
than the average proportion of cases of unemployment. In certain 
industries the proportion of cases of unemployment ranged from 
one-fourth to over one-half of the membership, though these groups 
include outdoor workers, such as sculptors, glaziers, gardeners, etc. 
In the second table the same data are shown for the unions of women, 
only those unions being giyen in which the average percentage of 
cases of unemployment was over 5.6 per cent of the membership for 
the three quarters together. 

As an illustration of the basis on which these cases of unemploy- 
ment are computed, the following example of the members of the 
sculptors' union is given, showing the number of persons having 
the specified number of cases of unemployment in the first quarter 
of 1910: 

Persons. 

1 case of unemployment 1 ,017 

2 cases of unemployment 273 

3 cases of unemployment G8 

4 cases of unemployment 19 

5 cases of unemployment 1 

Total, 1,848 cases of unemployment 1, 378 

As the first quarter of each 3'ear is likely to represent the high 
point of unemployment, the following table is given to show for 48 
unions the number of days of unemployment compared with days 
of membership, the number of cases of unemployment and the aver- 
age duration of the cases of unemployment for the first quarter of 
1910 as compared with the first quarter of 1909: 

EXTENT AND FREQUENCY OF UNEMPLOYMENT, AND AVERAGE DURATION OF 
CASES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS TRADE UNIONS, FOR SELECTED PERI- 
ODS, 1009 AND 1910. 

[Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



Union of- 



Sculptors 

Glaziers 

Cigar sorters 

Paper hangers, diK^orators, etc 

Journeymen l)arbers 

Senefelcl union 

Bakers 

Book printers 

Gardeners 

Coppersmiths 

Glass workers 

Hatters 

Bookbinders 

Printing trades 



Number 
of mem- 
bers of 
union. 



3,.5G3 

3,958 

3,122 

8,770 

2.100 

17.447 

19,043 

57,302 

5.187 

4.103 

14,028 

8,768 

25.444 

1,704 



Days of unemploy- 
ment per 100 
days of member- 
ship. 



First 

quarter, 

1910. 



First 
quarter, 



12.0 
9.2 
8.5 
6.8 
6.5 
4.3 
4.2 
3.7 
3.4 
3.3 
2.8 
2.6 
2.4 
2.3 



19.1 



17 
1 

10 

10, 
5, 
4. 

3.7 
9.3 
4.2 
3.6 
3.4 
3.9 
2.8 



Cases of 

unem- 
ployinent 

per 100 
members 

during 
first quar- 
ter, 1910. 



51.9 
38.2 
17.7 
32.1 
34.6 
1.3.6 
18.6 
12.9 
22.2 
14.1 

8.2 
11.6 
12.8 

7.2 



Average days of 
duration "of a 
case of unem- 
ployment. 



First 

quarter, 

1910. 



First 
quarter, 



1486 



BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 



EXTENT AND FREQUENCY OF UNEMPLOYMENT, AND AVERAGE DURATION OF 
CASES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS TRADE UNIONS, FOR SELECTED PERI- 
ODS, 1909 AND 1910— Concluded. 



Union of- 



Woodworkers (Christian Association of) . . . 

Factory workers 

Transportation workers 

Woodworkers (Hirsch-Duncker Associa- 
tion of) 

Metal workers 

Sculptors (Hirsch-Duncker Association of). 

Woodworkers 

Blacksmiths 

Flour-mill workers 

Porcelain workers 

Saddlers and leather workers 

Printers and lithographers' helpers 

Leather workers 

Music engravers 

Gutenberg union 

Shoemakers 

Machinery and metal workers 

Printing trades 

Women's unions 

City and state employees (Christian Asso- 
ciation of) 

Brewery workers 

City and state employees 

Metal workers (Christian Association of)... 

Wood engravers 

Factory workers and artisans (Christian 
Association of) 

Textile workers (Christian Association of) . 

Shoemakers and leather workers 

Ship carpenters 

Textile workers (Hirsch-Duncker Associa- 
tion of) 

Leather workers (Christian Association of) . 

Brick and pottery workers 

Tailors 

Mine workers 

Mine workers (Hirsch-Duncker Associa- 
tion of) 



Number 
of mem- 
bers of 
union. 



11,419 
149,133 
100, 634 

5,581 

385,604 

289 

150, 609 

16,890 

4,621 

11,440 

10,972 

15, 707 

12, 452 

418 

2,962 

37, 486 

38,057 

1,452 

703 

13, 752 
33, 889 
33,688 
24, 829 
478 

16, 103 

31,512 

5,110 

287 

6,949 
4,498 
1,677 
4,616 
122,868 

3,317 



Days of unemploy- 
ment per 100 
days of member- 
ship. 



First 

quarter, 

1910. 



1.9 
1.9 
L9 

1.8 
1.7 
1.7 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.4 
1.3 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 
.9 



(^) 



First 

quarter, 

1909. 



(a) 



3.4 
3.8 

4.1 
4.1 
2.1 
2.6 
3.4 
1.7 
3.3 
2.9 
1.5 
1.3 
.3 
L4 
L7 
1.7 



(a) 



5.5 
1.0 



(a) 



1.7 






L6 



.4 
.7 
3.1 
.3 
.3 



Cases of 
unem- 
ployment 
per 100 
members 

during 
first quar- 
ter, 1910. 



10.4 
8.6 
8.4 

8.8 
7.4 
6.2 
18.9 
12.8 
7.6 
4.3 
8.8 
8.3 
6.0 
8.6 
4.3 
6.1 
3.6 
3.5 
3.0 

5.1 
4.2 
2.7 
2.5 
9.0 

2.0 
5.7 
2.4 

1.4 

1.8 

2.7 

5.5 

.7 

.4 



Average days of 
duration of a 
case of unem- 
ployment. 



First 

quarter, 

1910. 



First 
quarter, 



(a) 



(a) 
(a) 

(«) 
(«) 



Not reported. 



b Less than one-tenth. 



In the precediDg table the unioBS are arranged according to the 
number of days of unemployment compared with the days of mem- 
bership during the first quarter of 1910. 

The average duration of the period for which benefits were paid 
by the unions in each case of unemployment is shown for all the 
unions in the following table for the period 1903 to 1910: 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1487 



AVERAGE DURATION, IN DAYS, OF OUT-OF-WORK BENEFIT PAYMENTS, FOR QUAR- 
TERLY PERIODS, 1903 TO 1910. 

(Source: Rclchs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] 



Period. 



Average nuinl>erof days per case of unemployinent for which out- 
of-work benefits were paid in— 



1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 



First anartor 1 (a) 

Second quarter ; 19. 6 

Third quarter ! 19. 1 

Fourth quarter i 17. 



19.2 
16.7 
16.6 
17.5 



17.5 
16.5 
17.2 
15.4 



16.4 
15.9 
15.1 
14.2 



17.0 
15.4 
16. 4 
15.7 



18.9 
18.9 
18.7 
19.1 



21.0 
19.1 
18.7 
17.5 



18.2 



<j Not reported. 



b Data not available. 



For the periods given in the table the average period of benefit 
payments was smallest in the years 1906 and 1907, while the periods 
previous and after these two years showed a tendency to much longer 
averages of benefit payments. 

The proportion of members out of work in the unions reported at 
the close of each quarter is shown in the followmg table, in which the 
unions have been grouped into classes of industries, these classes being 
the same as those used in the industrial censuses; the data relate to 
the period beginning with the third quarter of 1903 and ending with 
the third quarter of 1909: 

NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE 

END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIES. 

[Source: Relchs-Arbeitsblatt, 1903-1909.] 



Year and quarter. 



1904: 



Third quarter.. 
Fourth quarter. 



1905: 



First quarter... 
Second quarter. 
Third quarter.. 
Fourth qdarter. 



1906: 



First Quarter... 
Second quarter. 
Third quarter.. 
Fourth quarter. 



Stones and earths. 



Number 
of mem- 
bers at 
close of 
quarter. 



1907 



First quarter... 
Second quarter. 
Third quarter.. 
Fourth quarter. 



Members unem- 
ployed. 



Number. Per cent. 



1908: 



First quarter. . . 
Second quarter. 
Third quarter.. 
Fourth quarter. 



1909: 



First quarter... 
Second quarter. 
Third quarter.. 
Fourth quarter. 



First quarter 

Second quarter... 
Third quarter.... 



16,436 
16, 124 

15,919 
IC). 1(;9 
17.2i'0 
17, 670 

19. 307 
19.419 
20. 699 
22, 445 

24.193 
26,997 
28,230 I 
29,781 I 

31,325 ' 

33.564 I 

a 16, 716 I 

33,341 I 

33,286 ' 
a 15. 970 
30, a31 
30, 228 

29. 650 

o 12. 492 

26,118 



360 
460 

eo6 

439 
407 
609 

539 
450 
408 
012 

607 
617 
591 
700 

836 
1,016 
315 
1,023 

1.770 
a 9.56 
2.149 
3,052 

2.958 
682 
1,918 



2.2 
2.9 



2.7 
2.4 
3.4 



Machinery and metal working. 



Number 
of mem- 
bers at 
close of 
quarter. 



206, 746 
210,848 

221.437 
220,339 
234,968 
249,577 



2.8 278,311 
2. 3 287, 581 

2.0 291,373 
2. 7 330, 799 

2. 5 377, 559 

2. 3 402, 476 

2.1 417,915 
2.4 429,636 

2.7 ' 444,374 

3. ! 450. 585 

1.9 453,085 
3.1 ' 450,198 

5.3 ' 458.469 

6.0 454,212 

7.0 450.294 

10.1 448,300 

10.0 ' 448,679 

5.5i 448.383 

7.3 448,095 



Members unem- 
ployed. 



Number. Per cent 



14,590 
13,687 

15,046 
14,505 
14,292 
15,850 

21,082 
17,906 
15,510 
15,485 

17,380 
20,316 
14, 704 
18,378 

20.304 
19,323 
21.423 
22,488 

33,930 
.39, 510 
41.114 

47, 267 

51,. 366 
45,013 
35,708 



7.1 
6.5 

6.8 
6.6 
6.1 
6.4 

7.6 
6.2 
5.3 

4.7 

4.6 
5.0 
3.5 
4.3 

4.6 
4.3 
4.7 
4.9 

7.4 
8.7 
9.1 
10.5 

11.4 
10.0 
8.0 



a In this quarter no report was received from the Central Federation of G lassworkers. 



1488 



EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE 
END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. 



Year and quarter. 



Paper. 



Number 
of mem- 
bers at 
close of 
quarter. 



Members unem- 
ployed. 



Number. Per cent 



Leather. 



Number 
of mem- 
bers at 
close of 
quarter. 



Members unem- 
ployed. 



Number, i Per cent. 



1903: 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1904: 

First quarter. . . 

Second quarter. 

Tnird quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1905: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter, 
190G: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 
■ Fourth quarter. 
1907: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1908: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1909: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 



1903: 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1904: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1905: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
190G: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1907: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1908: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Tliird quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1909: 

First quarter. . . 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 



12, 651 

13. 672 

14,179 
14,471 
13,702 
16, 843 

10,212 
16,057 
16, 823 
18,159 

18,952 
20, 956 
21,335 

20. 673 

20,743 
21,041 
21.443 
22, 287 

22,305 
22, 261 
21,935 
22, 345 

22, 679 
22, 495 
22, 726 



1,692 
1,645 

1,857 
1,826 
1,012 
2,426 

1,962 
1.784 
2,157 
2,395 

2,228 
2,219 
2,298 
2,130 

2,510 
2,205 
2,517 
2,543 

2,734 
3,143 
3,184 
3,227 

3,654 
3,158 
3,102 



13.4 
12.0 

13.1 
12. G 
7.4 
14.4 

12.1 
11.1 
12.8 
13.2 

11.8 
10.6 
10.8 
10.3 

12.1 
10.5 
11.7 
11.4 

12.3 
14.1 
14.5 
14.4 

16.1 
14.0 
13.6 



Wood and c t materials. 



100, 
106, 
110, 

124, 
124, 
132, 
145, 

153, 
155, 
163, 
160, 

165, 
15(), 
157, 
155, 

154, 
153, 
151, 
154, 

119, 
151, 
164, 



940 
115 


67 
122 


022 
443 
543 
280 


168 
a 5, 800 
11,019 
13, 055 


471 
340 
596 
447 


16,424 
15,772 

17,869 
18,084 


094 
465 
963 
467 


22,620 
20,018 
21,835 
22,639 


724 
8(0 
082 
069 


23, 980 

6 21,690 

24,511 

28, 199 


604 
445 
438 
002 


31,890 
29, 482 
28, 691 
33,474 


986 
249 
851 


39.555 
26, 476 
26, 428 



1.0 
1.7 

2.' 4 

5.8 

10.3 

11.8 

13.2 
12.7 
13.5 
12.4 

14.8 
12.9 
13.3 
13.6 

14.5 
13.8 
15. 6 
18.2 

20.6 
19.2 
18.9 
21.7 

26.4 
17.5 
16.0 



10,434 
10, 477 

10,812 
10, 770 
11,239 
16,179 

23,492 
24, 109 

27,882 
54, 753 

58,316 
62, 462 
63,250 
65, 457 

68, 310 
72,731 
73,658 
74,316 

74. 670 
69, 503 
71,514 
71,461 

71,495 
70. 157 
73,215 



233 
300 

598 
443 
342 
922 

3,110 

2,&34 
2,727 
3,774 

4,468 
3,599 
4,619 
5,382 

5,476 
5,420 
6,368 
7,355 

8,766 
8,114 
7,002 
9,108 

9.041 
7. 532 
6,812 



Foods and drinks. 



24,491 
26, 406 


o 549 
2;808 


31,502 
32,453 
34,833 
36, 452 


3,107 
3,918 
3,470 
3,567 


60,405 
37,038 
39,332 
59,950 


4,740 
4.027 
3.586 
3,807 


59,792 
65, 907 
78,669 
51,652 


4,386 
5,213 
6.291 
3,887 


51.706 
52, 775 
54.870 
57,090 


4,024 
4,968 
5,051 
3,935 


58.011 
58,009 
58, 139 
58, 445 


5,145 
5,C>09 
5.719 
5,143 


58,570 
58.948 
CO, 375 


5,555 
5,438 
5.871 



a Including reports from the Gennan Woodworkers' Federation. 

b Beginning with this quarter no reports were received from the Coopers' Central Union. 



CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY 



1489 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE 
END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. 



Year and quarter. 



Clothing and cleaning. 



Number 
of mem- 
bers at 
close of 
quarter. 



Members unem- 
ployed. 



Number. Per cent 



Building trades. 



Number 
of mem- 
bers at 
close of 
quarter. 



Members unem- 
ployed. 



Number. Percent 



Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1904: 

First quarter... 

Second quartor. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1905: 

First quarter. . . 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
190G: 

First quarter. . . 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1907: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter, 
1908: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter 
1909: 

First quarter. . . 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 



1903: 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1904: 

First quarter. . . 

Second quarter. 

Thinl quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1905: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
190G: 

First quarter. . . 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1907: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth quarter. 
1908: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 

Fourth ouarter. 
1909: 

First quarter... 

Second quarter. 

Third quarter.. 



845 
173 

204 
035 
031 
OCG 

GOl 
233 

732 
105 

OGl 
487 
804 



707 
080 
G82 
412 

242 
G8G 
827 
013 

344 
39G 
148 



724 
944 

680 
828 
803 
87G 

954 
1,5&4 
1,317 

1,483 

1,315 
1,G98 
1,400 
1,770 

1,449 
2,813 
2,010 
3,133 

3,201 
4.10G 
3.045 
2,270 

1,052 
3.0(S 
2,172 



Printing. 



05G 
38G 


9,023 
7,G05 


900 
.341 
442 
2G3 


6,472 
6, 7t;o 
9, 1.36 
8,127 


283 
.514 
2G1 
214 


6,851 
6,935 
10,094 
8,291 


G95 
591 
580 
459 


7.070 
6,711 
10, .543 
7,653 


.537 
737 
049 
314 


7,382 

8, .546 

12,210 

10,448 


111 
912 
052 
512 


9,162 
10,0.53 
13, 577 
12,526 


1.39 
84G 
073 


10,988 
12.285 
14,501 



6.7 
8.4 

6.1 

7.5 
7.3 
7.9 

7.6 
12.0 

9.G 
10.5 



11.0 

8.9 

10.5 

8.2 
15.6 
14.8 
18.0 

18.6 
24.6 
18.1 
13.7 

9.5 
17.6 
15.4 



17.3 
14.1 

11.6 
12.0 
15.9 
13.5 

10.7 
10.4 
14.2 
11.3 



8.5 
12.8 
9.6 



9.7 
13.7 
12.0 

10.2 
11.3 
15.2 
14.2 

12.3 
13.4 
15.3 



4.fM9 
4,847 

4.732 
5. 220 
5.400 
5.434 

5. r,^R 

5,89G 
4,C)S9 
G,227 

6.127 
6,179 
6, 302 
6,085 

4,8.57 
5,725 
5,470 
5,617 

5,524 

4,446 

295 

259 



088 
976 
988 



1,312 
1,002 
1,050 
1,043 

1,.367 

986 

1,185 

1,177 

1,631 

1,368 

418 

1,769 

1,.505 

1,].S6 

955 

1,330 

1,890 
1,165 
1,078 
1,192 

1.995 

1,138 

81G 



Art trades. 



6.965 
7,000 


2,354 
2,441 


7.217 
7.665 
7,959 
7,766 


2,030 
2, .503 
2, 4.50 
2,798 


7,860 
8,066 
8,123 
8,130 


2,719 
2. 4.52 
2. (vi7 
2,596 


8,202 
8,320 
8,548 
8,631 


2,479 
2. 556 
2.721 
2,879 


8.2.56 

8,079 

a 5,. 341 

5, 137 


2,7.36 

2, .5S'; 

a 2. 624 

2, 467 


5,0.50 
4,965 
4.80<1 
4,703 


2.490. 
2. 430 
2.645 
2, 68.3 


4. 161 
3,974 
3,911 


2.413 
2.125 
1,974 



16.7 
16.7 

27.7 
l'.>. 2 

10.2 

24.4 

ii;.7 

25. 3 
IS. 9 

26. 6 
22.1 

6. () 
29.1 

31.0 
20.7 
17.5 

23.7 

34.2 

2i;. 2 

25. 1 
28.0 

48.8 
22.9 
20.5 



.33.8 
34.9 

28.1 
32.7 
.30.8 
30.0 

34.0 
30.4 
32.5 
31.9 

30.2 
30. 7 
31.8 
33. 4 

33. 1 
32. 
49.1 
48.0 

49.3 
48.9 
55. 
57.0 

58.0 
53.5 
50.5 



a Begiuningwith this quarter no reports were received from the Union of Engravers and Allied Industries. 



1490 



KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 



NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT 
END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIES— Concluded. 



THE 



Year and quarter: 



1903: 

Third quarter . 

Fourth quarter 
1904: 

First quarter. . 

Second quarter 

Third quarter . 

Fourth quarter 
1905: 

First quarter . . 

Second quarter 

Third quarter . 

Fourth quarter 
1906: 

First quarter . . 

Second quarter 

Third quarter . 

Fourth quarter 
1907: 

First quarter . . 

Second quarter 

Third quarter . 

Fourth quarter 
1908: 

First quarter . . 

Second quarter 

Third quarter . 

Fourth quarter 
1909: 

First quarter . . 

Second quarter 

Third quarter . 



Commerce and transportation. 



Number 
of mem- 
bers at 
close of 
quarter. 



78, 
82, 
87, 
92, 

9G, 
103, 
107, 
126, 

132, 
136, 
141, 
a 96, 

98, 
97, 
96, 
95, 

97, 
100. 
103, 



Members unem- 
ploj-ed. 



Number. Per cent 



1,693 
1,759 

2,231 
2,140 
2,800 
3,097 

4,039 
3,607 
3,998 
3,560 

4,368 
3,774 
3,896 
4,927 

6,471 

5.832 

6,327 

a 5, 927 

6,638 
6,076 
5,427 
6,840 

9,547 
6,209 
6,0G9 



4.5 
4.2 

4.7 
4.2 
4.0 
4.1 

5.2 
4.3 
4.6 
3.9 

4.5 
3.6 
3.6 
3.9 

4.9 
4.3 
4.5 
6.1 

6.8 
6.2 
5.6 

7.2 

9.8 
6.2 
5.9 



a Beginning with this quarter no reports were received from three unions of commercial emploj^ees. 



In the preceding table the highest rates of unemployment are shown 
by the building trades, the art trades, the clothing and cleaning trades, 
the industries of wood and cut materials, the paper industry, and 
the printing industry. In some of the unions the fluctuations are of 
considerable extent; thus, in the leather industry 5.7 per cent of the 
members were imemployed at the close of the fourth quarter of 1904; 
at the close of the first quarter of 1905 the proportion of members 
unemployed was more than double, having reached 13.2 per cent. 



CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1491 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

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CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1493 

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